Eating behaviour

Winda Lestari, dr, MKM

Universitas Gunadarma
2016
 PSIKOLOGI - MAKAN
• Perilaku makan  survival
– What?, When?, How Much?
• Leluhur  mencukupi kebutuhan energi dan
nutrisi
• Sekarang  sangat sulit, di negara maju makanan
berlimpah, murah, dan bermacam-macam
• Eating  fundamentally rewarding behavior and
is thus intrinsically linked to mood and
emotiotions (Vogele and Gibson, 2010)
 How to study?
• Beberapa ahli diperlukan untuk mempelajari
eating behavior
– Psikolog
– Dokter
– Nutrisionis
• Aspek yang dipelajari
– Psikologis
– Fisiologis
– Nutrisi
 Proses Stimulasi Makan (Benelam,
2009)

Proses fisiologis
Defisiensi
kompleks Lapar
energi
berlangsung

Proses di otak
Kenyang Makan
berhenti
Control of eating behaviour.

5
 Nowadays??
• Proses makan tidak memerlukan trigger lapar
ataupun kekenyangan
• Faktor yang mempengaruhi :
– Faktor sosial
– Faktor lingkungan (iklan, packaging, besarnya porsi
makanan, pencahayaan, dsb)
• Monitoring dan cara untuk menentukan
makanan pada diri sendiri itu penting untuk
makan secara sehat
• Makanan harus sehat secara kualitas dan
kuantitas
• Makan sehat  dapat menikmati makanan
tanpa kehilangan kendali untuk makan
berlebihan.
 WHAT IS A HEALTHY DIET?
• Perkembangan untuk makanan sehat sangat
pesat
• Dulu 4 sehat 5 sempurna
• Sekarang  diet yang seimbang
• Current recommendations are :
– Fruit and vegetables
– Bread, pasta, other cereals and potatoes
– Meat, fish and alternatives
– Milk and dairy products
– Fatty and sugary foods
HOW DOES DIET AFFECT HEALTH?
• Mempengaruhi terjadinya penyakit atau
kesakitan
– Body weight (eating disorder)
– Heart irregularities
– Heart attacks
– Stunted growth
– Osteoporos etc
• Sebagai bagian dari tatalaksana pengobatan
– Dietary based intervention
– Lifestyle modifications (healthy diet)
 WHO EATS A HEALTHY DIET?
• Children
• Adults
• elderly
DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF EATING BEHAVIOUR
 Problems with developmental model
• A developmental model explores the meaning of food
in terms of food as a reward, food as a means to gain a
reward, food as status, food as pleasant and food as
aversive. However, food has a much more diverse set
of meanings which are not incorporated into this
model. For example, food can mean power, sexuality,
religion and culture.Such complex meanings are not
incorporated into a developmental perspective.
• Once eaten, food is incorporated into the body and can
change body size. This is also loaded with a complex
set of meanings such as attractiveness, control,
lethargy and success. A developmental model does not
address the meanings of the body.
 Cognitive model
Has been critisized for :
• focus on individual level variables only
• assumption that the same set of cognitions
are relevant to all individuals
 Body weight concern model
• Body dissatisfaction
• Role of social factors
– Media
– Ethnicity
– Social class
– Family
• Role of psychological factors
– Beliefs
– Mom-daughter relationship
– control
 Dieting
• Undereating
– Restrained eating aims to reduce food intake
• Overeating
– higher levels of restrained eating are related to
increased food intake.
– Dieters overeat in response to lowered mood
– thought suppression and thought control can have the
paradoxical effect of making the thoughts that the
individual is trying to suppress more salient
– Escape theory
– As a relapse
Restraint theory therefore suggests that:
• Dieters aim to eat less as a means to lose weight and change their
body shape. At times this aim is achieved and they successfully
manage to restrict their food intake.
• Dieters therefore sometimes show undereating. Sometimes they eat
the same as non dieters.
• Dieters, however, also show episodes of overeating, particularly in
response to triggers such as high calorie preloads, anxiety or smoking
abstinence.
• This overeating can be understood in terms of the transgression of
boundaries, shifts in cognitive set, mood modification, a response to
denial, an escape from awareness, a lapse or changes in self-control.
Increasing or promoting dieting can result in an increased
preoccupation with food, increased depression and paradoxically,
increased eating behaviour
 Problems with a weight concern
model of eating behaviour
• Central to the boundary model is the traditional dualistic
division between mind and body. The concept of separate
biological and psychological boundaries suggests that the
physical and psychological are separate entities which
interact.
• Restraint theory relies on a belief in the association between
food restriction and overeating. However, although dieters,
bulimics and bingeing anorexics report episodes of
overeating, restricting anorexics cannot be accounted for by
restraint theory. If attempting not to eat results in overeating
how do anorexics manage to starve themselves?
• If attempting not to eat something results in eating it, how
do vegetarians manage never to eat meat?
 refference
• Jane odgen health psychology