2.

LITERATURE SURVEY & REVIEW

2.1Review of Literature
1. UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE IN CONCRETE AS A PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE By S. Das, M. T. Alam & I. Chowdhury
Says that The onset of industrialization and the sustained urban growth of large population
causes the build-up of large amount plastic wastes. Because of the non- biodegradable
property of plastics, decomposition is not possible. So, they remain in the environment for a
long time, pollute soil and water that creates ecological problems. If these harmful non-
biodegradable materials can be substituted as a construction material by using in concrete,
that will be a significant source of plastic wastes management. This paper deals with the
investigation of using grinder plastic wastes as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in
concrete and to find the optimum percentage of plastic that can be used in concrete without
reduction of concrete strength or with a slight amount of strength reduction which are
considered as negligible. Plastic wastes consist of1 discarded old computers, TVs,
refrigerators, radios, old electrical and electronic equipment were collected at first and then
grinded through using a pulverizing machine. Through ACI method, a mix design was made
for concrete of grade M-28. The proportion of mixing of the grinded plastic wastes are 2 %, 4
%, 6 %, 8 % & 10 %. The specimens have been cured for 7 & 28 days. Compressive strength
and Tensile strength test of concrete were conducted. As the melting temperature of the
plastic is low thus it is susceptible to temperature. So, it is important to focus on the impact of
heat in concrete strength when using grinded plastic. Post-heat compressive strength test was
also conducted. After obtaining the data, they were analyzed by comparing with a controlled
specimen. Result had showed that there was slight reduction in strength with the mix
proportion of 2%, 4% and 6% of grinded plastic wastes.

2 UTILIZATION OF WASTE PLASTIC IN MANUFACTURING OF PAVER

BLOCKS By Shiva Prathap HK , Shashikiran MT , Nagesh , Sushmitha IP , Harshitha
Mc in this paper auther Plastic waste which is increasing day by day becomes eyesore and
in turn pollutes the environment, especially in high mountain villages where no garbage
collection system exists. A large amount of plastic is being brought into the tourist trekking
regions are discarded or burned which leads to the contamination of environment and air.
Hence, these waste plastics are to be effectively utilized. High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
and polyethylene (PE) bags are cleaned and added with sand and aggregate at various
percentages to obtain high strength block that possess thermal and sound insulation
properties to control pollution and to reduce the overall cost of construction, this is one of
the best ways to avoid the accumulation of plastic waste which is an on-degradable
pollutant. This alternatively saves the quantity of sand that has to be taken away from the
precious river beds/mine The plastic waste is naturally available in surplus quantity and
hence the cost factor comes down. Also Coloring agents can be added to the mixture to
attain desired shades. Hence in this project, an attempt is made to study regard the properties
of the block which is manufactured using plastic wastes.Disposal of large quantity of plastic
bottle has emerged as an important environmental challenge, and its recycling is facing a big
problem due to non-degradable nature. Due to plastic does not decompose biologically, the
amount of plastic waste in our surroundings is steadily increasing. The proposed plastic
mould which is made up by adding plastic waste in crush form in plastic moulds may help to
reuse the plastic waste as one of the additives material of sand and fine coarse aggregate, and
to help the disposal problem of plastic waste. The properties of plastic mould which contain
varying percentages of plastic were tested for compressive strength, water absorption and
efflorescence. It shows that an appreciable improvement in the performance of moulds can
be achieved by introducing crush type of plastic waste into plastic moulds. In view of
utilization of plastic waste material for developing sustainable construction material, the
present paper reviews plastic waste materials in different compositions of ratios (0.5, 1.0,
1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) that were added to the raw material to develop plastic moulds. The
compression strength of the mould is reviewed and recommendations are suggested as the
outcome of the study.

