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 GIFT or
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 A COMPLETE

ETYMOLOGY
OP THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
CONTAININO

THE ANGLO-SAXON, FRENCH, DUTCH, GERMAN, WELSH, DANISH,

GOTHIC, SWEDISH, GAELIC, ITALIAN, LATIN, AND GREEK
ROOTS, AND THE ENGLISH WORDS DERIVED
THEREFROM ACCURATELY SPELLED, AC-
CENTED, AND DEFINED.

BT

WILLIAM W. SMITH,
AUTIIUU OF "the little SPELLER," " THE JUVENILB DEFINEB," "THE OBAMKAP
8CH00L BPELLEB," AND THE "DEFINEB'B MANUAU"

Hig sprecad niwum tungum.

NEW YORK :»CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
 The Sources of Lanftuajfe.

EI^iGiiSH ETYMOLOGY
By WILLIAM W. SMITH.

Smith's Complete Etymology.

Smith's Condensed Etymology.
These works differ from all others in being etjonologies of the whole language.
Their predecessors shut themselves up with the Latin and Greek only, and ignore a
wide field. The selections in Smith's Etymology are made solely with reference to tl e
importance of the words in our own dialect, /rom whatever source. Thus, Anglo-Saxcu
famishes nearly one-half of our more common words, while French, Dutch, Germfir,
Welsh, Danish, Gothic, Swedish, Gaelic, and Italian, divide the rest with Latin ci d
Greek,
The Condensed Etymology exhibits all the excellent features of the parent volume,
with less extensive lists, embracing the really essential words only. Both contain valu
able introductory exercises to drill the pupil in the perplexing coincidences and general
conformation of the language.

SMITH'S ORTHOGRAPHICAL WORKS.

The same author has given us the following very valuable works to teach Orthogra-
raphy and Definition, by various methods of grouping and classification in several grades.
SMITH'S LITTLE SPELLER. First Round in the Ladder of Learning. Siuple
words and pictures.
SMITH'S JUVENILE DEFINER. Lessons composed of familiar words grouped
with reference to similar signification or use, and correctly spelled, accented, and
defined.
SMITH'S GJIAMMAII-SCHOOL SPELLER. Familiar words, grouped with
reference to the sameness of sound of syllables differently spelled. Also definitions,
complete rules for spelling and formation of derivatives, and exerciees in false
orthography.
SMITH'S SPELLER AND nEETXER'S MAKVAL. A complete School Die
iionary containing 14,000 words, with various other usefal matter in the way of Rules
and Exercises.
Making a series celebrated for adaptation, elegance, compendiousness, variety, sys
tern, eclecticism ; and embracing Orthography, Definition, and Etymology.

Copyright 1867, by A. S, Barnes & Co.

Copyright, 189s, by Elizabeth S. Smith.

W, P. 2
 —
;

vSS?

PREFACE. rv[f^/i^

AiiL ^he Etymologies of the English Language heretofore published have

been confined merely to the words derived from the Latin and Greek
the present one has embraced all the words of the language, or rather, such
as it is necessary to teach at home or in school,
" Words," says Bosworth, " are the creation of mind. With the faculty of
speech, man was endowed with exalted mental powers, and warm social
feelings, but the thoughts of his mind, and the feelings of his heart lay hid
within him, and could not be communicated, till by the creative power of his
mind, he formed words to express them.
" As words were formed to convey, not only the thoughts of the mind, but
the feelings of the heart, they would in the first production of a language,
naturally take that shape which would best represent their mental and
physical powers. Those sounds would be selected which were adapted to
the frame of the organs, and the feeling expressed. A robust conformation
of the bodily frame, and great energy of mind, would, therefore, naturally
express itself in words of corresponding strength and tone. These are the
features which distinguish the languages of Gothic origin, especially the'
Anglo-Saxon, with its immediate descendant, the modern English whicli ;

has the strength of iron, with the gleam and sparkling of burnished steel."
The Englisli Language is eminently a composite language, made up of
contributions from other languages Anglo-Saxon,* Danish, Dutch, Celtic,
:

German, French, Latin, Greek, and some others.

The Anglo-Saxon is a branch of the Low German dialects, and resembles
the old Frisic, the parent of the modern Dutch, and once spoken extensively
between the Rhine and the Elbe. It is a very ancient language, its origin
being completely lost in antiquity the Latin in comparison, is a mere
;

modern language.
The Anglo-Saxon is the Mother Tongue of the English Language, about
four-fifths of t':ie v/ords in actual use being from this source. Not only in
the number of words, but in their peculiar character and importance, as
well as their influence on grammatical forms, (the English Grammar being
almost exclusively occupied with what is of Anglo-Saxon origin), Anglo-
Saxon constitutes its principal strength.
At the same time that our chief peculiarities of structure and idiom are
essentially Anglo-Saxon, from the same copious fountain have sprung
words designating the greater part of objects of sense the terms which ;

occur most frequently in discourse, and which recall the most vivid concep-
tions as, sun^ moon^ earthy Jire^ day^ nighty &c.
; and words expressive of the
;

dearest connections, the strongest and most powerful feelings of nature,

from our earliest days as, mother^ father^ sister^ 'brother^ wife^ home^ &c.
;

The language of business, of the shop, the market, and of every-day life
our national proverbs; our language of humor, satire, and colloquial
pleasantry the most energetic words we can employ, whether of kindness
;

or invective in short, words expressive of our strongest emotions and

;

actions in all the most stirring tcenes of life, from the cradle to the grave,
are derived from the Anglo-Saxon.
Every speaker or writer, then, who would not only convince the under-
* Anglo-Saxon is a general j>ame given to the Teutonic settlers in the island of Great Britain.
 ;

IV PREFACE.
standing, but toucli the affections, should adopt Anglo-Saxon expressions,
which from early use, and the dearest associations, excite emotion, and affect
the heart.
Saomi is a name first used by the geographer Ptolemy, to indicate a
branch of the German or Teutonic race, whose descendants now occupy the
Kingdom of Saxony, the Lusatian districts of Prussia, the Circle of Witten-
berg, the old Circle of Westphalia, the British Islands and Colonies, and
the United States of America.
The Saxons mentioned by Ptolemy were a small tribe, who, in A. D. 141,
dwelt on the north bank of the Elbe, and upon several small islands in the
vicinity of the mouth of that river and of the Eider. From their geo-
graphical position as far west as the Atlantic coast, it seems probable that
Ihey were among the first of the Teutonic tribes which passed across from
Asia into Europe.
Very trivial and uncertain are the accounts left us of the conquest of
Great Britain by the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles.
It is certain that the invaders came over in small bodies each with a cap-
tain at its head, who became the petty king or chief of the new settlement
in Britain, by which the Celtic population was either expelled or enslaved
so that in five or six centuries the eastern half of Britain was ruled by
numerous petty kings. In the eighth century these petty kingdoms were
consolidated into what is known as the Saxon Heptarchy.
Many hundred words in the language, especially those used as names of
places, are Danish, introduced during the incursions into and occupation of
England by the Danes.
An analysis of the language shows that the Norman French element enters
very largely into its composition. This element, which is composed of the
Celtic, Latin, and Scandinavian, was first introduced (1066) by the Normans
under William the Conqueror.
The Norman conquest almost abolished the use of the Anglo-Saxon lan-
guage in writing, and for more than a century the prevalent literature of
England was either in Latin, or Anglo-Norman.
Norman French was spoken by the superior classes of society in England
from the conquest to the time of Edward the Third (1327).
The laws of the realm, the proceedings of Parliament and the courts of
justice were in that language, but the " Saxon Chronicle" had been carried
on in obscure monasteries, by various annalists, to tJie year 1154.
In the thirteenth century during the progressive mixture of the two races,
a literature sprang up in which the two languages became more or less inter-
mixed. In the fourteenth centui*y the Anglo-Saxon principle seemed to
liave gained the upper hand. In the fifteenth century the Anglo-Norman
element seemed to be gaining the preponderance, but the proportions still
continued to vary until it became fixed in the age of Queen Elizabeth.
The contributions of the Latin Language to the English are next in im-
portance and amount to those of the Anglo-Saxon these contributions ;

come cliiefly through the medium of the French or Norman French, in con
sequence of the Norman Conquest.
The Latin has served not only to refine and polish the English, but to
enrich its vocabulary witli many necessary and indispensable words.
To the Greek the English Language is indebted for most of its terms in
physical science, and indeed for a great part of the terms employed in all
the arts and sciences.
Note.— The Saxon Chroniclb is a series of annals of A.-S. affairs, from the earliest times to
A. D. 11&4, compiled by the Monks.
 WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION,
BUT HAVING DIFFERENT MEANINGS.

Abel, n. A man's name. Abc, n. A part of a circle.

Able, a. Strong skillful. ; Ark, 71. A kind of boat.
Acclamation, n. A shout of ap- Arches, n. Parts of a circle.
plause. Archers, n. Bowmen.
Acclimation, n. Becoming inured Arraign, v. t. To accuse.
to a climate. Arrange, v. t. To put in order.
Acts, n. Performances. Ascent, n. Act of rising.
Axe, n. A chopping instrument. Assent, n. Consent.
Adds, v. t. Increases. Asperate, v. t. To make rough.
""
Adze, n. A kind of axe. Aspirate, v. t. To breathe upon.
Adherence, n. Constancy. AsPERATioN, n. Act of making
Adherents, ??. Followers. rough.
Advice, n. Counsel. Aspiration, n. An ardent wish.
Advise, v. t. To
counsel. Assistance, n. Help aid. ;

Ail, v. t. To pain
to trouble. ; Assistants, n. Helpers.
Ale, n. A
malt liquor. Attendance, n. Waiting on.
Aisle, n. passage. A Attendants, n. Those who attend
Isle, n. A
small island. Ate, pp. Devoured.
I'll, «. t. Contraction of " I will." Eight, a. Twice four.
Air, n. The fluid we breathe. Augur, v. i. To predict.
Ere, adv. Before. Auger, n. An instrument.
Heir, n. One who inherits. Austere, a. Severe.
Are.! Plural of the verb be. Oyster, n. A shell fish.
Allegation, n. Affirmation. Axes, n. Chopping instruments.
Alligation, n. Tying together. Axis, n. The line on which a thing
All, a. The whole. Bail, n. Security. [turns.
Awl, n. Boring instrument. Bale, n. A bundle.
Alley, n. A passage. — Baize, n. A kind of cloth.
Ally, n. A friend. Bays, n. Portions of the sea.
Alms, n. What is given the poor. Bait, n. Food to allure.
Arms, n. The limbs from the hand to Bate, v. t. To lessen.
the shoulder. Bald, a. Without hair.
Aloud, With
great noise.
a. Bawled, pp. Cried aloud.
Allowed, pp. Permitted. [laid. Ball, n. A round body.
Altar, n. A
place where offerings are Bawl, v. i. To cry aloud.
Alter, d. t. To change. Ballad, n. A song.
Analyze, v. t. To separate. Ballet, n. A dance.
^ Annalize, v. t. To record. Ballot, n. A ticket for voting.
Ant, n. A genus of insects. * Banded, |);p. United.
Aunt, n. A father's or mother's sister. Bandied, pp. Tossed to and fro.
Ante. Before. Bard, n. A poet.
Anti. Opposed to. ^ Barred, pp. Fastened with a bar.
 »

SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Babe, a. Naked. Boll, n. The pod of a plant.

Bear, n. Animal t. t. To carry.
; Bowl, n. A vessel to hold liquids.
Bark, n. The rind of a tree, dc^^ Bole, n. The trunk of a tree.
Barque, n. A kind of ship. ^<* Born, pp. Come into life.
Baron, n. A degree of nobility. Borne, j9^. Carried.
Barren, a. Not productive. - Bourn, n. A bound.
Baroness, n. A baron's wife. Borough, n. A town.
Barrenness, n. Sterility. Burrow, n. A hole for rabbits.
Base, n. The bottom a. Mean. ; Bough, n. A branch of a tree.
Bass, n. The lowest part of harmony. Bow, n. An act of respect.
BASS,t n. A kind of fish. Boy, n. A male chiid.
Bat, n. A portion of the sea. Buoy, n. A float to indicate shoals.
Bey, n. A Turkish title. Brake, n. A drag put to wheels.
Be, v. n. To exist. Break, n. An opening v. i. To part ;

Bee, n. An insect. Breach, n. A gap a break, [in two.;

Balm, n. A plant balsam. ;

- Breech, n. The hinder part of a gun.
Barm, n. Yeast. Bread, n. Food made of flour.
Beach, n. The sea-shore. Bred, pp. Brought up from infancy.
Beech, n. A tree. Brews, ^. t. Makes malt liquor.
Beat, n. A stroke. Bruise,v. t. To crush by a heavy blow.

Beet, n. A plant and its root. Brewed, pp. Mixed and fermented.
Beau, n. A man of dress. Brood, n. Offspring; progeny.
Bow, n. An instrument. Bridal, a. Belonging to a wedding.
Bow,t n. An act of respect. Bridle, n. An instrument for a horse.
Bell, n. A hollow vessel. Bruit, v. t. To noise abroad.
Belle, n. A young woman. Brute, w. A creature without reasoa
Bm, n. A or chest for grain.
cell But, con. Except yet. ;

Been, v. n. The
perfect participle of Butt, n. A large barrel or cask.
the verb be. Buy, «. t. To purchase.
Beer, n, A malt liquor. By, prep. At in near.
; ;

3iER, n. A carriage for the dead. - Bye, n. A dwelling.

Berry, n. A small fruit.
Bury, v. t. To cover with earth.
Berth, n. A room in a ship.
Birth, n. The act of coming into
Better, a. Superior. [life.
Bettor, n. One who lays wagers.
Bile, n. A fluid.
BoiL,tw. A tumor; v. i.
bubbling motion.
Bight, n. The bend of a rope.
Bite, v. t. To crush with the teeth.
Blew, v. i. Drove by the wind.
Blue, n. A color.
Bloat, v. t. To puff up.
Blote, v. t. To dry by smoke.
Boar, n. The male swine.
Cache, n. A hole for hiding goods.
Cash, n. Money.
Cain, n. A man's name.
Cane, n. A walking-stick.
Calendar, n. A register of the year.
Calender, n. A hot press.
Call, n. A vocal address.
To have a Caul, n. A net for the hair.
Callous, a. Insensible.
Callus, n. The hard edge of a wound
Calk, v. t. To stop leaks.
Cork, n. The bark of a tree.
€auk, n. A kind of spar.
Camera, n. An optical machine.
Chimera, n. A vain, idle fancy.
Candid, a. Fair open. ;

Bore, w, A hole made by boring. Candied, a. Incrusted with sugar.

Board, n. Timber, broad and thin. Cannon, n. A great gun.
Bored, pp. Perforated by an auger. Canon, n. A rule in churches.
Border, n. The outer edge. ^ CANON,t n. A gorge a gully. ;

Boarder, n. One who has food and Canvas, n. Coarse cloth.

lodging with another for a re- Canvass, n. An examination v. t ;

ward. To solicit*.
 WORDS OF SIMILAE PRONUNCIATION.

Capital, n. The upper part. Chaste, a. Modest virtuous. ;

Capitol, n. An edifice. Chased, j9p. Pursued; hunted.

Cakat, n. A weight of four grains. Chews, v. t. Crushes with the teeth.

Caret, n. A mark in writing, /f Choose, v. t. To select to prefer ;

Carrot, n. A root. Choir, n. A band of singers.

Cask, n. A hollow wooden vessel. Quire, n. Twentj^^-four sheets.
Casque, n. A helmet. Choler, n. Anger; rage.
Cast, v. t. To throw. Collar, n. A ring around the neck
Caste, n. A class of people. Chord, n. A musical sound.
Caqte b^. a frame for small bottles. Cord, n. A small rope.
Castor, n. A beaver. Chronical, a. Of long duration.
Castile, n. A town in Spain. Chronicle, n. A history.
Cast-Steel, n. Refined steel. Cite, v. t. To summon to answer.
Cause, n. That which produces. Site, n. Situation.
Caws, n. The cries of crows. Sight, n. Percej^tion by the eye.
ff^rnfj n. A chest for live fish. Clause, n. A part of a sentence.
Cough, n. An efibrt of the lungs. Claws, n. The nails of a beast or bird
Caudal, a. Relating to an animal's tail. Cleave, v. i. To adhere to stick. ;

Qaudllj, n. A warm drink of wine. Cleave, v. t. To divide to split ;

Cede, x. t.To yield to give up.

; Climb, d. t. To ascend.
Seed, n. The reproductive part of Clime, n. A climate.
a plant. Close, v. t. To shut to end. ;

Ceiling, n. The upper surface of a Clothes, n. Garments.

room. Close, a. Confined compact. ;

Sealing, n. Act of fastening. Coaled, v. t Supplied with coal.

Celery, n. A plant. Cold, a. Not hot frigid. ;

Salary, n. Annual payment. Coarse, a. Not fine rough. ;

Cell, n. A
small room. Course, n. Route progress. ;

Sell,v. t. To part with for a price. Corse, n. A dead body.

Cellar, n. A
room under a house. Coat, n. An outside garment.
Seller, n. One who sells. Cote, n. A cottage a sheep-cot. ;

Census, n. Kumbering the people. Coffer, n. A chest for money.

Senses, n. The faculties. CouGHER, n. One who coughs.
Cent, n. A hundred a ; coin. Coffin, n. A box for the dead.
Sent, pp. Caused to go. Coughing, ^^, Expelling from th<
Scent, n. Odor. lungs.
Centaury, n. A plant. Colonel, n. A military officer.
Century, n. A hundred years. Kernel, n. The seed in a nut.
Cents, n. Copper coins. Color, n. Hue tint. ;

Sense, n. Feeling perception. ;

Culler, n. One who chooses.
SiNCE,t a. From the time that. Comity, n. Courtesy politeness. ;

Cere, v. t. To cover with wax. Committee, n. A body of managers.

Seer, n. One who foresees.
Sear, a. Dry «. t To burn.;
Cession, n. Act of giving away.
Session, n. Act of sitting.
Chagrin, n. Ill humor.
Shagreen, n. The skin of a
Champagne, n. A sparkling wine.
Champaign, n. An open counlry.
Campaign,! n. The time an army
is in the field.
Chance, n. Accident.
Chants, v. t. Sings.
Complacent, a. Civil,
Complaisant, a. Seeking to please.
Complacence, n. Satisfaction.
Complaisance, n. Condescension.
Compliance, n. Assent,
fish. Complement, n. A complete set.
Compliment, n. Dedicate flattery.
Concert, n. A musical entertain^
ment.
Consort, n. A companion, [crets.
Confidant, n. One trusted with se-
* Confident, a. Having full belief.
8 BMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Consequence, n. That which fol- Day, n. The time between the ris-

lows. i-ng and setting of the sun.

Consequents, n. Deductions. Dey, n. The title of the governors
Consonance, n. Concord. of Algiers and Tunis.
Consonants, n. Letters which are Dear, a. Beloved costly. ;

sounded with a vowel. Deer, n. Animals of the stag kind.

Convent, n. A body of monks or Decease, n. Death.
nuns. Disease, n. Sickness.
Convent, v. t. To call before a Demean, v. t. To behave.
judge. Demesne, n. Land.
Coquette, n. A vain girl. Depravation, n. Corruption.
Coquet, d. t. To deceive in love. Deprivation, n. Loss.
CoROL, n. A corolla. Descendent, a. Falling sinking. ;

Coral, n. A hard substance found Descendant, n. The offspring of an

in the ocean. ancestor.
Core, n. The inner part. Descent, n. Progress downward.
Corps, n. A body of troops. Dissent, n. Disagreement.
Corpse,! n. A dead body. Descension, n. Descent.
Correspondence, n. Interchange Dissension, n. Discord ; strife.
of letters. Device, n. Design.
Correspondents, n. Those who Devise, v. t. To contrive.
correspond. Deviser, n. A contriver.
Council, n. An assembly. Divisor, n. A number.
Counsel, n. Advice. Dew, n. Moisture from the air.
Courier, n. A messenger. .Do, V. t. To perform.
Currier, n. A preparer of leather. Due, n. That which belongs to
Cousin, n. A relative. one.
Cozen, v. t. To cheat. Die, v. i. To lose life.
Coward, n. One without courage. Dye, n. A
coloring liquor.
Cowered, jt?p. Stooped. Diffuse, v. t. To spread.
Crane, n. A bird with a long beak. Diffuse, a. Copious.
Crayon, n. A kind of pencil. Dire, a. Dreadful.
Creak, v. i. To make a harsh noise. Dyer, n. One who dyes.
Creek, n. A small inlet. Discreet, a. Prudent.
Crews, n. The men who manage ships. Discrete, a. Separate.
Cruise, n. A voyage. Divers, a. More than one.
Cruse, n. A phial ; a cruet. Diverse, a. Different.
Currant, n. A fruit. Doe, n. A she-deer. ,
Current, n. A running stream. DcuGH, n. Paste of bread.
Cymbal, n. A musical instrument. Dome, n. A cupola.
Symbol, n. A representative of some- Doom, «. t. To condemn.
thing. Done, ^jw. Performed.
Cygnet,n, A young swan. Dun, a. Of a dark color.
Signet, n. A seal. Dose, n. The quantity given.
Cypress, n. A forest tree. Doze, n. A light sleep.
Cyprus, n. A thin black stuff. Dost, v. A part of the
verb do.
Dam, n. A bank to confine water. Dust, Earth reduced to powder
n.
Damn, v. t. To doom. Durst, pret. of the verb dare.
Dammed, pp. Confined by banks. Drachm, n. A part of an ounce.
Damned, jojo. Doomed. Dram, 7i. A small quantity.
Dance, v. i. To move with music. Draft, n. A bill.
Daunts, d. t. Discourages. Draught, n. A potion.
Dane, n. A native of Denmark, Dual, a. Expressing the number two.
Deign, v. i. To condescend. Duel, n. A combat.
 WOEDS OF SIMILAR PRONFNCIATIOlf.

Dying, n. Expiring. Flea, n. A

small agile insect.
Dyeing, n. The act of staining. Flee, v. i. To run from
danger.
Earn, v. t. To gain by labor. Flew. The preterit of fly.
Urn, n. A vase. Flue, n. A
passage for smoke.
Either, a. One or the other. Flour, n. Grain reduced to powder.
Ether, n. An element supposed to Flower, n. A blossom.
bo rarer than air. FoibiALLY, ddv. Ceremoniously.
Elision, 71. Division. Formerly, adv. In times past.
Elysian, a. Delightful. For, prep. Because of.
Emersion, n. Act of rising out. Fore, a. Not behind.
Immersion, n. Being in a fluid. Four, a. and n. Twice two.
Errand, n. A message. Fort, n. A fortified place.
Errant, a. Wandering. Forte, n. A peculiar talent.
ARRANT,t a. Bad in a high degree. Forth, adv. Forward,
Eruption, n. Act of bursting forth. Fourth, a. The ordinal of four.
Irruption, n. A sudden invasion. Foul, a. Not clean.
Ewe, n. A female sheep. Fowl, n. A winged animal.
You, pro. The person spoken to. Franc, n. A French silver coin.
Yew, n. An evergreen. Frank, a. Liberal generous. ;

HuE,t n. Color tint. ; Frays, n. Quarrels.

