Lipizzan - Wikipedia

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Lipizzan
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Lipizzan
A modern Lipizzan
Other names Lipizzaner, Karster
Country of Developed by the House of Habsburg from

origin Arab, Barb, Spanish and Neapolitan
stock.[1] Today associated with the nations
of Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Hungary, and Slovenia.
Traits
Distinguishing Compact, muscular, mostly but not

features exclusively gray in color, popularly
associated with the Spanish Riding School.
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Lipizzan - Wikipedia about:reader?url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLipizzan
Breed standards
• Verband der Lipizzanerzüchter in Österreich (Austria)
• Lipizzan International Federation
• Other nations
• United States Lipizzan Federation
• Slovenian Lipizzaner Breeding Association
• Equus ferus caballus
The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner (Croatian: Lipicanac, Czech: Lipicán,

German: Lipizzaner, Hungarian: Lipicai, Italian: Lipizzano, Serbian:
Lipicaner, Slovene: Lipicanec) is a European breed of riding horse
developed in the Habsburg Empire in the sixteenth century. It is of
Baroque type, and is powerful, slow to mature and long-lived; the
coat is usually gray.
The name of the breed derives from that of the village of Lipica
(Italian: Lipizza), which was part of the Habsburg empire at the
time the breed was developed, now in Slovenia, one of the earliest
stud farms established; the stud farm there is still active. The
breed has been endangered numerous times by warfare sweeping
Europe, including during the War of the First Coalition, World War
I, and World War II. The rescue of the Lipizzans during World War
II by American troops was made famous by the Disney movie
Miracle of the White Stallions.
The Lipizzaner is closely associated with the Spanish Riding

School of Vienna, Austria, where the horses demonstrate the
haute école or "high school" movements of classical dressage,
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including the highly controlled, stylized jumps and other

movements known as the "airs above the ground". These horses
are mostly bred at the Piber Federal Stud, near Graz, Austria, and
are trained using traditional methods of classical dressage that
date back hundreds of years.
Eight stallions are recognized as the classic foundation bloodstock

of the breed, all foaled in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth
centuries. All modern Lipizzans trace their bloodlines to these
eight stallions, and all breeding stallions have included in their
name the name of the foundation sire of their bloodline. Also
classic mare lines are known, with up to 35 recognized by various
breed registries. The majority of horses are registered through the
member organizations of the Lipizzan International Federation,
which covers almost 11,000 horses in 19 countries and at 9 state
studs in Europe. Most Lipizzans reside in Europe, with smaller
numbers in the Americas, South Africa, and Australia.
Lipizzan horse breeding traditions are recognized by UNESCO

and inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity.
Characteristics[edit]
Young Lipizzan stallion midway through the graying process
Most adult Lipizzans measure between 14.2 and 15.2 hands (58
and 62 inches, 147 and 157 cm).[2] However, horses bred to be
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closer to the original carriage-horse type are taller, approaching

16.1 hands (65 inches, 165 cm).[3] Lipizzans have a long head,
with a straight or slightly convex profile. The jaw is deep, the ears
small, the eyes large and expressive, and the nostrils flared. They
have a neck that is sturdy, yet arched and withers that are low,
muscular, and broad. They are a Baroque horse, with a wide, deep
chest, broad croup, and muscular shoulder. The tail is carried high
and well set. The legs are well-muscled and strong, with broad
joints and well-defined tendons. The feet tend to be small, but are
tough.[4]
Lipizzan horses tend to mature slowly. However, they live and are
active longer than many other breeds, with horses performing the
difficult exercises of the Spanish Riding School well into their 20s
and living into their 30s.[3]
Color[edit]
Mare and dark foal
Aside from the rare solid-colored horse (usually bay or black),

most Lipizzans are gray. Like all gray horses, they have black skin,
dark eyes, and as adult horses, a white hair coat. Gray horses,
including Lipizzans, are born with a pigmented coat—in Lipizzans,
foals are usually bay or black—and become lighter each year as
the graying process takes place, with the process being complete
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between 6 and 10 years of age. Lipizzans are not actually true

