CHEMICAL BONDING BY DR C.

R TRIPATHY

ENGLISH
Which of the following has maximum bond angle? H2O, CO2, NH3, CH4 1
1

ANS: CO2 has the maximum bond angle of 180º.

2 Write resonance structures of SO3. 1

ANS:

3 Indicate the number of σ and π bonds in the molecule CH2==C==CH2. 1

ANS:

HEMICAL
Why does BF3 behave as Lewis acid? 1
BONDING

ANS: In BF3, there are six electrons around Boron and hence Boron is electron deficient. B in BF 3 can accept lone
pair of electrons in the vacant 2p orbital of Boron and so behaves as Lewis acid.

5 Write the Lewis dot structures of BeF2 and SiCl4. 1

 ANS:

6 Explain the formation of a chemical bond. 1

ANS: Chemical bond is the force of attraction which holds the constituent atoms together in a molecule. It is formed
by overlapping of half filled atomic orbitals in covalent molecules and transfer of electron(s) in ionic compounds.

7 Why is solid NaCl non-conductor of electricity? 1

ANS: In solid NaCl, Na+ and Cl– are not free to move.

8 Why is NaCl harder than sodium metal? 1

ANS: In NaCl, there is strong ionic bond between Na+ and Cl– whereas in Na metal, there is weak metallic bond.

9 How many σ and π-bonds are present in CH2=CH—CH=CH2? 1

ANS:

10 The H—S—H bond angle in H2S is 92.2° whereas the H—O—H bond angle in H2O is 104.5°, why? 1

ANS: In H2S, there is less polarity as compared to H2O because sulphur is bigger in size and less electronegative,
therefore, bond pair–bond pair electrons repulsion is less in H2S than in H2O hence bond angle is less.

11 Why is water liquid whereas H2S is gas at room temperature? 1

ANS: H2O molecules are asssociated with intermolecular H-bonding whereas H2S is not.

12 Although very useful in a large number of cases, the octet rule has many exceptions. Give two examples to support this
1
statement.
 ANS: In BCl3 and PCl5, after sharing, there are 6 and 10 electrons respectively.

13 Why does He2 not exist? 1

ANS: He2 does not exist because repulsive forces dominate attractive forces and bond order is zero for He 2.

14 Arrange the given bonds in increasing order of polarity: P—H, H—O, N—H, H—F 1

ANS: P—H < N—H < H—O < H—F

because P < N < O < F is increasing order of electronegativity.

15 Out of NaCl and MgO, which has higher value of lattice energy? 1

ANS: MgO has higher value of lattice energy due to stronger force of attraction between divalent Mg 2+ and O2– ions
than monovalent Na+ and Cl– ions.

16 Write electron dot structures of CO and AlCl3. 1

ANS:

17 Which of the following molecules is super octet (having more than 8 electrons)?
1
CO2, ClF3, SO2, IF5

ANS: IF5 and ClF3 have super octet, i.e more than 8 electrons. They have 10 electrons after sharing.

18 CO2 and SO2 both are triatomic molecules but there is a big difference in their dipole moment, why? 1

ANS: is linear and bond moments are equal and opposite, therefore, net dipole moment is zero.

SO2 is bent molecule, it has net dipole moment.

19 Why are dipole moments of CO2, BF3, CCl4, PF5, SF6 are zero? 1

ANS: They have symmetrical shape, individual bond moments get cancelled, therefore, net dipole moment is zero.

20 The molecule SO2 has dipole moment. Is the molecule linear or bent? Give reason. 1

ANS: They have symmetrical shape, individual bond moments get cancelled, therefore, net dipole moment is zero.

21 Why is o-nitrophenol steam volatile whereas p-nitrophenol is not? 1

ANS: o-Nitrophenol has weak intra-molecular H-bonding whereas in p-nitrophenol, there is comparatively stronger
intermolecular H-bonding.

22 Define: (i) bond length, (ii) bond enthalpy. 1

ANS: (i) Bond length is distance between centre of nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms.
(ii) Bond enthalpy is average energy released when 1 mole of bonds are formed in various molecules.

23 Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why? 1

ANS: In NH3 bond moments are towards lone pair whereas in NF3 bond moments are opposite to lone pair of
electrons.

24 Write resonating structures of O3. 1

 ANS: Resonating Structures of Ozone :

25 Compare the H—N—H bond angle in the following molecules and ions:
1
NH3, NH4+, NH2–

ANS: NH+4 > NH3 > NH2–

26 Out of H—H and Cl—Cl bonds, which is expected to have higher bond enthalpy and why? 1

ANS: H—H bond has higher bond enthalpy because it has smaller bond length and higher bond dissociation
enthalpy.

