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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. ART .......................................................................................................................... 1
1. Some people think that art should be taught in schools. Others believe that it is a waste
of time and resources. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. ................................... 1
2. Many people argue that government funding for the arts is a waste of money. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?............................................................... 1
3. Some people believe that art can be a waste of time and resources. Do the advantages
of art outweigh the disadvantages? ......................................................................................... 2
4. Cultural heritage sites are often at risk of damage or destruction due to various factors.
What are the problems and what can be done to protect them? .............................................. 2
5. In recent years, street art has become increasingly popular in many cities around the
world. Some people consider it a form of vandalism, while others see it as a legitimate form of
artistic expression. What is your opinion on this? .................................................................... 3
II. BUSINESS ............................................................................................................ 5
1. Some people believe that the government should regulate businesses more strictly to
prevent unethical practices, while others believe that businesses should have more freedom
to operate without government intervention. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. .. 5
2. Some people believe that businesses should prioritise profit over social responsibility. To
what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? ..................................................... 5
3. In many countries, there is a skills gap between what businesses need and what workers
are trained for. What are the causes of this and what can be done to address the issue? ....... 6
4. Many businesses are moving towards more flexible work arrangements. Do the
advantages of flexible work arrangements outweigh the disadvantages for businesses and
workers? ................................................................................................................................. 7
5. Many businesses are increasingly using automation and artificial intelligence to improve
efficiency and productivity. Do you think this is a positive or negative development for
businesses and workers? ........................................................................................................ 7
III. COMMUNICATION ............................................................................................... 8
1. Many people believe that social media has made communication easier and more
accessible, while others believe it has led to a decline in meaningful communication. Discuss
both views and give your own opinion. .................................................................................... 8
2. In the modern world, effective communication skills are essential for success in both
personal and professional life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? 8
3. Many people struggle with public speaking, whether in a professional or personal setting.
What are the causes of this fear, and what strategies can be used to ovecome it? ................. 9
4. With the rise of social media and messaging apps, it is now easier than ever to stay
connected with friends and family. Do you think the advantages of these technologies
outweigh the disadvantages? ................................................................................................ 10
5. In recent years, many companies have implemented remote work policies, allowing
employees to work from home. Do you think this is a positive or negative development? ..... 10

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IV. CRIME AND JUSTICE ........................................................................................ 11
1. Some people believe that harsher punishments, such as longer prison sentences or the
death penalty, are the best way to deter crime. Others argue that prevention through
education, rehabilitation, and addressing the root causes of crime is more effective. Discuss
both views and give your opinion........................................................................................... 11
2. Some people believe that community policing, where police officers work closely with the
community to prevent crime, is more effective than traditional policing methods. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? ............................................................ 11
3. Cybercrime is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. What are the
main causes of cybercrime, and what solutions would you suggest to address this problem?
12
4. The use of technology in law enforcement, such as facial recognition software, can help
solve crimes more quickly. Do the advantages of technology in law enforcement outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 12
5. The use of capital punishment for serious crimes is a controversial topic. Do you think
this is a positive or negative development in the criminal justice system? ............................. 13
V. EDUCATION ....................................................................................................... 14
1. Some people believe that vocational education, which focuses on practical skills and job
training, is more valuable than academic education. Others argue that academic education is
necessary for a well-rounded education. Discuss both views and give your opinion. ............. 14
2. Formal examinations are the only effective way to assess a student's performance.
Continual assessment such as coursework and projects is not a satisfactory way to do this.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? .............................................. 14
3. In many countries, there is a significant achievement gap between students from low-
income families and those from high-income families. What do you think are the main causes
of this problem, and what solutions would you suggest to address it? ................................... 15
4. Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at
primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 16
5. In recent years, there has been a trend toward standardised testing in education. Do you
think this is a positive or negative development? ................................................................... 16
VI. ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................. 18
1. Some people believe that economic development is more important than environmental
protection, while others argue that environmental protection should take priority. Discuss both
views and give your opinion. ................................................................................................. 18
2. Some people believe that individual actions, such as reducing plastic use and conserving
energy, are necessary to protect the environment. To what extent do you agree or disagree
with this view? ....................................................................................................................... 18
3. Deforestation is a major environmental issue in many countries. What do you think are
the main causes of deforestation, and what solutions would you suggest to address it? ....... 19

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 4. The use of electric vehicles can help reduce air pollution and carbon emissions. Do you
think that the advantages of electric vehicles outweigh the disadvantages? .......................... 19
5. Atomic energy is becoming a more and more popular energy source. Do you think this is
a positive or negative development? ..................................................................................... 20
VII. Family relationship ............................................................................................ 21
1. Some people believe that it is better to live in extended families, while others think that it
is better to live in nuclear families. Discuss both views and give your opinion. ...................... 21
2. Parents should have the main responsibility for the upbringing of their children. To what
extent do you agree or disagree? .......................................................................................... 21
3. Many people believe that the breakdown of traditional family structures is a major cause
of social problems in today's society. What are the reasons for this phenomenon and what
can be done to address it? .................................................................................................... 22
4. In some countries, more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past. Do
you think that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? ................................................. 23
5. Some parents prefer to have their children be raised by their grandparents. Is this a
positive or negative trend? .................................................................................................... 23
VIII. FOOD AND CUISINE .......................................................................................... 25
1. Some people believe that traditional foods and dishes should be preserved and
promoted, while others argue that we should embrace new and modern cuisines. Discuss
both views and give your opinion........................................................................................... 25
2. In many countries, traditional foods are being replaced by fast food. This has a negative
impact on families, individuals and society. To what extent do you agree or disagree? ......... 25
3. The cost of fresh fruits and vegetables is often cited as a barrier to healthy eating. What
are the causes and solutions? ............................................................................................... 26
4. In most countries fast food is becoming cheaper and more available. Do you think the
advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? ............................................. 27
5. Some countries import a large amount of food from other parts of the world. Do you think
this is a positive or negative development? ........................................................................... 28
IX. GLOBALISATION ............................................................................................... 29
1. Some people believe that globalisation has positive effects, such as boosting economic
growth and encouraging cultural exchange, while others argue that it results in exploitation
and a loss of cultural diversity. Discuss both views and give your opinion. ............................ 29
2. Many people say that globalisation and the growing number of multinational companies
have a negative effect on the environment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? ......... 29
3. In recent years, there has been a trend towards protectionism and nationalism in some
countries. What are the causes and effects? ......................................................................... 30
4. As cities become more crowded and expensive, an increasing number of people are
choosing to live in suburban or rural areas and commute to work. Do you think the
advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? ............................................. 30

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 5. Globalisation has led to increased interconnectedness between countries. Do you think
this is a positive or negative development? ........................................................................... 31
X. HEALTH .............................................................................................................. 32
1. Some people believe that the government should be responsible for providing healthcare
to all citizens, while others argue that individuals should take responsibility for their own
healthcare. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. .................................................. 32
2. It is more important to spend public money on promoting a healthy lifestyle in order to
prevent illness than to spend it on treatment of people who are already ill. To what extent do
you agree or disagree? ......................................................................................................... 32
3. Mental health is a growing concern in many societies today, with an increasing number of
people experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. What are the main causes of this trend,
and what steps can individuals and society as a whole take to address the problem?........... 33
4. Some feel governments, rather than private companies, should be in charge of medical
services. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages? .... 34
5. Nowadays, a growing number of people with health problems are trying alternative
medicines and treatments instead of visiting their usual doctor. Do you think this is a positive
or negative development? ..................................................................................................... 34
XI. LANGUAGE ..................................................................................................... 36
1. Some people believe that everyone in the world should speak the same language.
Others think that people should have the freedom to speak whichever language they choose.
Discuss both views and give your opinion. ............................................................................ 36
2. Living in a country where you have to speak a foreign language can cause serious social
problems, as well as practical problems. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
statement? ............................................................................................................................ 36
3. Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at
primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 37
4. Several languages are in danger of extinction because they are spoken by very small
numbers of people. What are the causes and solutions? ...................................................... 37
5. The government should invest in preserving and promoting endangered languages. Do
you think this is a positive or negative development? ............................................................ 38
XII. SPORTS .......................................................................................................... 39
1. Some people believe that sports play an essential role in society, while others argue that
they are a waste of time and resources. Discuss both views and give your opinion............... 39
2. Competitive sports have a positive impact on young people's lives. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this statement? .................................................................................. 39
3. Many people believe that hosting international sporting events such as the Olympic
Games is a good way to promote a country. Do you think the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 40

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 4. In many countries, there is a gender gap in sports participation. What are the reasons for
this, and what steps can be taken to encourage more girls and women to participate in
sports? .................................................................................................................................. 40
5. Some people argue that professional athletes earn too much money. Do you think this is
a negative or positive development? ..................................................................................... 41
XIII. TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................... 42
1. Scientists believe that computers will become more intelligent than human beings. Some
people find it is positive while others think it is a negative development. Discuss both views
and give your own opinion. .................................................................................................... 42
2. Mobile phones should be banned in public places. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement? ................................................................................................ 42
3. Nowadays, many people use smartphones and tablets for work, study, and
entertainment. Do you think that the advantages of these devices outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 43
4. Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years. Do you think this is a
negative or positive development? ........................................................................................ 43
5. In some countries, there is a digital divide, with some people having limited access to
technology. What are the consequences of this, and what solutions can be proposed to bridge
the gap? ................................................................................................................................ 44
XIV. WORK ................................................................................................................. 45
1. Some people argue that working long hours is necessary to achieve success, while
others believe that it is important to have a good work-life balance. Discuss both views and
give your opinion. .................................................................................................................. 45
2. Some people believe that job satisfaction is more important than job security. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? ............................................................ 45
3. With the globalisation of the workforce, many people are required to work in teams with
colleagues from different cultural backgrounds. Do you think the advantages outweigh the
disadvantages? ..................................................................................................................... 46
4. In many countries, there is a gender pay gap, with women earning less than men for the
same work. What are the causes of this, and what solutions can be proposed to close the
gap? ...................................................................................................................................... 46
5. In some countries, there is a trend towards a “gig economy”, where workers are hired on
a temporary or freelance basis. Do you think this is a negative or positive development? ..... 47