Exercise, n. Labor work.
Exorcise, v. t. To abjure.
Feint, n. A false appearance.
Faint, a. Languid.
Fain, a. Glad pleased. ;
Fane, n. A temple.
Feign, v. t. To pretend.
; Phrase, n. Part of a sentence.
Freeze, v. i. To congeal with cold.
Frieze, n. A coarse woolen cloth.
Frees, v. t. Sets at liberty.
Gabel, n. A tax.
Gable, n. The end of a house.
Gage, n. A pledge a pawn. ;

Fair, Beautiful just.

a.
Fare, n. Price of conveyance ; food.
Farther, adv. Further.
Father, n. A male parent.
FoTHER,t n. A load of lead.
Fat, 11. The unctuous part of animal
flesh,
;
Gauge, n. A measure.
Gait, n. Manner of walking.
Gate, n. A kind of door.
Gala, n. A show.
Gayly, adv. In a gay manner.
Gamble, v'.i. To play for money.
Gambol, n. A skip a hop. ;

Vat,1 A cistern.
n. Gantlet, n. Military punishment.
Fawn, n. A young deer. Gauntlet, n. An iron glove.
Faun, n. A woodland deity. Goal, n. The mark set to bound i
Feat, n. A deed. GAOL.t w. A prison. [race.
Feet, n. The plural of foot. Genius, n. Intellect talent. ;

FETE,t n. A feast a festival day. ; Genus, n. A class of things.

Felloe, n. The rim of a wheel. Gentile, n. One not Jewish.
Fellow, n. A companion. Gentle, a. Soft ; mild.
Fated, a. Decreed by fate. Gild, v. t. Overlay with gold.
Feted, j9^. Honored. Guild, n. A corporation, [fishea
Fetid, a. Stinking rancid ; Gill, n. The organ of respiration in
Fillip, n. A jerk of the finger. GiLL,t n. The fourth part of a pint.
Philip, n. A man's name. Gilt, n. Gold laid on the surface.
Find, v. t. To obtain by searching. Guilt, n. A crime.
Fined, pp. Punished with penalty. Glare, n. A dazzling light.
* Fir, n. An evergreen. • Glair, n. The white of an egg.
Fur, n. The finer hair on animals. Gnaw, v. t. To bite off by little.
Far,1 a. Distant; remote. Nor, conj. A negative particle.
Fizz, v. i. To emit a hissing noise. Nice, a. Fine delicate.
;

Phiz, n. The face. Gneis, n. A species of granite.

10 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

God, n. The Supreme Being. Him, pro. The objective of He.

GoAD,tw. A stick for driving beasts. Hymn, n. A song of adoration.
Goer, n. One who goes. [horn. Hoard, n. A store laid up.
Gore, n. Blood v. t. To pierce with a
; .Horde, n. A clan a tribe. ;

Gored, pp. Pierced with a horn. Hoarse, a. Having the voice rough.
Gourd, n. A plant. Horse, n. An animal.
Grate, n. An iron frame for fire.' HoA, intj. An exclamation.
GREA.T, a. Important. HoE, n. A farming instrument.
Grater, n. A kind of coarse file. Ho, intj. Stop cease. ;

Greater, a. Larger. HoES, n. Instruments for farming.

Grease, n. Animal fat. Hose, n. Stockings leather pipes ; to
Greece, n. A country of Europe. conduct water.
Groan, n. A deep sigh. Hole, n. A cavity.
Grown, pp. Advanced in growth. Whole, n. All of a thing.
Grocer, n. A dealer in tea, &c. Holy, a. Pure sacred.
;

Grosser, a. More impure. Wholly, adv. Completely.

Grope, v. t. To search by feeling. Hoop, n. A
circular binding.
Group,! 71. An assembly of figures. Whoop, n. A
loud shout.
Guana, n. A lizard. Hour, n. Sixty minutes.
Guano, n. An excellent manure. Our, pro. Belonging to us.
Guessed, jop. Conjectured. Huzza, n. A shout.
Guest, n. A visitor. Hussar, n. A horse soldier.
Guitar, n. A stringed instrument. Hyperbola, n. A conic section.
Catarrh, n. A disease of the head. Hyperbole, n. A figure of speech.
Hail, n. Frozen drops of rain. I, pro. The person speaking.
Hale, a. Healthy hearty. ; Eye, n. The organ of vision.
Hair, n. The covering of the head. Idle, a. Doing nothing.
Hare, n. A kind of rabbit. Idol, n. An image w^orshiped.
Hall, n. A large room. Impostor, n. One who pretends.
Haul, v. t. To pull to draw. Imposture, n. Deception fraud.
; ;

Halo, n. A circle round the sun or In, prep. Noting time.

moon. Inn, n. A hotel.
Hallow, «. t. To make holy. Incidence, n. A falling on.
Harsh, a. Rough severe. ;
Incidents, n. Events.
Hash, n. Minced meat. Indict, v. t. To declare guilty.
Hart, n. A he-deer. Indite, v. t. To dictate.
Heart, n. The seat of life. Indicted, pp. Accused.
Hay, n. Dried grass. Indited, j9^. Composed.
Hey, intj. An expression of joy. Indicter, n. One who indicts.
Heal, v. t. To restore. Inditer, n. One who composes.
Heel, n. The hind part of the foot. Indiscreet, a. Imprudent.
Hear, «. t. To perceive by the ear. Indiscrete, a. Not separated.
Here, adv. In this place. Ingenious, a. Witty inventive. ;

Heard, pp. Did hear. Ingenuous, a. Open ; artless.

Herd, n. A number of beasts together. Intense, a. Extreme.
Hew, v. t. To cut with an axe. Intents, n. Designs.
Hue, n. Color ; tint. Invade, v. t. To infringe.
Hide, n. The skin of an animal ; v. t. Ina'"eighed, pp. Uttered censure.
To conceal. Jam, n. A conserve of fruits.
Hied, j^. Hastened. Jamb, n. The side of a door.
Hie, «. i. To hasten. Jester, n. One given to merriment
High, a. Lofty tall. ; Gesture, n. Action of sentiment.
Higher, a. More lofty. Key, n. An instrument.
Hire, n. Wages paid for service. Quay, n. A wharf.
 W0BD8 OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 11

Kill, v. t. To deprive of life. Lessen, v. t To diminish.

XiLN, n. A
stove or furnace. Lesson, n. A task.
Knag, n. A
knot in wood. Levee, n. A ceremonious visit.
Nag, n. A
small horse. Levy, v. t. To collect.
Knead, v. t To work into a mass. Liar, 7i. One who tells lies.
Kneed, a. Having knees. Lier, n. One who lies down.
Heed, n. Necessity want. ;
Lyre, n. A musical instrument.
Knew, v. Had knowledge of. Lie, n. A falsehood.
Gnu, n. An animal of Africa. Lye, 71. Water mixed with wood-
New, a. Not old. ashes.
Knight, n. A military attendant. Limb, t?. A branch.
Night, n. The time of darkness. Limn, v. t. To draw.
Knit, v. t. To unite closely. Line, n. That which has length
Nit, n. The Qgg of an insect. without breadth.
Know, v. t. To have knowledge of Loin, ti. The back of an animal.
No, n. A denial a. None. ; Lineament, ti. Feature.
Knows, Understands.
v. t. Liniment, n. A wash.
Nose, n. The organ of smell. Links, 7^. Divisions of a chain.
Knot, n. A part which is tied. Lynx, n. An animal remarkable for
Not, adv. The word of refusal. sharp sight.
NoTT, n. A proper name. LrvER, 71. One who lives.
Lacks, v. t. Wants needs. ; LivRE,t n. A French coin.
Lax, a. Loose slack. ; Lo,iTitj. Look see. ;

Lade, d. t. To load to freight. ; Low, a. Not high mean. ;

Laid, pp. Placed produced eggs. ;

Lanch, v. t. To dart to let fly.
Launch, v.n. To slide into the water.
Lane, n. A narrow way.
Lain, pp. Rested horizontally.
Latin, n. Language of the Romans.
Latten, n. A fine kind of brass.
Laud, v. t. To extol to praise.
LoRD,t n. The Supreme Being.
Lea, n. A meadow.
Lee, n. A sheltered place.
Leach, v. t. To filtrate.
Leech, n. A worm that sucks blood.
Lead, n. A soft, heavy metal.
Led, pp. Guided, conducted.
Loam, ti. A rich vegetable mold.
; LooM,t n. A frame for weaving.
Loan, ti. Any thing lent.
Lone, a. Solitary.
Loath, a. JJnwilling.
Loathe, «. t. To feel nausea.
Lock, n. An instrument.
; Loch, n. A term for lake in Scotland.
Lough, n. A term for lake in Ireland.
Lore, ti. Learning.
Lower, v. t. To bring lovr.
LowER,t V. t. To appear dark.
Lose, v. t. To miss any thing.
Loose, a. Unbound.
Made, 2>P- Created formed. ;

Lead,! «. t. To guide by the hand. Maid, n. An unmarried woman.

Leap, n. The green part of plants. Mail, ti. A coat of steel network. .

Lief, adv. Willingly. Male, ti. The he of any species.

Leave, n. Permission v. t. To quit. ; Main, a. Principal chief ;

Leak, n. A hole which lets water in Mane, ti. The hair on the neck of
Leek, n. A plant. [or out. horses.
Lean, a. Not fat. Maine, n. One of the United States.
Lien, n. A legal claim on property. Maize, n. Indian corn.
Leased, v. t. Let or hired. Maze, ti. A place of perplexity.
Least, a. Smallest. Mantel, 71. The beam of a fireplace.
fjEGiSLATOR, 71. A lawgiver. • Mantle, ti. A kind of cloak.
Legislature, n. The body in a State Manner, ti. Form method. ;

which makes the laws. Manor, ti. A large landed estate.

Lends, v. t. Grants for a time. Manna, ti. A substance given by
.

Lens, n. A piece of Convex glass. the Lord to the Israelites.

12 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Makk, n. A visible line. Moat, n. A ditch round a castle.

Makque, n. A license. Mote, n. A small particle.
Marten, n. A large kind of weasel. More. A greater quantity.
Martin, 71. A sort of swallow. Mower, n. One who cuts grass.
Marshal, n. A chief officer. Morn, n. The first part of the day.
Martial, a. Warlike. Mourn, d. i. To grieve to lament. ;

Mare, n. A female horse. Morning, n. The first part of the day.

Mayor, n. The chief magistrate of Mourning, n. Grief; sorrow.
a city. Mortar, n. Cement for bricks.
Mead, n. A kind of drink. MoRTER, n. A lamp or light.
Meed, n. Reward. Mow, n. A compartment for hay.
Mean, a. Wanting dignity. Mow,t V. t. To cut down.
Mien, n. Look aspect. ; Mustard, n. A genus of plants.
Mesne, a. Middle. Mustered, pp- Assembled.
Meat, n. Flesh to be eaten. Nap, n. A short sleep.
Meet, a. Suitable d. t. To come to- Knap, d. i. To make a sharp noise.
;

Mete, v. t. To measure. [gether. Naval, a. Maritime nautical. ;

. Meddle, v. i. To interfere. Navel, n. The center of the ab-

Medal, n. A piece stamped in hon- Naive, a. Artless. [domen.
or of some performance. Nave, n. The center of the wheel.
]\Iedlar, n. A tree. Knave, n. A petty rascal.
Meddler, n. One who meddles. Nay, adv. No.
Message, w. Any thing to be told. Neigh, n. The voice of a horse.
Messuage, n. A house and land. Neal, v. t. To temper by heat.
Mettle, n. Spirit courage. ; Kneel, v. i. To rest on the knee.
JIetal, n. A mineral insoluble in wa- Near, a. Not far distant.
ter and fusible by heat. Ne'er, ad'v. At no time.
Meter, n. A measurer. Neither, conj. Not either nor. ;

Meter, n. Measure of verse. Nether, a. Lower.

Mewl, i. To cry as an infant.
'v. News, n. Fresh account.
Mule, n. An animal of mongrel breed. NoosE, n. A running knot.
Mews, v. i. Cries as a cat. None, a. No one.
Muse, n. Deep thought. Nun, n. A female devotee.
Millenary,, a. Consisting of a thou- Oar, n. A pole with a broad blade.
sand. 0^-KE,^ prep. Above; across.
Millinery, n. Goods of a milliner. Ore, n. A mineral body.
Mince, «. t. To cut into small parts. Ode, n. A lyric poem.
Mints, n. Places where money is Owed, pp. IFnder obligation.
coined. Op, prep. Belonging to.
Minds, n. The intelligent faculties. Off, adv. Noting separation.
Mines, n. Subterraneous works. Oh, intj. Denoting pain.
Miner, n. One employed in mining. Owe, v. t. To be indebted to.
IVIiNOR, n. One under lawful age. Ottar, n. The oil of roses.
Missal, n. The mass book. Otter, n. An amphibious animal.
Missul, ?i. A singing bird. One, 71. A single person a unit.
;

Missile, n. A weapon thrown. Won, pp. Gained by conquest.

M:s::ed, jop.Failed in aim. Ordinance, n. A decree law. ;

Mist, n. A fine,thin rain. Ordnance, n. Cannon.

Mite, n. A small insect. Order, n. Method.
Might, n. Power; strength. Ordure, n. Dung filth.
;

Mity, a. Having insect mites. Ought, v. t. To be bound by duty.

Mighty, a. Powerful. Aught, n. Any thing.
Moan, n. Audible sorrow. Paced, pp. Moved slowly.
Mown, pp. Cut down with a scythe. Paste, a. Flour and water mixed.
 WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 13

Packed, pp. Bound in a bundle. Pillar, n. A column. [head.

Pact, n. A contract ; a bargain. Pillow, n. Something under the
Pail, n. A wooden vessel. Pint, n. Half a quart.
Pale, a. Not ruddy. PoiNT,t n. The sharp end.
Pain, n. Anguish agony. ;
Pistil, n. Part of a flower.
Pane, n. A square of glass. Pistol, n. The smallest fire-arm.
Pair, n. Two things suiting one an- Place, n. Locality situation.;

Pare, v. t. To jDeel. [other. Plaice, n. A

sort of flat fish.
Pear, n. A fruit. Plain, n. Smooth ; clear.
Palate, n. The organ of taste. Plane, n. A flat surface.
Pallet, n. A small bed. Plaintiff, n. One who seeks justice.
Palette, n. A painter's board. Plaintive, a. Expressive of sorrow.
Pall, n. The covering over the dead. Plait, n. A fold.
Paul, n. A man's name. Plate, n. A flat piece of metal.
Partition, n. That which divides. Pleas, n. Arguments.
Petition, n. A request entreaty. ; Please, «. i. To give pleasure.
Passable, a. Tolerable. Plum, n. A fruit.
Passible, a. That may feel. Plumb, n. A perpendicular,
Pastor, n. A clergyman. PLUME,t n. A feather a crest. ;

Pasture, n. Land grazed by cattle. Pole, n. A measure a long stake. ;

Patience, n. Suffering without com- Poll, n. The head.

plaint. Pool, n. A small collection of water.
Patients, n. Persons under the care PouLE, n. The stakes played for.
of a doctor. Poplar, n. A tree of the aspen species.
Pause, n. A stop ; Popular, a. Pleasing to the people.
suspense.
Paws, n. The fore-feet Populace, n. The people.
of a beast of
prey. Populous, a. Full of people.
PoRES,i72-. Passages for perspiration. Pore, n. A passage for perspiration.
Peace, n. Freedom from war. Pour, v. t. To let out of a vessel.
Piece, n. A part of the whole. Poring, ppr. Looking intently.
Peak, n. The top of an eminence. Pouring, ppr. Sending as a fluid.
Pique, n. A slight resentment. Port, n. A harbor.
Peal, n. A succession of loud sounds. Porte, n. The Turkish court.
Peel, n. The skin or rind. Portion, n. A part a share, ;

Panel, n. A square between other PoTioN,t n. A draught of medicine.

bodies.
Pannel, n. A kind of saddle.
Purl, i. To flow with a gentle noise.
i).
Pearl, n. A white, hard, smooth sub-
Practice, n. The habit of doing.
Practise, v. t. To exercise.
Praise, n. Commendation,
Prays, v. i. Entreats j)etitions. ;

stance found in a kind of oyster. Preys, v. i. Feeds by violence.

Pedal, a. Belonging to the feet. Pray, v. t. To supplicate.
Pedal, n. A key moved by the foot. Prey, n. Rapine plunder. ;

Peddle, v. t. To carry about to sell. Precedent, n. A rule or example.

Peer, n. An equal. Precedent, a. Going before.
Pier, n. A column a wharf. ; President, n. One who presides.
Pencil, n. A small brush. Presence, n. State of being present.
Pensile, a. Suspended. Presents, n. Gifts.
Pendant, n. Something which hangs. Pride, n. Self-esteem.
Pendent, a. Hanging. [woman. Pried, pp. Moved by means of 9,
Personal, a. Belonging toiman or lever.
Personnel, n. The persons in a Pries, v. i. To inspect closely.
public office. Prize, n. A reward gained.
Pilot, n. A guide. Prince, n. The son of a king.
Pilate, n. A man'^name. Prints, n. Impressions made.
J4 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Principal, a. Chief; important. Rest, n. Quiet ; ease.

Principle, n. An element. Wrest, «. t. To
by violence.
twist
Prior, a. Previous former. ; Restauration, n. Restoration.
Prier, n. One who inquires closely. Restoration, ii. Recovery.
Profit, n. Gain benefit. ; Rheum, n. A thin, watery matter.
Prophet, n. One who foretells events. Room, n. Space.
Prophecy, n. That which is fore- Rhumb, n. A vertical circle.
told, [tell. Rum, n. Spirituous liquor.
Prophesy, i. To predict to fore-
??. ; Rhomb,! n. A quadrilateral figure.
QuARTS, n. Fourths of a gallon. Rhyme, n. Harmpnical sounds.
Quartz, n. Rock crj^stal. Rime, n. Hoar frost.
Queen, n. The wife of a king. Rice, n. An esculent grain.
Quean, n. A worthless woman. Rise, n. Ascent «. t. To ascend.
;

Rabbet, n. A joint. Rifle, n. A kind of gun.

Rabbit, n. A small quadruped. RiYAL,t n. A competitor.
Radical, 7i. Of first principles. Rigger, n. One who rigs.
Radicle, n. A part of a seed. Rigor, n. Severity strictness. ;

Radish, n. An esculent root. Right, a. Direct proper. ;

Reddish, a. Somewhat red. Rite, n. Ceremony.

Rain, n. Water from the clouds.
Reign, n. To have royal power.
Rein, n. The strap of a bridle.
Raise, v. t. To lift to erect.
Rays, n. Beams of light.
Raze, v. t. To demolish.
Raised, ^jo. Lifted; elevated.
Wright, n. A workman.
Write, v. t. To express by letters
formed with a pen.
; Road, n. An open way.
Rode, pp. Traveled in a vehicle.
Rowed, pp. Impelled by oars.
Roam, i. To ramble.
ii.

Razed, pp. Demolished. Rome, n. A city in Italy.

Raiser, n. One who raises.
Razor, n. An instrument for shaving.
Raisin, n. A dried grape.
Reason, n. The rational
Rancor, n. Malice hate.
Ranker, Coarser.
a.
Roar, v. i. To cry as a lion.
Rower, n. One who manages an oar.
Roe, n. A species of deer.
faculty. Row, V. t. To impel a boat by oars.
; Row,t n. A riotous noise.
Roes, n. Female deer eggs of fishes. ;

Rap, 71. A
quick, smart blow. Rows, 'D. t. Impels by oars.
Wrap, v. t. To roll together. Rose, n. A well-known flower.
Rapping, j9pr. Striking with quick Rood, n. The fourth part of an acre.
blows. Rude, a. Rough coarse of manners.
;

Wrapping, cover.
n. A Rouse, v. t. To stir up to provoke. ;

Rapine,! /i. Plunder; pillage. Rows, 11. Riotous disturbances.

Read, v. t. To peruse. Rote, n. Memory of words.
Reed, n. A hollow, knotted stalk. Wrote, pret. of write.
Read, ^j9. Perused. Rough, a. Not smooth rugged. ;

Red, a. Having the color like blood. Ruff, n. A linen ornament.

Real, a. True. Rout, n. An evening party i). t. To ;

Reel, n. A machine for winding. disperse.

Reseat, «. t. To seat again. Route, n. Road course. ;

Receipt, n. A written acknowledg- Rung, n. A step of a ladder pp. ;

ment. Wrung, j9jo. Twisted. [Sounded.

Relic, n. That which remains. Rye, n. A species of grain.
Relict, n. A widow. Wry, a. Crooked.
Residence, n. Place of abode. Sail, n. Canvas of a ship.
Residents, n. Those who reside in a Sale, n. Act of selling.
Resign, v. t. To give up. [place. Sailer, n. That which sails.
Resign, v. t. To sign again. Sailor, n. A seaman a mariner. ;
 WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCIATION. 15

Satire, n. Ridicule sarcasm. ; Shone, pp. Emitted rays of light.

Satyr, n. A sylvan God. Shown, j9;>. Exhibited.
Saver, n. One who saves. Side, n. Edge margin. ;

Savor, n. A scent taste. ; Sighed, To emit breath audibly.

jt>/?.

Scene, n. A view. Sighs, n. Deep respirations.

Seen, pp. Having viewed. Size, n. Bulk ; magnitude.
Seine, n. A net used in fishing. SiGHER, 71. One who sighs.
Scull, 71. A
short oar. Sire, n. Father.
Skull, n. The case of the brain. Sign, n. A token ; a signal.
Sea, n. A
body of salt water. Sine, n. The name of a line.
See, v. t. To perceive by the eye. Sink, v. i. To go to the bottom.

C, n. A letter in the alphabet. Cinque, 71. The number five.

Seal, n. An engraved stamp. Slay, v. t. To kill.
Seel, v. t. To close the eyes. Sley, n. A weaver's reed.
Ceil, «. t. To cover the upper surface. Sleigh, n. A vehicle for snow.
Seam, n. A juncture. Slew, pret. of slay.
Seem, v. n. To appear. Slue, «. t. To turn about.
Seamed, pp. Joined together. Slight, 7i. Neglect a. Small. ;

Seemed,^. Appeared. Sleight, n. Artful trick.