27 Out of O2 and N2 molecules, which has greater bond dissociation enthalpy and why? 1

ANS: N2 has higher bond dissociation energy than O2 due to presence of triple bond in N2 whereas O2 has double
bond.

28 What is hybrid state of central atom in the following?

1
NO3–, BF4–, PF5 , IF5 and CO2

ANS: N in NO–3 is sp2 hybridised, B in BF4– is sp3 hybridised, P in PF5 is sp3d hybridised, I in IF5 is sp3d 2
hybridised, C in CO2 is sp hybridised.

29 What is hybrid state of each carbon in

1

ANS:
30 What can you say about the shapes of SO2 and NF3 molecules from the information that both have net dipole moment? 1

ANS: SO2 is bent molecule whereas NF3 is pyramidal.

31 Out of H2O and H2S, which is more polar? 1

ANS: H2O is more polar than H2S as oxygen is more electronegative than sulphur.

32 Which of the following structures contributes least towards resonance hybrid?

1

ANS: III contributes least because like charges reside on adjacent atoms and there is +ve charge on more
electronegative oxygen atom.

33 Which of the following Lewis structure of CO2 molecule is least significant resonating form?
1

ANS: (c) is least contributing towards resonance hybrid because negative charge is at less electronegative carbon,
positive charge is on oxygen which is more electronegative.

34 Three resonating structures I, II, III have energies E1, E2 and E3 and structure III being most stable. If energy of actual
1
structure is E, then what is the resonance energy?

ANS: E3—E

35 Give the structure of an anion which is isostructural with BF3. 1

ANS: [BeF3]– is isostructural with BF3.

36 The two O—O bond distances in ozone molecule are equal. Justify. 1

ANS: It is due to resonance.

37 What is the total number of electrons in NO3– ? 1

 ANS: NO–3 has 7 + 24 + 1 = 32 electrons.

38 How many types of bonds are present in NH4Cl? 1

ANS: Ionic, co-ordinate and covalent bonds are present in NH4Cl.

39 Which of the following has higher dipole moment: 1-butene or 1-butyne, why? 1

ANS: 1-Butyne has higher dipole moment as it is more polar as it has sp hybridised carbon which is more
electronegative.

40 Write Lewis symbols for the following atoms and ions: S and S2–; Al and Al3+; H and H– 1

ANS:

41 Give reasons for the following:

1
H2+ and H2– ions have same bond order but H2+ ions are more stable than H2–.

ANS: It is because electron present in anti-bonding orbital in H–2 destabilize the molecular ion slightly more than
bonding electron stabilizes.

42 What is the state of hybridisation of carbon in CO32– ion? 1

ANS: sp2

43 How would the bond lengths vary in dicarbon species C2 , C2–, C22–? 1

ANS: is the order of bond lengths.

44 In the following ionisation processes, how will the bond orders in N2 and O2 be influenced?
1

ANS: (i) N2+ has less bond order than N2, i.e. bond order decreases in ionisation process of N2.
(ii) O2+ has higher bond order than O2, i.e. bond order increases in ionisation process in O2.
45 Which of the species have similar shape and why? 1

ANS: NO2+ and CO2 are ‘sp’ hybridised, therefore, they have linear shape.

46 What is the type of hybrid orbitals associated with B atom in BH4–. 1

ANS: ‘B’ in BH4– is sp3 hybridised.

47 Write a neutral molecule which is isoelectronic with ClO–. 1

ANS: OF2 is neutral molecule which is isoelectronic with ClO–.

48 What type of hybridisation explains the trigonal bipyramidal shape of SF4? 1

ANS: sp3d hybridisation

49 Give correct reason for the following:

(i) BF3 has a zero dipole moment although the B—F bonds are polar. 2
(ii) All carbon to oxygen bonds in CO32– are equivalent.

ANS: (i) It is due to planar structure, individual dipoles get cancelled.

(ii) It is due to resonance.

50 Give two differences between σ and π-bonds. 2

ANS:

51 Compare the relative stability of the following species on the basis of molecular orbital theory and indicate their
2
magnetic properties: O2+, O2–.
 ANS:

52 Account for the following :

(i) BF3 molecule has a zero dipole moment although B—F bonds are polar. 2
(ii) The structure of NH3 molecule is pyramidal.

ANS: (i) Although B—F bonds are polar but net dipole moment of BF3 molecule is zero because of the symmetry of
the molecule, individual dipole moments cancel out as shown below.

(ii) NH3 is pyramidal due to the presence of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen.
53 Write molecular orbital configuration of O2. Predict its magnetic behaviour and calculate its bond order. 2

ANS:
It is paramagnetic in nature due to presence of two unpaired electrons.