3 WASTE PLASTIC USED IN PAVING BLOCK WITH REPLACEMENT OF FINE

AGGREGATE By Somnath Shegar, Priyanka Nalwade, Pratiksha Mohite, Mayuri
Bendre, Shweta Desai , Mr. Pawar S.B says that Now a days use of plastic increasingin
human life Plastic waste produced up to 56 lakhs ton per year plastic waste is reachable
Ingiant quantity and therefore the value thing comes down when we havingwaste attention
to the control Environmental pollution due to waste. Use of plastic waste which is non-
biodegradableis rapidly growing in the surroundings becoming danger to surroundings in
many elements this study dominators use of waste plastic for manufacturing the concrete
paver block and with the environment friendly disposal way of plastic waste possible.Cement
,fine Aggregate (Crush Sand), Coarse Aggregates, Plastic Waste and Admixtures are
essential. For both ordinary and plastic paver block are design for required .
4 “PREPARE PAVEMENT BLOCK USING WASTE PLASTIC” BY Prasad
Pathare, Yash Shinde, Swastik Shinde, Swapnil Kamble, Shrikant. T. Patil Says that A
very large number of plastics have been collected from various places such as tourist & public
places. High Density Polyethylene Plastic is collected, cleaned & used as a replacement for
Aggregate in the manufacturing process of plastic paver block. The center government of
India said that more than 30.5 lakh tone of plastic waste generated in 2018- 2019 & 34 lakh
tone waste was generated in 2019-2020, 2020- 2021-year waste is not calculated India’s
plastic waste generation more than doubled the last 1-decade years within average annual
increase of 21.8 percentage per year. Plastic Paver Block project is helpful in reducing plastic
waste in different proportion with aggregate. The degradation rate of plastic is very slow then
other waste hence the project is helpful in reducing plastic waste on the earth in useful way.
The study of plastic paver block has clearly established that plastic paver block is better
alternative to normal cement paver block

6 PRODUCTION OF PLASTIC PAVER BLOCK FROM THE PLASTIC BOTTLE

(COARSE AGGREGATE & SAND) By Dhale S.R. , Vaidhya S.P. , Jain U.U. ,
Nagzare A.C. , Jamgade S.N. , Prof. Harshit Suchak auther says In This paper
researches to replace cement with plastic waste in paver block and to reduce the cost of
paver block as well as utilizing waste plastic bottle in manufacturing of paver blocks as
compared to that of convention concrete paver blocks. The project aims in reducing plastic
waste in a useful way and reduce pollution from environment also making paver block
economical. Three type of total nine paver block of size 200 x 100 x 75 mm were prepared
for the experiment. In this project we have used plastic waste in different proportions with
sand and coarse aggregate. The paver blocks were prepared and tested and results obtained
for compressive strength, water absorption were found better, as compared

7 A STUDY OF WASTE PLASTIC USED IN PAVING BLOCK By Sahil

Sanjeev Salvi, Komal Mantute, Rutuja Sabale, Siddhi Lande, AkashKadlag Concluded
that A large number of plastic wastes have been collected from several places such as tourist
and public places etc., High density polyethylene bags are collected, cleaned, and used as a
replacement for cement in the manufacturing of Paver Blocks. Plastic waste is available in
large quantity and hence the cost factor comes down. when we having waste plastic then we
can use as reuse, recycle and reduce. Be mindful of what you do, pay attention to the items
you buy, and always check yourself to see if you need it or if it comes in a package with less
waste.

8 UTILIZATION OF PLASTIC AND CERAMIC WASTE IN PAVER BLOCK BY

SHUBHANGI KADAM, SUCHET BANNE, SURAJ INGALE, SHUBHAM ANGAJ,
PRAVIN WALE Says that Nowadays Plastic waste is the global issue. Study estimated that
India generates 9.46 million tonnes of plastic waste annually. It is hazardous for not only
human begins but also for the animals and environment as well. This paper deals with the
utilization of plastic waste as a replacement to cement. On the other hand, for the
construction industry the demand of river sand is increasing day by day and there is decrease
in its availability, so there is an immediate need for finding suitable alternatives which can
replace sand partially or at a high proportion. Utilization of Ceramic waste is one of the active
research area that encompass the effectiveness of replacement in all the aspects of
construction materials. Paver block paving is versatile, aesthetically attractive, functional, and
cost-effective and requires little or no maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid. Most
concrete block paving constructed in India also has performed satisfactorily, but two main
areas of concern are occasional failure due to excessive surface wear and variability in the
strength of block. It is very essential to develop eco-friendly concrete from plastic waste as
well as ceramic waste. This paper deals with the partial replacement of cement by waste
plastic and sand by using ceramic waste. In order to analyze changes in properties of the
samples of paver were cast with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% replacement of cement using plastic
waste and with constant 10% replacement of sand using ceramic waste and tested for different
periods of curing like 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.