white horses, but this is a common misconception.[2] A white horse
is born white and has unpigmented skin.[5]
Until the eighteenth century, Lipizzans had other coat colors,

including dun, bay, chestnut, black, piebald, and skewbald.[2]
However, gray is a dominant gene.[5] Gray was the color preferred
by the royal family, so the color was emphasized in breeding
practices. Thus, in a small breed population when the color was
deliberately selected as a desirable feature, it came to be the color
of the overwhelming majority of Lipizzan horses.[6] However, it is a
long-standing tradition for the Spanish Riding School to have at
least one bay Lipizzan stallion in residence, and this tradition is
continued through the present day.[7]
History[edit]
Lipizzan stallion, Schönbrunn Palace
The ancestors of the Lipizzan can be traced to around 800 AD.[8]

The earliest predecessors of the Lipizzan originated in the seventh
century when Barb horses were brought into Spain by the Moors
and crossed on native Spanish stock. The result was the
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Andalusian horse and other Iberian horse breeds.[9][10]
By the sixteenth century, when the Habsburgs ruled both Spain

and Austria, a powerful but agile horse was desired both for
military uses and for use in the fashionable and rapidly growing
riding schools for the nobility of central Europe. Therefore, in 1562,
the Habsburg Emperor Maximillian II brought the Spanish
Andalusian horse to Austria and founded the court stud at Kladrub.
In 1580, his brother, Archduke Charles II, ruler of Inner Austria,
established a similar stud at Lipizza (now Lipica), located in
modern-day Slovenia, from which the breed obtained its
name.[2][9] When the stud farm was established, Lipizza was
located within the municipal limits of Trieste, an autonomous city
under Habsburg sovereignty. The name of the village itself derives
from the Slovene word lipa, meaning "linden tree."[11]
Spanish, Barb, and Arabian stock were crossed at Lipizza, and

succeeding generations were crossed with the now-extinct
Neapolitan breed from Italy and other Baroque horses of Spanish
descent obtained from Germany and Denmark.[1] While breeding
stock was exchanged between the two studs, Kladrub specialized
in producing heavy carriage horses, while riding and light carriage
horses came from the Lipizza stud.[2]
Beginning in 1920, the Piber Federal Stud, near Graz, Austria,

became the main stud for the horses used in Vienna. Breeding
became very selective, only allowing stallions that had proved
themselves at the Riding School to stand at stud, and only
breeding mares that had passed rigorous performance testing.[12]
Foundation horses[edit]
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Today, eight foundation lines for Lipizzans are recognized by

various registries, which refer to them as "dynasties".[13] They are
divided into two groups. Six trace to classical foundation stallions
used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by the Lipizza
stud, and two additional lines were not used at Lipizza, but were
used by other studs within the historic boundaries of the Habsburg
Empire.[2]
The six "classical dynasties"[14] are:
• Pluto: a gray Spanish stallion from the Royal Danish Stud, foaled
in 1765[2]
• Conversano: a black Neapolitan stallion, foaled in 1767[2]
• Maestoso: a gray stallion from the Kladrub stud with a Spanish

dam, foaled 1773, descendants today all trace via Maestoso X,
foaled in Hungary in 1819[14]
• Favory: a dun stallion from the Kladrub stud, foaled in 1779[2]
• Neapolitano: a bay Neapolitan stallion from the Polesine, foaled in

1790[2]
• Siglavy: a gray Arabian stallion, originally from Syria, foaled in

1810[15]
Two additional stallion lines are found in Croatia, Hungary, and

other eastern European countries, as well as in North America.[2]
They are accepted as equal to the six classical lines by the
Lipizzan International Federation.[13] These are:
• Tulipan: A black stallion of Baroque type and Spanish pedigree

foaled about 1800 from the Croatian stud farm of Terezovac,
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owned by Count Janković-Bésán.[14]
• Incitato: A stallion of Spanish lines foaled 1802, bred in