54 (i) Describe the hybridisation in case of PCl5.

2
(ii) Deduce the shape of SF4 molecule on the basis of VSEPR theory.

ANS:
(ii) In SF4, there are four bonded pair of electrons and one lone pair of electrons. It has sea-saw shape so as to have
minimum repulsion. It has see-saw shape.
55 Compare the relative stability of following species and indicate their magnetic properties O2, O2+, O2 – (superoxide), O22–
2
(peroxide).

ANS:
Greater the bond order, greater is the bond dissociation energy and hence greater is the stability of species.
 On the basis of the presence of unpaired electrons, their magnetic nature is inferred as
O2 = paramagnetic
O2+ = paramagnetic
O2– = paramagnetic
O22– = diamagnetic

56 Bond angle in NH3 is more than in H2O. Justify. 2

ANS: Both NH3 and H2O are sp3 hybridised but there is only one lone pair present on N in NH3 and two lone pairs on
O of H2O. Since lone pair-lone pair repulsion is greater than lone pair-bond pair and bond pair-bond pair repulsions; two
lone pairs on oxygen push the bond pairs more closer than one lone pair on nitrogen. This leads to smaller bond angle
in H2O than in NH3.

57 Which hybrid orbitals are used by underlined carbon in the following molecules?
2

ANS:

58 (i) Explain the structure of CO32– ion in terms of resonance.

2
(ii) Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?

ANS: (i) In the resonance structure of CO32– ion, two C—O bonds are represented by single bonds with negative
charge on oxygen and one of the C—O bond is a double bond. All C—O bonds in CO32– are equivalent and hence
CO32– is represented as the resonance hybrid of the canonical forms I, II and III below:
 (ii) Dipole moment of NH3 is higher than that of NF3. This is because in NH3, the orbital dipole due to lone pair on N is
in the same direction as the dipole of N—H bond. On the other hand in NF3 direction of orbital dipole and bond dipole is
opposite because of F being more electronegative than N.

59 Draw molecular orbital energy level diagram for N2+. Calculate its bond order and explain its magnetic characteristics. 2

ANS:
60 (i) How many sigma and pi bonds are there in the following molecule.

(ii) Which type of hybrid orbitals are used by the second carbon atom in the following molecule. 2

ANS:

61 You are given the electronic configuration of A, B, C, D and E:

Write the empirical formula for the substance containing: 2

(i) A and D,
(ii) B and D,
(iii) Only D,
(iv) Only E

ANS: (i) AD2, (ii) BD, (iii) D2, (iv) E

62 Give shapes of
2

ANS: (i) NH4+ is tetrahedral, (ii) CO32– is trigonal planar,

(iii) BeF3– is trigonal planar, (iv) SO42– is tetrahedral.

63 Why is BeCl2 linear whereas SnCl2 angular molecule? 2

 ANS: BeCl2 is linear due to sp hybridisation. In SnCl2, there is sp2 hybridisation with a lone pair of electron,
it is bent molecule.

64 Which end of ICl will be positive and which will be negative and why? Is it covalent or ionic? 2

ANS: I will be positive, Cl will be negative because Cl is more electronegative than I. It is a covalent compound.

65 ICl is more or less reactive than Cl2? Why? 2

ANS: It is due to lower bond dissociation energy due to longer bond length and more polarity in ICl than Cl 2.

66 Why are NH3, glucose, and alcohol soluble in water, although they are covalent compounds? 2

ANS: They can form H-bonds with water because they are polar covalent compounds.

67 On the basis of VSEPR theory, predict the shapes of the following molecules and ions:
(i) PH3
(ii) NH3 2
(iii) NH2–
(iv) H3O+

ANS: (i) PH3 has 3 bond pairs, one lone pair, it has pyramidal shape.
(ii) NH3 has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair, it has pyramidal shape.
(iii) NH2– has 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs, therefore, it has V-shape or bent molecule.
(iv) H3O+ has 3 bond pairs and one lone pair, therefore, it is pyramidal.

68 Compare the dipole moment of the compounds in each of the following sets:
(i) CHCl3, CCl4
(ii) CF4, SF4 2
(iii) BF3, BCl3
(iv) CO2, SO2

ANS: (i) CHCl3 has higher dipole moment than CCl4.

(ii) SF4 has higher dipole moment than CF4.
(iii) BF3 and BCl3 have zero dipole moment or bent molecule.
 (iv) SO2 has higher dipole moment than CO2.

69 Which of the following has highest lattice energy and why?

2
CsF, CsCl, CsBr, CsI

ANS: CsF has highest lattice energy because ‘F’ is smallest in size and is more electronegative, therefore, it has
maximum ionic character and maximum force of attraction, hence highest lattice energy.