Sear, a. Dry v. t. To bum. ; Sloe, n. A fruit.
Seer, n. One who foresees. Slow, a. Not swift.
Seas, n. Bodies of salt water. Slough, n. A deep, miry place.
Sees, v. t. Perceives by the eye. Slough,! v. i. To fall off.
Seize, v. t. To take hold of. Smelt, ti. A small sea-fish.
Sects, n. Religious denominations. Smelt, t. To melt
«?. pp. Perceived ;

Sex, n. The distinction between by the nose.

male and female. Soared, jt?jo. Ascended.
Senior, n. One older than another. Sword, n. A weapon for cutting.
Seignior, n. A title. SwARD,t 71. A grassy surface.
Serf, n. A slave. Sole, n. The bottom of the foot.
Surf, n. The swell of the sea that Soul, ti. The spirit of man.
beats upon the shore. Sold, pjh Disjiosed of for a price.
Serge, n. A kind of woolen cloth. Soled, pyp- Furnished with soles.
Surge, n. A rising billow SouLED, a. Having a mind.
Set, 'b. t. To place. Solder, n. Metallic cement.
SiT,1 V. i. To repose on a seat. SoLDiER,t n. A warrior.
Sew, •». t. To join by the needle. Some, a. More or less.
Sow, To scatter seed. Sum, 71. The whole.
So, adv. In this manner. Son, n. A male child.
Sower, n. One who sows. Sun, 71. The luminary that makes
Soar, i). i. To fly aloft. the day
Sore, n. An
a i^ainful part.ulcer ; Soot, ti. Condensed smoke.
Sewer, n. One who uses a needle. Suit, n. A set of things.
SEWER,t n. A
passage to convey off Suet, ti. A hard fat.
water and filth. Suite, ti. A train of followers.
Shear, v. t. To clip with shears. Sooth, n. Truth reality. ;

Sheer, v. n. To deviate. Soothe, v. t. To allay.

Shire, n. A county. Staid, a. Sober grave. ;

Sheath, n. The case of any thing. Stayed, pp. Supported.

» Sheathe, v. t. To inclose in a case. Stair, ti. One in a flight of steps.
Show, v. t. To exhibit to view. Stare, «. ti. To look with fixed
Shew, v. t. To exhibit to view. eyes.
Shoe, n. A j^rotection for the foot. Stake, ti. A small post.
Shoo, inPj. Begone.^ Steak, ti. A slice of beef.
16 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Stalk, n. The stem of a plant. Tiny, a. Little ; small.

Stokk, n. A bird. Tinny, Like tin.
o,.

Stationary, a. Motionless. To, prep. Noting motion toward.

Stationery, n. Pens, ink, paper, &c. Too, adv. Noting excess.
Steel, n. A refined kind of iron. Two, a. One and one.
Steal, «. t. To take by theft. Toad, n. An animal.
Straight, a. Not crooked. Toed, a. Having toes.
Strait, n. A narrow pass. TowBD, pp. Drawn along.
Succor, n. Aid relief. ; Toe, n. A finger of the foot.
Sucker, n. A shoot of a plant. Tow, V. t. To draw along.
Swap, n. A blow. Told, ^j9. Mentioned; related.
Swop, V. t. To barter. Tolled, pp. Sounded slowly.
Sweat, n. Perspiration. ToLED, pp. Allured.
Sweet, a. Pleasing to the taste. ToLE, V. t. To allure.
Tacks, n. Small nails. Toll, n. A tax upon travelers.
Tax, n. A tribute. Ton, n. A weight 20 cwt. ;

Tact, 7i. Skill. Tun, n. A large cask.

Tack, n. A small nail. Tour, n. A circuit.
Tail, n. The last end. Tower, n. A building. ,

Tale, n. A narrative. Tracked, pp. Followed by marks.

Talents, n. Abilities. Tract, n. A region a small pamph- ;

Talons, n. The claws of a bird. let.

Taper, n. A wax candle. Travail, v. i. To labor with pain.
Tapir, n. An animal. Travel, v. i. To make journeys.
Tare, n. A weed. Tray, n. A shallow vessel.
Tear, v. t. To pull in pieces. Trey, n. A three at cards.
TEAR.t n. Moisture from the eyes. Treatise, n. A discourse.
Taught, j9/>. Instructed. Treaties, n. Agreements between
Taut, a. Tight. governments.
Team, n. Two or more horses. Tomb, ii. A monument over a grave.
Teem, «. i. To be full. Tome, n. A volume a book. ;

Tear, n. The water from the eyes. Ewes, n. Female sheep.

Tier, n. A row a rank. ; Yews, n. Evergreen trees.
Teas, n. The different kinds of tea. UsE,t n. Service.
Tease, «. To
harass to annoy.
t. ; Vale, Space between hills.
n.
Tenor, n. General course. Vail, n. Money given to servants.
Tenure, n. Act of holding. Veil, n. A thin cover over the face.
Tense, a. Drawn tight. Valley, n. A hollow between hills.
Tents, n. Movable lodgings. VALUE,t V. t. To rate at a certain price.
The. The definite article. Vane, n. A weather-cock.
Thee, pro. The objective case of Vein, n. A blood vessel.
thou. Vain, Meanly proud.
a.
Their, pro. Belonging to them. Venal, a. Mercenary base. ;

There, adv. In that place. Venial, a. That may be forgiven.

Threw, pret. of throw. Vent, n. A hole for air to escape.
Through, prep. From end to end. Went, pret. of go.
Throe, n. Extreme pain. Venus, n. One of the planets.
Throw, v. t. To hurl. Venous, a. Relating to the veins.
Throne, n. The seat of a king. Veracity, n. Habitual truth.
Thrown,^. Cast; hurled. Voracity, n. Rapacity greediness. ;

Thyme, n. An
aromatic plant. Vial, n. A small bottle.
Time, n. Duration. Viol, n. A musical instrument.
Tide, n. Stream. Vile, a. Base wicked. ;

Tied,^. Bound. Phial, n. A small bottle.

 WOEDS OF SIMILAR PRONUNCTATION. 17

Vicar, n. A substitute. Wet, n. Water moisture.;

Wicker, a. Made of twigs. Whet, v. To sharpen.

Vice, n.A spot or defect. What, pro. That which.
Vice. Instead of Wot, v. To know.
t.

Vioi*A.TE, V. t. To transgress. Which, pro. A pronoun.

Violet, n. A delicate flower. Witch, n. A sorceress.
Virtu, n. A love of the fine arts. Whig, n. The name of a party.
Virtue, n. Moral goodness. Wig, n. False hair worn on the head.
While, adv. During the time that.
|

Wade, v. n. To walk through water.

Weighed, pp. Balanced. i
Wile, n. A deceit a fraud. ;

Wail, v. t. To moan to lament. ;

^

Whine, n. A plaintive noise.

Wale, n. A mark left by a stripe. Wine, n. The juice of the grape.
Whale, n. An animal shaped like a ViNE,t n. Any plant that trails.
fish, and living in the sea, but Whir, v. n: To turn round with
having warm blood, and breath- i noise.
ing the air. ! Were, pret. plu. of the verb be.
Waist, n. Part of the body. Whist, n. A game at cards.
Waste, n. Wanton destruction. Wist, j9jt). Thought; knew.
Wait, v. i. To stay for. White, n. The color of snow.
Weight, n. Heaviness. Wight, n. A person a being. ;

Waive, v. t. To relinquish. WiTE, n. Blame reproach. ;

Wave, n. A moving swell of water. Whit, n. A very small part.

Want, v. t. To desire. Wit, n. Quickness of fancy.
Wont, n. Custom habit. ; Whither, adv. To which place.
Wear, v. t. To impair by use. Wither, v. i. To fade to dry up. ;

Ware, n. Commodity. Why, adv. To what reason.

Where, adv. In which place. Vie, v. i. To strive.
^^'R^^-\pret.plu. From the verb be. Wood, n. The substance of trees.
Wart, n. A hard excrescence. Would, v. Was willing.
Wort, n. Unfermented beer. Worsted, n. Woolen yam.
Whacks, Heavy blows.
ti. Worsted, pp. Defeated.
Wax, n. The substance which forms Wrapped, p^. Wound.
the cells of beeS. Kapped, pp. Struck with a quick
Way, n. A road a passage. ; blow.
Whey, n. The thin part of milk. Wreak, To execute.
v. t.
Weigh, v. t. To examine by balance. Reek, To emit vapor.
v.
Weak, a. Not strong. Wreath, n. Any thing curled..
Week, n. Seven days. Wreathe, v. t. To encircle; to
Weal, n. Happiness welfare. ; curl.
Wheal, n. A pustule. Wreck, n. Dissolution by violence.
Wheel, n. A circular body. Reck, To heed to care for.
v. t. ;

VEAL,tn. The flesh of a calf. Wretch, n. A miserable person.

Weasel, n. A small animal. Retch, v. i. To make an effort to
Weezel, a. Thin weazen. ; vomit.
Wether, n. A ram. Wring, v. t. To turn with violence.
Whether, adv. Which of two. Ring, n. A circle sound. ;

Weather, n. The state of the atmo- Yolk, n. The yellow part of an egg.
Wen, n. A tumor. [sphere. Yoke, n. A wooden bandage placed
When, adv. At what time, on the neck of oxen.
Wert. The second person x>f the Your, pro. Belonging to you.
verb BE. Ewer, n. A vessel for water.
WoBT, n. Unfermented beer.
 18 smith's hand-book op etymology.

DICTATION EXERCISES.
Pll go through the aisle of the church which is on the Isle of Wight. The
shoemaker said his awl was all that procured him a living.
He commenced to hawl, because he had lost his hall. The haroness was sur-
prised at the barrenness of the country. The captain, with the assistance of
his assistants, sailed the harque laden with Itarh. They barred the door against
the hard. He gave his assent to the proposition for their ascent of Mount
Washington.
have heen to the Inn to get some grain. Beer brought him to his Mer.
I
He hored a hole in the hoard. The how of the boat was made of the hough of
the heech which grew near the heach. The hass drum was taken by a base fel-
low. The bee must he busy in order to lay up his winter store.
Two weeks after the child was bom it was borne to that bourn whence no
traveler returns. The wind caused the bou^Ji to how. The man was bred to
his calling, but his calling was not bread to him.
After passing through the canon the canon was read amid the roar of can-
non. While one brother was ceiling the room the other was sealing a letter.
The seller lives in a cellar. After taking the census he lost his senses. The
servant was sent with a cent to get some scent.
clioir sent for a quire of music paper.
The leader of the His choler having
risen he seized his opponent by the collar. From the s:ite of the house a
magnificent sigJit opened to our view.
The fit of coughing which caused the colonel to be laid in his coffin was pro-
duced by his eating a Icernel. The artist made a sketch of the crans with a
crayon. Notwithstanding he was his cousin.^ he wished to cozen him. The
color of the culler was raised by the insult. His counsel was asked and ob-
tained by the council.
The Dane did not deign to notice him. He said the dey was a day too late.
Each one of the crews was provided with a cruse for the cruise. Upon his
signet was engraved a cygnet. The disease caused his decease.
The dy&r dyes daily, yet he dies not. Three scruples make a drachm., but
many persons take a dram without a scruple. The errant knight, while on
his errand, proved to be an arrant coward. He can earn the urn by dyeing.,
and yet keep from dying.
Tou must not frighten the ewe which is lying by that yew of beautiful hue.
She made 2, feint to faint. The landlord gave us fair fare, ^y father said
I should go no farther. He performed a great feat with his feet at the fete.
Upon the smoke ascending, the swallow fiew from the flv^. He fain would
feign to go to the fane.
The fore parts of the four animals were put aside for eating. The domes-
tic fowl was killed by a foul domestic. He strode to the gate with a lofty
gait. It is wicked to gamble, but not to gambol. At the fort his forte is
gunnery. A majority of the guild wished to gild the sign.
The gu£st guessed that they would make a fire in the great grate. The hair
of the hare is of a brown color.
I heard the lowing of the hsrd. When our hour shall come, we will sing &
hymn to Him above. The hussar who was in the inn cried out huzza.
 DICTATION EXERCISES. 19

The reason why bakers hnead their bread is because they need it. I hnow
no Tcnight who will go there in the night. If the gnu hnew that the hay was
new., why did he not eat it ? The jester by his gesture showed his intense in-
tents.

The pupil endeavored to lessen the lesson. The body has lain in the lane
for three clays. Every Her is not a liar., though he can perform on the lyre.
He bought some liniment for his bruised lineament.
The martial marshal received a valuable mare from the mayor. The male
wore a coat of mail. He was in a maze amidst the maize. The m£ad was the
m£ed which he required.
That miner minds the minor mines. The mower could mow no more., for be
had missed the placein the mist. It is not meet to mete out such meat. You
should not meddle with the medal. Does it require the might of a man to
kill a mite ?

The noise of the oar comes oV the water. By an ordinance of parliament

the ordnance was increased. None but a nun can enter a nunnery. Does the
neigh of a horse mean nay ?
Can you pare a pear with a pair of scissors ? He placed his palette upon
the^aZZc^, and went to gratify \ns palate. Of the patients none had j9rt^^e?^c«.
The piece of ^;a;?e in the wound caused great pain^ therefore he had no peace.
He laid down to rest having a broken pillar for a pillow. As soon as he
ceased running the perspiration began to pour from every pore.
The principal principle of a student should be uprightness. The praise
which his rival received preys upon his spirits.
His relict kept the razor as a relic. The resideid^i had changed their resi-
dence. The rigor of the climate caused the death of the rigger.
He said it was right to write to the wright about the rite. He rode home
by the road, after he had rowed to the place of meeting. The rows in the
street caused him to rouse from his stupor.
So you sew when you ought to sow. The pirate has determined to seize
every vessel he sees upon the seas. The serf sighs at the size of the surf
through which he is compelled to go. To bathe in the surge he had a dress
made of serge. He siglied because of a pain in his side.
Without his son the sun had no light for him. Tour eicer was broken at
the fountain. Why do men vie with each other ? We endeavored to wreathe
a wreath.
The bread earned by the »weat\ of thy brow is sweet to thee, O man. It re-
quires tact to tach through the straight strait. There their horses stand.
This is the spear which he threw through the fence.
He told his friend that he was toled to the church by hearing the bell toUed.
He wrote a treatise on the principal treaties recorded in history. The only
use he had for his yews was to shelter his ewes.
The mle man injured the viol by means of a vial. The vicar was walking
down the lane with his wicker basket. A wave of his brother's hand caused
him to waive his claim.
He asked him whether the weather was favorable to the young wether. He
wi^itnot whether it was whist or !lot. He did not know whither to carry the
flower which the witch said was commencing to wither. He did not know
wh/en the wen would heal. She went over the way to weigh the whey.
20 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

WORDS SIMILARLY SPELLED,

BUT DIFFERENTLY PRONOUNCED AND APPLIED.
Ab'sent, a. Not present. Con'crete, n^ A mixture used by
Absent', «?. To keep away. masons.
Ab'stract, n. An abridgment. Concrete', «. To bring into one mass.
Abstract', is. To draw from. Con'cord, n. Agreement,
Abuse (abuze), 'o. To ill use. Concord', 'o. To agree with.
Abuse (abuce), n. Ill usage. Con'duct, n. Behavior.
Ac'cENT, n. Stress of the voice. Conduct', t). To lead.
Accent', 'c. To give the accent. Con'fine, n. A boundary.
Af'fix, n. A
syllable added. Confine', «. To restrain to im- ;

Affix', 'o. To add to the end. prison.

At 'tribute, n. quality. A Con'flict, n. A contest.
Attrib'ute, -d. To assign as a cause. Conflict', To dash.
^.
Aug'ment, n. Increase. Con'jure, v. To practise charms.
Augment', 'o. To make larger. Conjure', v. To entreat.
Au'gust, n. The eighth month. Con'serve, n. A sweetmeat.
August', a. Grand, majestic. Conserve', v. To preserve with sugar.
Bow (bo), n. For shooting with. Con'sole, n. A truss or bracket.
Bow (bow), n. A bending of the head. Console', ?). To comfort.
Buf'fet, n. A stroke of the fist. Con'sort, n. A companion.
Buffet', n. A cupboard. Consort', v. To associate with.
Char, v. To burn partly. Con'test, n. A struggle.
Char, n. A small job. Contest', «. To dispute.
Col 'league, n. A partner. Con'text, n. The general series of a
Colleague', «. To unite with an- discourse.
other. Context', a. Interwoven.
Col'lect, n. A short prayer. Con'tract, n. An agreement.
Collect', v. To gather together. Contract', 'o. To get smaller.
Com'ment, n. An exposition. Con'trast, n. Opposition of things.
Comment', v. To make remarks up- Contrast', v. To set in opposition,
on. Con'vent, n. A nunnery.
Com'merce, n. Trade between nations. Convent', v. To call before a judge.
Commerce', To traffic to trade.
'y. ; Con'verse, n. The opposite.
Com'mune, n. A district in France. Converse', xi. To talk together.
Commune', To converse.
'd. Con'vert, n. One changed.
Com'pact, n. An agreement. Convert', «. To change,
Compact', a. Solid. Con'vict, n. A criminal found guilty.
Com'plot, n. A joint plot. Convict', id. To find guilty,
Complot', «. To form a plot. Con'voy, n. A protecting force.
Gom'port, n. Behavior. Convoy', ti. To accompany for pro-
Comport', ^. To suit. tection.
Com'pound, n. A mixture. Coun'termand, n. A contrary order.
Compound', v. To mix. Countermand', "d. To give a contrary
Com'press, n. A pad used in surgery. order.
Compress', «. To press together. Cruise, n. A voyage.
Con'cert, n. A musical entertain- Cruise, n. A small bottle.
ment. Des'cant, n. A song a discourse.
;

Concert', «. To plan together. Descant', ^. To harangue.

 WORDS SIMILARLY SPELLED. 21

Des'ekt, n. A sandy waste. Im'print, n. The name of a publisher.

Desekt', v. To forsake. Imprint', v. To make an impression.
Diffuse', a. Using many words. In'cense, n. Perfume exhaled by
Diffuse', v. To spread abroad. fire.

Di'gest, n. A collection of laws. Incense', v. To excite to wrath.

Digest', v. To dissolve food in the In'crease, n. A growing larger.
stomach. Increase', v. To grow larger.
Dis'couNT, n. A sum deducted. In'lay, n. Something inserted.
Discount', v. To deduct. Inlay', v. To insert.
Does (doze), w. The plural of doe. In'stinct, n. Natural impulse.-'
Does (dus), v. Third person of do. Instinct', a. Animated.
En'trance, n. The place for entering. In'sult, n. An affront.
Entrance', v. To fill with delight. Insult', v. To disrespect.
Es'coRT, n. A body-guard. In'terchange, n. Mutual change.
Escort', v. To attend and guard. Interchange', v. To exchange.
Es'sAT, n. An attempt ; a treatise. In'terdict, n. A
prohibition.
Essay', v. To try. Interdict', v. To prohibit.
Excuse' (excuce), n. An apology. In'timate, a. Friendly familiar. ;

Excuse' (excuze), v. To make an In'timate, v. To hint.

apology. Inval'id, a. Not legal.
Ex'iLE, 71. A
person banished from Invalid' (-eed), n. A person in a
his country. [try. sickly state.
Exile', v. To send out of one's coun- Lead (led), n. A metal.
Ex'poRT, n. A commodity sent out. Lead (leed), v. To conduct.
Export', v. To send to a foreign Live (live), a. Alive.
country. Lite (liv), v. To exist ; to enjoy life.

Ex'tract, n. Something extracted. Lower, v. To let down.

Extract', v. To draw out. Lower (lou-er), v. To grow cloudy.
Fore'cast, n. A forethought. Min'ute, n. A short space of time.
Forecast', v. To foresee. Minute', a. Small very little. ;

Fore'taste, n. Anticipation. Miscon'duct, n. Bad conduct.

Foretaste', v. To taste before. Misconduct', v. To behave ill.
Fer'ment, n. Internal motion. Mouse, n. A small animal, [mice.
Ferment', d. To set in motion. Mouse (mouze), v. To hunt after
Fre'quent, a. Often done. Mow, v. To cut grass with scythe.
Frequent', v. To visit often. Mow (mou), n. A heap of hay in a
Gal'lant, a. Brave. No'table, a. Remarkable, [barn.
Gallant', n. A man attentive to Not'able, a. Thrifty careful. ;

ladies. Ob'ject, n. Purpose or design.

Grease (greace), n. Oily matter. Object', v. To oppose by words.
Grease (greeze), v. To smear with oil Or'dinary, a. Common plain. ;

or fat. Ord'inary, n. A house of entertain-

Gout, n. A
disease of blood. ment.
Gout (goo), n. Taste relish. ; Out'go, n. Expenses of living.
Gill {g soft), n. A measure. Outgo', v. To surpass.
Gill {g hard), n. The lung of a fish. Out'work, 71. Work done outside.
House, n. A dwelling. |
Outwork', v. To surpass at work-
House (houze), 'y. To put in a house, i
ing.
Im'port, n. Meaning a commodity O'vERCHARGE, n. Too heavy a charge.
; i

brought into a country. ^ Overcharge', v. To charge too much,

|

Import', d. To mean to bring into a

; O'vERTHROW, n. Defeat.
country. Overthrow', v. To defeat.
Im'press, n. An impression. Per'fume, n. Fragrance.
Impress', v. To make an impression. Pei^FUME', v. To make odorous,
 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Peb'mit, n. A
written authority. Re'print, n. A second printing or
Permit', v. To
allow. edition.
Pol'ish, v. To brighten. Reprint', v. To print again.
Po'lish, a. Pertaining to Poland. Re'tail, 71. Sale by small quantities.
Prec'edent, n. Example. Retail', v. To sell in small quantities.
Prece'dent, a. Going before. Row (roe), n. A line v. To propel ;

Pre'fix, n. A syllable placed at the with oars.

beginning of a word. Row (rou), n. A
scuffle; a brawl.
Prefix', v. To place before. Sewer (sow-er), n. person who A
Prel'ude, n. Any thing introduc- sews.
tory. Sewer (soo-er), n. A large drain.
Prelude', v. To begin
with. Slough (slou), n. A miry ditch.
Prem'ise, n. A
proposition in logic. Slough (sluff), n. The cast skin of a
Premise', v. To explain beforehand. serpent ; foul matter from a sore.
Prem'ises, n. Lands, &c., attached Sow The feminine of boar.
(sou), n.
to a house. Sow To scatter seed.
(so), «.
Premi'ses, v. Does premise. Sub'ject, n. One who owes alle-
Pres'age, n. Something that fore- giance the thing under consid-
;

shows an event. eration a. Liable to.

;

Presage', v. To foreshadow. Subject', v. To reduce to submis-

Pres'ent, n. A gift.
Present', v. To give formally.
Prod'uce, n. What is produced.
Produce', v. To yield to bring forth.
Prog'ress, n. Onward movement.
Su'piNE, n. A participial noun. [sion.
Supine', n. Lying lazily on the back.
Sur'name, n. The family name.
; Surname', v. To add another name.
Sur'vey, n. A view a measurement. ;

Progress', v. To proceed onwards. Survey', v. To measure to view\ ;

Proj'ect, n. A design, contrivance. Tar'ry, v. To stop to delay. ;

Project', v. To plan to cast forward.

; Tar'ry, a. Full of tar.
Pro'test, n. A declaration against. Tear (tare), n. A rent ; v. To rend.
Protest', v. To declare against. Tear (teer), n. Drops of water from
Ra'rity, n. Something very scarce. the eye.
Rar'ity, n. State of thinness. Tor'ment, n. Torture pain. ;

Read, v. To peruse. Torment', v. To torture.

Read, (red), p. Did read, Transfer', v. To make over to an-
Rec'reate, v. To refresh after labor. other.
Re'-create, v. To form anew. Trans'fer, n. The act of transferring.
Reb'el, n. One who rebels. Trans'port, n. Unusual joy rap- ;

Rebel', v. To rise against and resist ture, [ture.

the law. [ory. Transport', v. To exile to enrap- ;

Rec'ollect, v. To call back to mem- Undress', v. To take off the clothes.