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 I. ART
1. Some people think that art should be taught in schools. Others believe that it is a
waste of time and resources. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Arguments for teaching art in schools
● Art education provides students with a
well-rounded education that includes
creative and expressive skills.
● Art classes can be a way for students
to explore their interests and develop
their passions.
● Art can help students to develop critical
thinking and problem-solving skills that
can be applied in other areas of their
lives.
● Art can promote cultural understanding
and appreciation for different
perspectives.
● Art classes can provide a sense of
community and belonging for students
who may not excel in traditional
academic subjects.
2. Many people argue that government funding for the arts is a waste of money. To what
extent do you agree or disagree with this viewpoint?
Arguments for government funding for
the arts
● The arts contribute to the economy
through job creation, tourism, and
cultural events that attract people to
cities and regions.
● The arts are an important aspect of
cultural heritage and identity, which
should be preserved and celebrated.
● The arts can have a positive impact on
mental health and wellbeing, as they
provide opportunities for creative
Arguments against teaching art in
schools
● Resources for art education can be
limited and expensive, taking away
from other important subjects.
● Some people believe that art education
is not essential for students to succeed
in life and their careers.
● Time spent on art classes could be
better used for other subjects that are
seen as more important, such as maths
or science.
● Art classes may not appeal to all
students, and some may feel forced to
participate in something they have no
interest in.
● The value of art is subjective and
varies from person to person, making it
difficult to measure its impact on
student success.
Arguments against government funding
for the arts
● Funding for the arts can be seen as a
luxury that the government cannot
afford, particularly during times of
economic hardship.
● Some people believe that the arts are a
niche interest that only appeals to a
small segment of the population, and
therefore should not be supported by
public funds.
● There is a concern that government
funding for the arts can be subject to
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 expression and stress relief.
● The arts can be a powerful tool for
education and community
development, bringing people together
and fostering social cohesion.
● The arts can inspire creativity and
innovation in other fields, such as
technology and science, leading to new
discoveries and advancements.
3. Some people believe that art can be a waste of time and resources. Do the
advantages of art outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of art
● Art can provide a means of creative
expression and exploration for
individuals, helping them to develop
their skills and interests.
● Art can be used as a therapeutic tool,
helping individuals to cope with stress
and emotional issues.
● Art can help to develop critical thinking
skills and problem-solving abilities,
which can be useful in various aspects
of life.
● Art can promote cultural awareness
and appreciation, providing insight into
different perspectives and traditions.
● Art can be a means of communication,
conveying complex ideas and emotions
in a powerful and effective way.
4. Cultural heritage sites are often at risk of damage or destruction due to various
factors. What are the problems and what can be done to protect them?
Problems facing cultural heritage sites
● Natural disasters such as earthquakes,
floods, and wildfires can damage or
destroy cultural heritage sites.
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political influence, leading to
censorship and restrictions on artistic
expression.
● Private funding and donations can
support the arts, reducing the need for
government funding.
● It is difficult to measure the impact of
government funding for the arts,
making it hard to justify the use of
taxpayer money for this purpose.
Disadvantages of art
● Art can be a subjective pursuit,
meaning that it may not appeal to
everyone or be seen as valuable by all.
● Art can be expensive, requiring
materials, equipment, and facilities that
may be beyond the reach of some
individuals and communities.
● Art may be viewed as a leisure activity
that detracts from more productive or
practical pursuits, such as work or
academic studies.
● Art may be criticised for being
impractical or lacking in tangible
benefits, such as financial returns or
concrete results.
● Art can be seen as a luxury or
indulgence that is not essential for a
healthy and fulfilling life.
Solutions to protect cultural heritage
sites
● Develop and implement effective
disaster management plans to prepare
for and respond to natural disasters
 ● Climate change can cause sea level
rise, erosion, and other environmental
changes that threaten cultural heritage
sites.
● Urbanisation and development can
encroach upon cultural heritage sites,
leading to destruction or degradation of
the site.
● War, conflict, and acts of terrorism can
result in deliberate destruction of
cultural heritage sites.
● Lack of funding, maintenance, and
proper management can lead to
neglect and deterioration of cultural
heritage sites.
5. In recent years, street art has become increasingly popular in many cities around the
world. Some people consider it a form of vandalism, while others see it as a legitimate
form of artistic expression. What is your opinion on this?
Arguments in favour of street art
● Street art can bring colour and life to
otherwise drab and uninteresting public
spaces.
● Street art can be used to convey
political or social messages that might
not otherwise be heard or seen.
● Street art can be a form of public art
that is accessible to everyone,
regardless of their socioeconomic
status.
● Street art can be a way for artists to
express themselves and share their
work with a wider audience, without the
need for traditional art galleries or
exhibitions.
● Street art can be a way for
communities to come together and
create something that reflects their
shared values and experiences.
and climate change impacts.
● Implement measures to limit
development and protect cultural
heritage sites from urbanisation and
construction projects.
● Establish legal protections for cultural
heritage sites, including designation as
World Heritage sites, national parks, or
other protected areas.
● Increase public awareness and
education about the value and
significance of cultural heritage sites to
encourage responsible behaviour and
stewardship.
● Provide adequate funding,
management, and maintenance for
cultural heritage sites to ensure their
preservation and longevity.
Arguments against government funding
for the arts
● Street art can be seen as vandalism or
defacement of public property,
particularly if it is done without the
permission of the property owner or the
local government.
● Street art can be offensive or
inappropriate, particularly if it includes
profanity, hate speech, or other forms
of objectionable content.
● Street art can be a distraction or
nuisance, particularly if it is done in
busy or high-traffic areas where it can
cause congestion or safety hazards.
● Street art can be expensive to remove
or clean up, particularly if it is done with
permanent materials such as spray
paint.
● Street art can create conflicts between
different stakeholders, including
property owners, artists, and
government officials, who may have
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 different opinions on what is
appropriate or acceptable in public
spaces.

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 II. BUSINESS

1. Some people believe that the government should regulate businesses more strictly to
prevent unethical practices, while others believe that businesses should have more
freedom to operate without government intervention. Discuss both views and give
your own opinion.

Arguments in favour of strict Arguments in favour of business

government regulation freedom

● Government regulations can protect ● Businesses should have the freedom to

consumers from harmful or deceptive
business practices, such as false
advertising or unsafe products.
● Regulations can ensure that
businesses operate in a socially
responsible and sustainable manner,
taking into account the impact of their
actions on the environment and
society.
● Regulations can promote fair
competition and prevent monopolies,
which can harm consumers and limit
innovation.
● Regulations can protect workers' rights
and ensure fair labour practices,
including safe working conditions and
fair pay.
innovate and pursue new opportunities
without unnecessary government
intervention, which can stifle creativity
and innovation.
● Excessive regulations can create a
bureaucratic burden that can impede
business growth and development.
● Businesses should have the freedom to
make their own decisions about how to
run their operations, without
interference from the government.
● In some cases, self-regulation and
voluntary standards can be just as
effective as government regulations in
promoting ethical business practices.

2. Some people believe that businesses should prioritise profit over social
responsibility. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Arguments in favour of prioritising profit Arguments in favour of social

responsibility

● The primary purpose of a business is to ● Businesses have a responsibility to act

generate profits for its owners or
shareholders, and maximising profits
should be the primary goal.
● Businesses that prioritise profit are
more likely to be financially stable and
able to invest in future growth and
development.
● In a competitive market, businesses
ethically and responsibly towards their
stakeholders, including employees,
customers, and the environment.
● Prioritising social responsibility can
lead to increased customer loyalty and
trust, as consumers are more likely to
support businesses that share their
values.

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 that prioritise profit are more likely to
succeed and create jobs and economic
growth.
● Business owners have a responsibility
to their shareholders to maximise
profits, and social responsibility should
be secondary to this goal.
3. In many countries, there is a skills gap between what businesses need and what
workers are trained for. What are the causes of this and what can be done to address
the issue?
Causes of the skills gap
● Rapid technological changes and
advancements are requiring new skills
that many workers may not have.
● Changes in the job market and
economic trends are leading to a
mismatch between the skills that
businesses need and the skills that
workers possess.
● A lack of investment in education and
training programs is leading to a
shortage of skilled workers.
● Limited access to affordable education
and training programs is preventing
some individuals from acquiring the
necessary skills.
● Employers may have unrealistic
expectations for the qualifications and
skills needed for certain jobs, leading to
a lack of qualified candidates.
● Businesses that are socially
responsible are more likely to attract
and retain talented employees who
value working for a company that has a
positive impact on society.
● Investing in social responsibility can
lead to long-term benefits, such as
reduced costs, increased efficiency,
and improved reputation.
Possible solutions to address the skills
gap
● Education and training programs need
to be restructured to align with the skills
that are in demand in the job market.
● Employers can work with educational
institutions to develop training
programs that will provide students with
the skills they need to succeed in the
workforce.
● Government policies can encourage
and incentivize businesses to invest in
education and training programs.
● Businesses can provide on-the-job
training and development opportunities
for their employees to improve their
skills and fill gaps in their knowledge.
● Educational institutions can provide
career counselling and guidance to
students to help them make informed
decisions about their future careers
and the skills they will need.
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4. Many businesses are moving towards more flexible work arrangements. Do the
advantages of flexible work arrangements outweigh the disadvantages for
businesses and workers?
Advantages of flexible work
arrangements for businesses
● Can improve work-life balance, leading
to reduced stress and improved mental
health.
● Can provide more autonomy and
control over their work schedule.
● Can enable workers to better manage
family and caregiving responsibilities.
● Can eliminate the need for lengthy
commutes, saving time and money.
● Can provide access to job opportunities
that may not have been feasible
without remote work options.
5. Many businesses are increasingly using automation and artificial intelligence to
improve efficiency and productivity. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development for businesses and workers?
Advantages of automation and AI for
businesses
● Can increase efficiency and
productivity, leading to reduced costs
and increased output.
● Can improve accuracy and consistency
in tasks that are prone to human error.
● Can perform repetitive or dangerous
tasks that may be unsuitable or unsafe
for human workers.
● Can provide valuable insights through
data analysis and predictive analytics.
● Can improve customer service through
chatbots and other automated
interactions.
Disadvantages of flexible work
arrangements for workers
● Can be difficult to manage, as
communication and collaboration can
be more challenging.
● Can lead to reduced team cohesion
and a lack of company culture.
● Can result in difficulties in monitoring
and measuring employee productivity.
● Can lead to increased costs associated
with technology and infrastructure to
support remote work.
Disadvantages of automation and AI for
businesses
● Can be costly to implement and
maintain, requiring significant
investments in technology and training.
● Can result in job losses or changes in
job roles and responsibilities, leading to
employee dissatisfaction and
resistance.
● Can result in reduced creativity and
innovation, as machines may not be
capable of creative problem-solving or
thinking outside the box.
● Can result in increased dependence on
technology, making businesses
vulnerable to cybersecurity threats and
other risks.
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 III. COMMUNICATION
1. Many people believe that social media has made communication easier and more
accessible, while others believe it has led to a decline in meaningful communication.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Advantages of social media for
communication
● Allows for easy and instant
communication with friends, family, and
colleagues across the world.
● Provides a platform for sharing ideas
and opinions, facilitating discussion
and debate.
● Can help to maintain and strengthen
relationships over long distances or
periods of time.
● Offers a range of communication
channels, including text, voice, and
video.
● Can facilitate the exchange of
information and knowledge, providing
access to a wide range of resources
and expertise.
2. In the modern world, effective communication skills are essential for success in both
personal and professional life. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
Arguments for the importance of
effective communication skills
● Communication is essential for building
and maintaining relationships with
others, whether in personal or
professional settings.
● Effective communication can help to
avoid misunderstandings, conflicts, and
other problems that can arise from
miscommunication.
● Communication skills are highly valued
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Disadvantages of social media for
communication
● Can lead to a lack of meaningful
interaction and shallow relationships,
as people may prioritize online
communication over face-to-face
interaction.
● Can facilitate the spread of
misinformation and fake news, leading
to confusion and polarization.
● Can lead to addiction and excessive
use, leading to negative impacts on
mental health and wellbeing.
● Can lead to cyberbullying and
harassment, as people may feel
anonymous and emboldened to
engage in negative behaviors online.
● Can lead to a loss of privacy and
security, as personal information may
be shared or stolen without consent.
Arguments against the importance of
effective communication skills
● Some people may be naturally
introverted or have social anxiety, and
may find it difficult to develop strong
communication skills.
● In some professions, technical skills
may be considered more important
than communication skills.
● Some people may prioritize other
qualities or skills, such as creativity or
 by employers and are often considered problem-solving ability, over
a key factor in career success. communication skills.
● Good communication skills can help to
inspire and motivate others, leading to
better teamwork and collaboration.
● Effective communication skills can
enhance one's personal and social life
by improving the quality of interactions
with others.