Transylvania by Count Bethlen, and sold to the Hungarian stud
farm Mezőhegyes[14]
Several other stallion lines have died out over the years, but were
used in the early breeding of the horses.[16] In addition to the
foundation stallion lines, there were 20 "classic" mare lines, 14 of
which exist today.[17] However, up to 35 mare lines are recognized
by various Lipizzan organizations.[2]
Traditional naming patterns are used for both stallions and mares,
required by Lipizzan breed registries. Stallions traditionally are
given two names, with the first being the line of the sire and the
second being the name of the dam. For example, "Maestoso
Austria" is a horse sired by Maestoso Trompeta out of a mare
named Austria. The horse's sire line traces to the foundation sire
Maestoso. The names of mares are chosen to be "complementary
to the traditional Lipizzan line names" and are required to end in
the letter "a".[18]
Spanish Riding School[edit]
Lipizzans training at the Spanish Riding School
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The world-famous Spanish Riding School uses highly trained

Lipizzan stallions in public performances that demonstrate
classical dressage movements and training.[19] In 1572, the first
Spanish riding hall was built, during the Austrian Empire, and is
the oldest of its kind in the world.[20] The Spanish Riding School,
though located in Vienna, Austria, takes its name from the original
Spanish heritage of its horses. In 1729, Charles VI commissioned
the building of the Winter Riding School in Vienna and in 1735, the
building was completed that remains the home of the Spanish
Riding School today.[21]
Wartime preservation[edit]
The Lipizzans endured several wartime relocations throughout

their history, each of which saved the breed from extinction. The
first was in March 1797 during the War of the First Coalition, when
the horses were evacuated from Lipica. During the journey, 16
mares gave birth to foals. In November 1797, the horses returned
to Lipica, but the stables were in ruins. They were rebuilt, but in
1805, the horses were evacuated again when Napoleon invaded
Austria. They were being taken care of in Đakovo Stud. They
remained away from the stud for two years, returning April 1, 1807,
but then, following the Treaty of Schönbrunn in 1809, the horses
were evacuated three more times during the unsettled period that
followed, resulting in the loss of many horses and the destruction
of the written studbooks that documented bloodlines of horses
prior to 1700. The horses finally returned to Lipica for good in
1815, where they remained for the rest of the nineteenth
century.[22]
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The first evacuation of the twentieth century occurred in 1915

when the horses were evacuated from Lipica due to World War I
and placed at Laxenburg and Kladrub.[23] Following the war, the
Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up, with Lipica becoming
part of Italy. Thus, the animals were divided between several
different studs in the new postwar nations of Austria, Italy,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. The nation of
Austria kept the stallions of the Spanish Riding School and some
breeding stock.[23] By 1920, the Austrian breeding stock was
consolidated at Piber.[24]
During World War II, the high command of Nazi Germany

transferred most of Europe's Lipizzan breeding stock to Hostau,
Czechoslovakia.[23] The breeding stock was taken from Piber in
1942,[24] and additional mares and foals from other European
nations arrived in 1943.[23] The stallions of the Spanish Riding
School were evacuated to St. Martins, Austria, from Vienna in
January 1945, when bombing raids neared the city and the head
of the Spanish Riding School, Colonel Alois Podhajsky, feared the
horses were in danger.[25] By spring of 1945, the horses at Hostau
were threatened by the advancing Soviet army, which might have
slaughtered the animals for horse meat had it captured the
facility.[25]
The rescue of the Lipizzans by the United States Army, made

famous by the Disney movie Miracle of the White Stallions,
occurred in two parts: The Third United States Army, under the
command of General George S. Patton, was near St. Martins in
the spring of 1945 and learned that the Lipizzan stallions were in
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the area.[26][27] Patton himself was a horseman, and like