9 PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE USING

RECYCLED PLASTIC BY M. PRAKASH, Dr. B. HEMALATHA Concluded that
Disposal of waste plastic has become a major environmental issue in all parts of the world.
Every year millions plastic are discarded, thrown away or buried all over the world,
representing a very serious threat to the ecology. It is estimated that every month almost
100000 million plastic waste end their service life and more than 50% are discarded without
any treatment. This experimental study was based on the utilization of waste plastic as a
partial substitute for natural fine aggregates in cement concrete. The properties of concrete
like compressive strength, flexural tensile strength, abrasion resistance, pull-off strength,
water permeability, water absorption, resistance to acid attack and sulphate attack,
carbonation, depth of chloride penetration, corrosion of steel reinforcements were tested and
SEM test was performed to study the micro structure. And modeling done using abbaqus .

10 MANUFACTURING OF PAVER BLOCK BY USING WASTE PLASTIC BY

Dikshita Erande1, Tejashree Mohite, Aafreen Sayyed, Kiran Patil, Chaitanya Khaire
Concluded that In day to day life used of plastic is increasing. The India produce 26000 tones
plastic every year which is very harmful to environment. The degradation process of plastic is
very slow because of that in our project we utilize the plastic for the manufacturing of paver
block. In this process we replace the cement by plastic waste. The project is very helpful to
reduce plastic waste. In this project we use different materials like sea sand, quarry dust in
proper proportion.

11 USE OF WASTE PLASTIC AS BINDING MATERIAL IN PAVER BLOCK

BY Mr. Rushikesh B. Bramhankar, Mr. Rohit R. Kanhekar, Mr. Roshan N. Jadhav,
Miss. Sakshi S. Khobragade, Gaurav D. Hingwe Says that Plastic is rapidly growing,
segment of trash disposal in municipal solid waste disposal of waste materials including
waste plastic bags has become is serious problems. Amount of waste plastic bags being
accumulate in 21st century big challenges for these disposals, waste plastic in houses hold is
large and increases with time. In each country waste consumption is different, since it is
unaffected by socioeconomic characters and waste management programs, plastic content in
waste consumption is high. In order to overcome this issue, we have to use it in effective

blocks and study their characteristics. Pavement blocks are perfect materials on the
pathways and streets for simple laying and finishing. Here the pavement characteristics of
strength blocks comprising of waste plastics and the design consideration for pavement
block incorporating waste plastic bags is presented. It will be a boon to modern society and
environment. The main aim is to use the plastic nature in construction fields with limited
additions. It will be definitely a cost economical and can be applied in different forms.

12 UTILIZATION OF WASTE PLASTIC AS PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF FINE

AND COARSE AGGREGATES IN CONCRETE BLOCKS BY Dr. M Lokeshwari,
Nikunj Ostwal, Nipun K H, Prakhar , Pracheer Pranay Plastic is generated in large
quantities all over the world. It is believed that the breakdown of plastic takes time of more
than thousand years. Improper plastic waste management leads to several environmental and
health hazards. To overcome this problem recycled plastic aggregate (RPA) made using
shredded plastic waste Polypropylene (PP) has been added by replacing it with various
percentages (0- 20%) of both fine and coarse aggregates. Several tests including fresh state
properties like workability and hardened state properties like compressive strength test, split
tensile strength test and dry density test were performed on the partially replaced specimens
of cubes (150mm X 150mm X 150mm) and cylinders (150mm X 300mm) after 3, 7 ,14 and
28 days of curing period. Later based on the results of properties of mixed concrete with
plastic aggregates were examined and compared with the original control mix concrete with
normal aggregates. Replacement of natural aggregates by recycled plastic aggregate (RPA)
can be used as an alternative and sustainable approach towards environmental friendly
construction practice. The use of plastic waste material as a substitution of variable
percentage of fine and coarse aggregates (0-20%) designed for M-40 grade concrete
although reduces the concrete properties namely the fresh and hardened state properties of
the concrete but can be used for various lower grade strength applications such as precast
bricks, partition wall, panel wall, canal lining and so on.