70 Why is dipole moment of HF (1.98 D) higher than that of HCl (1.03 D)? 2

ANS: HF is more polar as compared to HCl because ‘F’ is more electronegative than HCl. Greater the difference in
electronegativity, more will be polarity, higher will be dipole moment.

71 Calculate the number of sigma and π-electrons in 0.1 mole of vinyl cyanide
2
(CH2=CH—C≡N).

ANS:

CH2==CH—C≡≡N,
there are 6 sigma bonds and 3π bonds 1 mole of vinyl cyanide contains 18
(both σ and π) × 6.023 × 10 23 electrons.
0.1 mole of vinyl cyanide contains
23
18 × 6.023 × 10 × 0.1
= 108.414 × 0.1 × 10 23
= 1.08414 × 1024 electrons
72 Give electron dot structure for carbon suboxide, C3O2. Write its structural formula. 2

ANS:

73 AlF3 is a high melting solid whereas SiF4 is a gas. Explain. 2

ANS: AlF3 is an ionic compound and there is strong force of attraction between Al3+ and F– ions.
74 Arrange the following in decreasing order of ionic characters of the bond and give reason:
2
NaF, NaBr, NaCl, NaI

ANS: NaF > NaCl > NaBr > NaI

Greater the difference in electronegativity, more will be ionic character.

75 Explain the shapes of the following on the basis of VSEPR theory:

(i) BeCl2
(ii) PH4+ 2
(iii) PF5
(iv) SF6

ANS: (i) BeCl2 has 2 bond pairs of electrons, therefore, it has linear shape.
(ii) PH+4 has 4 bond pairs of electrons, it is tetrahedral.
(iii) PF5 has 5 bond pairs of electrons, it is trigonal bipyamidal.
(iv) SF6 has 6 bond pairs of electrons, therefore, it has octahedral shape.

76 N2 molecule has a greater bond dissociation energy than N2+ ion whereas O2 molecule has a lower bond dissociation
energy than O2+ ion. 2
Explain in terms of M.O. theory.

ANS:
Since N2 has higher bond order than N2+, therefore N2 has higher bond dissociation energy than N2+.
 O2+ has higher bond order than O2, therefore, it has high bond dissociation energy than O2.

77 Explain the following observations:

(i) CO2 and SO2 are not isostructural.
(ii) BF3 and NF3 are not isostructural.
2
(iii) BH4– and NH4+ are isostructural.
(iv) N2 has higher bond order than NO.
(v) In NO+ and N2, the bond order is same.

ANS: (i) CO2 is linear due to sp hybridisation, SO2 is bent molecule due to sp2 hybridisation and one
lone pair of electrons.
(ii) BF3 is planar due to sp2 hybridisation, NF3 is pyramidal due to sp3 hybridisation and one lone
pair of electrons.
(iii) BH–4 and NH4 both are sp3 hybridised, tetrahedral in shape, therefore, isolable, i.e., have
same structure.
(iv) N2 has bond order 3 because

N2 has one electron less in antibonding orbital than NO.

(v) NO+ and N2 have same number of bonding and antibonding electrons.
78 How do you express the bond strength in terms of bond order? 1

ANS: The higher bond order, more will be stability and smaller will be bond length.

79 Define octet rule. Write its significance and limitations. 2

ANS: Octet Rule. Every element tries to acquire 8 electrons in its outermost orbit by losing or gaining or sharing
electrons.
Significance. Most of the molecules are formed by following octet rule e.g. O 2, N2, Cl2, Br2 etc. It is useful for
understanding most of the organic compounds and it applies mainly to the second period elements of the periodic
table.
Limitations. Although octet rule is very useful but is not universal.
• In some compounds, the number of electrons surrounding the central atom is less than 8.

• In NO, NO2, octet rule is not satisfied. They are odd electron molecules.
• In PF5, SF6, IF7, there is expanded octet or super octet , i.e. 10, 12 and 14 electrons respectively after sharing.

80 Explain why PCl5 is trigonal bipyramidal whereas IF5 is square pyramidal. 2

ANS: PCl5 has 5 bonded pairs of electrons, therefore, it is trigonal bipyramidal. It has sp3d hybridisation. IF5 has 5
bonded pairs and 1 lone pair of electrons, therefore, it is square pyramidal. It has sp3d2 hybridisation.