Re'-collect, v. To gather again. Un'dress, n. A state of partial cloth-
Rec'ord, n. A register. ing.
Record', v. To place on record. Un'derwobk, n. Subordinate labor.
Rep'use, n. That which is left or re- Underwork', v. To work at lower
jected, [with. wages.
Refuse', v. To
decline compliance Use (uce), n. Occupation utility. ;

Rep'rimand, n. A censure. Use (uze), v. To employ to make use ;

Reprimand', v. To censure; to Wind, 7i. Air put in motion, [of.

blame. Wind, i\ To turn as on a reel.
Be'pent, a. Creeping. Wound, n. A flesh-cut ; a hurt.
Repent', v. To regret ; to be contrite. Wound, v. Did wind.
 "WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 23

WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE,

BUT OF VARIOUS MEANINGS AND APPLICATIONS
Address', v. To accost. Bay, n. A hollow in the coast.
Address', n. Deportment. Bay, n. A tree.
Address', n. Dexterity. Bay, 11. In an attitude of defence.
Address', n. Direction of a letter. Bay, n. A color a kind of brown.
;

Address', n. A speech. Bay, v. To bark.

Air, n. A melody. Beam, n. A heavy ]jiece of timber.
Air, n. The fluid we breathe. Beam, 71. A ray of light.
Air, n. Manner look. ; Beam, n. Part of a scales.
An'glb, n. A corner. Bear, d. To carry.
An'gle, v. To fish with a hook. Bear, n. A rough savage animal.
Appa'rent, a. Plain visible. ;
Bear, v. To hold up.
Appa'rent, a. Seeming not real. ; Bear, v. To produce.
Arch, n. A part of a curve. Bear, d. To press.
Arch, a. Sly shrewd. ;
Bear, n. A kind of barley.
Arch, a. Chief; superior. Bea'ver, n. An animal.
Art, n. Skill. Bea'ver, n. The fur of the beaver.
Art, v. Part of the verb to be. Bea'ver, n. Part of a helmet.
Bach'elor, n. An unmarried man. Become', v. To be changed.
Bach'elor, ;i. A junior graduate. Become', v. To be suitable to.
Bait, n. To put food upon. Bee'tle, n. An insect.
Bait, v. To take refreshment. Bee'tle, n. A heavy mallet.
Bait, v. To worry with dogs. Bee'tle, v. To overhang.
Ball, n. A globe. Beg, v. To ask for with humility.
Ball, n. An entertainment of danc- Beg, v. To assume without proof.
ing. Bill, n. The beak of a bird.
Bank, n. A heap of earth. Bn.L, n. An account of money.
Bank, n. A place where money is Bill, n. A kind of axe.
kept. Bill,.??. An act before a legia-
Bank, n. A bench for rowers. lature,
Bar, n. A rail to stop a passage. Bel'let, 71. A note.
Bar, n. A bank of sand in a river. Bil'let, n. A small
log of wood.
Bar, n. A railing an enclosure.
; Bil'let, v. To
quarter soldiers.
Bark, n. The rind of a tree. Bit, n. A small piece.
Bark, n. A kind of ship. Bit, n. The mouth-piece of a
Bark, n. The noise of a dog. bridle.
Base, n. The lowest part. Bit, n. A boring tool.
Base, a. Mean worthless. ; Blade, n. The cutting part of a tool.
Baste, v. To beat with a stick. Blade, n. A leaf of grass.
Baste, v. To pour fat on roasting Blade, n. The shoulder bone.
meat. Blade, n. A sharp, lively man.
Baste, v. To sew slightly. Blow, n. A stroke.
Bat, n. A club for striking a ball. Blow, v. To puff.
iBat, n. A small, winged anim^. Blow, v. To blossom.
Bat, n. A sheet of cotton for quilt- Bluff, n. A high steep bank.
ing. Bluff, a. Coarse in manner.
Bat'ter, v. To beat ; to crush. Bluff, a. Obtuse ; blunt.
Bat'ter, n. A mixture of eggs, ifec. Bluff, n. A game at cards.
24 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

BoARix n. A thin plank. Calf, n. The young of a cow.

Board, «. To live -with for a price. Calf, n. The thick part of the legi
Board, n. A council. Can, n. A metallic vessel.
Board, To enter a ship by force.
v. Can, 1). To be able.
Bolt, n. The bar of a door. Cape, n. A headland.
Bolt, v. To sift. Cape, n. An article of dress.
Bolt, v. To leave or desert suddenly. Ca'per, v. To skip and jump.
Boot, n. Covering for the foot and leg. Ca'per, n. The bud of a plant.
Boot, n. Part of a coach. Cap'ital, a. Affecting the head or
Boot, n. Profit advantage. ; life.
Boot, n. The thing given in addition. Cap'ital, a. First in importance.
Bore, v. To make a round hole. Cap'ital, n. A
chief city.
Bore, v. To vex or weary. Cap'ital, n. Money invested iu
Bore, n. A round hole. business.
Bore, n. A thing that annoys. Card, n. A piece of stiff" paper.
Bore, n. An influx of the tide. Card, n. A kind of advertisement.
Bore, _^. Carried; sustained. Card, v. To comb wool.
Bound, n. A limit. Case, n. A covering or sheath.
Bound, n. A leap. Case, n. State of things.
Bound, v. Did bind. Case, n. Variation of nouns.
Bowl, n. A hollow dish. Case, n. An action at law.
Bowl, n. A round mass or ball. Cashier', n. One who has charge ot
Bowl, v. To roll along. money.
Box, n. A kind of tree. Cashier'j v. To dismiss for malcon-
Box, n. A case or chest. duct.
Box, n. A slap on the ear. Cast, v. To throw.
Box, «. To fight with the fists. Cast, v. To form in a mould.
Brace, v. To strengthen to make ; Cast, v. To compute to reckon. ;

firm. Cast, n. A moulded form.

Brace, n. A pair a couple. ; Cat'aract, n. A waterfall.
Brace, n. A tool. Cat'aract, n. A disease of the eye.
Brake, n. A thicket. Charge, n. A trust to defend.
Brake, n. An instrument for dressing Charge, n. Command.
flax. Charge, n. An accusation.
Brake, n. The handle of a pump. Charge, n. Cost expense.
;

Brake, n. A machine to retard the Charge, v. To load to burden.

;

motion of wheels. [brass. Charge, v. To attack.

Bra'zier, n. One who works in Chase, v. To pursue.
Bra'zier, n. A pan to hold coals. Chase, v. To adorn by raised work.
Brook, n. A stream of water. Chase, n. A printer's type frame.
Brook, v. To endure to suffer. ; Chase, 71. Hunting field sport. ;

Brush, n. An instrument for clean- Check, n. A stop restraint. ;

Brush, n. A rude assault. [ing. Check, n. A reprimand.

Brush, n. A collection of twigs or Check, n. Ad order for money.
bushes. Check, n. A mark.
Brush, v. To rub with a brush. Check, n. A kind of cloth.
Brush, v. To touch lightly on the Chord, n. The string of a musical in
surface. strument.
Brush, v. To move with haste. Chord, n. Harmony of sounds.
Butt, n. A large cask. Chord, n. The line wliich joins the
Butt, n. A kind of hinge. two ends of an arc.
Butt, n. A person who is the object Cleave, v. To adhere to stick. ;

of jests. Cleave, v. To separate.

Butt, v. To strike with the head. Cleave, v. To split off".
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 26

Club, n. A heavy stick. Craft, n. Trade manual art

;

Club, n. A society. Craft, n. Cunning.

Club, n. The name of a card. Craft, tl Sailing vessels.
Cock'le, n. A shell fish. Crane, n. A long legged bird.
Cock'le, n. A weed. Crane, n. A machine for lifting
Colla'tion, n. Comparison. weights.
Colla'tion, n. A slight repast. Crane, n. A crooked pipe.
Comb, n. An instrument for the hair. Crib, n. A rack or manger.
Comb, n. The crest of a cock. Crib, n. A small house.
Comb, n. The cells in which bees Crib, n. A child's bed.
put their honey. Crib, v. To steal.
Comb, v. To roll over as a wave. Crib, v. To confine in a small space.
Comb, n. A valley. Crick'et, n. An insect. [ball.
Comb, v. To adjust with a comb. Crick'et, n. A
game with bat and
Commit', v. To intrust. Crit'ical, a. Inclined to find fault.
Commit', v. To do to perpetrate.
; Crit'ical, a. Discerning. [point.
Commit', v. To send to prison. Crit'ical, a. Relating to turning
Concord'a^tce, n. Agreement. Crop, n. The harvest.
Concord'ance, n. An index to Crop, n. The craw of a bird.
words in the Bible. Crop, v. To cut short.
Conform', v. To make like. Cross, n. A gibbet.
Conform', v. To comply with. Cross, n. Trial of patience.
Consist'ency, n. Agreement with Cross, a. Opposite contrary.;

one's self. Cross, a. Ill-tempered.

Consist'ency, n. Thickness. Cross, prep. From side to side.
Cop'y, n. A model to be imitated. Cross, v. To pass across.
Cop'y, n. An imitation. Cross, v. To cancel.
Cord, n. A small rope. Cross, v. To thwart.
Cord, n. A measure of wood. Crow, n. A bird.
Cord'ial, a. Hearty ; sincere. Crow, n. A bar of iron.
Cord'ial, n. Any thing that comforts. Crow, v. To boast ; to exult.
Corn, n. Grain. Crow, v. To make a noise like a
Corn, n. A hard substance on the cock.
foot. Cry, v. To proclaim loudly.
Corn, v. To salt. Cry, v. To lament aloud.
Corn, n. A single seed. Cry, n. The call of an animal.
Count, v. To number. Cue, n. A braid of hair.
Count, n. A foreign title. Cue, n. A suggestion a hint. ;

Count, n. A point in an indictment. Cue, n. A turn of mind.

Count'er, n. A table in a shop. Cue, n. A rod used in billiards.
Count'er, a. Contrary to. Dam, n. The mother of an animal.
Count'er, n. One who counts. Dam, n. A bank to confine water.
Count'er, n. A substitute for Date, n. The time of an event
money. Date, n. A fruit.
Court, v. To woo to solicit. ;
Deal, n. Quantity.
Court, n. Seat of justice. Deal, n. Fir timber.
Court, n. Space before a house. Deal, v. To traffic.
Court, n. Residence of a prince. Deal, v. To distribute.
Court, n. A little street. Dear, a. Beloved prized. ;

Crab, n. A shell fish. . Dear, a. Expensive.

Crab, n. A wild apple. Deck, v. To ornament to cover. ;

Crab, n. An engine for launching Deck, n. The floor of a ship.

ships. Desert', n. That which is deserved.
Cbab, n. A moro8« person. Desert', v. To forsake.
26 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Despatch', n. Hasty execution. E'vEN, a. Level equal. ;

Despatch', v. To put to death. E'ven, n. The evening. *

Die, v. To pass from life. E'vEN, ad.v. Truly likewise. ;

Die, n. A stamp. Exact', a. Accurate.

Die, n. A little cube. Exact', -«. To demand to extort ;

Di'et, n. A course of food. Express', v. To utter to declare. ;

Di'et, n. A German parliament. Express', v>. To squeeze out.

Di'vEES, n. Those who plunge un- Express', n. A speedy conveyance.
der water. Express', a. Plain clear. ;

DiVers, a. Several. Fair, a. Pleasing handsome. ;

Divine', a. Godlike ;heavenly. Fair, a. Just honest. ;

Divine', n. A theologian. Fair, a. Clear pleasant. ;

Divine', i). To foretell to predict.

; Fair, n. A large market.
Divine', ^. To guess; to conjecture. '

Fare, n. Price of passage.

Dock, n. A plant a weed.
; Fare, n. Food for the table.
Dock, i). To cut off. Fast, a. Firmly fixed.
Dock, A place in court.
n. Fast, a. Swift,
Dock, n. A place where ships lie. Fast, n. Abstinence from food.
Dom'ino, n. A kind of hood, Fawn, n. A young deer.
Dom'ino, n. A flat piece of ivory dot- Fawn, To court servilely.
T).

ted like dice. Feed, x. To give food to.

Down, n. Soft feathers. Feed, ^j?. Paid; rewarded.
Down, n. An open plain. Fell, v. Did fall.
Down, n. A sand bank in the sea. Fell, v. To cut down.
Down, adv. Not up. Fell, a. Cruel barbarous. ;

Draw, v. To drag along. Fell, n. A barren hill.

Draw, v. To let out a liquid. Fel'low, n. An associate.
Draw, v. To delineate. Fel'low, n. One of a pair.
Draw, n. To attract toward. Fel'low, n. A mean wretch.
Drill, v. To bore holes. Fel'low, n. A trustee of a college.
Drill, u. To exercise recruits. Fel'on, n. A criminal.
Drone, n. The male honey bee. Fel'on, n. A painful tumor.
Drone, n. A sluggard. Felt, v. Perceived by the touch.
Drone, n. A humming noise. Felt, n. Cloth formed without
Drone, v. To live in idleness. weaving.
Drone, v. To read in a dull tone. Fer'ret, n. A kind of weasel.
Drug, n. A medicinal substance. Fer'ret, n. A kind of narrow tape.
Drug, n. An unsaleable thing. Fer'ret, v. To drive out of a lurk>
Drug, v. To give dru^^s to. ing-place.
Dun, a. Dark-colored. Fig'ure, n. Form shape. ;

Dun, «. To call for payment. Fig'ure, n. A number.

Ear, n. The organ of hearing. Fig'ure, n. A statue.
Ear, n. A spike of com. Fig'ure, n. A form of speech.
Egg, n. A body laid by birds. File, n. A fine rasp. [put.
Egg, v. To incite. File, n. A wire on which papers arc
Eld'er, a. Older. File, n. A line of soldiers.
Eld'er, n. The name of a shrub. File, «. To place on a file.
Ellip'sis, n. An omission of words. Fil'let, n. A small band on the hair.
Ellip'sis, n. An oval. Fil'let, n. Part of a leg of veaL
Engross', v. To occupy the whole. Fine, a. Not coarse.
Engross', v. To copy writings. Fine, a. Splendid.
Entertain', v. To amuse. Fine, n. A forfeit.
Entertain', «. To hold in the Firm, a. Strong steady. ;

mind. Firm, n. The name of a partnership.

 ,

WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOTTN^CED ALIKE. 27

Fit, z. Proper; suitable. Gal 'ley, n. A printer's frame.

Fit, n. A
paroxysm. Gal'ley, n. A boat.
Fit, v. To suit. Gal'ley, n. The kitchen in a ship.
Fit, n. An interyal. Game, n. An amusement.
FtjAG., ii. A water plant. Game, n. A single match of play.
Flag, n. A broad flat stone. Game, n. Animals taken by hunting.
Flag, n. An ensign or standard. Gin, n. A machine for clearing cot«
Flag, v. To hang loose. ton seeds.
Flag, v. To grow spiritless. Gin, n. An alcoholic liquor.
Flat'ter, a. More flat. Gin, n. A snare.
Flat'ter, v. To praise falsely. Gloss, n. A
smooth shining surface.
Fleet, n. A company of ships. Gloss, n. A
comment.
Fleet, a. Moving rapidly. Gore, n. Clotted blood.
Flue, n. A passage for smoke. Gore, 71. A triangular piece.
Flue, n. Soft fur or down. Gore, v. To cut triangularly.
Foil, n, A blunt sword. Gore, v. To pierce with a horn.
Foil, A
thin plate of metal.
n. Grain, n. Corn.
Foil,v. To baffle to defeat.
; !
Grain, n. A single seed.
Fold, n. An enclosure for sheep. Grain, n. Any minute particle.
A Grain, n. A small weight.
I

Fold, n. double. '

Foot, n. The extremity of the leg. Grain, v. To represent the veins of

Foot, n. The base. wood.
Foot, n. A measure. Grate, n. A range of bars.
Force, n. Strength. Grate, d. To rub on a rough sur-
Force, «. To compel. face.
Forge, v. To form by the hammer. Grate, v. To make a harsh noise.
Forge, «. To counterfeit. Grate'ful, a. Thankful.
Forge, n. A furnace where iron is Grate'ful, a. Agreeable pleasing. ;

heated. Grave, a. Solemn serious. ;

Form'er, w. Maker; author. Grave, n. The place of burial.

For'mer, a. Before in time. Grave, v. To carve figures.
For'tune, n. Chance luck. ; Graze, v. To feed on grass.
For'tune, n. Wealth riches. ; Graze, v. To touch lightly in passing.
Found, v. Did find. Green, a. Colored like grass.
FouyD, To establish.
X). Green, a. Fresh new. ;

Found, To cast.
v. Green, a. Unripe immature. ;

Found'er, n. One who establishes. Gross, a. Large ; coarse.

Found'er, n. One who moulds metals. Gross, I
a. Indelicate ; rude.
Found'er, v. To fill with water and Gross, n. The weight of all parts to-
sink. i
gether.
Fret, n. Raised work in architec- '

Gross, n. Twelve dozen.

Fret, v. To be peevish. [ture. i
Ground, n. The earth the soil. ;

Fret, v. To wear away by rubbing. Ground, pp. Reduced to powder.

Frieze, n. A term in architecture. Ground, v. To run aground.
Frieze, n. A coarse cloth. Ground, v. To base to establish. ;

Fry, n. A swarm of young fishes. Ground, pp. Sharpened by grind-

Fry, v. To cook in a pan. Gull, n. One easily cheated. [ing.
Full'er, a. Nearer full. Gull, n. A sea-bird.
Full'er, n. A cleanser of cloth. Gull, v. To trick to cheat.
I

Fuse, v. To liquefy by hea<^ Gust, n. Sense of tasting relish. ;

Fuse, n. A combustible tube. Gust, n. A sudden, violent blast.

Gall, n. An excrescence on the oak. \
Hab'it, n. State of a thing.
Gall, n. A secretion of the body. j
Hab'it, n. Custom.
Gall, n. Malignity. I Hab'it, n. Dress,
2S Smith's hand-book: of etymology.

Hail, n. Frozen rain. Ken'nel, n. A dog house.

Hail, v. To call to from a distance. Ken'nel, n. The gutter of a street.
Hail, v. To salute. Key, n. An instrument to open a
Halt'er, n. One who limps. lock.
Hal'ter, n. A rope to hang criminals. Key, n. That which solves a diffi-
Ham'peRjTi. a large packing basket. culty.
Ham'per,jj. To perplex. Kind, n. Species sort. ;

Hatch, V. To produce young from Kind, a. Ready to confer favors.

Hatch, n. A half door. [eggs. Kite, n. A bird of prey.
Hawk, n. A bird. Kite, n. A paper toy to fly.
Hawk, v. To force up phlegm. Lace, n. A string.
Hawk, v. To offer for sale by out- Lace, n. Fine net work.
cry in the streets. Lake, n. "Water surrounded by land
Heav'en, n. The sky. Lake, n. A color.
Heay'en, n. The eternal abode of the Lap, v. To lick up.
good. Lap, v. To fold over.
Help, v. To assist to aid. ; Lap, n. The part formed by the knees
Help, v. To avoid to prevent.
; in a sitting posture.
Hem, n. The sewed border of a gar- Last, a. Latest.
ment. Last, v. To endure.
Hem, n. A voluntary cough. Last, n. The mould on which shoes
Hide, n. The skin of an animal. are made. [woods.
Hide, v. To conceal. Lawn, n. An open space between
Hind, a. Backward. Lawn, n. A linen fabric.
Hind, n. A female deer. Lay, v. To place down.
Hind, n. A peasant. Lay, v. To wager.
Hob'bt, n. A species of falcon. Lay, v. Did lie.
Hob'by, n. A pacing horse. Lay, n. A song.
Hob'by, n. A favorite pursuit. Lay, a. Not clerical.
Hop, v. To jump on one leg. Lean, v. To incline.
Hop, n. A climbing plant. Lean, n. Muscular part of flesh
Host, n. The master of a feast. Lean, a. Not fat thin. ;

Host, n. Landlord of an inn. Leave, n. Permission.

Host, n. An army. Leave, n. Departure.
Host, n. Any great number. Leave, v. To forsake.
Hue, n. Color. Leave, «. To suffer to remain.
Hue, n. An outcry. Leave, v. To refer for decision.
In'stant, a. Urgent immediate. ; Left, pp. Not taken.
In'stant, n. A moment. Left, a. Pertaining to the left hand.
I'rony, a. Partaking of iron. Let, «. To permit.
I'rony, n. Mockery. Let, v. To lease.
Jam, n. A conserve of fruits. Let, n. Hindrance.
Jam, v. To wedge in. Let'ter, n. A mark used in writing^
Jar, n. An earthen vessel. Let'ter, n. A written message.
Jar, n. A rattling sound. Let'ter, n. One who lets.
Jar, v. To clash to shake.
; Lie, v. To rest.
Jet, n. A black fossil. Lie, v. To utter falsehoods.
Jet, n. A spout of water. Lie, n. A fiction.
Jet, v. To project. Light, a. Not heavy.
Jour'nal, n. A daily register. Light, a. Trivial frivolous.;

Jour'nal, n. The part of a shaft which Light, «. To settle on.

revolves upon a support. Light, v. To set on fire.
Just, a. Rif :ht. Light, n. That by which objects arc
Just, adv. Ixactly; nearly. rendered perceptible to the sight,
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 29

Light'en, v. To fill with light. Man'gle, v. To cut and tear.

LiGHT'EN, V. To make less heavy. Man'gle, v. To smooth linen.
Light'en, v. To flash as lightning. Manifest, a. Plain not ; con-
Light'er, n. One who lights. cealed.
Light'er, n. A large open boat. Man'ifest, 71. A list of the cargo
Like, a. Resembling. of a ship.
Like;, v. To approve. Man'ifest, v. To make appear ; to
Like, adv. As. show.
Lime, n. A calcareous earth. March, n. The third month.
Lime, n. The linden tree. March, v. To walk in procession.
Lime, n. A species of lemon. Mash, n. A mixture.
Line, n. A string. Mash, v. To crush.
Line, v. To cover inside. Mast, n. The fruit of forest trees.
Line, n. That which has length Mast, n. The spar to which the sails
without breadth. of a ship are fixed.
Link, n. A single ring of a chain. Match, n. One that suits with an-
Link, v. To connect. other.
Link, n. A torch. Match, n. A contest ; a game.
List, n. A limit a bound. ; Match, v. To equal to suit.
;

List, v. To wish to choose. ; Match, n. A thing that easily in-

List, n. A roll or catalogue. flames.

List, v. To listen to hear'ken. ; Mat'ter, n. Material substance.
List, n. A
strip of cloth. Mat'ter, n. Subject of discourse.
List, n. The inclination of a ship Mat'ter, n. Consequence.
to one side. Mat, n. The fifth month.
Lit'ter, n. A
portable bed. May, v. To be able.
Lit'ter, n. Straw laid under animals. Mead, n. A meadow.
Lit'ter, n. A
number of things in dis- Mead, n. Honeywine.
order, Meal, n. A repast.
Lit'ter, n. Abrood of young ani- Meal, n. The flour of com.
mals. Mean, a. Low base. ;

Lock, n. Any thing that fastens. Mean, a. Middle moderate. ;

Lock, n. A tuft of hair. Mean, n. A middle state.