13 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COCONUT FIBER REINFORCED WITH

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY PLASTIC WASTE BY
Manisha Kottary, Sachin U, Noel Deepak Shiri, Athira Vijayakumar, Manoj N,
Vaishak Says that This project gave us an idea of how we can use naturally available raw
materials like coconut fibres to increase the tensile strength of the concrete and also partially
replace fine aggregates by plastic waste and obtain an economical and eco-friendly concrete.
Also the concrete obtained with optimum usage of coconut fibres and plastic waste is
workable and can be employed in the future. In this experimental study, coconut fibres in
the range of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% was added to the concrete and fine aggregate was replaced
by 5%, 10% and 15% of plastic waste for M-20 grade concrete. The various tests like slump
test for determining the workability and tensile strength test and compressive strength test
were carried out. The results show that increase in coconut fibre percentage increases
strength and decreases workabilty, whereas, increase in plastic waste decreases strength as
well as workability. The optimum strength was obtained for concrete with 7.5% addition of
coconut fibre by mass of cement and 5% replacement of fine aggreagte by plastic waste.
 2.2 CONCLUDING REMARK
1. The concluding remark of this statement is that incorporating grinded plastic waste up to 6%
as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete shows promise as a plastic waste
management solution. This method resulted in only a slight reduction in compressive and
tensile strength, potentially negligible depending on specific application requirements.
Further research is suggested to explore the impact of higher plastic content and heat on
concrete strength.

2. this research proposes utilizing waste plastic, specifically HDPE and PE bags, as a partial
substitute for sand and aggregate in paver block manufacturing. This approach can
significantly reduce plastic waste accumulation and construction costs. The resulting paver
blocks offer thermal and sound insulation properties and can be colored for aesthetic
purposes. The study explores the impact of varying waste plastic content on the compressive
strength, water absorption, and efflorescence of the paver blocks, paving the way for a
sustainable construction material that incorporates recycled plastic.

3. Plastic use is on the rise, generating a massive amount of waste (56 lakh tons annually).This
waste presents an opportunity for reuse and recycling to reduce environmental pollution.The
study explores using waste plastic in manufacturing concrete paving blocks as an eco-
friendly way to dispose of plastic waste.Regular concrete paver blocks use fine aggregate
(crushed sand) along with cement, coarse aggregates, and admixtures.This research
compares the durability and compressive strength of regular paver blocks with those made
using shredded waste plastic as a replacement for fine aggregate.The plastic used in this
experiment is High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) collected from public and industrial
areas. he authors clarify that their research focuses on replacing cement , not fine aggregate,
with waste plastic in paver blocks.Reduce the cost of producing paver blocks.Utilize waste
plastic bottles in a productive way.Minimize plastic pollution and its environmental
impact.The experiment involves creating three types of paver blocks, with a total of nine
blocks made.These blocks are all 200mm x 100mm x 75mm and incorporate waste plastic in
varying proportions mixed with sand and coarse aggregate.

4. India drowns in plastic waste (56 lakh tonnes/year) that takes ages to decompose. This
project fights back by turning waste plastic into pavement blocks! Recycled plastic replaces
 some sand in concrete blocks, reducing pollution and potentially creating strong building
materials. Tests show promise for footpaths and parking areas. This is a win-win for a
cleaner environment and potentially better construction materials.

5. The concluding remark of this statement is that incorporating grinded plastic waste up to
6% as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete shows promise as a plastic waste
management solution. This method resulted in only a slight reduction in compressive and
tensile strength, potentially negligible depending on specific application requirements.
Further research is suggested to explore the impact of higher plastic content and heat on
concrete strength.

6. The concluding remark of this statement is that incorporating grinded plastic waste up to 6%
as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete shows promise as a plastic waste
management solution. This method resulted in only a slight reduction in compressive and
tensile strength, potentially negligible depending on specific application requirements.
Further research is suggested to explore the impact of higher plastic content and heat on
concrete strength.

7. this research proposes utilizing waste plastic, specifically HDPE and PE bags, as a partial
substitute for sand and aggregate in paver block manufacturing. This approach can
significantly reduce plastic waste accumulation and construction costs. The resulting paver
blocks offer thermal and sound insulation properties and can be colored for aesthetic
purposes. The study explores the impact of varying waste plastic content on the compressive
strength, water absorption, and efflorescence of the paver blocks, paving the way for a
sustainable construction material that incorporates recycled plastic.

2.3Objective of Project
The utilization of plastic waste in pavement blocks by Partialy replacing fine
aggregates aims to achieve the following objectives:

•To compare compressive strength of nominal pavement block and

plastic pavement block.

•To compare cost of nominal pavement block and plastic pavement block .