81 Write the favourable factors for the formation of ionic bond. 2

 ANS: (i) Larger metal ion
(ii) Smaller non-metallic ion

82 Define hybridisation. Explain the structure of C2H2 with orbital diagram. 2

ANS: Hybridisation is process of intermixing of atomic orbitals of slightly different energies which give rise to
hybridised orbitals having exactly equal energy, identical shape and more stability.
In H—C≡≡C—H each ‘C’ is ‘sp’ hybridised, therefore, it has linear shape.

83 (i) Write the molecular orbital configuration of O2+. Calculate its bond order and predict its magnetic behaviour.
3
(ii) What is the state of hybridisation of nitrogen in NH4+ ion?
 ANS:
It is paramagnetic in nature due to the presence of unpaired electron.
(ii) ‘N’ in NH4+ is sp3 hybridised.

84 (i) Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?
3
(ii) Draw the shape of PH3 and SF6 according to VSEPR theory.

ANS: (i) NH3 has higher dipole moment than NF3 because dipoles are being added in NH3 whereas they are being
subtracted in NF3.

sp2 hybridised, second carbon —CH3 is

3
sp hybridised.

85 (i) Write the resonating structures for SO3 and NO2. 3

(ii) Which hybrid orbitals are used by C-atoms in the following molecules:
(a) CH3—CH==CH2
(b) CH3CHO
 (iii) Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than that of
ammonia. Discuss.

ANS: (i) Resonating structures:

(iii) In both NH3 and H2O; N and O are sp3 hybridised but due to the presence of lone pair/s on central atom N and O
respectively, they aquire distorted tetrahedral geometries. There is only one lone pair on N but 2 lone pairs on O;
Thereby since lone pair-lone pair repulsion > lone pair-bond pair repulsion; lone pairs on O push the bond pairs in H 2O
more closer decreasing the bond angle in water more than in ammonia.

86 (i) Explain, why Be2 molecule does not exist by using molecular orbital theory.
3
(ii) Describe the state of hybridization in PCl5. Why are the axial bonds longer as compared to equatorial bonds?

ANS:
Axial bonds experience more electronic repulsion from three equatorial bond pairs and equatorial bonds experience
 repulsion from only two axial bond pairs hence axial bonds are longer as compared to equatorial bonds.

87 (i) Write the resonance structures for CO2.

(ii) Draw Lewis structure of H2SO4. 3
(iii) Why KHF2 exist but KHCl2 does not?

ANS:
(iii) KF forms H–bond with HF whereas KCl cannot form H–bond with HCl.

88 (i) Deduce the structures of

(a) BrF5
3
(b) PF5 on the basis of VSEPR theory.
(ii) Which out of NH3 and NF3 has higher dipole moment and why?

ANS: (i) (a) In BrF5, there are 5 bonded pairs of electrons and one lone pair of electrons, therefore,
it is square pyramidal.
(b) In PF5, there are 5 bonded pairs of electrons due to which it is trigonal bipyramidal.

In NH3, dipoles are being added and they are towards lone pair of electrons therefore its dipole moment is higher than
NF3 in which dipoles are away from lone pair of electrons.
89 Arrange the following according to bond length and bond dissociation energy giving reasons:
(i) H—F, H—Cl, H—Br, H—I
3
(ii) C—C, C==C, C≡≡C
(iii) C—H bond length in CH4, C2H4 and C2H2

ANS: (i) Bond length: H—F < H—Cl < H—Br < H—I
Bond dissociation energy:
H—F > H—Cl > H—Br > H—I
Greater the length, lesser the bond dissociation
energy.
(ii) C≡≡C < C = C < C—C (bond length),
C≡≡C > C = C > C—C (bond dissociation energy)
(iii) H—C ≡≡ C—H < H2C = CH2 < CH4

90 Which of the compounds in pair of compounds has higher dipole moment?

(i) BCl3 and BF3,
3
(ii) SO2 and SO3,
(iii) H2O and H2S

ANS: (i) Both BCl3 and BF3 has zero dipole moment.
(ii) SO2 has higher dipole moment than SO3.
(iii) H2O has higher dipole moment than H2S.

91 What is the hybrid state of (i) B in BF3, (ii) Al in AlCl3, (iii) Be in BeCl2, (iv) C in CO2 and C2H4, (v) S in SO2 and SO3? 3

ANS: (i) sp2, (ii) sp2, (iii) sp, (iv) sp, sp2, (v) sp2, sp2

92 Predict the dipole moment of:

(i) A molecule AX4 with square planar geometry.
(ii) A molecule AX5 with trigonal bipyramidal geometry. 3
(iii) A molecule AX6 with octahedral geometry.
(iv) A molecule AX3 with pyramidal shape.
 ANS: (i) Zero (ii) Zero (iii) Zero (iv) It has high dipole moment because dipoles do not get cancelled and there is net
dipole moment.

