HYDRAULICS

 The metacenter for stable equilibrium is above center

of gravity.
 When the metacenter of a floating body is lower than
the center of gravity, then the body will be in unstable
equilibrium.
 The metacentric height is the distance between the
center of gravity of the floating body and the
metacenter.
 The weight per unit volume of a liquid at a standard
temperature and pressure is called specific weight.
 A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in
motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly
(momentum change) is referred to in hydraulics as
water hammer.
 Hydraulic jump is a type of shock where the flow
undergoes a sudden transition from swift flow to
tranquil flow.
 Surface tension is a fluid property that measures the
fluid’s resistance to shear stress.
 The vena contracta of a circular orifice is
approximately ½ diameter downstream from the
inner face of the orifice plate.
 When the ship’s metacenter and center of gravity
coincide at same point then the vessel is said to be in
neutral equilibrium.
 Buoyant force is a force within the surface layer of a
liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic
sheet.
 The locus of elevations to which liquid successive
piezometer tubes to any selected datum is known as
Hydraulic gradient.
 Piezometer are used to measure pressure heads in
pipes where the liquid is in motion.
 Manometer are used to measure pressure heads in
pipes where the liquid is at rest.
 The difference between energy gradient and
hydraulic gradient is called Velocity head.
 Minor losses through valves, fittings, bends,
contractions etc. are commonly modeled as
proportional to velocity head.
 The best hydraulic cross section for a trapezoidal
channel of base width b is one for which the length of
the side edge of the flow section is b.
 When the path lines of the individual particles of a
flowing liquid are irregular curves and continually
cross each other and form a complicated network, the
flow is called Turbulent flow.
 Steady flow is a type of flow where the flow rate
does not change over time.
 Uniform flow is a type of flow where the mean
velocity of flow for a given length or reach is the
same at every cross section.
 Uninterrupted flow in a fluid near a solid boundary in
which the direction of flow at every point remains
constant is called Laminar flow.
 Continuous flow is a type of flow where at any time,
the discharge or flow rate at every section of the
stream is the same.
 Critical flow type of flow in which, for a fixed rate of
flow, the specific energy is minimum.
 Incompressible flow type of flow in which the
density of the fluid is constant from one point to
another.
 Rotational flow type of flow in which the fluid
particles rotate about their own axis while flowing
along the streamlines.
 Minimum specific energy of rectangular channel with
depth dc is (3/2) dc.
 Incompressible does not describe real fluids.
 The section on the jet where the contraction ceases is
called the vena contracta.
 Celerity is the speed at which the surge (or wave) is
moving with respect to fluid medium.
 Critical velocity occurs at Froude number = 1
 For a given specific energy, two depths exist and
these are called alternate depths.
 Specific energy is the total energy above the floor of
an open channel.
 All other conditions and parameters remaining the
same, water hammer pressure can be reduced by
using pipe of greater diameter.
 If a water tank, partially filled with water is being
carried on a truck, moving with a constant horizontal
acceleration, the level of liquid will rise on the rear
side and fall on the front side of the tank.
 As the depth of immersion of a vertical plane surface
increase, the location of center of pressure comes
closer to the center of gravity of the area.
 In open channel water flows under force of gravity.
 The pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted
undiminished to all portions of the liquid. This
principle in fluid mechanics is attributed to Pascal.
 In any stream flowing steadily without friction, the
total energy contained is the same at every point in its
path of flow. This principle is attributed to Bernoulli.
 The volume of a gas at constant temperature varies
inversely as the pressure applied to the gas. This
principle is attributed to Boyle.
 Any body completely or partially submerged in a
fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an
upward, or buoyant, force the magnitude of which is
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by, the
body. This principle is attributed to Archimedes.
 Torricelli made a theorem in fluid dynamics relating
the speed of fluid flowing out of an orifice to the
height of fluid above the opening.