3. Many people struggle with public speaking, whether in a professional or personal

setting. What are the causes of this fear, and what strategies can be used to ovecome
it?

Causes of fear of public speaking Strategies to overcome fear of public

speaking

● Fear of judgement and criticism from ● Preparation and practice, including

others rehearsal and familiarisation with the
topic
● Lack of confidence or self-esteem
● Visualisation techniques, such as
● Inexperience or lack of preparation
imagining a successful speech or
● Perceived pressure to perform well or presentation
meet high expectations
● Deep breathing and relaxation
● Past negative experiences or traumatic exercises to reduce anxiety and stress
events related to public speaking
● Gradual exposure to public speaking
situations, starting with smaller
audiences and gradually increasing the
size and complexity of the audience
● Seeking support from mentors,
coaches, or therapy to address
underlying psychological issues and
build confidence and self-esteem

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4. With the rise of social media and messaging apps, it is now easier than ever to stay
connected with friends and family. Do you think the advantages of these technologies
outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages of internet communication Disadvantages of internet

communication

● Easier and more convenient ● Can lead to addiction or overuse, which

communication with friends and family,
regardless of geographic location
● Can help to maintain relationships and
stay connected even with busy
schedules
● Can facilitate communication in
emergencies or urgent situations
● Allows for sharing of photos, videos,
and other media to enhance
communication and stay connected
● Can provide access to support and
resources for those who may be
isolated or in need of assistance
● Can help to bridge cultural and
language barriers in global
communication
can negatively impact mental health
and social relationships
● Can lead to a sense of social
comparison or pressure to present a
curated image of oneself online
● Can be a source of cyberbullying or
online harassment
● Can be a distraction from face-to-face
communication and personal
connections
● Can raise concerns around privacy and
data security, as personal information
is shared online

5. In recent years, many companies have implemented remote work policies, allowing
employees to work from home. Do you think this is a positive or negative
development?

Reasons for remote working Reasons against remote working

● Increased flexibility and work-life ● Lack of face-to-face interaction and

balance for employees
● Reduced commuting time and costs,
leading to increased productivity and
job satisfaction
● Ability to work from anywhere with an
internet connection, allowing for greater
job opportunities and access to global
talent
● Reduced office space and overhead
costs for companies
● Can reduce carbon emissions and
environmental impact from commuting
collaboration with colleagues,
potentially leading to decreased
creativity and innovation
● Potential for distractions at home and
difficulty in separating work and
personal life
● Dependence on technology and
potential for technical difficulties
● Potential for decreased motivation and
work ethic without direct supervision
● Potential for feelings of isolation and
disconnection from company culture

10
 IV. CRIME AND JUSTICE

1. Some people believe that harsher punishments, such as longer prison sentences or
the death penalty, are the best way to deter crime. Others argue that prevention
through education, rehabilitation, and addressing the root causes of crime is more
effective. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Harsher punishments Other measures

● May serve as a warning to potential ● Addresses the systemic issues that

offenders that the consequences of
committing a crime are severe, which
could deter crime at the societal level
● Could serve as a form of retribution for
victims and their families, providing a
sense of closure and justice
● May be necessary in cases of heinous
crimes or repeat offenders to ensure
public safety
● Could deter criminals from committing
crimes while incarcerated, leading to
fewer incidents of violence and
disorder in prisons
contribute to crime, such as poverty,
lack of access to healthcare, and
discrimination, making it a more
comprehensive approach
● Focuses on rehabilitating offenders,
providing them with the tools and
resources necessary to become
productive members of society
● Can reduce the burden on the criminal
justice system by lowering recidivism
rates, which can help save taxpayer
money
● Can help to reduce disparities in the
criminal justice system, as it addresses
the root causes of crime rather than
relying solely on punishment

2. Some people believe that community policing, where police officers work closely with
the community to prevent crime, is more effective than traditional policing methods.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Reasons for community policing Reasons against community policing

● Community policing builds trust and ● Community policing can be resource-

improves relationships between police
officers and the community, leading to
more effective crime prevention efforts.
● Police officers who are familiar with the
community can better identify potential
crime hotspots and implement
strategies to address them.
● By involving community members in
crime prevention efforts, community
policing can lead to a sense of
intensive and require a significant
investment of time and money.
● Some communities may not be
receptive to working with police
officers, leading to challenges in
implementing community policing
strategies.
● Community policing can be vulnerable
to accusations of bias or favoritism,
particularly if police officers have pre-

11
 ownership and investment in the safety
of the community.
● Community policing can help reduce
the fear of crime by improving
communication between the police and
the community.
existing relationships with members of
the community.
● Traditional policing methods, such as
reactive policing, may still be
necessary in some situations where
community policing is not effective.

3. Cybercrime is becoming an increasingly serious problem around the world. What are
the main causes of cybercrime, and what solutions would you suggest to address
this problem?

Causes for cyber crime Solutions for cyber crime

● Lack of awareness: Many people do ● Education and awareness: Teaching

not understand the risks of sharing
sensitive information online, making
them more susceptible to cybercrime.
● Insufficient security measures: Weak
passwords, unsecured Wi-Fi networks,
and outdated software can make it
easier for cybercriminals to access
personal information.
● Social engineering: Cybercriminals
often use tactics such as phishing
emails or fraudulent websites to trick
people into giving away personal
information.
● Malware: Malicious software such as
viruses, Trojans, and ransomware can
be used to steal information, disrupt
systems, and extort money.
● Dark web: The anonymity of the dark
web makes it a hub for criminal activity,
including cybercrime.
people about the risks of cybercrime
and how to protect themselves can
help reduce the number of victims.
● Improved security measures: Ensuring
that all software and devices are
updated, and using strong passwords
and two-factor authentication can make
it harder for cybercriminals to access
personal information.
● Law enforcement: Governments can
pass laws to criminalise cybercrime
and prosecute those responsible.
● Cybersecurity professionals: Hiring
professionals to develop and
implement security measures can help
businesses and individuals protect their
data.
● Collaboration: Collaboration between
law enforcement, government, and
private organisations can help share
information and resources to combat
cybercrime.

4. The use of technology in law enforcement, such as facial recognition software, can
help solve crimes more quickly. Do the advantages of technology in law enforcement
outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages Disadvantages

12
 ● Deterrent effect: Some argue that the
fear of capital punishment can deter
people from committing serious crimes,
which can lead to a decrease in crime
rates.
● Retribution: Supporters of capital
punishment believe that it is a fair
punishment for heinous crimes such as
murder and provides a sense of
closure for the victims' families.
● Justice system credibility: Some argue
that the use of capital punishment is
necessary for the credibility of the
justice system, as it shows that society
takes crimes seriously and is willing to
take action.
5. The use of capital punishment for serious crimes is a controversial topic. Do you
think this is a positive or negative development in the criminal justice system?
Advantages of capital death penalties
● Capital punishment serves as a strong
deterrent to would-be criminals,
potentially reducing the number of
serious crimes committed.
● It provides a sense of justice and
closure to victims and their families, as
well as the wider community.
● The cost of keeping a person in prison
for life can be very high, so capital
punishment can be seen as a cost-
effective solution.
● The punishment fits the crime,
especially for heinous offences like
mass murder or terrorism.
● Risk of wrongful convictions: Critics
argue that capital punishment carries
the risk of executing innocent people,
as the justice system is not infallible.
● Human rights violation: Some argue
that the use of capital punishment
violates human rights, as it involves
taking a life, and therefore should not
be an option in a modern society.
● Bias and discrimination: Critics also
argue that capital punishment is often
applied disproportionately to people of
colour and those from lower socio-
economic backgrounds, indicating
systemic bias within the criminal justice
system.
Disadvantages of capital death penalties
● The possibility of wrongful convictions
and the execution of innocent people is
a major concern.
● It violates the fundamental human right
to life and can be seen as a form of
state-sanctioned murder.
● Capital punishment is often applied in a
discriminatory manner, with people
from disadvantaged or minority groups
more likely to receive the death
penalty.
● It can have a negative impact on the
mental health and wellbeing of those
involved in the process, including the
executioners and witnesses.
● There is no conclusive evidence that
capital punishment is a more effective
deterrent than other forms of
punishment.
13
 V. EDUCATION

1. Some people believe that vocational education, which focuses on practical skills and
job training, is more valuable than academic education. Others argue that academic
education is necessary for a well-rounded education. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.