Podhajsky, had competed in the Olympic Games.[26] On May 7,
1945, Podhajsky put on an exhibition of the Spanish Riding School
stallions for Patton and Undersecretary of War Robert P.
Patterson, and at its conclusion requested that Patton take the
horses under his protection.[28]
Meanwhile, the Third Army's United States Second Cavalry, a tank

unit under the command of Colonel Charles Reed, had discovered
the horses at Hostau, where 400 Allied prisoners of war were also
being kept, and had occupied it on April 28, 1945. "Operation
Cowboy", as the rescue was known, resulted in the recovery of
1,200 horses, including 375 Lipizzans.[25] Patton learned of the
raid, and arranged for Podhajsky to fly to Hostau.[29] On May 12,
American soldiers began riding, trucking, and herding the horses
35 miles across the border into Kotztinz, Germany.[25] The
Lipizzans were eventually settled in temporary quarters in
Wimsbach, until the breeding stock returned to Piber in 1952,[24]
and the stallions returned to the Spanish Riding School in 1955.[30]
In 2005, the Spanish Riding School celebrated the 60th
anniversary of Patton's rescue by touring the United States.[31]
Lipik Stud, Croatia
During the Croatian War of Independence, from 1991 to 1995, the

horses at the Lipik stable in Croatia were taken by the Serbs to
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Novi Sad, Serbia. The horses remained there until 2007,[32] when
calls began to be made for them to be returned to their country of
origin. In October 2007, 60 horses were returned to Croatia.[33]
Modern breed[edit]
The Lipizzan breed suffered a setback to its population when a

viral epidemic hit the Piber Stud in 1983. Forty horses and 8% of
the expected foal crop were lost. Since then, the population at the
stud increased. By 1994, 100 mares were at the stud farm and a
foal crop of 56 was born in 1993. In 1994, the rate of successful
pregnancy and birth of foals increased from 27 to 82%; the result
of a new veterinary center.[34] In 1996, a study funded by the
European Union Indo-Copernicus Project assessed 586 Lipizzan
horses from eight stud farms in Europe, with the goal of
developing a "scientifically based description of the Lipizzan
horse".[35] A study of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was
performed on 212 of the animals, and those studied were found to
contain 37 of the 39 known mtDNA haplotypes known in modern
horses, meaning that they show a high degree of genetic diversity.
This had been expected, as it was known that the mare families of
the Lipizzan included a large number of different breeds, including
Arabians, Thoroughbreds, and other European breeds.[35][36]
Lipica stud farm, Slovenia
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The Lipizzan International Federation (LIF) is the international

governing organization for the breed, composed of many national
and private organizations representing the Lipizzan. The
organizations work together under the banner of the LIF to
promote the breed and maintain standards.[37] As of 2012, almost
11,000 Lipizzans were registered with the LIF; residing with private
breeders in 19 countries and at nine state studs in Europe. The
largest number are in Europe, with almost 9,000 registered horses,
followed by the Americas, with just over 1,700, then Africa and
Australia with around 100 horses each. The nine state studs that
are part of the LIF represent almost one-quarter of the horses in
Europe. Sâmbăta de Jos, in Romania, has the greatest number of
horses, with 400, followed by Piber in Austria (360), Lipica in
Slovenia (358), Szilvásvárad in Hungary (262), Monterotondo in
Italy (230), Đakovo-Lipik in Croatia (220), and Topoľčianky in
Slovakia (200). The other two studs are smaller, with stud Vučijak
in Bosnia near Prnjavor having 130 horses[38] and Karađorđevo in
Serbia having just 30.[39] Educational programs have been
developed to promote the breed and foster adherence to
traditional breeding objectives.[2]
Because of the status of Lipizzans as the only breed of horse

developed in Slovenia, via the Lipica stud that is now located
within its borders, Lipizzans are recognized in Slovenia as a
national animal. For example, a pair of Lipizzans is featured on the
20-cent Slovenian euro coins.[40] Mounted regiments of
Carabinieri police in Italy also employ the Lipizzan as one of their
mounts.[41] In October 2008, during a visit to Slovenia, a Lipizzan
at Lipica, named 085 Favory Canissa XXII, was given to Queen
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Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. She decided to leave the

animal in the care of the stud farm.[42]
Heritage of humanity list[edit]
On the initiative of Slovenian Ministry of Culture, the tradition of

breeding and maintaining a purebred Lipizzaner is recognized by
UNESCO and inscribed on the Representative List of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity as Lipizzan horse
breeding traditions since 2022.[43] Inscriptions include states
parties, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Italy,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.[44][45][38]
Training and uses[edit]
Lipizzans in Slovenia
The traditional horse training methods for Lipizzans were