Lock, n. An inclosure in a canal. Mean, v. To intend to signify. ;

Long, a. Protracted. Meet, v. To come together.

Long, v. To desire earnestly. Meet, a. Proper suitable. ;

Lot, v. To sort to portion.

; Mew, n. A sea fowl.
Lot, n. Fortune chance. ; Mew, «.To cry as a cat.
Lot, n. A quantity of goods. Mew, v.To shut up.
Lot, n. A field. Mine, n. A cavern dug for minerals.
Low, a. Not high humble. ; Mine, pro. Belonging to me.
Low, V. To bellow as a cow. Mint, n. A plant.
Mace, a. An ensign of authority. Mint, n. A place where money ii
Mace, n. A kind of spice. coined.
Magazine', n. A storehouse. Min'ute, n. Sixty seconds.
Magazine', n. A pamphlet. Min'tjte, 71. A
short record.
Mail, n. Armor. Mole, n. A little animal.
Mail, n. A post bag. Mole, n. A spot on the skin.
Main, a. Chief. Mole, n. A mound.
Main, n. Strength. • Mood, n. The inflection of a verb.
Main, n. The ocean. Mood, n. Temper.
Main, n. The continent. Moor, n. A marsh or fen.
Mall, w. A heavy beetle. Moor, n. A native of Barbary.
Mall, n. A public* walk. Moor, v. Te anchor a vesseL
30 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Mor'tar, n. Cement for bricks. Palm, n. A tree.

Mor'tar, n. A short wide cannon Palm, n. Victory triumph. ;

for bombs. Palm, n. The inner part of the hand

Mor'tar, n. A vessel in which sub- Palm, v. To impose upon by fraud.
stances are pulverized. Palm, n. A hand's breadth.
Mould, n. The ground in which plants Pan'el, n. A list of jurors.
grow. Pan'el, n. A small board set in a
Mould, n. A shape or model.
I

frame.
Mould, v. To form. ! Pap, n. A nipple ; a teat.
Mould, n. A substance which gathers Pap, n. Soft food.
on bodies in a damp place. Pan'ic, n. Sudden fright.
Mould 'er, v. To turn into dust. Pan'ic, n. A plant.
Mould'er, n. One who shapes. Par'tial, a. Inclined to favor.
Must, v. To be compelled. Par'tial, a. Affecting a part only.
Must, v. To mould. Paste, n. A mixture of flour and
Must, n. New wine. water.
Nail, n. A s'harp spike of iron. Paste, n. Imitations of precious
Nail, n. A measure of cloth. stones.
Nail, ji. The covering of the finger Pat, a. Exactly suiting.
Kap, n. A short sleep. [tip. Pat, v. To strike lightly.
N'ap, n. The down on cloth. • Pa'tient, a. Enduring calmly.
Neat, n. An ox or cow. Pa'tient, n. A person under the care
NiEAT, a. Elegant ; cleanly. of a doctor.
Nerv'ous, a. Strong vigorous. ; Peck, n. A quarter of a bushel.
Nerv'ous, a. Having weak nerves. Peck, v. To pick up food with the
Net, n. A texture of twine. beak.
Net, n. Clear after all deductions. Peck, v. To strike with a pointed
No, a. Not any. instrument.
No, adv. The word of denial. Peer, n. An equal.
Oblige', v. To compel. Peer, n. A nobleman.
Oblige', d. To please. Peer, To look narrowly.
ti.

Or'der, n. Regularity. Pelt, n. A skin or hide.

Or'der, n. A command. Pelt, v. To strike with something
Or'der, n. A class. [sense. thrown.
Or'gan, n. A natural instrument of Pen, n. An instrument to write with.
Or'gan, n. A musical wind instru- Pen, n. A small enclosure.
ment. Perch, n. A kind of fish.
Ounce, n. A small weight. Perch, n. A roosting place.
Ounce, n. An animal like a panther. Perch, n. A measure.
Pack'et, n. A small bundle. Pet, n. A slight passion.
Pack'et, n. A boat. Pet, n. A favorite.
Pad, n. A road. Pie, n. Types unsorted.
Pad, n. A soft saddle or cushion. Pie, n. Fruit baked with paste.
Paint 'er, n. One who paints. Pike, n. A
kind of fish.
Paint'er, n. A rope us'^d to fasten Pike, n. A
long lance.
Pale, a. Wanting color. [a boat. Pike, n. The gate of a turnpike.
Pale, n. A narrow board. Pile, n. A
beam driven.
Pale, n. An inclosure. Pile, n. heap. A
Pall, n. A mantle of state. Pile, n. Nap a hairy surface.
;

Pall, n. A covering for the dead. Pile, n. The liead of an arrow.

Pall, v. To become insipid. Pine, n. A
kind of tree.
Pal'let, n. A small or rude bed. Pine, v. To languish.
Pal'let, n. A board on which a Pin'ion, n. wing. A
painter holds his colors. Pin'ion, n. Fetters for t\iQ arm*.
 ;

WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 31

Pm'iON, V. To confine by binding Post, n. A piece of timber set upright.

the arms. Post, n. A messenger.
Pin 'ion, n. A small wheel working Post, n. Ofiice ; employment.
in the teeth of a larger wheel. Post, n. A station.
Pink, n. A
flower. Post, v. To travel quickly.
Pink, n. A
color. Post, v. To transcribe into a ledger.
Pink, n. The summit of excellence. Pounce, n. A fine powder.
Pitch, n. Thickened tar. Pounce, v. To fall on suddenly.
Pitch, ?i. Degree of elevation. Pounce, n. Cloth with eyelet holes.
Pitch, v. To throw headlong. Pounce, n. The claw of a bird of
Pitch, v. To fix to set up. ; prey.
Pitch, v. To throw. [throws. Pound, n. Twenty shillings.
Pitch'er, n. One who pitches or Pound, n. A prison for stray beasts.
Pitch'er, n. An earthen vessel. Pound, n. A weight.
Plane, n. A level surface. Pound, v. To beat heavily.
Plane, /?. A carpenter's tool. Precip'itate, v. To tumble head-
Plane, a. Level even flat. ; ; long, [hasty.
Plant, 7i. A vegetable. [grow. Precip'itate, a. Headstrong
Plant, v. To put in the ground to Precipitate, n. A sediment.
Plant, v. To set. Prefer', v. To choose before another.
Plate, n. A shallow dish. Prefer', v. To promote.
Plate, n. Wrought silver. Pretend', v. To represent falsely.
Plate, n. A flat piece of metal. Pretend', v. To lay claim.
Poach, v. To boil slightly. Prime, a. First in time.
Poach, v. To steal game. Prime, a. First-rate highest. ;

Poach, v. To tread soft ground. Prime, n. The best part.

Point, n.The sharp end. Prime, v. To put j)owder so as to fire
Point, n.Place station.; a charge.
Point, d. To aim to show. ; Prime, d. To apply a first coat of
Point, v. To sharpen. paint.
Poke, n. A pouch a pocket. ;
Pri'or, a. Preceding in time.
Poke, n. A lazy, dawdling person. Pri'or, n. The chief monk of a
Poke, v. To push forward. convent.
Poke, v. To grope, feel, or push one's Prune, 'v. To cut off branches.
way. Prune, n. A dried plum.
Pole, n. A long piece of timber. Pulse, n. The motion of an artery.
Pole, n. A measure. Pulse, n. Beans, peas, &c.
Pole, n. The extremity of an axis. Pump, n. xin engine to raise water.
Pole, n. A native of Poland. Pump, n. A light shoe.
Pol'lard, n. A tree having its top Punch, 71. A mixed liquor.
cut off. Punch, v. To push with fist.
Pol 'lard, n. A mixture of bran and Punch, n. An instrument for cut
meal. ting holes.
Pore, n^ A small opening. Pu'piL, n. The apple of the eye.
Pore, v. To look earnestly. Pu'piL, n. A
scholar.
Port, n. A harboro Pu'piL, n. A
^. ard.

Port, a A gate. Pur'chase, v. To buy.

Port, n. The gun hole in a ship. Pur'chase, n. Convenience for us*
Port, n. A kind of wine. ing force.
Port, n. Carriage demeanoft ; Purl, i\ To decorate with fringe.
Port, n. The left side of a ship. Purl, v. To flow will] a gentle noise,
Por'ter, n. A door keeper. Purl, n. A malt liquor.
Por'ter, n. A carrier, Quail, n. A bird.
Por'ter, n. Strong; beer. Quail, v. To quake ; to tremble.
32 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Quar'ter, n. Fourth part. Rent, j

n. A tear ; a break.
Quar'ter, n. Mercy shown by a con- Rent, n. Money paid for holding a
queror. thing.
Quar'ter, n. Eight bushels. Rest, n. Repose.
Quar'ter, v. To lodge soldiers. Rest, n. Remainder.
Quar'ter, n. A particular region, Rid'dle, n. A puzzling question.
Quar'tered, pp. Divided into four I
Rid'dle, n. A sieve.
equal parts. Rid'dle, v. To make many holes in.
Quar'tered, pp. Stationed for Rig, v. To dress.
lodging, &c. Rig, n. A trick.
Quar'ry, n. Place from which stones Right, a. Correct.
are dug. Right, a. Straight.
Quar'ry, n. The game flown at by a Right, a. Not left.
hawk. i
Right, n. Justice.
Quiv'er, n. A case for arrows. Right, n. Just claim.
Quiy'er, v. To shake or tremble. Ring, n. A circle.
Race, n. A generation. Ring, v. To sound.
Race, n. A contest in running. rings.Ring, 'd. To fit with
Rack, n. A frame. Road, n. A way.
Rack, n. A liquor. Road, n. A place at sea where ships
Rack, «j. To torture. may anchor.
Rack, v. To draw off from the lees. Rock, n. A vast mass of stone.
Rail, n. A bar. Rock, x>. To move backward and
Rail, v. To use insolent language. forward.
Rail, n. A bird. Rock'et, n. A plant.
Rake, n. A farming instrument. Rock'et, n. A species of firework.
Rake, n. A vicious man. Roe, n. A female deer.
Ral'ly, «. To come back to order. Roe, n. The eggs of fish.
Ral'ly, ^>. To banter; to jeer. Rose, n. A flower.
Ram, n. A male sheep. Rose, v. Did rise.
Ram, V. To drive in violently. Rout, n. A clamorous multitude.
Rank, a. Overgrown. Rout, v. To defeat and disperse.
Rank, a. Rancid. Row, t. To impel with oars.
Rank, n. Dignity. Row, n. Things in a line.
Rank, n. A row. Rue, n. A plant.
Rar'ity, n. A
scarce thing. Rue, 'd. To regret.
Rar'ity, n. Thinness. Rush, n. A plant. [lence.
Rash, a. Acting without caution. Rush, v. To move forward with vio-
Rash, n. An eruption. Sa'ble, n. A kind of weasel.
Ray, n. A fish. Sa'ble, a. Black dark. ;

Ray, n. A beam of light. Sack, n. A large bag.

Rear, n. The hinder part. Sack, n. A kind of wine.
Rear, ©. To raise up. Sack, v. To plunder.
Rear, v. To educate. Sack, n. A kind of coat.
Heef, n. A portion of a sail. Sage, n. A plant.
Reef, n. A chain of rocks under Sage, a. Wise prudent.
;

water. Sap, n. The juice of plants.

Rbfu'sal, n. A denial. Sap, v. To undermine.
Refu'sal, n. The right of choice. Sash, n. A belt.
Rend'er, n. One who tears. Sash, n. A window frame
Ren'der, «. To restore. Saw, n. A proverb.
Rbn'der, 1). To go or pass freely. Saw, «. Did see.
Ren'der, v. To translate ; to con- Saw, n. A toothed instrument for cut'
strue. ting.
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 33

Scale, n. The dish of a balance. Sin'gular, a. Single.

Scale, n. A little shell on a fish's Sin'gular, a. Remarkable.
skin. Sin'gular, a. Unusual odd. ;

Scale, n. A regular gradation. Sink, n, A drain.

Scale, v. To climb. Sink, v. To go down.
Scale, v. To peel off in thin pieces. Size, n. Bulk.
Screen, n. Something that affords Size, n. A sticky substance.
shelter or concealment. Sledge, n. A heavy hammer.
Screen, n. A kind of sieve. Sledge, n. A vehicle with low wheels.
Screen, v. To protect ;to hide. Slug, n. A piece of metal.
Screen, v. To sift ;to separate. Slug, n. A slow, lazy fellow.
Scut'tle, n. A hole in a roof or Smack, n. A loud kiss.
deck. [haste. Smack, n. A quick, smart blow.
Scut'tle, v. To run with affected Smack, n. A fishing vessel.
Scut'tle, n. A utensil for coal. Smelt, n. A small sea fish.
Scut'tle, v. To make holes in, in Smelt, v. To melt ore.
order to sink. Smelt, v. Did smell.
SEAii, n. The sea calf. Snarl, v. To growl.
Seal, n. A stamp. Snarl, n. Entanglement.
Sba'son, n. One of the four parts Soil, n. The ground land. ;

of the year. Soil, v. To make dirty.

Sea'son, 71. A fit time. Sole, n. The bottom of the foot.
Sea'son, v. To give a relish to. Sole, n. A small sea fiah.
Sea'son, v. To prepare for use by Sole, a. Single only.;

time. Sound, n. A noise.

See, «. To perceive by the eye. Sound, n A shallow sea.
See, n. A diocese. Sound, n. A probe.
Sen'tence, 71. To doom. Sound, a. Uninjured.
Sen'tence, n. An assemblage of Souse, n. Pickle made of salt.
words making complete sense. Souse, v. To plunge into water.-
Set, v. To place. Spar, n. A mast or boom.
Set, v. To bring to a fine edge. Spar, n, A mineral.
Set, v. To sink below the horizon. Spar, v. To dispute.
Set, n. A
number of things suited to Spell, n. A charm.
each other. Spell, n. A short time.
Shaft, n. An arrow. [pit. Spell, n. A turn of work.
Shaft, n. A
narrow perpendicular Spell, v. To indicate the proper lat*
Shaft, n. The pole of a carriage. ters of a word.
Shed, n. A
building. Spir'it, n. The soul of man.
Shed, v. To cause to flow. Splr'it, n. Temper courage. ;

Sheer, a. Unmingled pure. ;

Spir'it, n. A
distilled liquor.
Sheer, v. To turn aside. Spit, n. A
long iron prong.
Sheer, a. Very thin. Spit, n. Saliva.
Sheet, n. A broad piece of cloth. Spit, v. To eject from the mouth.
Sheet, n. A rope. Spit, v. To turn up ground ,dth a
Shoal, n. A great multitude. spade. [der.
Shoal, n. A sand bank under water. Spoke, n. A bar of a wheel or lad-
Shoal, a. Shallow. Spoke. Fret, of speak.
Shore, n. The coast. Spring, n. One of the seasons.
Shore, n. A prop under a building. Spring, n. An elastic body.
Shrub, n. A bush. Spring, n. A leap.
Shrub, n. An alcoholic mixture. Spring, n. A fountain.
Sig'nal,, n. A sign to give a notice. Spring, ». To rise, or come forth.
Sig'nal, a. Eminent: Spring, «?. To leap to jump. ;
34 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Spruce, a. Neat without elegance. Stock'ing, ^jt?r. Filling.

Spruce, n. A tree. Stock'ing, n. A cover for the leg.
Sta'ble, a. Fixed firm.
; Stocks, n. The public funds.
Sta'ble, n. A house for beasts. Stocks, n. A
place of punishment.
Staff, n. A stick. Stocks, n. The frame on which
Staff, n. A stanza. ships are built.
Staff, n. A
number of officers. Stoop, v. To bend forward.
Stake, n. A stick. Stoop, n. A drinking vessel.
Stake, n. A thing at hazard. Stoop, n. The steps to a door.
Stalk, v. To walk with lofty steps. Sto'ry, a. A narrative or history.
Stalk, n. The stem of a plant. Sto'ry, n. A falsehood.
Stall, n. A crib for an animal. Sto'ry, n. A floor of a building.
Stall, n. A bench on which any thing Sto'ry, n. An anecdote.
is exposed for sale. Strain, v. To filter.
Stand'ard, n, A flag. Strain, v. To sprain.
Stand'ard, n. A rule of measure. Strain, v. To force.
Sta'plb, n. A loop of metal. Strain, n. Style.
Sta'ple, n. A principal commodity, Strain, n. A passage of music.
Sta'ple, n. The fibre of cotton, &c. Strand, n. A shore or beach.
Sta'ple, a. Settled. Strand, n. One of the parts of a
State, n. Condition. Stroke, n. A blow. [rope.
State, n. Dignity grandeur.
;
Stroke, v. To rub gently.
State, n. A civil community. Stud, n. A piece of tiniber.
State, n. A district of country. Stud, n. A kind of button.
State, v. To make known. Stud, n. A nail.
Stave, n. A narrow piece of wood. Stud, n. A collection of horses.
Stave, v. To break in pieces. Sty, n. A hog pen.
Stave, v. To prevent to delay. ; Sty, n. A
tumor on the eyelid.
Stay, «. To continue in a place. Succeed', «. To follow.
Stat, v. To support. Succeed', v. To prosper.
Stay, «?. To stand still. Sup'fer, v. To permit to allow. ;

Stay, n. A prop a support.

;
Suf'fer, v. To endure to bear. ;

Steep, a. Precipitous. Suit, n. set.A

Steep, t?. To soak. Suit, n. Courtship.
Steer, n. A young bullock. Suit, n. Prosecution.
Steer, v. To direct a course. Suit, v. To fit.
Stem, n. A stalk. Swal'low, n. A bird.
Stem, n. The fore part of a ship. Swal'low, v. To take dova\ the throat,
Stem, «. To bear up against. Ta'ble, n. An article of furniture.
Stern, a. Severe. Ta'ble, n. An index ; a list.

Stern, n. The hind part of a ship. Tack, v. To join ; to fasten.

Stick, n. A piece of wood. Tack, n. A small nail.
Stick, ®. To pierce to stab. ; Tack, v. To change the course of a
Stick, «. To adhere. ship.
Still, a. Quiet. Tap, v. To pierce a cask.
Still, c. To calm. Tap, v. To strike a very gentle blow.
Still, n. A vessel for distilling. Ta'per, n. A small light,
Still, adv. This time. Ta'per, v. To grow smaller towards
Still, conj. Notwithstanding. Tare, n. A weed, [the end.
Stock, n. The stem of a tree. Tare, n. An allowance.
Stock, n. A family a race. ; Tart, a. Sour sharp of taste.
;

Stock, n. The capital of a merchant. Tart, n. A kind of pie.

Stock, n. The wooden part of a gun. Tar'tar, n. An acid salt.
Stock, n. Supply provided. Tar'tar, n. An iJ-natured person.
 WORDS SPELLED AND PRONOUNCED ALIKE. 36

Tattoo', n. A drum beat. Trip, v. To strike the foot against.

Tattoo', v. To mark the skin. Trip, n. A stumble.
Tend, v. To go towards. Troop, n. A
company.
Tend, v. To watch to guard.; Troop, n. Horse soldiers.
Tend'er, n, A attendant. Trump, n. A winning card.
Ten'der, a. Soft. Trump, v. To impose upon.
Ten'der, v. To offer. Trump, n. A musical instrument.
Tick, n. Trust credit. ; Tum'bler, n. A posture master.
Tick, n. A little insect. Tum'bler, n. A drinking-glass.
Tick, v. To make a small noise. Twine, v. To twist.
Tick, n. The case of a bed. Twine, n. A small cord.
Till, v. To cultivate. Ush'er, v. To introduce.
Till, n. A
money box. Ush'er, n. An underteacher.
Till, conj. To the time. Vault, n. A cellar.
Till'er, n. One who cultivates. Vault, v. To leap.
Till'er, n. The handle of a rudder Verge, n. Brink edge. ;

Tilt, n. An awning. Verge, v. To tend towards.

Tilt, v. To set in a slanting position. Verge, n. The mace of a dean.
TiLT^ V. To thrust a weapon at. Verge, n. A shaft in a watch.
Tilt, n. A friendly encounter. Vice, n. A machine for griping.
Tire, n. A head dress. Vice, n. Wickedness.
Tire, n. The iron band of a wheel. Vice. In the place of.
Tire, v.To fatigue. Wa'ges, n. Pay for services.
Toil, v. To work hard. Wa'ges, v. Carries on.
Toil, n. A net ; a snare. Wax, To smear with wax.
v.
Toll, v. To sound with slow strokes. Wax, v. To grow to increase.;

Toll, n. A tax for some benefit con- Wax, n. The substance of which the
ferred. honey comb is formed.
ToNB, n. Sound. Wear, n. The act of wearing.
Tone, n. Elasticity. Wear, n. A kind of dam.
Top, 71. The highest part of any Wear, v. To impair by friction.
thing. Wear, v. To carry upon the person.
Top, n. A toy. Well, n. A deep narrow pit of waxer.
Trap, n. An instrument for catching. Well, a. Being in health.
Trap, v. To adorn. Well, adjv. Rightly properly. ;

Treat, v. To negotiate. Whist, Be silent be still.

intj. ;

Treat, v. To discourse on. Whist, n. A game at cards.

Treat, v. To behave towards. Wound, v. Did wind.
Treat, n. A feast. Wound, n. A hurt.
Treat, v. To entertain with food or Yard, n. An enclosure of ground.
drink without charge. Yard, 71. A measure.
Trip, v. To run or step lightly. Yard, n. A long piece of timber to
Trip, n. An excursion. extend the sails of a ship.
36 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

RULES FOK SPELLING

Unle I.

Words of one syllable ending with /, I, or «, preceded by a single vowelj

double the final letter ; as,
 RULES FOR SPELLING. 37

Rule IV.
Wordsof one syllable, when they end with a single consonant preceded
by a single vowel, double their final letter before a suffix that begins with a
vowel ; as,

Bag bag'gage Let let'ting

Chap chap'ping Man man'ned
Dig dig'ging Rob robl^er
Fib fib'bing Stab stab'bing
Gab gablDle Trod trod'den

Rule V.
accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant
Words
preceded by a single vowel, double their final letter before a suffix that be-
gins with a vowel.
Note 1. —
The accent of the derivative must continue on the same syllable as in the
radical ; thus, refer' with ihle gives refer'rible ^double rr), but in referable the accent
is changed, and we have single r; also, prefer, preference; confer', conference re ;

fer', rererence.
—
Note 2. The final vowel is doubled after a vowel preceded by g-w, the same as if it
were a single vowel.
—
Note 3. X, y, and k are never doubled in English words. Words derived from
gas have only one s, as gases.
Abet' abet'-tor Inter' inter'-ring
Beget' beget'-ting Prefer' prefer'-ring
Beset' beset'-ting Refer' refer'-ring
Compel' compel'-ling Concur' concur'-ring
Excel' excel'-ling Demur' demur'-ring

Rule VI.
The final consonant of a word, when not preceded by a single vowel, or
when the accent is not on the last syllable, remains single on the addition
of a suffix.