For vocational education Against vocational education

● Vocational education is more focused ● Academic education provides a

on practical skills and job training, broader range of knowledge and critical
which can lead to more immediate thinking skills, which can be applied to
employment opportunities and career a variety of fields and situations.
advancement.
● It can also prepare students for further
● It can be more cost-effective than education, such as graduate school,
academic education, as it often which may be necessary for certain
requires less time and money to careers.
complete.
● Academic education can help develop
● Vocational education can help address well-rounded individuals who are able
the skills gap in many industries, as it to engage with a wide range of ideas
provides specific training for in-demand and perspectives.
jobs.
● There is a risk that vocational
● It can also provide a pathway to education can be too narrowly focused,
entrepreneurship and self-employment, leading to limited career options and a
as many vocational programs teach lack of adaptability in a changing job
business and management skills. market.

2. Formal examinations are the only effective way to assess a student's performance.
Continual assessment such as coursework and projects is not a satisfactory way to
do this. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Arguments in favour of formal Arguments against formal examinations

examinations

● Formal examinations are standardised ● Continual assessment allows students

and provide a consistent way to
evaluate a student's knowledge and
understanding of a subject.
● Examinations are often designed to
test a wide range of topics within a
subject, ensuring that students have a
comprehensive understanding of the
material.
● Examinations are a fair way to evaluate
to demonstrate their knowledge and
understanding over a longer period,
giving a more accurate reflection of
their abilities.
● Formal examinations can create a
stressful and high-pressure
environment for students, potentially
hindering their performance.
● Continual assessment, such as

14
 all students, as they are given the
same questions and amount of time to
complete them.
● Formal examinations provide a clear
distinction between passing and failing,
allowing students to understand their
strengths and weaknesses and work
on improving their knowledge.
3. In many countries, there is a significant achievement gap between students from low-
income families and those from high-income families. What do you think are the main
causes of this problem, and what solutions would you suggest addressing it?
Causes
● Unequal access to resources and
opportunities
● Lack of support and guidance for low-
income students
● Economic and social factors affecting
the students' ability to focus on
academics
● Bias and discrimination in the
education system
15
coursework and projects, allows for
more creativity and flexibility in
demonstrating knowledge and
understanding.
● Formal examinations often focus on
memorization rather than critical
thinking skills, limiting a student's ability
to demonstrate their ability to apply
knowledge in real-world situations.
Solutions
● Providing equal access to quality
education and resources for all
students
● Offering extra support and resources to
low-income students, such as
mentorship and tutoring programs
● Addressing economic and social issues
that affect students' academic
performance, such as poverty and
homelessness
● Encouraging and supporting diversity
and inclusion in the education system,
including hiring more teachers from
diverse backgrounds and providing
cultural competency training for
educators
● Addressing bias and discrimination in
the education system, such as through
implicit bias training and diversity
education.
4. Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language
at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh
the disadvantages?

Causes Solutions

● Earlier exposure to a foreign language
can lead to better language acquisition
and fluency in the long term.
● Starting at a younger age can help
children develop a more natural accent
and pronunciation.
● Learning a foreign language at an early
age can promote cognitive
development and improve memory,
problem-solving skills, and creativity.
● Early language learning can foster
cultural awareness and understanding,
which can have long-term benefits for
social and economic integration.
● Starting language learning early can
lead to greater motivation and interest
in the language, which can increase
engagement and retention.
● Young children may not have the
attention span or focus needed for
language learning.
● Starting too early may cause burnout or
frustration, leading to a negative
association with the language.
● Early language learning may come at
the expense of other important
subjects, such as maths or science.
● Some educators argue that it is more
important to focus on foundational
skills, such as reading and writing,
before introducing a foreign language.
● There may be a shortage of qualified
teachers who are trained to teach
foreign languages to young children.

5. In recent years, there has been a trend toward standardised testing in education. Do
you think this is a positive or negative development?

Positive Negative

● Standardised testing provides a ● Standardised testing can create a

consistent measure of student
performance across different regions
and schools.
● It can help identify strengths and
weaknesses in the education system,
leading to targeted improvements.
● Standardised testing can motivate
students to work harder and take their
education more seriously.
● The results of standardised testing can
be used to hold teachers and schools
accountable for their performance.
● It can help in the selection process for
stressful and high-pressure
environment for students, leading to
anxiety and even cheating.
● Standardised testing can be biassed
towards certain types of learners and
can overlook individual talents and
strengths.
● It can lead to a narrow focus on test
preparation, limiting the scope of
education.
● The emphasis on test results can lead
to a lack of emphasis on other
important areas of education, such as
creativity and critical thinking.

16
higher education or job opportunities.
● Standardised testing can lead to a
"teach to the test" mentality, where
teachers focus solely on test-taking
strategies rather than a well-rounded
education.

17
 VI. ENVIRONMENT

1. Some people believe that economic development is more important than

environmental protection, while others argue that environmental protection should
take priority. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Economic development should take Environmental protection should take

priority over environmental protection priority over economic development

● Economic growth is essential for ● Environmental degradation can have

improving living standards and
reducing poverty.
● Developing countries often prioritize
economic development as a means of
catching up with developed nations.
● Economic growth can lead to
technological advancements that can
help mitigate environmental problems.
● Environmental protection can be costly
and can hinder economic growth.
serious consequences for human
health and well-being.
● Protecting the environment can be
viewed as a moral obligation to future
generations.
● Natural resources are finite, and it is
important to use them sustainably to
avoid depleting them.
● Environmental protection can create
new economic opportunities, such as in
the renewable energy sector.

2. Some people believe that individual actions, such as reducing plastic use and
conserving energy, are necessary to protect the environment. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this view?

Individual actions are necessary to Individual actions are not enough to

protect the environment protect the environment

● Small actions can add up to make a big
impact on the environment.
● Individual actions can set an example
and encourage others to make
changes as well.
● Conserving resources and reducing
waste can save money in the long run.
● Collectively, individual actions can put
pressure on businesses and
governments to adopt more
sustainable practices.
● Structural changes, such as regulations
and policies, are necessary to address
systemic issues.
● Individual actions can be limited in their
impact, particularly if they are not
adopted on a large scale.
● Many environmental problems, such as
air and water pollution, are caused by
large-scale industrial activities, not
individual behavior.
● Environmental problems require
collective action and coordination to

18
 address them effectively.

3. Deforestation is a major environmental issue in many countries. What do you think

are the main causes of deforestation, and what solutions would you suggest to
address it?

Causes of deforestation Solutions to address deforestation

● Agriculture: Forests are often cleared ● Sustainable agriculture: Encouraging

to make way for agricultural activities
such as crop cultivation, livestock
grazing, and palm oil plantations.
● Logging: Logging for timber and pulp is
a major driver of deforestation in many
regions.
● Infrastructure development: Building
roads, dams, and other infrastructure
projects can lead to the destruction of
forests.
● Mining: Mining activities can also lead
to deforestation, as forests are often
cleared to access mineral deposits.
● Population growth: Increasing
population puts pressure on land and
resources, leading to more
deforestation.
sustainable agricultural practices, such
as agroforestry and organic farming,
can reduce the need for forest clearing
for agricultural purposes.
● Sustainable logging: Promoting
sustainable logging practices, such as
selective logging and replanting, can
help reduce the impact of logging on
forests.
● Infrastructure planning: Planning
infrastructure development to minimize
impact on forests, such as avoiding
forested areas or using existing roads,
can help reduce deforestation.
● Education and awareness: Educating
people about the importance of forests
and the negative impacts of
deforestation can help reduce demand
for forest products and increase
support for conservation efforts.
● Government policies: Governments
can enact policies to protect forests,
such as land-use planning, regulation
of land use change, and carbon taxes
to encourage conservation.

4. The use of electric vehicles can help reduce air pollution and carbon emissions. Do
you think that the advantages of electric vehicles outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages of electric vehicles Disadvantages of electric vehicles

● Environmental benefits: Electric ● Higher upfront cost: Electric vehicles

vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, are generally more expensive to
helping to reduce air pollution and purchase than gas-powered vehicles.