developed at the Spanish Riding School and are based on the
principles of classical dressage, which in turn traces to the Ancient
Greek writer Xenophon, whose works were rediscovered in the
sixteenth century.[46] His thoughts on development of horses'
mental attitude and psyche are still considered applicable today.
Other writers who strongly influenced the training methods of the
Spanish Riding School include Federico Grisone, the founder of
the first riding academy in Naples, who lived during the sixteenth
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century, and Antoine de Pluvinel and François Robichon de la

Guérinière, two Frenchmen from the seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries. The methods for training the Lipizzan stallions at the
Spanish Riding School were passed down via an oral tradition until
Field Marshal Franz Holbein and Johann Meixner, Senior Rider at
the School, published the initial guidelines for the training of horse
and rider at the school in 1898. In the mid-twentieth century, Alois
Podhajsky wrote a number of works that serve as textbooks for
many dressage riders today.[21][47]
The principles taught at the Spanish Riding School are based on

practices taught to cavalry riders to prepare their horses for
warfare.[48] Young stallions come to the Spanish Riding School for
training when they are four years old. Full training takes an
average of six years for each horse, and schooling is considered
complete when they have mastered the skills required to perform
the "School Quadrille".[19] There are three progressively more
difficult skill sets taught to the stallions, which are:
• Forward riding, also called straight riding or the Remontenschule,

is the name given to the skills taught in the first year of training,
where a young horse learns to be saddled and bridled, learns
basic commands on a longe line, and then is taught to be ridden,
mostly in an arena in simple straight lines and turns, to teach
correct responses to the rider's legs and hands while mounted.
The main goal during this time is to develop free forward
movement in as natural a position as possible.[19]
• Campaign school, Campagneschule or Campagne, is where the

horse learns collection and balance through all gaits, turns, and
maneuvers. The horse learns to shorten and lengthen his stride
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and perform lateral movements to the side, and is introduced to

the more complex double bridle. This is the longest training phase
and may take several years.[19]
• High-school dressage, the haute école or Hohe Schule, includes

riding the horse with greater collection with increased use of the
hindquarters, developing increased regularity, skill, and finesse in
all natural gaits. In this period, the horse learns the most advanced
movements such as the half-pass, counter-canter, flying change,
pirouette, passage, and piaffe. This is also when the horse may be
taught the "airs above the ground." This level emphasizes
performance with a high degree of perfection.[19][49]
Although the Piber Stud trains mares for driving and under
saddle,[34] the Spanish Riding School exclusively uses stallions in
its performances.[19] Worldwide, the Lipizzan today competes in
dressage and driving, as well as retaining their classic position at
the Spanish Riding School.[2]
"Airs above the ground"[edit]
Pesade performed during an open-air performance of the South

African Lipizzaners from Johannesburg
The "airs above the ground" are the difficult "high school" dressage
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movements made famous by the Lipizzans.[50] The finished

movements include:
• The levade is a position wherein the horse raises up both front

legs, standing at a 30° angle entirely on its hind legs in a controlled
form that requires a great deal of hindquarter strength. A less
difficult but related movement is the pesade, where the horse rises
up to a 45° angle.
• The courbette is a movement where the horse balances on its hind

legs and then essentially "hops", jumping with the front legs off the
ground and hind legs together.
• The capriole is a jump in place where the stallion leaps into the air,
tucking his forelegs under himself, and kicks out with his hind legs
at the top of the jump.
Other movements include:
• The croupade and ballotade are predecessors to the capriole. In

the croupade, the horse jumps with both front and hind legs
remaining tucked under the body and he does not kick out. In the
ballotade, the horse jumps and untucks his hind legs slightly, he
does not kick out, but the soles of the hind feet are visible if viewed
from the rear.
• The mezair is a series of successive levades in which the horse