93 Draw the molecular structures of

3
(i) XeF2, (ii) XeOF2 and (iii) XeF4.

ANS:

94 Consider the following structure:

3
(i) How many σ and π-bonds are present in this compound?
(ii) Arrange carbon no. 2, 3, 5 in decreasing order of s-character.
(iii) Which atoms have same hybrid state?

ANS:
(i) 14 σ and 3π bonds
(ii) 5 > 3 > 2 is decreasing order of s-character of carbon atoms i.e., sp > sp2 > sp3 sp has 50% s–character, sp2 has
33% s-character, sp3 has 25% s-character.
 (iii) Carbon number 1, 2, 4 are sp3 hybridised.
Carbon number 5 and 6 are sp hybridised.

95 (i) Explain why BeH2 molecule has a zero dipole moment, although the Be—H bonds are polar.
(ii) Write the molecular orbital configurations of the following species: (a) O2– (b) C2. 3
Calculate their bond order.

ANS:

96 Write the molecular orbital electronic configurations of the following species:

(i) N2
(ii) N2+
(iii) N2–
3
(iv) N22–
(a) Calculate their bond orders.
(b) Predict their magnetic behaviour.
(c) Which of these shows highest paramagnetism?
 ANS:

97 Which of the following substances exhibt Hbonding?

Draw the H-bonds between two molecules of the substance where appropriate.

3
 ANS:

98 How can one non-polar molecule induce a dipole in a nearby non-polar molecule? 3

ANS: Intermolecular forces of attraction arise as a result of instantaneous dipoles created in non-polar molecules.
Even in non-polar molecules, the electrons move at a certain distance from the nucleus. At any instant, it is likely that
the atom has a dipole moment created by specific position of electrons. It is called instantaneous dipole because it lasts
for just a fleeting moment. In the next instant, the electrons are in different locations and the atom has a new
instantaneous dipoles and so on. An instantaneous dipoles can induce a dipole in each of the nearest
 neighbours and thus there are dispersion forces between non-polar molecules.

99 What is meant by hydrogen bond? What is bond energy of hydrogen bond? Why is HF, H 2O are liquids whereas HCl,
3
HBr, HI and H2S are gases?

ANS: The force of attraction between hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine and other
electronegative atom having lone pair is called H-bond.
The energy of H-bond is of the order of 4 to 40 kJ mol–1.
HF molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding where HCl, HBr, HI are not associated with H-bonding.
Water molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding that is why water is liquid whereas H2S is gas because
H2S molecules are not associated with intermolecular H-bonding.

100 Discuss the shape of the following molecules using the VSEPR model:
3
BeCl2, BCl3, SiCl4, AsF5, H2S, PH3

ANS: BeCl2 is linear due to two bond pairs of electrons.

BCl3 is planar due to three bond pairs of electrons.
SiCl4 is tetrahedral due to four bond pairs of electrons.
AsF5 is trigonal bipyramidal due to five bond pairs of electrons.
H2S is bent molecule due to two bonding and two lone pairs of electrons.
PH3 is pyramidal due to presence of three bond pairs and one lone pair of electrons.

101 Although geometries of NH3 and H2O molecules are distorted tetrahedral, bond angle in water is less than that of
3
ammonia. Discuss.

ANS: It is because repulsion in water is more due to two lone pairs of electrons whereas in NH 3, there is less
repulsion due to one lone pair and lone pair (lp) – lone pair (lp) repulsion > lone pair (lp) – bond pair (bp) repulsion.

102 H3PO3 can be represented by structures 1 and 2 shown below. Can these two structures be taken as the canonical
forms of the resonance hybrid
representing H3PO3? If not, give reasons for the same.
3
 ANS: No, It is because position of atoms are different and they do not have identical bonding.

103 Use Lewis symbols to show electron transfer between the following atoms to form cations and anions : (i) K and S (ii)
3
Ca and O (iii) Al and N.

ANS:

104 Define electronegativity. How does it differ from electron gain enthalpy? 3

ANS: Electronegativity is measure of tendency to attract shared pair of electrons towards itself. Electron gain
enthalpy is energy released when neutral gaseous atom gains one electron.

105 What is meant by hybridisation of atomic orbitals? Describe the shapes of sp, sp2, sp3 hybrid orbitals. 3

ANS: Hybridisation is intermixing of atomic orbitals having slightly different energies so as to give rise to hybridised
orbitals having exactly equal energies, identical shapes and more stability.

106 Describe the change in hybridisation (if any) of the Al atom in the following reaction.
3
 ANS:

107 Is there any change in the hybridisation of B and N atoms as a result of the following reaction?
3

ANS:
In the product formed, ‘B’ as well as ‘N’ are sp3 hybridised.