19
 greenhouse gas emissions.
● Lower operating costs: Electric vehicles
are generally cheaper to operate than
gas-powered vehicles, with lower fuel
and maintenance costs.
● Reduced dependence on fossil fuels:
Electric vehicles can reduce
dependence on fossil fuels and
increase energy independence.
● Quiet and smooth driving experience:
Electric motors produce less noise and
vibration than gas-powered engines,
providing a smoother driving
experience.
5. Atomic energy is becoming a more and more popular energy source. Do you think
this is a positive or negative development?
Advantages of atomic energy
● Reliability: Atomic energy provides a
reliable source of power that can
operate continuously for long periods
without interruption.
● Low carbon emissions: Atomic energy
produces very low greenhouse gas
emissions, making it a clean energy
source that can help reduce carbon
emissions.
● Large-scale energy production: Atomic
energy can produce large amounts of
energy, making it well-suited to meet
the needs of growing populations and
industrial economies.
● Reduced dependence on fossil fuels:
Atomic energy can reduce dependence
on fossil fuels and increase energy
independence.
20
● Limited driving range: Electric vehicles
can have a limited driving range,
depending on battery capacity, which
may make them unsuitable for long-
distance travel.
● Limited charging infrastructure: There
may be limited availability of charging
infrastructure, particularly in rural or
remote areas.
● Battery production and disposal: The
production and disposal of batteries
used in electric vehicles can have
environmental impacts, including
resource depletion and pollution.
Disadvantages of atomic energy
● Nuclear waste: Atomic energy
produces radioactive waste that must
be stored safely for thousands of years,
posing a significant environmental and
security challenge.
● High cost: The construction and
operation of nuclear power plants can
be expensive, and there are also
significant costs associated with
decommissioning and waste
management.
● Safety concerns: Nuclear accidents
can have catastrophic consequences,
as demonstrated by the Chernobyl and
Fukushima disasters.
● Security risks: Atomic energy
technology can be used to produce
nuclear weapons, raising concerns
about nuclear proliferation.
VII. FAMILY RELATIONSHIP
1. Some people believe that it is better to live in extended families, while others think
that it is better to live in nuclear families. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
Advantages of living in an extended
family
● Strong family support: Living in an
extended family can provide a strong
network of family support and care for
children, the elderly, and other family
members in need.
● Sharing of resources: Living in an
extended family can help share
household and financial
responsibilities, making it easier to
manage expenses.
● Cultural traditions: Living in an
extended family can help preserve
cultural traditions and values that are
important to family members.
2. Parents should have the main responsibility for the upbringing of their children. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Arguments for parents having the main
responsibility for the upbringing of their
children
● Biological bond: Parents have a
biological bond with their children, and
therefore have a unique responsibility
to provide for their physical and
emotional needs.
● Personal values: Parents are
responsible for instilling personal
values, morals, and ethics in their
children, which will shape their future
behavior and decisions.
● Education: Parents are responsible for
ensuring that their children receive a
proper education, which will prepare
them for adulthood and contribute to
Advantages of living in a nuclear family
● Greater independence: Living in a
nuclear family can provide greater
independence and privacy, allowing
family members to make decisions for
themselves.
● More flexibility: Living in a nuclear
family can provide more flexibility in
terms of lifestyle choices and decision-
making.
● Easier to manage: Living in a nuclear
family can be easier to manage, with
fewer conflicts and fewer demands on
family members' time and resources.
Arguments against parents having the
main responsibility for the upbringing of
their children
● Community responsibility: The
responsibility for raising children should
be shared by the wider community,
including schools, religious
organizations, and government
agencies.
● Support systems: Parents may lack the
necessary support systems, resources,
or knowledge to provide the best
possible upbringing for their children.
● Parental bias: Parents may have their
own biases, prejudices, or personal
beliefs that can negatively impact their
21
 their future success.
● Role modeling: Parents serve as role
models for their children, and therefore
have a responsibility to demonstrate
positive behaviors and attitudes.
3. Many people believe that the breakdown of traditional family structures is a major
cause of social problems in today's society. What are the reasons for this
phenomenon and what can be done to address it?
Reasons for the breakdown of traditional
family structures
● Changing social norms: As societies
become more diverse and multicultural,
traditional family structures may no
longer be considered relevant or
necessary.
● Economic pressures: Increasing
economic pressures and a focus on
individualism can lead to a breakdown
in family structures as people prioritise
their own needs and desires over those
of their family.
● Technological advancements:
Technology has made it easier for
people to communicate and connect
with others outside of their immediate
family, leading to a weakening of
traditional family structures.
● Demographic shifts: As populations
age and become more urbanised, there
may be a decline in traditional family
structures due to changing lifestyles
and preferences.
● Social inequality: Inequalities in
income, education, and access to
resources can lead to a breakdown in
traditional family structures, particularly
in disadvantaged communities.
22
children's upbringing.
Ways to address the breakdown of
traditional family structures
● Promoting family values: Governments
and organisations can promote family
values and encourage people to
prioritise their family relationships.
● Providing support systems:
Governments can provide support
systems such as affordable housing,
child care, and family leave policies to
make it easier for families to stay
together.
● Education and counselling: Education
and counselling programs can help
families navigate issues such as
communication, conflict resolution, and
financial management.
● Addressing social inequality:
Addressing social inequality can help
prevent the breakdown of traditional
family structures in disadvantaged
communities by providing equal access
to education, employment, and
resources.
● Community involvement: Community
involvement and support can provide
families with a sense of belonging and
social support, helping to strengthen
traditional family structures.
4. In some countries, more people are choosing to live alone nowadays than in the past.
Do you think that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of living alone
● Independence: Living alone allows
individuals to have greater
independence and autonomy in their
daily lives.
● Privacy: Living alone provides greater
privacy and freedom to pursue
individual interests without interference
or interruption from others.
● Cost-effective: Living alone can be
cost-effective, as individuals only have
to pay for their own expenses and do
not have to support others financially.
● Self-discovery: Living alone can be a
time for self-discovery and personal
growth, allowing individuals to learn
more about themselves and their
interests.
● Flexibility: Living alone provides greater
flexibility in terms of lifestyle choices
and daily routines.
5. Some parents prefer to have their children be raised by their grandparents. Is this a
positive or negative trend?
Positive aspects of children being raised
by grandparents
● Family support: Grandparents can
provide support and guidance to their
grandchildren, especially in cases
where the parents are busy or absent.
● Cultural transmission: Grandparents
can pass on cultural and family values
to their grandchildren.
● Emotional stability: Grandparents can
offer emotional stability and comfort to
their grandchildren, which can be
beneficial for their mental health.
● Cost-effective: Relying on
23
Disadvantages of living alone
● Loneliness: Living alone can lead to
feelings of loneliness and isolation,
especially for individuals who do not
have a strong support network.
● Lack of support: Living alone means
that there is no one to provide
emotional or practical support in times
of need.
● Safety concerns: Living alone can lead
to safety concerns, particularly for
vulnerable individuals such as the
elderly or those with disabilities.
● Financial burden: Living alone can be
more expensive than living with others,
as individuals must bear the full cost of
living expenses.
● Mental health: Living alone can
increase the risk of mental health
problems such as depression and
anxiety, particularly in individuals who
are prone to these conditions.
Negative aspects of children being
raised by grandparents
● Health concerns: Grandparents may
have health issues that prevent them
from providing adequate care for the
children.
● Generation gap: Grandparents may
have different parenting styles or
beliefs that clash with those of the
parents, which can create tension.
● Limited availability: Grandparents may
have their own commitments or
responsibilities that limit their
availability to care for the children.
 grandparents for child-rearing can be
cost-effective compared to hiring a
nanny or sending the child to daycare.
● Family bonding: Spending time with
grandparents can strengthen family
bonds and create lasting memories.
24
● Inadequate education: Grandparents
may not have the knowledge or skills to
provide the necessary education and
guidance for their grandchildren.
● Strained relationships: If the
grandparents and parents have a
strained relationship, it may negatively
impact the well-being of the children.
VIII. FOOD AND CUISINE

1. Some people believe that traditional foods and dishes should be preserved and
promoted, while others argue that we should embrace new and modern cuisines.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Reasons to preserve and promote Reasons to embrace new and modern

traditional foods and dishes cuisines

● Cultural heritage: Traditional foods and
dishes are an important part of a
country's cultural heritage and identity.
● Health benefits: Many traditional foods
are made from whole, natural
ingredients that are healthier than
processed and fast foods.
● Sustainability: Traditional foods and
dishes often use locally-sourced,
seasonal ingredients, which can be
more sustainable than imported or
mass-produced foods.
● Tourism: Traditional foods and dishes
can attract tourists who are interested
in experiencing the local cuisine and
culture.
● Community bonding: Traditional foods
and dishes can bring people together
and create a sense of community and
belonging.
● Diversity: New and modern cuisines
can introduce new flavours and
ingredients that expand our culinary
horizons and enrich our taste buds.
● Creativity: New and modern cuisines
can inspire creativity in cooking and
food presentation, which can be a form
of art.
● Globalisation: With the increasing
globalisation of food and culture, it is
important to embrace new and modern
cuisines to reflect the changing times
and diversity of our world.
● Health benefits: Some modern cuisines
may incorporate healthy and nutritious
ingredients that are not found in
traditional foods.
● Economic benefits: Embracing new
and modern cuisines can create new
business opportunities and job markets
in the food industry.

2. In many countries, traditional foods are being replaced by fast food. This has a
negative impact on families, individuals and society. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

Agree Disagree

● Health effects: Fast food is often high
in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium,
leading to obesity, diabetes, heart
disease, and other health problems.
● Nutritional value: Traditional foods are
often made from fresh, whole
ingredients, providing more nutrients
● Convenience: Fast food is quick and
easy to obtain, making it more
accessible for busy individuals and
families who may not have the time or
resources to prepare traditional meals.
● Variety: Fast food offers a wider range
of choices and flavors than traditional

25
 and fiber than fast food.
● Cultural identity: Traditional foods are
an important part of a country's cultural
identity, and their replacement by fast
food can lead to a loss of cultural
heritage.
● Family dynamics: Traditional foods are
often prepared and enjoyed together as
a family, promoting bonding and
socialization, while fast food can lead
to isolation and disconnection.
● Environmental impact: Fast food
production requires large amounts of
energy, water, and other resources,
and generates significant amounts of
waste and pollution.
3. The cost of fresh fruits and vegetables is often cited as a barrier to healthy eating.
What are the causes and solutions?
Agree
● Health effects: Fast food is often high
in calories, fat, sugar, and sodium,
leading to obesity, diabetes, heart
disease, and other health problems.
● Nutritional value: Traditional foods are
often made from fresh, whole
ingredients, providing more nutrients
and fibre than fast food.
● Cultural identity: Traditional foods are
an important part of a country's cultural
identity, and their replacement by fast
food can lead to a loss of cultural
heritage.
● Family dynamics: Traditional foods are
often prepared and enjoyed together as
a family, promoting bonding and
socialisation, while fast food can lead
to isolation and disconnection.
● Environmental impact: Fast food
production requires large amounts of
energy, water, and other resources,
and generates significant amounts of
waste and pollution.
26
foods, which may appeal to people who
enjoy trying new foods and
experiences.
● Economic benefits: The fast food
industry provides jobs and generates
revenue for local economies, which can
have a positive impact on society.
● Adaptability: The introduction of fast
food in some countries has led to new
and innovative food creations that
combine traditional ingredients and
flavors with modern techniques.
● Globalization: The spread of fast food
chains around the world has creatsed a
shared cultural experience and a sense
of unity among people from different
backgrounds.
Disagree
● Convenience: Fast food is quick and
easy to obtain, making it more
accessible for busy individuals and
families who may not have the time or
resources to prepare traditional meals.
● Variety: Fast food offers a wider range
of choices and flavours than traditional
foods, which may appeal to people who
enjoy trying new foods and
experiences.
● Economic benefits: The fast food
industry provides jobs and generates
revenue for local economies, which can
have a positive impact on society.
● Adaptability: The introduction of fast
food in some countries has led to new
and innovative food creations that
combine traditional ingredients and
flavours with modern techniques.
● Globalisation: The spread of fast food
chains around the world has created a
shared cultural experience and a sense
of unity among people from different
backgrounds.
4. In most countries fast food is becoming cheaper and more available. Do you think the
advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?
Advantages of cheaper and more
available fast food
● Convenience: Fast food is quick and
easy to obtain, which is ideal for people
with busy lifestyles who don't have time
to prepare meals at home.
● Affordability: Cheaper fast food can be
more accessible to people with lower
incomes who may not be able to afford
healthier food options.
● Variety: Fast food restaurants offer a
wide range of options and flavours to
choose from, giving people more
choices than traditional restaurants.
● Innovation: The fast food industry is
constantly evolving and introducing
new products, which can be exciting for
customers looking for something new.
● Economic benefits: Fast food chains
create jobs and generate revenue for
local economies, which can be
beneficial for the communities they
operate in.
27
Disadvantages of cheaper and more
available fast food
● Health consequences: Fast food is
often high in calories, saturated fat, and
sodium, which can lead to obesity,
heart disease, and other health
problems.
● Environmental impact: The production
and distribution of fast food can
contribute to environmental issues
such as deforestation, greenhouse gas
emissions, and water pollution.
● Loss of traditional food culture: The rise
of fast food can lead to a decline in
traditional food culture and cuisine,
which can negatively impact cultural
identity and heritage.
● Economic costs: The affordability of
fast food may come at a cost to the
economy, such as increased
healthcare costs due to the negative
health impacts associated with its
consumption.
● Social consequences: The rise of fast
food can lead to a decrease in social
interactions and family meals, which
can negatively impact mental health
and social bonds.
5. Some countries import a large amount of food from other parts of the world. Do you
think this is a positive or negative development?
Advantages of importing food
● Greater variety: Importing food allows
for a wider range of options and
flavours that may not be available
domestically.
● Year-round availability: Importing food
from different parts of the world can
provide access to certain foods that are
out of season or not grown locally.
● Economic benefits: Importing food can
create jobs in the importing country and
generate revenue for the exporting
country.
● Lower prices: Importing food can
sometimes be cheaper than producing
it domestically, particularly for products
that require specific climate conditions
or resources.
● Food security: Importing food can
provide a source of food in the event of
a natural disaster or food shortage.
28
Disadvantages of importing food
● Environmental impact: The
transportation of food over long
distances can contribute to greenhouse
gas emissions and other environmental
issues.
● Dependence on other countries:
Importing food can make a country
dependent on other countries for its
food supply, which can be a
vulnerability in times of political
instability or economic disruption.
● Loss of local agriculture: Importing food
can lead to a decline in local agriculture
and traditional food culture.
● Quality concerns: Imported food may
not meet the same quality standards as
domestically produced food,
particularly with regards to food safety
and regulations.
● Ethical considerations: Importing food
from countries with lower labor or
environmental standards can raise
ethical concerns about the treatment of
workers and impact on the
environment.
 IX. GLOBALISATION