lowers its forefeet to the ground before rising again on
hindquarters, achieving forward motion. This movement is no
longer used at the Spanish Riding School.[51]
In popular culture[edit]
Lipizzans have starred or played supporting roles in many movies,
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TV shows, books, and other media.
The 1940 film Florian stars two Lipizzan stallions. It was based on
a 1934 novel written by Felix Salten. The wife of the film's
producer owned the only Lipizzans in the US at the time the movie
was made.[52] The rescue during World War II of the Lipizzan
stallions is depicted in the 1963 Walt Disney movie Miracle of the
White Stallions. The movie was the only live-action, relatively
realistic film set against a World War II backdrop that Disney has
ever produced.[53]
Television programs featuring the Lipizzans include The White

Horses, a 1965 children's television series co-produced by RTV
Ljubljana (now RTV Slovenija) of Yugoslavia[54] and BR-TV of
Germany, rebroadcast in the United Kingdom. It followed the
adventures of a teenaged girl who visits a farm where Lipizzan
horses are raised.[55]
Footnotes[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to: a b Das K.K. Hofgestüt zu Lippiza 1580–1880, Wien

1880
2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Lipizzan Origins". Lipizzan

Association of North America. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
3. ^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p.111.
4. ^ Bongianni, Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies,

Entry 37.
5. ^ Jump up to: a b "Introduction to Coat Color Genetics". Veterinary

Genetics Laboratory. University of California, Davis. Retrieved
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2008-09-19.
6. ^ "Lipizzaner". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University.

Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
7. ^ Swinney, Horse Breeds of the World, p.52.
8. ^ "The Lipizzaner". Equiworld. Archived from the original on

2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
9. ^ Jump up to: a b Jankovich, They Rode Into Europe, p. 77
10. ^ "Andalusian". Breeds of Livestock. Oklahoma State University.

11. ^ Snoj, Marko (2009). Etimološki slovar slovenskih zemljepisnih

imen. Modrijan and Založba ZRC. pp. 234–235.
12. ^ "The Lipizzan Horses". Piber Stud. Archived from the original on
2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
13. ^ Jump up to: a b "Breed Standards". Lipizzan International

Federation. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Sire Lines". Lipizzan International

Federation. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
15. ^ "Lipizzans". Classical Dressage. Ritter Dressage. Archived from

the original on 2013-01-19. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
16. ^ Dolenc, Lipizzaner, p. 49
17. ^ Dolenc, Lipizzaner, p. 51
18. ^ "Rules/Evaluations". Lipizzan Association of North America.

Retrieved 2008-09-17.
19. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Stallions". Spanish Riding School.
19 of 24 1/7/2024, 2:02 PM
20. ^ Podhajsky, The Complete Training of Horse and Rider, p. 249
21. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Spanish Riding School". Spanish Riding

School. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved
2012-03-16.
22. ^ "Lipizzan Horse History". Lipizzan International Federation.

23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lipizzan Breed History". United States

Lipizzan Registry. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
24. ^ Jump up to: a b c "History". Piber Stud. Archived from the original
on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Davis, Susan (October 16, 1995). "Operation

Cowboy". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on
2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
26. ^ Jump up to: a b Sosby, Brian (October 2005). "The 2005

Lipizzaner Tour of the Spanish Riding School" (PDF). Equestrian.
27. ^ Letts, Elizabeth. 2016. The Perfect Horse: The Daring U.S.
Mission to Rescue the Priceless Stallions Kidnapped by the Nazis.
28. ^ Patton, The Patton Papers, p. 697
29. ^ Hirshson, General Patton, p. 635
30. ^ "The History". Spanish Riding School. Archived from the original
on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
31. ^ "After 15 Year Absence Legendary Lipizzaner Stallions of the

Spanish Riding School of Vienna Set Return for U.S. Tour".
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Business Wire. 2005-05-05. Archived from the original on

2009-02-11. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
32. ^ Boris Orešić (2010-12-28). "Pomor u zajednici bijelih griva – I

Lipicance ubijaju, zar ne?". Globus (in Croatian). Archived from the
original on 2011-01-01.
33. ^ "Croatian Lipizzaners Return Home". Lipizzan Association of