108 Draw diagrams showing the formation of a double bond and a triple bond between carbon atoms in C 2H4 and C2H2
3
molecules.
 ANS:

109 What do you understand by bond pairs and lone pairs of electrons ?Illustrate by giving one example of each type. 3

ANS: Those pair of electrons which are used in bond formation are called bond pairs.
Those pair of electrons which do not take part in bond formation are called lone pairs of electrons. e.g., in NH 3, there
are three bond pairs and one lone pair.

110 Give reasons for the following: 3

(i) Covalent bonds are directional bonds while ionic bonds are non-directional.
(ii) Water molecule has bent structure whereas carbon dioxide molecule is linear.
 (iii) Ethyne molecule is linear.

ANS: (i) Covalent bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals, therefore, they are directional whereas ionic
bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons. That is why they are non-directional.
(ii) H2O is bent molecule due to sp3 hybridisation and two lone pairs of electrons whereas CO2 is linear due to sp.
hybridisation with bond angle 180°.

(iii) Ethyne molecule is linear due to sp hybridisation with bond angle 180º.

111 (i) (a) Define electron gain enthalpy.

(b) Give the resonance structure of O3.
(ii) Give reason:
5
(a) He2 molecule is not formed
(b) Ethyl alcohol dissolves in H2O
(c) HF is polar though it possesses covalent bond.

ANS: (i) (a) It is defined as energy released when one mole of neutral gaseous atom gains one electron.

(ii) (a) Because its bond order is zero.

(b) Ethyl alcohol can form hydrogen bond with water.

(c) It is due to difference in electronegativity between H and F.

112 (i) What is the total number of electrons in NO3– and NH4+? 5
 (ii) Why is melting point of MgO (2800 °C)higher than that of BaO (1920 °C)?
(iii) Why is solubility of MgCl2 greater than that of MgF2?
(iv) Why are carbon-oxygen bond lengths in Na2CO3 equal?
(v) Why is AlF3 high melting solid whereas SiF4 is a gas?

ANS: (i) NO3– has 7 + 24 + 1 = 32 electrons. NH4+ has 7 + 4 – 1 = 10 electrons.

(ii) Mg2+ is smaller in size than Ba2+, therefore, MgO has higher lattice energy than BaO due to greater force of
attraction between ions.
(iii) MgF2 has higher lattice energy than MgCl2.
(iv) It is due to resonance in CO32–.

(v) AlF3 is ionic compound, therefore, it has high melting point. SiF4 is covalent, therefore, it is gas.

113 How is molecular orbital different from atomic orbital? Give electronic configuration of (i) H 2+, (ii) Li2, (iii) B2, and (iv) C2.
5
Calculate their bond orders and predict their paramagnetic behaviour.

ANS: Atomic orbitals are monocentric whereas molecular orbitals are polycentric.
Atomic orbitals are present in atoms whereas molecular orbitals are present in molecules.
114 (i) What is meant by H-bond? Explain giving example.
(ii) Why is o-nitrophenol steam volatile whereas p-nitrophenol is not steam volatile?
(iii) (a) Arrange the following in decreasing order of their bond angle:
H2O, NH3, H2S
5
(b) Sketch the bond moments and resultant dipole moment of the following molecule:
H2O, NH3, NF3 and PCl3
(c) Draw shape of the following molecules on the basis of VSEPR theory; XeF4 and SF4.
(At. No. of Xe = 54, At. No. of S = 16)

ANS: (i) H-bond is the force of attraction between hydrogen and electronegative atoms like F, N, O, e.g., HF is liquid
because HF molecules are associated with intermolecular H-bonding.
(ii) o-Nitrophenol has intramolecular H-bonding whereas p-nitrophenol has intermolecular H-bonding.
o-Nitrophenol is steam volatile due to weaker intramolecular H-bonding. p-Nitrophenol is not steam volatile due to
stronger intermolecular H-bonding.
115 (i) What are two conditions for the formation of hydrogen bond? 5
(ii) In which of the following compounds ‘S’ does not obey octet rule?
SF2, SF4, SF6, SO2
 (iii) Explain the term hybridisation taking CH≡≡CH as an example.

ANS: (i) Presence of H-atom and presence of highly electronegative atom like N, F and O.
(ii) SF4 and SF6 do not follow octet rule.
(iii) In HC≡≡CH, each ‘C’ is sp hybridised.
Refer to solution of Q.35 (2 Marks category)

116 In an octahedral structure, the pair of d-orbitals involved in d2sp3 hybridisation is

(a) dx2–y2, dxz
(b) dz2, dxy 1
(c) dxy, dy2
(d) dx2–y2, dz2

ANS: (d) dx2–y2, dz2

∵ These are similar to ‘s’ and ‘p’ orbitals.