1. Some people believe that globalisation has positive effects, such as boosting
economic growth and encouraging cultural exchange, while others argue that it
results in exploitation and a loss of cultural diversity. Discuss both views and give
your opinion.

Positive effects of globalisation Negative effects of globalisation

● Economic growth: Globalisation allows ● Exploitation: Some argue that

for the free movement of goods and
services, which can lead to increased
trade, investment and economic
growth.
● Cultural exchange: Globalisation can
facilitate the exchange of ideas, values
and traditions between different
cultures, leading to greater
understanding and appreciation of
diversity.
● Access to technology: Globalisation
has enabled people around the world
to access new technologies, such as
the internet and mobile phones, which
have the potential to improve
education, communication and
productivity.
globalisation leads to the exploitation of
workers and resources in developing
countries, where companies may take
advantage of lower labour costs and
weaker environmental regulations.
● Loss of cultural diversity: Critics argue
that globalisation promotes
homogenisation and standardisation of
culture, leading to the erosion of
traditional practices and languages.
● Unequal distribution of benefits:
Globalisation may benefit developed
countries more than developing
countries, as they often have greater
access to capital and resources.

2. Many people say that globalisation and the growing number of multinational
companies have a negative effect on the environment. To what extent do you agree or
disagree?

Positive effects Negative effects

● Investment in sustainability: Some ● Environmental exploitation: Some

multinational companies are investing
in sustainable practices, such as
renewable energy, carbon offsetting
and reducing waste.
● Innovation: The competition between
companies can drive innovation and
technological advancements in
environmental protection.
● Awareness: Globalisation has raised
multinational companies have been
accused of exploiting resources and
damaging the environment in
developing countries with weaker
environmental regulations.
● Increased consumption: Globalisation
has led to increased consumption of
goods and services, resulting in more
waste and pollution.

29
 awareness of environmental issues
and created international agreements,
such as the Paris Agreement, to
address climate change.
● Carbon emissions: Globalisation has
increased transportation and shipping
of goods, leading to increased carbon
emissions and contributing to climate
change.

3. In recent years, there has been a trend towards protectionism and nationalism in
some countries. What are the causes and effects?

Causes Effects

● Economic insecurity: In times of ● Reduced international trade:

economic uncertainty, some people
may view foreign trade and immigration
as a threat to their jobs and livelihoods.
● Political populism: Some politicians use
nationalism and protectionism to
appeal to their base, by blaming foreign
countries for domestic issues or
presenting themselves as defenders of
national interests.
Protectionist policies such as tariffs and
import restrictions can reduce
international trade, which can result in
higher prices for consumers and
reduced economic growth.
● Negative impact on relationships with
other countries: Protectionist policies
can strain relationships with other
countries and reduce diplomatic
cooperation.

● Fear of cultural change: Immigration

and foreign trade can lead to cultural
changes, which some people may
resist or fear.
● Reduced cultural exchange:
Nationalism can result in a reduction of
cultural exchange and dialogue
between different countries, leading to
cultural isolation.

4. As cities become more crowded and expensive, an increasing number of people are
choosing to live in suburban or rural areas and commute to work. Do you think the
advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages Disadvantages

● Lower cost of living: Living in suburban ● Longer commute times: Commuting

or rural areas can be more affordable
than living in a city, as housing and
other expenses tend to be lower.
● Quieter and less crowded living:
Suburban and rural areas offer a more
peaceful and less congested living
environment.
can be tiring and time-consuming,
taking away from personal time and
productivity.
● Lack of social interaction: Living in a
less densely populated area may mean
fewer social opportunities, leading to
feelings of isolation.

30
 ● Access to nature: Living in a suburban
or rural area provides access to natural
landscapes and outdoor activities,
which can improve quality of life.
● Longer commute time can be used
productively: Commuting by public
transport or car can provide time to
read, work, or relax.
5. Globalisation has led to increased interconnectedness between countries. Do you
think this is a positive or negative development?
Positive
● Increased trade between countries can
lead to economic growth and job
creation.
● Greater cultural exchange can promote
understanding and appreciation of
diverse perspectives.
● Advances in technology and
communication have made it easier for
people to connect and collaborate
across borders.
● Global cooperation on issues such as
climate change and public health can
lead to more effective solutions.
31
● Dependence on personal vehicles:
Commuting to work from a suburban or
rural area often requires a car, which
can be expensive and contribute to
environmental pollution.
● Limited access to services: Suburban
and rural areas may have fewer
options for services such as
healthcare, education, and
entertainment.
Negative
● Globalisation can lead to exploitation of
workers in developing countries
through low wages and poor working
conditions.
● Multinational corporations can
dominate local markets, stifling
competition and potentially harming
small businesses.
● Cultural homogenization can lead to
the loss of unique traditions and
identities.
● Globalisation can exacerbate economic
inequality between countries and within
societies.
 X. HEALTH

1. Some people believe that the government should be responsible for providing
healthcare to all citizens, while others argue that individuals should take
responsibility for their own healthcare. Discuss both views and give your own
opinion.

Government responsibility for healthcare Individual responsibility for healthcare

● Access to healthcare is a basic human ● Individuals should take responsibility

right and should be provided by the
government.
● Healthcare is essential for a healthy
population, which benefits society as a
whole.
● Government-funded healthcare
ensures that all citizens receive equal
access to medical treatment.
● Healthcare costs can be unaffordable
for individuals, especially those with
low incomes or pre-existing medical
conditions.
● Government intervention can regulate
and control healthcare costs and
quality.
for their own health by adopting healthy
lifestyles and preventive measures.
● Providing healthcare is expensive, and
individuals should be responsible for
paying for their own healthcare.
● Personal responsibility for healthcare
reduces the burden on the government
and taxpayers.
● Individuals can make informed choices
about their healthcare and have more
control over their treatment.
● Personal accountability encourages
individuals to make better health
choices and to take care of
themselves.

2. It is more important to spend public money on promoting a healthy lifestyle in order

to prevent illness than to spend it on treatment of people who are already ill. To what
extent do you agree or disagree?

Government responsibility for healthcare Individual responsibility for healthcare

● Preventive measures can be more ● It may not address the immediate

effective and cost-efficient than
treatment after illness has already
occurred.
● It can improve overall public health,
reducing the burden on healthcare
systems and increasing productivity.
● Encouraging healthy habits can lead to
positive long-term effects, such as a
lower risk of chronic diseases and a
needs of those who are already sick
and require treatment.
● The cost of implementing programs to
promote a healthy lifestyle can be high
and may require a significant
investment of public funds.
● There may be resistance to lifestyle
changes, particularly among certain
segments of the population, making it
difficult to achieve widespread adoption