—
Note. It has been the practice to double the I in all words ending in I preceded
by a single vowel, though not accented on the last syllable, when a syllable was added
commencing with a vowel but it evidently accords with the analogy of the language,
;

that all such words should conform to the rule.

Trav'-el
3S SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Rule VIII.
Words ending with any double letter, preserve it double before any addi-
tional termination not beginning with the same letter ; as,

Woo
 RULES FOR SPKLLTNO. ao

Rule XI.
The following words, ending with e preceded by c, change the e into i be-
fore a suffix commencing with a vowel.
Space
Ra'-cy
 :

BULE8 FOR SPELLING. 41

Rule XVII.
The y of a radical word, when preceded by
final «, is generally omitted
before a suffix beginning with a or o.
Pu'-n-ty pu'-ri-tan Eq'-ni-ty eq'-ui-ta-ble
Fe-lic'-i-ty fe-lic'-i-tous In-iq'-ni-ty in-iq'-ui-tous
Gra-tu'-i-ty gra-tu'-i-tous Ca-lam'-i-ty ca-lam'-i-tous
Ne-ces'-si-ty ne-ces'-si-tous Fa-tu'-i-ty fa-tu'-i-tous
U-biq'-ui-ty u-biq'-ui-tous Grav'-i-ty '
grav'-i-tate

Rule XVIII.
Words ending with le preceded by a consonant, drop the le upon receiving
the suffix ly.

Nim'-ble nim'-bly Peace'-a-ble peace'-a-bly

Hum'-ble hum'-bly Mov'-a-ble mov'-a-bly
No'-ble no'-bly Af'-fa-ble af'-fa-bly
Doub'-le doub'-ly Laugh'-a-ble laugh'-a-bly
Peb'ble peb'-bly Blam'-a-ble blam'-a-bly

Rule XIX.
Words ending with ble, upon taking the suffix ity or iUes, take i between
the letters 5 and I.

A'-ble a-bil'-i-ty Mu'-ta-ble mu-ta-bil'-i-ty

Sta'-ble sta-bil'-i-ty Pra'-ti-ca-ble prac-ti-ca-bil'-i-ty
Li'-a-ble li-a-bil^-i-ty Sep'-a-ra-ble sep-a-ra-bil'-i-ty
Ca'-pa-ble ca-pa-bil'-i-ty Ad'-mi-ra-ble ad-mi-ra-bil'-i-ty
Du'-ra-ble du-ra-bil'-i-ty A'-mi-a-ble a-mi-a-bir-i-ty

Rule XX.
The plural number of nouns is regularly formed by adding 8 0T esto the
singular.
Note. —When the singular ends with a sound which will unite with that of «, the
plural generally formed by adding s only, and the number of syllables is not in-
is
creftsed but when the sound of s cannot be united with that of the primitive word,
;

the regular plural adds s to final e, and es to other terminations, and forms a separate
syllable.

Mob mobs
Pen
Bed
Lid
Babe

Rule XXI.
The following words ending with d, change the d into s in the annexed
derivatives, for euphony
De-fend' de-fense' de-fen'-sive
Of-fend' of-fense' of-fens'-ive
^ Ex-pend' • ex-pense' '
ex-pen'-sive
In-tend' in-tense' in-ten'-sive
Pre-tend' pre-tense' pre-ten'-sion
Dis-pend' dis-pense' dis-pens'-ing
Ex-pand' * ex-panse' ex-pan'-sive
 :

43 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Pro-pend' pro-pense' pro-pen'-si-ty

Re-spond' re-sponse' re-spon'-sive
Sus-pend' sus-pense' sus-pen'-sion
Dis-tend' dis-ten'-sion dis-ten'-sive
Ex-tend' ex-ten'-sion ex-ten '-si ve
De-scend' de-scen'-sion de-scen'-sive
As-cend' as-cen'-sion as-cen'-sive
Ab-scind' ab-scis'-sa ab-scis'-sion
Re-scind' re-scis'-sion re-scis'-so-ry
Rep-re-hend' rep-re-hen'-sion
Com-pre-hend' com-pre-hen'-sion
Ap-pre-hend' ap-pre-hen'-sion
Con-de-scend' con-de-scen'-sion
Cor-re-spond' cor-re-spon'-sive

Rule XXII.
The following words ending with t, change the t into s, in the annexed
derivatives for euphony
Sub-mit' sub-mis'-sion sub-mis'-sive
De-mit' de-mis'-sion de-mis'- si ve
Re-mit' re-mis'-sion re-mis'-sive
Ad-mit' ad-mis'-sion ad-mis'-si-ble
E-mit' e-mis'-sion em'-is-sa-ry
Com-mit' com-mis'-sion com-mis'-sion-er
0-mit' o-mis'-sion o-mis'-si-ble
Per-mit' per-mis'-sion per-mis'-si-ble
Li-ter-mit' in-ter-mis'-sion in-ter-mis'-sive
The above words double the i because the final consonant of the accented syllable
is preceded by a single vowel.

A-vert' a-ver'-sion a-verse'-ly

Sub-vert' sub-ver'-sion sub-ver'-sive
Ad-vert' ad-verse' ad-vers'-i-ty
Re-vert' re-ver'-sion re-ver'-si-ble
Di-vert' di-ver'-sion di-ver'-si-ty
In-vert' in-ver'-sion in-verse'-ly
Con-vert' con-ver'-sion con-verse'-ly
Per-vert' per-ver'-sion per-ver'-si-ty
An-i-mad-vert' an-i-mad-ver'-sion
The above words have but single s, because the final consonant of the accented syl-,
lable of the radical is preceded by a consonant.

Eule XXIII.
The possessive case of nouns is formed in the singular number by adding
«, preceded by an apostrophe and in the plural, when the word ends with
;

», by adding an apostrophe only.

 : :

RtlLES FOR SPELLmG. 43

Rule XXIV.
Words ending in er or or, often drop the e or <? before a suflEix commencing
with a vowel.

Act'-or act'-ress Ad-ven'-tur-er ad-ven'-tur-ess

Ar'-bi-ter ar'-bi-tress Am-bas'-sa-dor am-bas'-sa-dres9
Au'-di-tor au'-di-tress Ben-e-fac'-tor ben-e-fac'-tress
Chant'-er chant'-res9 Foun'-der foun'-dress
Con-duct'-or con-duct'-ress En-chant'-er en-chant'-ress

Eule XXV.
Mistakes are often made in spelling words commencing with prefixes, by
inserting or omitting a letter. To avoid errors, consider whether the first
letter of the primitive word is the same as the last letter of the prefix. K
th«y be alike, that letter is doubled if unlike, they remain single.
;

Com'-pa-ny ac-com'-pa-ny two c's

Cus'-tom ac-cus'-tom "
Join ad-join' one d
Grieve ag-grieve' two g's
Mis'-sion com-mis'-sion " m's
Re-spond' cor-re-spond' " r's
Com-pose' de-com-pose' one c
Sat'-is-fy dis-sat'-is-iy two s's
Solve dis-solve' "
No'-ble en-no'-ble two n'8
Leg'-i-ble il-leg'-i-ble " I's
Lib'-er-al il-lib'-er-al "
Mor^-tal im-mor'-tal two m's

Rule XXVI.
The following words ending in / or fe, change / into «>, and add e%
their plurals
Plurals. Plurals.
Sheaf sheaves Leaf leaves
Loaf loaves Beef beeves
Thief thieves Calf calves
Half halves Elf elves
Shelf shelves Self selves
Wolf wolves Life lives
Knife knives Wife wives
Note.—The verbs formed from the following words ending with / or /e, have the
f changed into v :

Safe save Strife strive

Grief grieve Proof prove
Be-lief be-lieve' Re-lief re-lieve'

Rule XXVII.
The following words ending with / or fe, retain the /, and add 8 in their
plurals
44 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Chief
 — —

PART SECOND
PREFIXES
OF SAXON OR ENGLISH ORIGIN.

FORMULA. Aboabd, —a-b-o-a-r-d, —aboard. Board a primitive word; the is

Saxon prefix a signifies on, at;—when combined they form the word aboard,
in, to,
which means on Board.

A.
Signifies on, in, to, or <U.
.4-board', ad. on board in a ship. ;

^-fire', ad. on fire.

^-SLEEp', ad. in sleep sleeping.
;

^-stern', ad. to the stem.

^-head', ad. to the head furtliir on. ;

^-far', ad. at a distance.

Be.
Signifies to maJce.
Be-CAi,^', V. to wa^calm.
Be-DATTB', V. to daub over.
Be-DKCK', V. deck to adorn.
to ;

Be-DiM', V. to make dim. '

jB^poul', '0. to make foul.

jBe-NUMB', ID. to make numb.

Signifies in, into, ox on ; to make.

^-cir'cle, t). to put in a circle.
.^-dan'ger, «. to put in danger.
En-KCT'^ V. to make into an act.
JE^-CAMp', V. to form into a camp.
;
-E^ti-dear', v. to make dear.
^^^-fee'ble, v. to make feeble.

EiUf for En»

Signifies to make, to give.
.Kwi-bel'lish, v. (beau*), to make beautifuL

Mn-FOW^KB., V. to give power to.

J^-bod'y, v. to give a body to.
.S??i-BOT'TLE, V. to put in a bottle.

—
* Note. The words in parentheses are the roots from which the English words
are derived. The pupil will find the meanings of the roots under their respective
heads, though in general the meaning is indicated where the root is used.
4:6 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Fore,
Signifies 'before.

the part of the day 'before noon.

J*^<?re'-NOON, n,
^(TT-e-RUN'NER, 71. one who Funs before.
Fore-SEE^ v. to see beforeh&xid.
.M>re'-siGHT, n. a seeing Je/brehand.
^(?re-TELL', «. to tell J^g/brehand.
JPbre-DOOM', «). to doom beforehsiXid.

Im,
Signifies to make.
iTW-BiT'TER, moke bitter.
V. to
Jtti-brown', make brown.
v. to
Jm-pov'ERiSH, «. to make poor.
Jm-PEARL', v. to make like pearls.
Mis,
Signifies wrong,
Jfis-APPLY', v. to apply wrong.
Jlfi«-BELiEF', ?i. wrong belief.
Jlfis-cAL'cuLATE, «j. to Calculate wrmig,
JIfzs'-coNDUCT, 71. wrong conduct.
3fzs-GUiDE', t). to guide wrong.
Jfi«-PLACE', «?. to place wrong.

Out,
Signifies beyond, tnore than.

Out-BiT>', V. to bid beyond or more than anothe?.

Out-JjiYB', V. to live beyond.
Ow^-run', «). to run beyond.
Out-SRUSE', v. to shine more than.

Over,
Signifies ahatie or ov&r, too much, too great,

Oper-BUR'DEN, to burden too mwh.

1).

Over-Fi.ow', to flow over.

v.
(k>er-ijOAT>\ 1). to load too mioch.
0»er-RUN', V. to run t???^/' or above.
Over-SFB,EAD\ V. to spread over or a&cwe.
0»^-val'ue, v. to value mwc^. ^
Uflf before a Verb.
Signifies to take off, to reverse the act of,

Un-BAB,\ V. off the bar.

to take
Vn-csAiN', off the chain.
V. to take
Z7w-hinge', v. to take off of the hinge.
Un-FiN', V. to take out the pin.
Un-BEMj', V. to take off' the seal.
Un-YOKE', V. to take off the yoke.
JJtlf before an Adjective.
Signifies not,
P^a'ble, a. not able.
JTw-AC tive, a. not active.
 — —
LATIN PREFIXES. 47

Charmed', a. not armed.

C>2/-bro'ken, a. not broken.
Ct^-cer'taln, a. not certain.
iT/i-JUST', a. not just.

Under,
Signifies 'beneath^ less than.
Under-BiD', v. to bid less than another.
Under-OF'FiCBn, an officer under another.
n.
Vhder-SB:En'iFF, n. one who is unxier the sheriff
Under-YAJj'uE, v. to rate under its value.

With.
Signifies from or against,
With-jyiLAw', V. to draw from or away.
WitJi-STAND' , V. to stand against.
WitTir-HOijit', V. to hold from.

LATIN PBBFIXES.
FORMULA. Avert, — —avert, vert derived from the Latin word
^a-v-e-r-t, is verto^
to turn ;
—the Latin prefix a signifies from or away — when combined, they farm
; tji«
word averts which means to turn from or away.

A.
Signifies from or away,
J.-vert', v. (verto), to turn from.
.4-voca'tion, n. (voco), a calling away.
.4-vul'sion, n. {vello)j a tearing away.

Ab,
Signifies from or away.
^&-ject', v. (jado), to cast away.
^&-lu'tion, n. {luo\ a washing away.
^&-rade', «. {rado), to rub away.
-4&-RUPT', a. (ruptum), broken from or off,
^&-solve', «. (solvo), to loose from.
^&-sorb', v. (sorbeo), to suck from or uj>,
Abs,
Signifies from or away,
^&Vent, a being away.
a. (ens),
AbS'TAm', V. (teneo), to hold from.
AU-t-ract\ v. {traho), to draw from.
Ad,

Jid-AFT, V. (aptus)^ to fit to.

.4^-duce', v. (duco), to lead to.
Ad'-^qjjATE*a. (equus), equal to.
-4<^here', v. Qimred), to stick to.
J.<^-ja'cent, a. {jaceo), lying to or nsfiT,
Ad-30is{\ V. (jungo), to join to.
 48 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY,

Af for A.d,*
Signifies to.

J.-SCEND', V. (scando), to climb to.

^-scribe', v. (scribo), to write or impute to.

-4-sperse', v. (spargo), to sprinkle to or upon.

J.-SPIIIE', V. (spiro), to breathe to.
^-v'enue, n. (venio), the way of coming to (a place).
A-YOw\ V. {votwn), to vow to.

ACf for Ad,

Signifies to.

^c-cede', v. (cedo)^ to yield to.

-4c-cept', v. (capio), to take to.

JLc-CESs', n. (cedo), approach to.

Af, for Ad,

Signifies to.

^/-FIX', V. (JlXUS), to fix to.

Af-vtjICt', v. ifligo), to strike to or at.

A/'-fJjTJX, n. ifltio), a flowing to.

Ag, for Ad,

Signifies to. , ,

^^'-GEAVATE, V. (gravis), to make heavy to.

^^'-GRANDizE, V. {gvandis), to make great tOc
^^-GREss', V. {gradior), to go to ov against.
Alf for Ad,
Signifies to.

^^-le'viate, v. (levis), to make light to.

J.Z-LUDE', V. (ludo), to play or advert to.
^?-Lu'viAL, a. (luo), washing to.
AI-JuY', v. (ligo), to bind to.

An, for Ad,

Signifies to.

^w-NEx', v. (nectd), to tie to.

wdri-ifi'HiLATE, V. {nihil), to make t^ nothing.
^/?-nounce', v.(nuncio), to tell to.
An-^xiij', v. (nullus), to reduce to nothing.

Ap, for Ad,

Signifies to.

ui^-PA'RENT, a. (pa/reo), becoming -^dsible to,

^^-pend', (pend), to
v. hang to.
<4p-PERTAiN', v. to pertain to.
4/>-PR0x'iMATE, «. (prope), to come near to,

AVf for Ad,

Signifies to.

J.r-RANGE', t). (rang), to put to or in order.

^r'-ROGATE, D. (rogo), to ask or assume to (one's self).

* For the sake of euphony, (an agreeable sound in language,) the form of the prefix
Is frequently changed. Thus, we have ascend, for arfscend avenue, for a<^venue, &c. ;
 LATm PREFIXES. 49

A.Sf for A.d,

Signifies to.

^«-8ArL', to leap upon or against.

V. (salio),
/4«-sign', v. (signum), to mark or allot to.
/Is-sim'ilate, v. (similis), to make like to. -

<48-sist', v. (siato), to stand to or h/.

4«-so'ciATE, V. (socio), to join to.
^8-sume', v. (sumo), to take to.

Atf for Ad.

Signifies to.

At-HMs', V. (tango), to touch to.

-4^tend', v. (tendo), to stretch to.
-4^test', v. (testis), to bear witness to.
At-TB.ACT', V. (traho), to draw to.
-4^trib'ute, v. (trihuo), to give or ascribe to.

Am,
Signifies round or about.
^7W-bi'tion, n. (eo), a going abrnd.
^m'-puTATE, V. (puto), to cut Tound or off.

Ante.
Signifies 'before.

ilri^CE'DENT, a. (cedo), going before.

An'te-noo^, n. a room before the main one.
^wfe-DATE' «?. (datum), to date before.
^Ti^DiLu'viAN, a. (diluvium), before the flood.
-4w^-merid'ian, a. (meridies), before midday.
^w^mun'danb, a. (mundus), befoi^e the world.

Signifies round or about.

Circum- J a' CBT<iT, Ijdng round.
a. (jaceo),
Circum-NAY'iGATK, V. to navigate round.
Circum-^cniBE,' v. (scribo), to write round, to inclose
,

Ctr'cww-SPECT, a. (specio), looking round, cautious.

Cis.
Signifies on this side.
Cm-al'pine,* a. on this side of the Alps.
C7i8-ATLAN*ric, a. on this side of the Atlantic.

Con. (Cum.)
Signifies together or uyith.
ConrCJTR^, V. (curro), to run together.
(7(m-FLiCT', to strike together.
V. (Jligo),
Ctm'-FLUENCE, n. (fluo), a flowing together.
Clm-NECT', «. (necto), to tie together.
(7<w-spire', tj. (spiro), to breathe together.
Coti-struct', «>. (stmwy^ to build together,

* Cisalpine, oh this side of the Alps, in regard to Rome, that is on the south side
of the A\ps. Transalpine, on the north side of the Alps.
50 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Co, for Con,

Signifies together or with.
Go-iE'qvAJj^ a. equal with.
Co-e'yaij, a. ((mum), of tlie same age tcith.
(7(9-exist', «. to exist together.
Co-tleir', n. one who is heir with another.
(7o-hetie', v. (hwreo), to stick together.
(7(9-op'erate, v. (opera), to work together.
Cog, for Con,
Signifies together or with.
(7(?^'-NATE, a. (nascor), born together or with.
Col, for Con.
Signifies together or with.
(7<?Z-liApse', n. (labor),a falling together.
Coo-late', v.(latum), to bring together.
Coc-IjEct', v. (lego), to gather together.
CoI'-IjOCAte, v. {locus), to place together.
Gol'-ijOquY, n. (loquor), a speaking together.
(7(??-Lu'siON, n. (ludo), a playing together.
Com, for Con.
Signifies together or with.
Cbm'-MERCE, 71. (mercor), a trading together.

Com-Mix', «. to mix together.

CWi-Mo'TioN, 7i. (moveo), a moving together.
Com-PBJj', V. (pello), to drive ?/)i^^.
(7(?m-posE', ®. [pono), to put together.
Gom-PRESs', V. (premo), to press together.
Cor, for Con,
Signifies together or M)^^A.,

C^br-REL'ATiVE, relative with.

a.
(7(9r-ROB 'orate, v. (robur), to make strong together.
Cor rode', v. (rodo), to gnaw together.
Conti^a.
Signifies against.
Contra-T>rcT', v. to speak against or contrary to.
Con'tro-YEUT, to turn against.
v. (verto),

Counter, for Contra,

Signifies against.
Counter-BAL'AT^iCB, v. to balance against.
Counter-M-A-RCB.' v. to march in an opposite direction.
,

De,
Signifies down or from.
Decline', 'd. (clino), to bend down.
J)e-T>TJCE', v. (duco), to lead from.
De-FE^D', (fendo), to strike down.
».

Be-JECT', V. (jacio), to cast down.

De-FE^i)', V. (pendeo), to hang from.
De-vo^E', V. (pono), to put down..
 LATIN PREFIXES. ^l

Dis.
Signifies to take from^ away, off, or out; riot,

7>w-a'ble, v. to render not able.

i>i«-ARM' V. to talce away arms.
i>is-BELiEVE', V. not to bcUeve.
i>i5-BUR'DEN, V. to toke off a burden.
i>w-HON'EST, «. 7W^ honest.
i>i8-L0Y'AL, a. 7K9i loyal.
JHs,
Signifies afoH.
Di8-rBi,\ V. (pello), to drive apart.
IHs-sbct', v. (seco), to cut apart.
Dis-soLVE', V. (solvo), to loose apart.
i>i«-TEND', «). (tew/o), to stretch a^flw^.
i>i«-TORT', ®. (tortum), to twist aj9«r^.
i>M-TRACT', ??. (traho), to draw a/var<.
X>i, for Dis.
Signifies apart.
2?^-spER8E', V. {spargo), to sprinkle apari.
i>i-vERGE', ®. {vergo)^ to tend ajoar^.
Di-VERT', «, (verto), to turn «par^.
i>i-GRESs', c. (gradior), to go apar^.
iW-LUTE', ^. (^M<>), to wash apart.
Diff for Dis.
Signifies apart.
2>i/*'-FER, V. (fero), to bear apart.
i^i/FUSE', V. (fundo), to pour apar^.
Ex,
Signifies out or ow^ of.
Ex-kct\ v. (ago), to take or force out of.
£Jx-ceft\ v. {capid), to take out.
^-cite', v>. (cito), to call out.
^-claim', (damo), to cry ot^^.
«.
.Exclude', ?). [claudo)^ to shut oi^^.
£^;»-pand', v. (pando), to spread ot^i.
^a;-PEL', V. (pello), to drive out of.
Mo-fotlt', v. (porto), to carry out.

E, for Ex.
Signifies out or out of.

^'-DiCT, n. (dico), what is spoken out,

^-duce', «. (duco), to lead (??^^.
^'-GRESS, n. (gradior), a going 6>t^^.
J^ject', v. (jacio), to cast out.
J^-lect', «. (lego), to choose <?^^.
j^-rase', «?. (rado), to rub c»^^.

•Ef,forEx.
Signifies out or <>w^ (t/I

^-face', v. {fades), to take <>wif the face,

^'-FLUX, 7^. \fiuo), a flowing owi.
53 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Extra.
Signifies 'beyond.

-fife^a-MUN'DANE, a. {mundus), beyond the world,

Jfe^ra-OR'DiNAKT, a. beyond ordinary.

Ifl, before a Verb.

Signifies in or into, on or up(m,

iTi-CLiNE', V. (clino), to lean into.

J/i-CLUDE', «. {claudo), to shut in.
//i-cuE,', ^. {curro), to run '^^p6>?^,

//i-FLiCT', «!. (Jligo), to strike ^^o^.

i/i'-FLUX, iJliM), a flowing m^.
7?,.

Jt^-hale', v. (halo), to breathe m.

11 f for In,
Signifies in or ^Tife, on or -m^?*?^.

/^-lu'minate, «. {lumen), to put light wto.

/^Lu'siON, 71. (ludo), a playing ^^o/i.

J^r^^ /or Jii.

Signifies in or mi5<?, oti or up<m.
i?w-MERSE', ??. {mergo), to plunge m^.
Jm-PEL', ». {pello), to drive 07i.
im-PEND', D. {pendeo), to hang ?^^o?2 or oner.
im-poRT', «. (porto), to carry i?i^<?.
/m-posE', «). {pono), to put -mjowz.
/m-PRis'oN, «. to put prison. m
Ir, for In,
Signifies in or into, on or wp<w.

ir'-KiTATE, «. (^m), to put in anger.

ir-RUp'TiON, n. (ruptum), a breaking into,

Irif before an Adjective.