117 Which of the following pair consist of only paramagnetic species?

(a) O2, NO
(b) O+2, O22– 1
(c) CO, NO
(d) O22–, N–

ANS: (a) O2, NO

Both are paramagnetic due to presence of unpaired electrons.

118 Which of the following is polar molecule? 1

(a) SiF4
(b) XeF4
 (c) BF3
(d) SF4

ANS: (d) SF4

It is polar molecule with dipole moment, other have dipole moment = 0 due to their symmetrical shape.

119 The number and types of bonds in calcium carbide and

(a) 1σ, 1π

(b) 2σ, 1π
1
(c) 2σ, 2π

(d) 1σ, 2π

ANS: (d) 1σ, 2 π ≡

Ca2+(C C)2– has 1σ, 2π bonds.

120 The types of hybrid orbitals of nitrogen in NO2+, NO3– and NH4+ respectively are expected to be
(a) sp, sp3 and sp2
(b) sp, sp2 and sp3 1
(c) sp2, sp and sp3
(d) sp2, sp3 and sp

ANS: (b) sp, sp2 and sp3

121 In PO43– the formal charge on oxygen atom of P–O bond is 1

 (a) + 1
(b) – 1
(c) – 0.75
(d) + 0.75

ANS: (c) – 0.75

122 In the following question two or more options may be correct. Which of the following attain the linear structure:
(a) BeCl2
(b) NCO+ 1
(c) NO2
(d) CS2

ANS: (a) and (d). BeCl2 and CS2 have linear structure due to ‘sp’ hydration.

123 In the following question two or more options may be correct. Which of the following statements are correct about CO32–
?
(a) The hybridisation of central atom is sp3.
1
(b) Its resonance structure has one C–O single bond and two C=O double bonds.
(c) The average formal charge on each oxygen atom is 0.67 units.
(d) All C–O bond lengths are equal.

ANS: (c) and (d) are correct statements.

It is sp2 hybridised.

124 In which of the following pairs, the two species are isostructural 1
 (a) BrO3– and XeO3
(b) SF4 and XeF4
(c) SO32– and NO3–
(d) BF3 and NF3

ANS: (a) BrO3– and XeO3

125 The bond order for O +, C2 are

2

(a) 2.5, 2
(b) 2, 3 1
(c) 3, 2
(d) 1.5, 2.0

ANS:

126 Which of the following compounds shows the presence of intramolecular H–bond? 1
 (a) H2O2
(b) HCN
(c) Cellulose
(d) Conc. Acetic acid

ANS: (c) Cellulose

Cellulose has intramolecular H–bonding.

127 Hydrogen bonds are formed in many compounds e.g., H2O, HF, NH3 . The boiling point of such compounds depends to
a large extent on the strength of hydrogen bond and the number of hydrogen bonds. The correct decreasing order of
the boiling points of above compounds is:
(a) HF > H2O > NH3
1
(b) H2O > HF > NH3
(c) NH3 > HF > H2O
(d) NH3 > H2O > HF

ANS: (b) H2O > HF > NH3

∵ Extent of H–bonding is maximum in water.

128 Which of the following statement is not correct from the view point of molecular orbital theory? 1
(a) Be2 is not a stable molecule.
(b) He2 is not stable but He2 + is expected to exist.
(c) Bond strength of N2 is maximum amongst the homonuclear diatomic molecules belonging to the second period.
(d) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is

σ2s < σ* 2s < σ2pz < (π2px = σ2py )< (π* 2px = π* 2py) < σ*2pz
 ANS: (d) The order of energies of molecular orbitals in N2 molecule is σ2s < σ* 2s < σ2pz < (π2px = σ2py )<
(π 2px = π* 2py) < σ*2pz
*

129 In the following questions two or more option may be correct. CO is isoelectronic with (a) NO+ (b) N2 (c) SnCl2 (d) NO2 1

ANS: (c) is linear (b) N≡N is linear, (a) NO+ is also linear. (a) and (b).

130 In the following questions two or more option may be correct. Which of the following statements are not correct? (a)
NaCl being an ionic compound is a good conductor of electricity in the solid state. (b) In canonical structures there is a
1
difference in the arrangement of atoms. (c) Hybrid orbitals form stronger bonds than pure orbitals. (d) VSEPR Theory
can explain the square planar geometry of XeF4.

ANS: (a) and (b) are not NaCl conducts electricity in matter state and in aqueous solution. Arrangement of atoms
does not change in resonating structure.