North America. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
34. ^ Jump up to: a b Edwards, The Encyclopedia of the Horse, p. 129
35. ^ Jump up to: a b Kelly, Jeff & Kelly-Simmons, Lisa (Winter 2012).
"Mitochondrial DNA Genetics of Lipizzans" (PDF). USLF News.
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-04-27.
36. ^ Kavar, Tatjana; Brem, Gottfried; Habe, Franc; Sölkner, Johann;

Dovč, Peter (2002). "History of Lipizzan horse maternal lines as
revealed by mtDNA analysis". Genet. Sel. Evol. 34 (5): 635–648.
doi:10.1051/gse:2002028. PMC 2705438. PMID 12427390.
37. ^ "Gründung" (in German). Lipizzan International Federation.

38. ^ Jump up to: a b Maksimović, Dragan (11 December 2022). "Čiji

su Lipicaneri?". www.dw.com.
39. ^ Manz, Christian G.M. (October 2012). "Purebred Lipizzans

Registered by Members of Lipizzan International Federation".
Lipizzan International Federation. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
40. ^ Manske, Michael. "Slovenia Banks on the Euro". Network

Europe. Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved
2008-09-24.
41. ^ Lipizzan horses used by Mounted Carabinieri Regiments
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42. ^ Vukic, Snjezana (2008-10-22). "Slovenia Gives Britain's Queen a

Lipizzaner Horse". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved
2011-12-08.
43. ^ "UNESCO - Lipizzan horse breeding traditions". ich.unesco.org.

Retrieved 4 November 2023.
44. ^ UNESCO-Commission, Austrian. "Knowledge concerning the

breeding of Lipizzan horses". Austrian UNESCO-Commission.
Retrieved 4 November 2023.
45. ^ "Hold your horses! Lipizzan breed given UN protected heritage

status". euronews. 29 November 2022.
46. ^ Gibbon, Abby (September 29, 2011). "Xenophon, Forefather Of

Dressage". Chronicle of the Horse. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
47. ^ "Classical Equitation". Spanish Riding School. Archived from the

original on 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2009-01-07.
49. ^ Podhajsky, The Complete Training of Horse and Rider, pp.

25–26
51. ^ Podhajsky, The Complete Training of Horse and Rider, pp.

269–274
52. ^ "Florian". Lipizzan Association of North America. Retrieved

2008-09-17.
53. ^ Brode, From Walt to Woodstock, p.169.
54. ^ Liška, Miklavž ed. (1988). RTV Ljubljana. Ljubljana:

Radiotelevision Ljubljana. p. 33.
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55. ^ Marcus, Laurence (2007). "The White Horses". Television

Heaven. Retrieved 2014-04-29.
Sources[edit]
• Bongianni, Maurizio, ed. (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to

Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc.
ISBN 978-0-671-66068-0.
• Brode, Douglas (2004). From Walt to Woodstock: How Disney

Created the Counterculture. University of Texas Press.
ISBN 978-0-292-70273-8.
• Dolenc, Milan (translated by Zarco Harvat and Susan Ann Pechy)

(1981). Lipizzaner: The Story of the Horses of Lipica. Ljubljana,
Yugoslavia: Mladinska Knjiga. ISBN 978-0-89893-172-3.
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse

(1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley.
ISBN 978-1-56458-614-8.
• Helbig, Alethea & Perkins, Agnes (1986). Dictionary of American

children's fiction, 1960-1984: recent books of recognized merit.
Volume 2, Dictionary of American children's fiction. Greenwood
Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-25233-4.
• Hirshson, Stanley P. (2003). General Patton: A Soldier's Life.

HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-000983-0.
• Jankovich, Miklos (1971). They Rode Into Europe: The Fruitful

Exchange in the Arts of Horsemanship between East and West.
Translated by Dent, Anthony. Great Britain: George G. Harrap &
Co, Ltd. ISBN 978-0-684-13304-1.
• Patton, George S. & Martin Blumenson (1996). The Patton
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Papers. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80717-6.
• Podhajsky, Alois (1967). The Complete Training of Horse and

Rider In the Principles of Classic Horsemanship. Garden City, NY:
Doubleday. OCLC 501758.
• Swinney, Nicola Jane & Bob Langris (2006). Horse Breeds of the
World. Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59228-990-5.[permanent dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lipizzaner.
• Lipica stud farm official website
• Lipizzaner Society of Great Britain
• Lipizzaner National Stud Book Association of Great Britain
• Fédération Française du Lipizzan
• Lipizzan International Federation-LIF
• Spanish Riding School and Federal Stud Farm Piber
• Lipizzan Association of North America
• South African Lipizzaners
• Piber Stud
• United States Lipizzan Federation-USLF
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Lipizzan - Wikipedia

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Other names Lipizzaner, Karster

Country of Developed by the House of Habsburg from

Distinguishing Compact, muscular, mostly but not

• Verband der Lipizzanerzüchter in Österreich (Austria)

• Lipizzan International Federation

• United States Lipizzan Federation

• Slovenian Lipizzaner Breeding Association

• Equus ferus caballus

The Lipizzan or Lipizzaner (Croatian: Lipicanac, Czech: Lipicán,

The Lipizzaner is closely associated with the Spanish Riding

including the highly controlled, stylized jumps and other

Eight stallions are recognized as the classic foundation bloodstock

Lipizzan horse breeding traditions are recognized by UNESCO

Young Lipizzan stallion midway through the graying process

closer to the original carriage-horse type are taller, approaching

Mare and dark foal

Aside from the rare solid-colored horse (usually bay or black),

between 6 and 10 years of age. Lipizzans are not actually true

Until the eighteenth century, Lipizzans had other coat colors,

Lipizzan stallion, Schönbrunn Palace

The ancestors of the Lipizzan can be traced to around 800 AD.[8]

Andalusian horse and other Iberian horse breeds.[9][10]

By the sixteenth century, when the Habsburgs ruled both Spain

Spanish, Barb, and Arabian stock were crossed at Lipizza, and

Beginning in 1920, the Piber Federal Stud, near Graz, Austria,

Today, eight foundation lines for Lipizzans are recognized by

The six "classical dynasties"[14] are:

• Conversano: a black Neapolitan stallion, foaled in 1767[2]

• Maestoso: a gray stallion from the Kladrub stud with a Spanish

• Favory: a dun stallion from the Kladrub stud, foaled in 1779[2]

• Neapolitano: a bay Neapolitan stallion from the Polesine, foaled in

• Siglavy: a gray Arabian stallion, originally from Syria, foaled in

Two additional stallion lines are found in Croatia, Hungary, and

• Tulipan: A black stallion of Baroque type and Spanish pedigree

owned by Count Janković-Bésán.[14]

• Incitato: A stallion of Spanish lines foaled 1802, bred in

Spanish Riding School[edit]

Lipizzans training at the Spanish Riding School

The world-famous Spanish Riding School uses highly trained

The Lipizzans endured several wartime relocations throughout

The first evacuation of the twentieth century occurred in 1915

During World War II, the high command of Nazi Germany

The rescue of the Lipizzans by the United States Army, made

the area.[26][27] Patton himself was a horseman, and like

Meanwhile, the Third Army's United States Second Cavalry, a tank

Lipik Stud, Croatia

During the Croatian War of Independence, from 1991 to 1995, the

The Lipizzan breed suffered a setback to its population when a

Lipica stud farm, Slovenia

The Lipizzan International Federation (LIF) is the international

Because of the status of Lipizzans as the only breed of horse

Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. She decided to leave the

Heritage of humanity list[edit]

On the initiative of Slovenian Ministry of Culture, the tradition of

Training and uses[edit]

The traditional horse training methods for Lipizzans were

century, and Antoine de Pluvinel and François Robichon de la

The principles taught at the Spanish Riding School are based on

• Forward riding, also called straight riding or the Remontenschule,

• Campaign school, Campagneschule or Campagne, is where the

and perform lateral movements to the side, and is introduced to

• High-school dressage, the haute école or Hohe Schule, includes

"Airs above the ground"[edit]