32
 longer lifespan.
● Promoting healthy living can create a
culture of wellness and encourage
people to take responsibility for their
own health.
3. Mental health is a growing concern in many societies today, with an increasing
number of people experiencing stress, anxiety, and depression. What are the main
causes of this trend, and what steps can individuals and society as a whole take to
address the problem?
Causes of the trend
● Social isolation: The rise of technology
and social media has led to more
people feeling disconnected from real-
life social interactions, which can
contribute to feelings of loneliness and
depression.
● Work-related stress: The demands of
modern work life, including longer
hours and higher levels of
responsibility, can cause significant
stress and anxiety.
● Financial pressure: Economic
instability, rising costs of living, and
increasing debt can all contribute to
mental health issues.
● Trauma and abuse: Experiencing or
witnessing traumatic events, such as
violence or abuse, can have long-
lasting impacts on mental health.
● Genetic factors: Some mental health
conditions, such as depression and
anxiety, can have a genetic component
that predisposes individuals to
developing these conditions.
● Stigma and lack of access to treatment:
Despite increasing awareness of
mental health issues, many people still
face stigma when seeking help, and
some communities lack adequate
access to mental health care.
33
of healthier habits.
● Some may argue that promoting a
healthy lifestyle is an individual
responsibility, and that public funds
should be used to treat those who are
already ill.
Solutions
● Education: Providing education on
mental health and how to identify and
cope with symptoms can help reduce
stigma and encourage individuals to
seek help when they need it.
● Accessible resources: Making mental
health resources more accessible and
affordable, such as therapy or
counseling services, can also help
individuals address mental health
issues.
● Supportive workplaces: Encouraging
employers to create supportive
workplaces that prioritize mental health
and offer resources and
accommodations for employees can
also help individuals cope with stress
and other mental health challenges.
● Community support: Building strong
communities that support and connect
individuals can also be beneficial for
mental health. This can include
community-based mental health
services, support groups, and
community events.
● Addressing systemic issues:
Addressing systemic issues such as
income inequality, discrimination, and
access to healthcare can also have a
positive impact on mental health.
4. Some feel governments, rather than private companies, should be in charge of
medical services. Do you think the advantages of this development outweigh the
disadvantages?
Advantages
● Equal access to medical services for all
citizens regardless of their financial
status.
● Government-run medical services can
provide free or low-cost treatment,
making healthcare more affordable for
everyone.
● Governments can prioritize preventive
measures and public health education
to reduce the overall burden on the
healthcare system.
● Publicly run medical services can be
more accountable and transparent than
private companies that prioritize profits
over patient care.
5. Nowadays, a growing number of people with health problems are trying alternative
medicines and treatments instead of visiting their usual doctor. Do you think this is a
positive or negative development?
Potential benefits to using alternative
medicines and treatments.
● Personal empowerment: alternative
medicine empowers people to take
charge of their own health and well-
being.
● Holistic approach: alternative medicine
often takes a more holistic approach to
health, addressing the physical,
mental, and emotional aspects of a
person.
● Fewer side effects: many alternative
medicines and treatments have fewer
side effects than traditional medicines,
making them a safer choice for some
people.
● Cultural significance: some alternative
medicines and treatments have cultural
Disadvantages
● Government-run medical services may
lack innovation and efficiency due to
bureaucratic processes.
● Governments may not have sufficient
funding to provide quality healthcare
services for all citizens.
● Waiting times for medical treatments
may be longer due to the high demand
for free or low-cost medical services.
● Government interference in medical
decisions may lead to political influence
rather than what is best for the patient.
Potential drawbacks to using alternative
medicines and treatments.
● Lack of regulation: alternative
medicines and treatments are often not
subject to the same regulations and
safety standards as traditional
medicines, which can pose risks to
individuals.
● Limited scientific evidence: many
alternative medicines and treatments
have not been scientifically proven to
be effective, so their efficacy is
uncertain.
● Cost: some alternative medicines and
treatments can be expensive, which
can make them inaccessible to people
who cannot afford them.
● Delay in seeking medical care: relying
34
or historical significance that may be solely on alternative medicines and
important to individuals. treatments may cause a delay in
seeking medical care, which can be
dangerous in some situations.

35
 XI. LANGUAGE

1. Some people believe that everyone in the world should speak the same language.
Others think that people should have the freedom to speak whichever language they
choose. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Advantages of a universal language Advantages of language freedom:

● Facilitates communication between ● Celebrates linguistic and cultural

people from different countries and diversity, promoting the value of
cultures, making it easier to do different languages and cultures.
business, travel, and build international
● Preserves cultural heritage and
relationships.
identity, allowing people to express
● Reduces misunderstandings, as themselves in their own language
everyone would understand each other
● Respects individual rights and
and there would be no language
freedoms, allowing people to choose
barriers.
how they communicate.
● Promotes a sense of unity and cultural
● Fosters a sense of belonging, as
understanding, breaking down linguistic
people can communicate with others
and cultural barriers.
who share their language and culture.
● Simplifies education and language
learning, as everyone would be able to
communicate in the same language.

2. Living in a country where you have to speak a foreign language can cause serious
social problems, as well as practical problems. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?

Agree Disagree

● Difficulty in communicating with others ● Living in a country where a foreign

can lead to isolation and social
exclusion, which can affect mental
health and wellbeing.
● Learning a new language is time-
consuming and requires effort, which
can be challenging for people who are
already struggling with other issues like
work or family responsibilities.
● In situations where people are not
fluent in the dominant language of a
country, they may face discrimination
or prejudice from others who perceive
them as different or inferior.
language is spoken can also be an
opportunity to learn about different
cultures and broaden one's horizons.
● Being bilingual or multilingual can be
an advantage in many areas, such as
career opportunities, travel, and
cultural exchange.
● In some cases, people may choose to
live in a country precisely because they
want to learn a new language and
immerse themselves in a different
culture.
● In today's globalized world, knowing

36
 ● Some essential services, like
healthcare and education, may be
difficult to access or understand for
people who do not speak the dominant
language.
multiple languages is becoming
increasingly important, and countries
that value linguistic diversity may be
more attractive to businesses and
investors.

3. Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language
at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh
the disadvantages?

Advantages Disadvantages

● Young children have more capacity to
absorb new information and learn
languages quickly
● Learning a foreign language at a
younger age can improve cognitive
development, memory, and problem-
solving skills
● It can improve communication and
cultural understanding with people from
other countries
● It can provide children with more
opportunities for higher education and
career prospects
● Early language learning can be more
engaging and fun for children, which
can make them more motivated to
learn
● Younger children may not be able to
fully understand the complexities of
grammar and syntax
● It can be difficult for primary school
teachers to be fluent in the language
being taught, leading to sub-par
language instruction
● It may put too much pressure on
children at a young age, leading to
stress and anxiety
● It may take away from other important
subjects that need to be taught in
primary school, such as math and
science
● Children may forget the language if
they do not have opportunities to
practice it regularly

4. Several languages are in danger of extinction because they are spoken by very small
numbers of people. What are the causes and solutions?

Causes Solutions

● Globalisation and migration have led to ● Raising awareness of the importance

the dominance of major languages, of smaller languages and the unique
which are widely spoken in many cultural heritage they represent.
countries.
● Providing financial support for
● The use of the internet and social language revitalization efforts, such as
media has further facilitated the spread language classes and cultural events.
of major languages, making it more
● Encouraging the use of smaller
difficult for smaller languages to
languages in education and the media.
compete.

37
 ● The lack of government support for the
preservation and promotion of smaller
languages.
● Economic pressures and the need to
assimilate into dominant cultures have
led to a decline in the use of smaller
languages.
5. The government should invest in preserving and promoting endangered languages.
Do you think this is a positive or negative development?
Positive
● Cultural heritage preservation:
Endangered languages often contain
unique cultural knowledge and
traditions that are worth preserving.
● Linguistic diversity: The preservation of
endangered languages helps to
maintain linguistic diversity, which is
important for understanding the history
of human communication.
● Social inclusion: By promoting
endangered languages, the
government can help to create a more
inclusive society by recognizing and
valuing the linguistic diversity of its
citizens.
● Economic benefits: Endangered
languages can also have economic
benefits, such as promoting tourism
and attracting language learners who
are interested in studying rare
languages.
38
● Developing language policies that
recognize and support linguistic
diversity.
● Promoting multilingualism, which can
enhance intercultural communication
and understanding.
● Encouraging language documentation,
which involves recording and archiving
endangered languages for future
generations.
Negative
● Allocation of resources: Some argue
that investing in the preservation of
endangered languages may divert
resources away from more pressing
social and economic issues.
● Limited practical use: Endangered
languages are often spoken by very
small communities and may have
limited practical use in modern society.
● Unpopular among the majority: Some
people may feel that investing in the
preservation of endangered languages
is unnecessary, particularly if they are
not part of the communities that speak
those languages.
● Difficulties in implementation: It may be
difficult to implement effective language
preservation and promotion policies,
particularly if there are few resources
or experts available.
XII. SPORTS
1. Some people believe that sports play an essential role in society, while others argue
that they are a waste of time and resources. Discuss both views and give your
opinion.
Positive
● Sports can promote physical health
and fitness, which is important for
individuals and society as a whole.
● Sports can help develop teamwork,
leadership, and other social skills that
are valuable in many aspects of life.
● Sports can provide entertainment and a
sense of community, bringing people
together and creating a shared sense
of identity.
● Sports can also have economic
benefits, such as generating revenue
through ticket sales, sponsorships, and
tourism.
2. Competitive sports have a positive impact on young people's lives. To what extent do
you agree or disagree with this statement?
Agree
● Physical benefits: Competitive sports
help in building physical strength,
endurance, flexibility, and agility.
● Emotional benefits: Sports can boost
self-confidence, self-esteem, and self-
discipline in young people.
● Social benefits: Participating in sports
can help young people develop
teamwork skills, leadership skills, and
the ability to work well with others.
● Mental benefits: Competitive sports can
promote mental toughness, resilience,
and the ability to cope with stress.
● Educational benefits: Sports can
39
Negative
● Sports can be a distraction from more
important issues and problems that
need attention, such as poverty,
inequality, and climate change.
● Sports can be a source of violence,
hooliganism, and corruption, which
undermine their positive impact.
● Sports can also create unrealistic
expectations and pressure on athletes,
especially at the professional level,
leading to physical and mental health
problems.
● Sports can consume a lot of resources,
including money, time, and land, that
could be used for other purposes.
Disagree
● Risk of injury: Young people
participating in sports are at risk of
getting injured, which can have long-
term consequences.
● Pressure and stress: Competitive
sports can put young people under a
lot of pressure and stress, which can
negatively affect their mental health.
● Exclusion and discrimination:
Competitive sports can sometimes lead
to exclusion and discrimination,
especially towards those who are less
skilled or from minority groups.
 encourage young people to focus on
their academic performance in order to
maintain their eligibility to participate in
sports.

3. Many people believe that hosting international sporting events such as the Olympic
Games is a good way to promote a country. Do you think the advantages outweigh
the disadvantages?

Advantages Disadvantages

● Increased tourism: Hosting an ● High costs: Hosting an international

international sporting event can attract
visitors from all over the world, which
can provide a boost to the local
economy.
● Global exposure: The event can be
broadcasted to millions of viewers,
promoting the country on an
international stage.
● Job creation: Hosting such events can
create jobs for local people, both
before and during the event.
● Infrastructure development: The host
country may have to invest in new or
improved infrastructure, such as
transportation, accommodation, and
sporting facilities, which can be
beneficial in the long run.
sporting event can be very expensive,
as the host country has to pay for the
construction of new facilities and the
hiring of staff, security and advertising.
● Displacement of people: Preparations
for the event can lead to the
displacement of people who live in the
affected areas.
● Environmental impact: Building new
facilities, and hosting large events can
have a negative impact on the
environment, such as the production of
waste, pollution and the consumption
of energy and water.
● Social impact: In some cases, large-
scale events can lead to gentrification,
causing local people to be pushed out
of their neighbourhoods.