Signifies not.

In-A&TivE, a. not active.

In-AN'iMATB, a. (animd), not having life.
/?i-cau'tious, a. not cautious.
/ti-com'petent, a. nx>t competent.

Ig, for In,

Signifies not.
igf-No'BLE, a. not noble.
^-nomin'ious, a. {nomen), not having a name.

U, for In,
Signifies not.

/?-le'gal, a. not legal.

/Z-leg'ible, a. (lego), that can not be read.
/^lib'eral, a. not liberal.
J^Lic'iT, a. not permitted
 LATIN PKKFIXES. 53

Inif for In*

Signifies noU

iw2-M0R'AL, a. not moral.

Jtw-mor'tal, a. not mortal.
/m-PAR'TiAL, a. not partial.
/w-pa'tient, a. not patient.
iw-PER'FECT, a. n^t perfect.
Ir, for In,
Signifies not.

ir-RA'TiONAL, a. not rational.

//•-reput'able, a. not to be refuted,
//•-reg'ular, a. not regular.
ir-RESisT'rBLE, a. not to be resisted.

Inter,
Signifies 'between or among.

JTi^r-FERE', Ti. (ferio), to strike hetween.

In'ter-i.vT>E, n. (ludd)^ r. part letween plays,
/wfer-POSE', V. (pouo), to place between.
Inter'-ROQXT^^ v. (rogo)^ to ask between.
Jnter-nvFT' v. (ruptum), to break between,
,

Inter-SKCT', v. (seco), to cut between..

Intro,
Signifies within.

Intro-Dvc^', V. (duco), to lead within,

/w^o-vert', v. (verto), to turn within,

Ob,
Signifies in the way., against, out.

O&'-LOQUY, n. (loquor), something spoken against.

6>&'-STACLE, n. (sto), something standing in the way,
0&-TRUDE', V. (trvdo), to thrust against.
O&'-viATE, V. {via)y to put out of the way.

Oc, for Ob,

Signifies in the way, up, down.

Oc-ca'sion, n. (cado), a falling in the way,

Oc'-cuPY, D. (capio), to take up.
Oo-cur', v. (curro), to run in the way.

Of, for Ob,

Signifies in the way, against,

0/*-fend', v. {fendo), to strike against,

©/'-FER, X). (fero), tobear in the way.

Op, for Ob,

Signi^s in theway, against,
O^-pose', v. (pono), to put in the way,
C^-PRESs', V. (premo), to press against,
C^)^ugn', v. {pugna)f to fight against.
54 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF EtYMOLOGlT.

Ter.
Signifies through or thormigKl/y,

P<er'-FECT, a. {fado)^ made thoroughly,

P^-spire', v. {spiro), to breathe through,
Per-VADE' 'c. {mdo)^ to go through,
Pe-rusE', n. (usum), to read through.

Post.
Signifies after.

P<?s^pone', v. (pono), to put after or ojf.

P<?sf-SCRIPT, n. (scribo), something written after^

Pre,
Signifies before,

Pre-CBDB', '&. (cedo), to go before.

Pre-T>iCT\ to foretell.
V. (dice),
Pre-FEB,', V. ifero), to bear or esteem before,
Pre'-Fix, n. (Jixus), something fixed before.
Pre-siDE', v, (sedeo), to sit before.
Pre-VENT', V. (venio), to come before.

Preter,
Signifies beyond or past.

Pre'ter-iT, a. (eo), gone past.

Preter-HAi'viLAijj a. beyond natural.

Pro,
Signifies for, forward, forth or out,

Pw-ceed', v. (cedo), to go forward.

Pro-MOTE', V. {moved), to move forwa/rd.
Pro-PEL', v. drive forward.
(pello), to
Pro-DVCE,\ V. (dueo), to lead forth.
Pro-ChAJM', V. (clamo), to cry out.
Pw-tract', v. (traho), to draw out,
Pto-voke', v. (voco), to call out.

He,
Signifies back or again, anew,

P^cede', «. (cedo), to go 5acj5;.

Pe-CLAiM', v. (clanw), to call &acyfc.
Pe-CLiNE', ?). {clino), to lean 5«c^.
Pe'-FLUX, 71. {Jiuo), a flowing &<zc^.
Pe-FUSE', ??. (fundo), to pour 5«c^.
ife-voKE', «. {wco), to call &ac^.

Signifies baclc or bachwards.

Pfe^o-CEs'siON, 71. (cessum), the act of going 5acfe

Pe^Vo-GRADE, 7). (gradior), going backward.
Met'ro-BTECT, n. (specw)^ a looking backwa/rds.
 LATIN PREFIXES. 55

Se.
Signifies aside or apa/rt.

/Secede', «. {cedo)^ to go apart.

/S'^clude', v. {claudo)^ to shut up apart.
Se-DVCE,', V. {duco)^ to lead aside.
^S^di'tign, n. (itum), a going aside.

Sine.
Signifies without.

;^m'-PLE, a. (plica), without fold.

/SiVcERE', a. (cera), without wax.
Si'ne-CJTRB, n. {cura), a situation withmtt cart.

Signifies under.

/8w&-ja'cent, «. (jaceo), lying under.

/Si<J-marine', «. {mare), under the sea.
/8wJ-scribe', ?). (scribo), to write under.
Sub-THACT', V. (trahd), to draw wri^Z^ or /tywi.
<Smc, /or >S>/«6.

Signifies under, up.

8uc-cwEJ>', V. (cedo), to go under or a/i5^.

Su^coB,', V. (curro), to run under.
Suc-ctjmb', v. (cubo), to lean under.

Stiff for Sub.

Signifies under.

Suf'-F^n, V. bear under.

ifero), to
£iuf-FVSi^\ V. (fundo), to pour under.

Sup, for Sub.

Signifies under, up.

Sup-PORT', (porto), to bear up.

v.
8up-FOS^', (pono), to put under.
V.
Sup-FB,BBs', V. (premo), to press under.

Super.
Signifies (ibove or over^ upon.

Buper-ABOXTST)', v. to oc^abound.
8uper-ADD', V. to add over and above,
Super-FUfE', a. overdue.
Super-SFiyB', v. (sedeo), to sit above.
Super-Yi'son, n. (video), an overseer.
Super-BCBiSE,' v. (scribo), to write upon.
,

SuTf {Fr. for Super.)

Signifies cdxyoe, over, upon.

Sur-M^ojmi:' V. to mount aI>ove.

,

Sur-YiYB', V. (vivo), to live over or after,

Sur'-FACF, n. (fades), upon the face.
/SW-'YEy', v. (video), to look upon.
 — —

56 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Sus, for Sub,

Signifies under, up, upwards.
/Su8-tect\ v. (gpecw), to look under.
Sus-fbkd', v. (pendeo), to hang up.
JSus-TAUi', V. (teneo), to hold up.
Trans.
Signifies across, over or beyond, th/rou{fh.
Tra-DTJCE,', V. (duco), to lead across.
Trans-¥ER', v. {fero), to carry over.
Trans-ijATB' v. (latum), to carry over.
,

Trans-MIT', v. {mitto), to send over.

Ultra,
Signifies 'beyond.
UVtra-i^T, n. one who is beyond.
f/^iro-MON'TANE, a. (mons), beyond the mountains.
Ultra-Mus'BAiiE, a. {mundus), beyond the world.

STIFFIXJES.
FORMULA. Manual,—m-a-n-u-a-1,—manual, manu is derived from the Latla
word hand — the suffix
manixs, the ;
signifies relating or pertaining to;
al of, batting or
ecoming ; —when combined, they form the word manual, which means rekiti tg or per-
taining to the hand.

Ac.
Signifies of, or belonging to.

— Car'dmc, belonging to the heart.

a. (cardia, Gr.),
ELEGi'ac, a. (elegia, Gr.), belonging to elegy.
DEMo'Niac, a. belonging to a demon.
Aceous.
Signifies of or consisting of, like or resembling.
^ AnBTsa'c^ous, a. (arena), consisting of sand.
- ARGiJji,a'ceous, a. (argilla), consisting of clay.
YAiXTSia'ceous, a. (fa/rina), consisting of meal.
lS.i&nwi' ceous, a. (herba), consisting/ of herbs.

Act/.
Signifies being, or state of being; office of,
Kc'cTTRocy, n. a being accurate.
jy-EJj'icacy, n. a being delicate.
OB'sTTNacy, n. a being obstinate. ,

Cv'nacy, n. the office of a curate.

Age.
Signifies collection of; state of being; an aXlowanee for.
'BA.Or'Ocage, n. a collection of bags.
CGBD'age, n. a collection of cords.
HERB'a^e, n. a collection of herbs.
BoND'o^e, n. state of being in bonds.
 SUFFIXES. 57

AL
Signifies of, relating or pertaining to ; lejitting or hecoming.

Fil'i«Z, a. (Jilius), relating to or becoming a son.

Fi^o'nal, a. (Jlos), relating to flowers.
M.AN'ual, a. (manus), relating to the hand.
Ment'oZ, a. {mens), relating to the mind.
An, Ian, Ean,
Signifies belonging, relating or pertaining t4,

AGRA'Ria/i, a, {ager), relating to the fields.

Chris 'Tm/2, a. relating to Christ.
1*lebe'i<z^, a. relating to the people.
'Eixm.ove'an, a. relating to Europe.

An, Ian,
Signifies one who, or the person that.

A.'RT'man, n. one who is skilled in an art.

Cimis'Tian, n.one who believes in Christ.
EuROP-e'aw, n. one who lives in Europe.
HiST0'Ria?i, n, one who writes history.

Ance, Ancy,
Signifies being or state of being ; ing*
Coin' STanct/, n. state of being constant.
Ig'nor«wc<3, n. state of being ignorant.
YiQt'iLance, n. state of being vigilant.
AsBiST'aTice, n. (sisto), a standiTi^ to.

Ant.
Signifies one who, or the penon thai,

KmAnJant, n. one who assails.

Absist'«/^^, n. onewlw assists.
CLAiM'a^i^, n. one who claims.
Com'bat«7?,^, n. one who combats.
AttfkdW^, n. one who attends.
Depend'^ti^, n, one who depends on another.

Ant,
Signifies ing,

BRiLL'iaTii, a. Qyriller), ^ming.

ATTEND'«/i^, a. attend^?^^; accompanyzTi^.
Depend W#, a. (pendeo), hangw^ down.
Co^'^o^ant, a. (sonus), somidi7ig together.
OBSERv'aw^, a. observing.
PleasW^, a. pleas^7^^.

Ar,
Signifies in the form of; like ; relating to ; having.

CiR'cuLar, (circulua^ in the form of a circle.

a.
GLOB'uLar, a. {globus), in the form of a globe.

* Ing has a participial meaning, and is defined by the expression continuing to ; be-
cause it denotes primari^, continuance of action, or condition.
58 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

iN'sTTLar, a. (insula), relating to an island.

Ju'GULar, a. (jugulum), relating to the throat.
Oc'uL<zr, a. (oculus), relating to the eyes.
CEL'LULar, a. {cello), Jiaving cells.

At,
Signifies one who.

BEG'Gar, n. one wlw begs.

one who tells lies.
"hi'ar, n.
ScHOL'ar, n. one who goes to school.

Ard,
Signifies one who.

who gets drunk.

'DBJTSTK'a/rd, n. one
SLUG^Gar*^, n. one who is sluggish.
Do'T«r^, n. one whose mind is impaired.
Nig'g6W<^, n. ons who is a miser.

Ary,
Signifies one icho or the person that.

AdVers^t"?/, one who is adverse.

n.
one who is sent out.
l£iM.'i^Bary, n.
Mis'siON^r^/, n. (mitto), one who is sent.
TBiB'jJiary, n. one who pays tribute.

Ary,
Signifies the place where, or the thing that.

A-'-piary, n. {apis), theplace where bees are kept.

Gc^Ks'ary, n. (granum), the place where grain is stored.
Li'brot^/, n. (liber), the place where books are kept.
Lu'MrNarg^, n. (lumen), the thing that gives light.

Ary,
Signifies belonging, relating, or pertaining to.

HoN'oR^r^/, a. pertaining' or relating to honor.

LiT'ERfl^?/^ ^- (Jitera), pertaining or relating to letters.
MiL'iTary, a. (miles), pertaining or relating to soldiers.
PuL'MONarg^, a. (pulmo), pertaining or relating to the lungs.

Ate,
Signifies having, being.

CoR'v&Rate, a. (corpus), having a body.

iNAN'iMa^e, a. (anima), not having life.
iNTEs'T^ife, a. (testis), not having a will.
DEs'pERa^ «. (spero), being out of hope.

Signifies one who or #^^ person that.

one wlw has the care.

Qxj'iLate, n. (euro),
DBii'BQate, n. (lego), one who is sent from.
GrRKD'Tiate, n. (gradior), one who takes a degree.
Po'TENTa^, n. (posse), one who has power.
 SUFFIXES.

Ate.
Signifies to make, to give, to put, or to take.
make feeble.
'D'ERTL'Tsate, V. {dehilis), to
FACiL'iTfl!^, make easy.
V. (faeilis), to

Frus'tr^^, «. {frustra), to make vain.

Ren'ov^^^, v. (novus), to make new again.
D^c'onate, v. {decor), to give ornament.
Reg'ul«^6, v. (rego), to give rules.

Ble, Able, Ihle.

Signifies mxiy l)e or can 'be ; worthy of,

Blam'«5Z^, that may ie blamed.

a.
DmCEB.i>i'ible, a. that can he discerned.
Inhab'itoJ^, a. that can le inhabited.
Contempt '*5fe, a. worthy of contempt.
Cle,
Signifies little or small.
Can'tic^^, n. (cano), a little song.
I'cicle, n. a small stick of ice.
PED'icfe, n. {pes), a little flower stem.
Doiti.
Signifies the place where ; state of 'being.
'DxTKE.'dom, n. the place where a duke reigna.
'KiSiQ'dom, n. the place where a king reigns.
. YB.E:K'dom, n. the state of being free.
Wis'dom, n. the state of being wise.
Ee.
Signifies one who, or one to whom.
Absent««', n. one who is absent.
RefuG(S€', n. {fugio), one who flies.
AssiGNe^', n. one to whom anything is assigned.
Trusts', n. one to whom a trust is given.
Eer,
who or the person that.
Signifies one
AucTioN^er', n. one who sells at an auction.
ENGiN^er', n. one who has charge of an engine.
MouNTAiNd^r', n. one who lives on a mountain.
MuTENeer', n. one who is guilty of mutiny.
En,
Signifies mMe of.
BRA'zezi, a. mM,e of brass.
HEMp'^Ti, a. mxide of hemp.
WooD'dw, a. made of wood.
WooL'^^i, a. made of wool.
En,
Si^ifies to mxike.
Deep'^w., -0. make deep.
to
Fast'^??., v. to make fast.
GLAD'De?i, V. to make glad.
Hahd'^/i, to make hard.
«).
60 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Ence, Ency,
Signifies heing or state ofbeing; ing.

jM'FJTDence, n. (pudeo), state ofbeing without shama.

Co:^CJm.'iience, n. (curro), a running together.
Coif'Fijvence, n. (Jluo), a lowing together.
Bjj'oqjjence, n. (loquor)^ a speakm^ out.

Ent.
Signifies one wTio, or the person tMt.

Adhe'r^ti^, n. (luBreo)^ one who sticks to.

A'oent, n. (ago), one who acts.
Pa'tk/?^, n. (patior), one who sufiers.
PREs'iDe/i^, n. one who presides.

Ent.
Signifies ing or 'bein^.

Cohe'r^w.^, a. (hcBfeo)^ sticki?z^ together.

Efful'g^ti^, a. ifulgeo), shinm^ forth.
PendVw^, a. {pend.eo)^ hangi;z^.
'Fo'nent, a. {potens)^ being powerful.

Er.
Signifies one who or the person that,

BuiLD'^r, n. one who builds.

BuY'er, n. one who buys,
FisH'er, n. one who fishes.
iNQUiR'er, n. one who inquires.

Escence,
Signifies state of growing or becoming.

Co'NYAJjes' cence, n. (valeo), state of growing well.

'PvTB.es'cence, n. (putris), state of becoming rotten^

Escent,
Signifies growing or becoming.

CoTSY Aloes' ce?it, a. growing well.

Q,vies'cent, a. (quies), becoming quiet.

Eul.
Signifies full of,

Care'/i^Z, a. full of care.

DouBTy^^Z, a. full of doubt.
FiEAnfal, a. full of fear.
HopEyW, a. full of hope.

Signifies to make.

Yon'Tifp, V. (fortis), to make strong.

Mag'ni/2/5 ^- (magnus), to make great.
Pu'ri^/, v. (purus), to make pure.
Rec'ti/^, v. (rego), to make right.
 SUFFIXES. 6J

Hood,
Signifies tlie state of,
BoY'Tiood, n. the state of a boy.
CwLLD'hood^ n. the state of a child.
Knight 'Aoo^, n. the state of a knight.
QiKL'hood, n. the state of a girl.

Ic, leal.
Signifies of 'pertaining to^ like.

AcADEM'*m?, pertaining to an academy.

a.
Angel'^o/Z, a, of or pertaining to an angel.
HEBo'ic, a. like a hero.
Ocean'^c, a. of or pertaining to the ocean.
Ice.
Signifies a being, or thing that.

JvsT'ice, n. a l>eing just.

MAL'ice, n. (male), a being evil.
Serv'^c^, n. the thing that is served.
No'Tice, n, (nosco), the thing that makes known.
les.
Signifies the science or art of
Eth'ics, n. the science of manners or moraUk
Op'im, n. the science of seeing.

« Id.
Signifies being or ing.
"Fisia'id, a. (frigtis), being cold.
SPLEN'D^<^, a. (splendo), shining.
Ton'md, a. (torreo), parching.
Yiv'id, a. (vivo), Hying.
lie.
Signifies belonging to; may or can be; easily.
FE'snile, belonging to a fever.
a. ( febris),
H.os'Tile, a. (hostis), belonging to an enemy.
Juv'EN^^, a. (juvenis), belonging to youth. . > >

Fbag'*^, a. (frango), easily broken.

Ine,
*
Signifies of or belonging. •

'DTvin£', a. (divus), belonging to God.

QA.'mne, belonging to dogs.
a. (canis),
Fem'inw, (femina), belonging to woman.
a.
iN'FANTiTi^, a. belonging to an infant.
Ion,
Signifies the act of; state of being ; ing.
ExpuL's^07^, n. (pello), the act 0/ driving out.
Is^p^c'iion, n.^(specio), the act of looking into.
Anima'tzwi, n. the state of being animate.
ConnvF'Tion, n. the state of being corrupt.
'PnBCis'ion, n. the state of being precise.
ExpA^'s^(?^^, n. (pando), a spread^?^5r out.
82 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ise, Ize,
Signifies to mdke^ to give,
Ciy'ihise, «. to make civil.
Fer'til^s^, 1). to make fertile.
Le'gal^s^, v. to make legal.
MoD'ERmg!^, V. to make modem.
Ish.
Signifies somswhat ; belonging to; lik§,
Black'^sA, a. somewhat black.
GREEN'^s^, a. somewhat green.
Scot'tM, a. 'belonging to Scotland.
Span'M, a. belonging to Spain.
'Foo'L'ish^ a. like a fool.
Fop'pM, a. like a fop.
Ish,
Signifies to mxike,
Chbr'M, id. make dear.
{carus)^ to
EMBEL'L^s^, v. make beautiful.
Q)eau), to
Yi^'ish, V. (Jinis), to make an end.
Pub'l^s^, v. (vulgus), to make public.
Ism,
Signifies state of being ; an idiom ; doctrine of,
BAR'BAR^8m, n. state of being barbarous.
; Fanat'ic^s???., n. state of being a fanatic.
'SiER'oism^ n. state of being a hero.
iD'iOTzm, n. state of being an idiot.

1st,
Signifies one who^ or the person that,
ART'ist, n. one who practises an art.
Bot'an2s^, n. one who studies botany.
Flor'^'s^, n. (fos), one who cultivates flowers.
Hu'MORis^, n. one who is fond of humor.
Ite,
Signifies one who^ or the person that.
CA'NAAmY^, one who dwells in Canaan.
n.
FA'voR^Ye, n. one who is favored.
LEV^^ n. one who is descended from LeTl.
Ity, or Ty,
Signifies being or state of being.
ABTL'ity, n. state of being able.
CAPTiY'ity, n. state of being a captive.
DociL'ity, n. state of being docile.
FBRTrL'%, n. state of being fertile.

Ive,
Signifies one who^ or the person that,
CAT'Tive, n. (capio), one who is taken.
Ftf'GiTZ'pe, n. (ftigio), one who flies.
Op'ERATi^e, n. {opera), one who works.
Na't^v^, n. (nascor), one who is bom.
 STJFFIXES. 63

Ive.
Signifies Jiamng powers or ing.
Correct'*??^, a. having power to correct.
INVENT'^®e, a. having power to invent.
ADH:E'8^«e, a. {hoereo), stick^ri^ to.
ATTRACT'i«?e, a. attractiVz^.
Less,
Signifies without,
Asu'less, a. without art.
CwTLD'less^ a. witTwut a child.
Fruit7^s8, a. without fruit.
Tow'ERless, a. without power.
Like.
Signifies liJce or resembling,
QoD'liTce^ a. like or resentbling God.
MAN'ZiZ;^, a. like or resembling man.
WAR^i^, a. Ze^ or resembling war.
Ling.
Signifies ZzW^e, young.
DAu'ling, n. a ?zY^Ze dear.
jyjjCT^'ling, n. a Zi^^Z^ or young duck.
Gos'ling, n. a Zz^^Ze or young goose.
LoRD'ZiTi^, n. a Z^'^^Ze or yown^ lord.

Lpf for Like.

Signifies like or resembling,
Cow'ardZ^, a. like or resembling a coward.
Fa'therZ^, a. Z^^ or resembling a father.
PRiNCE'Zy, a. Zi^ or resembling a prince.
WoRLD'Zy, a. like or resembling the world.
Ment,
Signifies Je^Tz^ or state of being ; act of; the thing that,
'ExciTE'ment, n. state of being excited.
Retire 'm^^, .7i. state of being retired.
CB-AaTiSEi'm^nt, n. act of chastising.
AcQUiRE'm^Tiif, n. the thing acquired.
Mofiy.
Signifies state of being ; thing that.
Ac'mmmiy, n. (acris), the state of being sharp.
M-AT'iiimony, n. (mater\ the state of being a mother.
TAT'nimony, n. (pater), the thin^ inherited from a father.
TEs'Timony, n. {testis), the thing that is aflirmed by a witneia,
Ness.
Signifies a being or state of being. .

"BASE'ness, n. the state of be^ng base.