4. In many countries, there is a gender gap in sports participation. What are the reasons
for this, and what steps can be taken to encourage more girls and women to
participate in sports?

Causes Solutions

● Social norms and stereotypes that ● Promoting sports programs and

associate sports with masculinity, and
discourage girls and women from
participating
● Lack of access to sports facilities and
resources in certain areas, particularly
initiatives that specifically target girls
and women, and encourage their
participation
● Providing equal funding and resources
for women's sports programs and

40
 in developing countries or rural areas
● Limited opportunities and funding for
women's sports programs compared to
men's programs
● Safety concerns, particularly for women
in certain regions where sports facilities
and events are not safe or secure for
women
● Cultural or religious barriers that restrict
women's participation in sports,
particularly in conservative societies
5. Some people argue that professional athletes earn too much money. Do you think
this is a negative or positive development?
Positive
● Professional athletes have a unique
talent and skill set that they have spent
years developing, and they are
compensated for their hard work.
● Their high salaries can attract more
talented individuals to pursue a career
in sports, which can lead to more
competitive and entertaining games.
● Their salaries can contribute to the
economy, as they often spend their
money on luxury goods and services,
which can create jobs and stimulate the
economy.
41
facilities
● Challenging gender stereotypes and
promoting positive representations of
women in sports through media and
advertising
● Providing safe and secure
environments for women to participate
in sports, particularly in regions where
safety concerns are an issue
● Collaborating with local communities
and leaders to address cultural or
religious barriers that restrict women's
participation in sports
Negative
● Many professional athletes earn
exorbitant amounts of money, which
can lead to feelings of resentment and
inequality among the general
population.
● Their salaries can create an incentive
for corruption and dishonesty, such as
match-fixing and doping scandals.
● Their high salaries can also contribute
to the commercialization of sports,
which can detract from the pure
enjoyment and spirit of competition.
XIII. TECHNOLOGY

1. Scientists believe that computers will become more intelligent than human beings.
Some people find it is positive while others think it is a negative development.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

Positive Negative

● Increased intelligence of computers ● Increased intelligence of computers

could lead to significant advancements
in fields such as medicine, technology,
and science.
● More intelligent computers could help
to solve complex problems that
humans cannot.
● The development of artificial
intelligence could lead to the creation
of more efficient and cost-effective
systems.
could lead to the displacement of
human workers in various industries.
● If artificial intelligence surpasses
human intelligence, there is a risk that
machines will make decisions that
could harm humans or society as a
whole.
● Development of artificial intelligence
could lead to privacy concerns and
data breaches.

2. Mobile phones should be banned in public places. To what extent do you agree or
disagree with this statement?

Advantages of banning mobile phones in Disadvantages of banning mobile

public places phones in public places

● Reduces distractions and disturbance ● Limits people's freedom of choice and

to others in public spaces such as personal communication preferences.
cinemas, theatres, libraries, etc.
● Could impact emergency situations
● Encourages people to interact more where people need to use their phones
with others and their surroundings, to call for help.
rather than being glued to their screens
● May not be practical to enforce such a
all the time.
ban, particularly in crowded or outdoor
● Helps to prevent accidents caused by public spaces.
distracted pedestrians who are using
their phones while walking.

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3. Nowadays, many people use smartphones and tablets for work, study, and
entertainment. Do you think that the advantages of these devices outweigh the
disadvantages?
Advantages
● Convenience: smartphones and tablets
are portable and easy to carry, making
them convenient for work and
entertainment on-the-go.
● Efficiency: These devices allow for
easy communication, productivity, and
organization through various apps and
features.
● Accessibility: With smartphones and
tablets, people have access to a wealth
of information and resources at their
fingertips.
● Entertainment: These devices provide
access to various forms of
entertainment, such as games, social
media, and streaming services.
4. Online shopping has become increasingly popular in recent years. Do you think this
is a negative or positive development?
Positive
● Convenience: Online shopping allows
people to shop from the comfort of their
own homes, without having to
physically visit a store.
● Variety: Online shopping gives
consumers access to a wider range of
products and brands from all over the
world.
● Time-saving: Online shopping saves
time as consumers do not have to
spend time travelling to the store,
parking, browsing the store, and
waiting in queues.
● Comparison: Online shopping allows
consumers to easily compare prices
and products, which can lead to more
informed purchasing decisions.
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Disadvantages
● Distraction: smartphones and tablets
can be distracting, especially when
used excessively, leading to decreased
productivity and focus.
● Health concerns: prolonged use of
smartphones and tablets can lead to
physical health issues, such as eye
strain, neck and back pain, and
disrupted sleep patterns.
● Addiction: some people become
addicted to their devices, leading to
negative impacts on their personal and
professional lives.
● Privacy concerns: the use of these
devices can pose privacy risks, such as
hacking and data breaches.
Negative
● Lack of interaction: Online shopping
does not provide the same social
interaction and personal touch that in-
store shopping can provide.
● Impersonal: Online shopping can feel
impersonal and isolating, as there is no
physical interaction with the product or
the seller.
● Risk of fraud: Online shopping carries a
risk of fraud and scams, as consumers
may not be able to physically inspect
the product or verify the seller's
authenticity.
● Dependence: Online shopping can lead
to a dependence on technology and a
decrease in physical activity, as people
may be more inclined to shop online
 ● Accessibility: Online shopping is
accessible to people who may have
difficulty physically going to stores,
such as those with disabilities or those
living in remote areas.
5. In some countries, there is a digital divide, with some people having limited access to
technology. What are the consequences of this, and what solutions can be proposed
to bridge the gap?
Consequences of digital divide
● Unequal access to information and
resources, which can lead to economic
and educational disadvantages.
● Limited opportunities for social and
political engagement, as many aspects
of modern life require access to
technology.
● Decreased productivity and
competitiveness for individuals and
businesses that lack access to
technology.
● Reinforcement of existing social
inequalities, as certain demographics
are more likely to lack access to
technology (e.g. low-income, rural,
elderly populations).
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instead of going to the store.
Solutions to bridge the gap
● Government investment in
infrastructure and programs to provide
technology access and education to
underserved communities.
● Private sector partnerships with
government and nonprofit
organisations to provide technology
access and training.
● Education initiatives to teach digital
skills to all members of society,
regardless of background.
● Affordable pricing for technology and
internet services to make them
accessible to all.
● Donations and recycling programs to
provide refurbished devices to those
who cannot afford them.
XIV. WORK

1. Some people argue that working long hours is necessary to achieve success, while
others believe that it is important to have a good work-life balance. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.

Arguments for working long hours Arguments for having a good work-life
balance

● It allows people to accomplish more in ● Overworking can lead to burnout,

their careers and achieve higher
positions.
● Success often requires sacrifice and
dedication, and putting in long hours
can be a sign of commitment and
ambition.
● Some people enjoy their work so much
that they don't see it as a burden, and
may even find it energising.
stress, and health problems, which can
ultimately harm both personal and
professional life.
● People who prioritize their personal life
and hobbies may be more well-
rounded and fulfilled, which can make
them more effective at work too.
● In some cases, working long hours
may be inefficient or counterproductive,
leading to more mistakes and less
productivity.

2. Some people believe that job satisfaction is more important than job security. To
what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Possible arguments for job satisfaction Possible arguments for job security
being more important than job security being more important than job
satisfaction

● Job satisfaction leads to better mental
health, motivation, and productivity.
● A person can find fulfilment and
purpose in their job, which can improve
their overall well-being and quality of
life.
● A job that provides satisfaction can
result in better job performance and
career advancement.
● In some cases, job security can lead to
complacency and lack of innovation.
● Job security provides stability and
peace of mind, especially in times of
economic uncertainty.
● A person with job security may be more
likely to take risks and pursue long-
term goals.
● Without job security, a person may be
unable to afford basic necessities and
may experience stress and anxiety.
● In some industries, such as healthcare
and education, job security can lead to
better outcomes for patients and
students.

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3. With the globalisation of the workforce, many people are required to work in teams
with colleagues from different cultural backgrounds. Do you think the advantages
outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages Disadvantages

● Exposure to different perspectives and ● Communication and language barriers

approaches to work
● Increased creativity and innovation due
to diverse perspectives
● Opportunity to learn about and
appreciate other cultures
● Greater ability to work in global
markets and with international clients
● Improved communication and language
skills
● Increased tolerance and empathy
towards people from different
backgrounds
may hinder productivity
● Different work ethics and practices may
cause conflicts
● Cultural misunderstandings may arise
● Difficulty in establishing trust and
rapport with colleagues from different
cultures
● Increased possibility of bias and
discrimination
● Difficulty in managing cultural
differences and ensuring inclusivity
●

4. In many countries, there is a gender pay gap, with women earning less than men for
the same work. What are the causes of this, and what solutions can be proposed to
close the gap?

Causes Solutions

● Gender discrimination and bias
● Stereotyping and societal expectations
of women's roles and capabilities
● Lack of representation of women in
high-paying industries and leadership
positions
● Differences in negotiation skills and
confidence in asking for higher salaries
● Maternity leave and child-rearing
responsibilities, which can lead to
career interruptions and decreased
earning potential
● Enforce equal pay laws and penalties
for companies that violate them
● Increase transparency in salary and
promotion decisions to eliminate
gender bias
● Provide training on unconscious bias
and diversity and inclusion
● Encourage more women to pursue
careers in high-paying industries
through education and mentorship
programs
● Offer flexible work arrangements and
affordable child care to support working
mothers
● Provide equal parental leave to both
mothers and fathers to reduce the
burden on women

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5. In some countries, there is a trend towards a “gig economy”, where workers are hired
on a temporary or freelance basis. Do you think this is a negative or positive
development?

Positive Negative

● Flexibility: gig workers can choose
when and where to work, allowing them
to have a better work-life balance.
● Variety: gig workers can have the
opportunity to work in different fields or
industries and develop a diverse set of
skills.
● Entrepreneurship: gig workers can
become their own bosses and develop
their own businesses or services.
● Cost savings: companies can save
money by hiring gig workers on a
temporary or project basis, rather than
hiring full-time employees.
● Insecurity: gig workers may not have
the same benefits and protections as
full-time employees, such as health
insurance or paid time off.
● Income instability: gig workers may not
have a steady income, as their work is
based on projects or assignments.
● Lack of career advancement: gig
workers may not have the same
opportunities for career advancement
as full-time employees within a
company.
● Overreliance on technology: the gig
economy heavily relies on technology
platforms and applications, which can
lead to problems if there are technical
difficulties or issues with the platform.

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