BoiJ)'n£8S, n. the state of being bold.
Coojj'ness, n. the state of being cool.
YoisD'ness^ n. the state of being fond.
GiuAJi)' ness, n. the state of being glad.
64 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Or,
Signifies one who, or the person that,
CoLLECT'<?r, n. one who collects.
CiiEA'T(?r, n. one who creates.
DrRECT'or, n. me who directs.
iM'iiA-Tor^ n. one who imitates.
Inspect'ot*, n. one who inspects.
PbedictW, n. one icho predicts.
Ory,
Signifies the place where; thing that.
jy^vo^'iTory^ n. the place where things are deposited.
DoB.'M.vrory, n. (dormio), a place where persons sleep.
FAG'iory, n. ifacio), a place where articles are made.
MEM'ory, n. ike thing or faculty that remembers.
Ovy,
Signifies of ; belonging or relating to; in^.
Pbef'atot^, a. 'belonging or relating to a preface.
VALEDic'Tory, n. {vale, dico), relating to a farewelL
ExpLAN'ATory, a. explaming.
&ATiSFAc'Torj/, a. BSLtisfying.
Ose,
Signifies full of.
Jocose', a. (jocus), full of jokes.
Verbose', a. (verbum), full of words.
Ous,
Signifies full of; consisting of; ing,
Dan'gerows, a. full of danger.
QrLo''Rious, a. full of glory.
QniEv'ous, a. full of grief.
Labo'ri<??^s, a. full of labor.
Mur'derows, a. murderiw^.
Ry.
Signifiesa being ; the art of; the place where,
BRA'vEry, n. a being brave.
SLA'vEry, n. a being a slave.
CooK'Ery, n. the art of a cook.
BuR'Gimry, n. the art of a surgeon.

Ship,
Signifies office of; state of,
OiSERK'ship, n. the office of a clerk.
Horse 'M:AN8A^jp, the office of a horseman.
n.
¥mMST>'ship, n. the state of a friend.
Ri'vALsAi^, n. the state of a rival.
Some,
Signifies somewhat ; full of,
"DjLKK'some, a. somewhat dark.
QiiAD'some, a. somewhat glad.
WEA'Ris6>m^, a. somewhat weary.
Tnoij'icsome, a. full of frolic.
 SUFFIXES. 66

Ster.
Signifies one who.

Game's^, n. one who games or gambles,

8ong'«^, n. one who sings.
Young's^, n. one who is young.

Tilde, Ude,
Signifies Idng or state of heing.
AiJiitnde^ n. (alius), the state of being high.
FoTi'Titiide, n. (fortis), the state ofMng
brave.
'RE.c'Titvde, n. {rectus), the state ofhein^ right.
^nnR'Yitvde, n. (servio), n. the state ofhein^ a slay*.

Ule.
Signifies little or small.
AnJMAij'ciUe, n. a little animal.
QjjOi&'ule, n. a little globe.
Gban'm^, n. {granum), a little grain.
Ret'icm^, 7i. a little net or bag.

Signifies the thing ; state of teing ; act of,

CuBA'Ture, n. the thing created.
ENCLo'swre, n. the thing that is enclosed.
ScRip'T^re, n. (scribo), the thing written.
CoMTo'sure, the state of l)eing composed.
n.
Expo'st^re, n. the state of being exposed.
DEPART'wre, n. the ac^ 0/ departing.

Signifies in the direction of or looking towa/rd,

EA.BT'wa/rd, ad. in the direction of the east.

HEAv'EN?/?ar^, ad. in the direction of heaven.
H0ME'M?ar(?, ad. loohing towa/rds home.
WiND'i^arc?, ad. looking towanrds the wind.

Y.
Signifies the being ; the state of being ; in^f,

HoN'ESTy, of being honest.

n. state
Mas'ter^, n, state of being master.
Mod'est?/, n. state of being modest.
CoL'LOQuy, n. (loquor), a talk^'rz^ togethtr.
T.
Signifies full of; consisting or made of,

BloodV, a. full of blood.

BKi'Ny, a. full of brine.
DewV, a. full of dew.
CLAY'ey, a. consisting of clay.
Flesh'^, a. consisting of flesh.
RocK'y, a. consisting 9f rock.
ti6 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

GBBEK rBEFIXES.
A, AUf {a Privative.*)

Signifies want of., not., or witTwut.

ilBTSs', n. (byssos)., without a bottom.
^TyAKCHY, n. (arcJie), want of government.
Anon' ALT, n. (omalos), not or none like.
-4p'athy, n. {pathos), want of feeling.
-4'theist, n. (theos), one without a God.

Amphi, Ambif {dufL, and ambo, Lat. both,)

Signifies both or double.

AmphiB'iOTJB, a. (bios), living both on land and in water.

-4wMdex'trous, a. (dexter), using both hands.

Ana, (uva.)

Signifies through, up, back, or a^ain.

Anajj'Y&is, n. (lysis), a loosing back or again.

AnaT'oMYj n. (tomos), a cutting through or up.

Antif Ant, (dvri.)

Signifies against, opposite or opposed to.

AntAnc'Tic, n. (arctos), opposite to the north.

AntiBTL'iojjB, a. (Nlis), against bile.
Antir'ATBY, n. (pathos), feeling against.

Apo, Aph, (uTTo.)

Signifies from or away.

Apoc'-RTPTiK, n. (crypto), writings concealed from,

-4^8'tate, n. (sto), one who stands from or away,
^^os'tle, n. (stello), one sent from.
AphB'jjiON, n. the point farthest from the sun.

Cata, Cat, (Kara.)

Signifies down, from side to side.

Cat'aijOQVE, n. (logos), words or names written down.

Catannn', n. (rheo), a flowing down.
Cat'BCHisis,, v. (ecTieo), to make sounds from side to side.

Dia, Di, (^ta.)

Signifies through, asunder.

DiMii'B8i8, n. (ceresis), a taking asunder or separately.

IHog'otskl, a. (gonia), through the angles.
i>iaM'ETEii, n. (metrum), the measure through.
JDi'aPH'ANOUs, a. (p\ano), appearing tb/rough.

* Privative, n. a letter or syllable prefixed to a word, which changes it from an

affirmative to a negative sense,
 GREEK PREFIXES. 67

JEn, Em.
Signifies in or on.

.K^dem'ic, a. (demos), arising in or among the people.

Enrujj'siAST, n. (theos), one who believes that God is in him.
-Sw'pHASis, n. (phano), a stress of voice on.

Epi, {em.)
Signifies upon.

J^dem'ic, a. (demos), upon the people.

i^'^GRAM, n. (grapJio), something written upon.
Ep'iLOOrJm, n. {logos), what is spoken upon or after,
J^'iTAPH, n. (taphos), upon one who is buried.

HypeVf (vTCEp.)

Signifies aJxxoe, over, or 'beyond.

HyperBo'uKATif, a. (boreas), beyond the north.
HypercB,Tr'iCAii, a. oc^'critical.
Hyper'BOijE, n. (bole), a shooting beyond the mark.

Eu, or Ev, (ev.).

Signifies good.

.^lo'gium, n. (logos), a good word.

i^'PHONY, 71. (phone), a good sound.
JE^an'gel, n. (angelos), good tidings ; the gospeL

Hypo, (vno.)

Signifies under.

HypoTK'BBiBy n. (thesis), what is placed under.

Met€l, (/xera.)

Signifies beyond, according to'.

Met'aFKOiL, n. (pJiero), a word

carried beyond ita ordinary meaning
jr<?toPHYs'ics, n. (physis), the science of things beyond nature.
Meth'oD, n. (odos), according to a way or plan.
Para, Par, {irapa.)

Signifies beside, like or simila/r.

Par'ALLBL, a. (allelon), beside one another.

Par'oPHRASB, n. (phrasis), a phrase beside or like another.
Par'ODY, n. (ode), a song or poem Mice or imitative of another.
Peri, (nepi.)

Signifies round, about.

PmCRA'NiUM, n. (cranium), round the cranium,

PmM'ETER, n. (metrum), the measure round.
Syn, {aw.)
Signifies together, with.

Syn'oiD, n. (odos), away or coming together.

%nON'YMOUS, a. (onoma), named together or like^
8yno-p'sm, n. (opto), a looking together.
Syn'TAx, n. (tactos)^ a pulling together,
68 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Sy, for Syn.

Signifies together, with.

Sys'T-EM, n. (stasis), a standing together.

/%s'tole, n. {stello), a sending together.

Syly for Syn.

Signifies together, with.

Spl'ijASL^, n. (labo), a taking together.

Sf/ni, for Sy^i,

Signifies together, with.

%wi'metky, n. (metrum), a measuring together.

Sym'FATWY, n. {pathos), a feeling with.

GREEK ALPHABET.
Letter. Sound. Nama.
A a a Alpha.
B /3 6 b Beta.
r 7 g Gammao
A 6 d Delta.
E e e as in met Epsilon.
Z C z Zeta.
H rj : e as in we Eta.
e d-d- th Theta.
1 L i Iota.
K AC k Kappa.
A X 1 Lambda.
M fju
- m Mu.
N V n Nu.
S ^ X Xi.
O o o as in not Omicron.
n TT
p Pi.
P p r Rho.
2 a, r final s Sigma.
T r t Tau.
T V u or y Upsilon.
* ^ ph Phi.
X X ch Chi.
i' ^ ps Psi.

P w , as in wo Omega.
 ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DEBIVATIVE8. 69

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

^ft—Behind. Sceftan—Behind.
Aft, ad. behind astern. ;
j
Abaft', ad. behind towards the stern;

Aft'eh, prep, following in place or |

of a ship,
time. I
Behind, ad. at the back of.
Behind'hand, a. in arrears ; backward.

Beatan — ^to Beat ; Bate.

Abate', v. to lessen to diminish. ; Unabat'ed, a. not abated.
Beat, v. to strike to bruise. ; Unbat'ed, a. not lessened.
Bate, v. to lessen to grow less. ;

Beat'en, p. a. made smooth by tread Abate'ment, n. diminution; de-

ing. crease.

Betan —to Push Forwabd ; to Promote.

Abet', v, to encourage ; to aid. |
Abet'ter, n. one who abets.

Abidan—to Stay in a Place ; to Dwell.

Abide', «. to stay in a place; to wait I Abid'ing, n. continuance; stay.
Bide, v. to dwell to wait for.
; [for. |
Abode', n. a dwelling-place.

Aboard', ad. a-hoard, within a ship.

Bodian —to Command ; to Announce ; to Foretell.

Bode, v. to foreshow. Bode'ment, an omen. n.
Abode', v. to foretoken. Bod'ing, n. an omen.
Forebode', v. to foretell. Forebod'er, n. one who forebodes.
Unforbod'inq, a. giving no omens. Forebod'ing, n. perception before-
Abod'ing, n. presentiment. hand.

Abutan—About; Around.
About', prep, round ; near to. |
About', ad. here and there.

Abufan, ^e—By, and ii/«t«—Aloft.

Above', prep, in a higher place ; Above'all, ad. in the first place,
more I

than. Above'board, ad. in open sight.

I

Above'ground, a. alive.
—^
Abreast', ad. a, breast, side by side.

Abroad', ad. brc^, from home ; in another country.

Ctirsian —to Curse ; to Doom.

Accurse', v. to doom to misery. I
Curse, v. to wish evil to to afliict. ;

Accursed', a. doomed execrable. ; 1 Cursed, a. deserving a curse.

 —

70 SMITH'B HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ache, n. a continued pain. | Unach'ing, a. not feeling pain.

ACf aac —an Oak.

Oak, n. a forest tree. Bar'nacle, n. (beam^ a child), a shell-
A'coRN, n. {corn^ grain), the seed of Oak'en, n. made of oak. [fish.
the oak. Ac'ton, n. oaktown.

Mcer—a Field.
A'cRE, n. 4840 square yards of land. |
A'cred, a. possessing acres.

Adl—Diseased Corrupted. ;

Ad'dlepate, n. a person of weak in- I Ad'dle, a. barren ; unfruitful. —

tellect. I

^ Ado', n. a, do, trouble; bustle; unnecessary turmoil.

— Afraid', a. (afered, aferan^ to frighten), struck with fear.

Foran—Before; Fore.
Afore', prep, before sooner than ; Before', prep, in front of.
Afore'hand, ad. previous provision. Fore, a. coming or going first.
Afore 'named, a. named before. Forearm', v. to prepare for attack.
Afore'said, a. said before. Before'hand, ad. previously.

Gan—to Go. Agan— Gone ; Past.

Gang—a Going a Journey ; ; a Path.
Age, n. any period of time. Ago, ad. in time past.
Aged, a. old. Ago'ing, ppr. a. in motion.
Go, V. to walk to move to proceed.
; ; Agone', ad. in time past.
Went, pret. of Go. Forego', v. to quit to give up. ;

Gone, pp. of Go advanced. ; Gad, v. to ramble about.

Non'age, n. minority under age. ; Gad'der, n. one who goes about idly.
Go'er, n. one who goes, Outgo', i). to surpass to go beyond. ;

Go'by, n. a passing by evasion. ; Overgo', v. to surpass.

Gait, n. manner and air of walking. Undergo', v. to suffer to endure. ;

Go-TO, int. come, come. Gang, n. a troop a band. ;

Gang'way, n. a passage.

Gast—^the Breath ; a Spirit.

Gast, t. to frighten to terrify. ; Ghast'ly, ad. like a ghost.
Aghast', a. struck with horror. Ghast'liness, n. paleness frightful ;

Gas, n. an aeriform fluid. aspect.

Gas'eous, a. having the form of gas. Ghost, n. the soul the spirit. ;

Ghost'ly, a. relating to the soul.

Note. —Gastric, (comes from the Greek gaster,) belonging to the stomach.
AEge, ege —^Fear.
A'gue, n. an intermitting fever with I A'gued, a. shivering,
cold fits.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND BERIVATIVES. 71

Eglan — to Pain ; to Trouble.

A-iL, X). to pain ; to trouble. I
Ail 'ma, ppr. a. sickly.
Ail'ment, n. disease.

^ Albe'it, ad. all, be, it, although, notwithstanding.

Eld Age; — Time. Eald— Old

--•^LD, a. advanced in years. El'der, n. one more advanced in
— Eld, n. old age old people. ;
a church officer.
years ;

Al'derman, n. a magistrate. Co-el'der, n. an officer with.

Olden, a. old ancient. : El'derly, a. bordering upon old age.
El'dest, a. oldest.

Acerran — to Turn.
Ajar', ad. half or partly open.

Eale, from JElan — to Kindle ;

to Inflame.
Ale'house, n. a house where ale is I Ale, n. fermented malt liquor.
Bold. I

EeU—All.
Al*bo, ad. swa, in the same manner; |
All, a. the whole ; every one.
likewise.

Lecgan — ^to Lay.

Lay, v. to place to put to calm. ; ; Unlaid', a. not placed.
Allay', v. to quiet to soothe. ; Uplay', v. to lay up.
Lay'er, n. a stratum one that lays. ; Ledge, n. a layer ; a stratum.
Forelay', v. to lay beforehand. Led'ger, n. an account book.
Inlay', v. to insert other substances. Leg'er, n. a resident.
Mislay', v.to lay in a wrong place. Allay'ment, n. the act of allaying.
Out'lay, n. expenditure. Belay', v. to block up to fasten a
;

Overlay', v. to cover to smother. ; rope.

Hlot —Lot.
Lot, n. fortune chance portion. ;
;
I Allot', v. to give by chance.
Lot'tery, n. a game of chance. | Allot'ment, n. that which is allotted.

Lyfan —to Permit.

Allow', v. to admit to permit. ; I Allow'able, a. that may be allowed.
Disallow', v. to refuse permission. | Allow'ance, n. permission sanction ;

Belcewan — to Betray.
Allure', v. to entice ; to dec^. |
Allur'ing, p. a. enticing.

Almes— Alms.
'Alms,n. what is given to the poor. I Alms'giver, n. one who gives &hxm.
Al'moner, n. one wllo gives alms. 1 Alms'house, n. a house for the poor.
 72 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Lyft —the Air ; the Heavens.

Loft, n. the hig-hest floor. I Lop'tt, a. high proud. ;

Aloft', ad, on high in the ; air. |

Lof'tiness, n. elevation ;
pride.

Alone', a. all, one, single ; solitary.

Lang—Long. Leng—Length. Hlanc—Lank.

Length, n. extent from end to end. Lin'gering, a. slow.
Length'en, v. to make longer. Long, a. extended.
Length'wise, ad. in the direction of Along', ad. at length.
the length. Along'side, ad. side by side.
Length't, a. long. Lank, a. thin ; slender ; spare.
Lin'ger, «. to delay ; to loiter. Lank'y, a. tall and thin.
Lank'ness, n. slimness ; leanness.

Hlowan, hlewan —to Low ; to Bellow. Hlud— Loud.

Loud, a. noisy ; so as to be heard far. I Loud'ness, n. force of sound.
""^
Loud'ly, ad. noisily. I
Aloud', ad. with a great noise.

Hraed—Prompt.
. ^ Read't, a. prepared willing. ; I Read'ily, ad. promptly ;
quickly.
Read'iness, n. promptitude. I
Alread'y, ad. now ; at this time.

— ^ AijTOGeth'er, ad. all, to, gather, completely ; without exception.

Al'wats, ad. all, way, perpetually ; constantly.

Am— ^tlie first person singular of the verb to Bb.

—
Mcegen Power; Strength; Main.
Main, a. principal; chief; mighty; Main'mast, n. the principal mast.
force. Main'land, n. the principal land the ;

Main'ly, ad. principally chiefly. ; continent.

Main'sail, n. the principal sail. Amain', ad. with force ; violently.

Mase — a Whirlpool.
Maze', a labyrinth; perplexity;
n. Unamazed', a. not perplexed.
uncertainty. Ma'zy, a. winding perplexed. ;

Amaze', v. to astonish to perplex. ; Ama'zing, p. a. astonishing ; wonder-

Amazed', a. perplexed. ful.
Bemaze', «. to bewilder.

Atnheht —a Servant ; a Message.

Ambas'sador, n. a person sent from I Em'bassy, n. the message of an am
one power to another. I
bassador.

Middel—^Equally Distant.
Mid'dlb, a. equally distant from the Midst, n. the middle.
extremes. Mid'dleaged, a. middle of life.
Ma>'DLiNCt, a. middle rank or size. Mid'heaven, 71. middle of the sky.
 —

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 73

ATid'night, n. middle of the night. Mid'winter, n. the middle of the

Mid'stream, n. middle of the stream, winter.
3Iid'summer, n. middle of the sum- Mid'riff, n. the diaphragm.
mer. Amidst', prep, in the middle.
Mid'way, n. the middle of the way. Amid', prep, in the middle.

Missian — ^to Miss.

*[iss,o. to fail in aim; not to succeed. |
Amiss', a. faulty; wrong; improper.

Amang, from niengan—to Mix.

— r 'Among', Amongst', prep, mingled with.

Angel—a Hook.
An'gle, v. to fish with a rod and hook. An'gler, n. one who anglet.
|

An'gling, n. fishing with a rod and line.

Note.—Angle, a comer, comes from the Greek dy/cvAj;, any thing bent.

^l— Oil. j^lan —to Oil ; to Smear.

Oil, n. an unctuous animal matter. Anneal', v. to heat I
and cool slowly
Oil'y, a. like oil greasy. ;
in oil. I

Neal, v. to temper by heat and oil.

A'non, ad. on, an, in one ;

quickly ; soon ; in a short time,

— Anoth'er, a. an, otiier, not the same ; some other ; one more.

Answarian. And—Against, and Swaran—to Sweab.

An'swer, v. to speak in return ; to I An'swer, n. a reply,
reply to. I An'swerable, a. admitting a reply.

r Any.
Aj?'y, a. every; whoever. | An'ywhere, ad. in any place.

Apace', ad. a, pace, quickly, hastily.

Apa—Ape.
Ape, n. a kind of monkey. I A'pish, a. like an ape ; silly.
Ape, v. to imitate, to mimic. I
A'pishness, n. mimicry.

^pl—Apple.
Ap'ple, n. the fruit of the apple tree. |
Ap'ple-jack, n. cider brandy.
Note. —Apple of the Eye, the pupil of the eye. Apple of Discord, caosA at
general contention. Apple-Pie Order, perfect order.

Arisan —to Arise.

Arise', v. to mount upward ; to get «, to get up
I Eise,to grow. ;

up. Rouse, v. to wake from repose.

I

Arouse', v. to wake from sleep to excite. ;

 ;

74 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

JEarm — an Arm.
Arm, the limb from the hand to
n.
the shoulder. Arm'pit, n. the cavity under the
Arm'ful, n. what the arm can hold. shoulder.

Note. —Arms, weapons of defence, is from the Latin (armo).

Arewe —Arrow.
Ar'row, n. the pointed weapon shot I Ar'rowy, a. like an arrow ; swift
from a bow. I
straight.

^se—Ash.
Ash, n. a tree or its wood. |
Ash'en, a. made of ask.

Asca— Dust.
Ash'es, n, the remains of any thing I Ash'y, a. like ashes ;
pale,
burnt. I

Acsian —to Ask.

Ask, v. to beg ; to demand ; to ques- I Ask'er, n. a petitioner ; an inquirer,
tion ; to inquire. I
Unasked', a. not asked.

^sp—Asp; Aspen.
A.SP, As'pen, n. a tree with trembling I As'pen, a. trembling,
leaves. |

Note. —^Asp, a serpent, comes from the Latin (aspis).

Nafegar—a Nave Borer.

Au'ger-hole, n. a hole made by an Au'ger, I n. a tool for boring holes,
auger |

NoTB. —^AuGUB, to predict, is from the Latin {augur).

Awacian— Awake.
Awake', «. to rouse from sleep. |
Awake', a. not asleep.
Awa'ken, v. to rouse from sleep.

Ege—Fear; Dread.
Awe, ft. reverential fear; dread. |
Aw'ptjl, a. that strikes with awe.
Awe'struck, a. impressed with awe.

Awk and ward.

Awk'ward, a. clumsy ; inelegant. | Awk'wardness, n. clumsiness.

Note. —Awk, wrong, left-handed, ungainly ; Ward, a suflix signifying direction oi

tendency to or from.

Writhan Writhe. —
Writhe, tJ. to twist ; to distort. j Awry', ad. obliquely ; asquint.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 75

Bcec —the Back.

Back, n, the hinder part behind. ; Back'bone. n. the bone of the back.
Back, v. to place on the back; to Back'ground, n. the ground behind.
maintain to move back.
; Backslide, to apostatize.
v.
Back'bite, v. to speak ill of the Back'ward, with the back for-
ad.
absent. wards; unwilling.

Bacan—to Bake.
Bake, v. to dry and harden by heat. Ba'con, n. hog's fles'i dried in smoke
Bak'er, n. one who bakes. Batch, n. the quantity baked at once,
Bak'eby, n. a baker's workplace. Bask, v. to warm by laying in the sun.

Beag—a Crown ; a Garland.

Badge, n. a mark or token of distinction.

Baelg— a Bag.
Bag, n. a sack a pouch. ; Bel'ly, n. the part of anything which
i

Bag'gage, n. the trunks, &c., of a trav- swells out.

eler. Bilge, n. the part of a ship's bottom
]

Bag'pipe, n. a musical instrument. which swells out.

i

Bel 'lows, n. an instrument for blow- Bil'low, n. a swollen wave.

i

ing a fire. I Bulge, v. to swell out.

Batan—to Lure Fish with Food on a Hook.

Bait, v. to put meat on a trap as a lure to give refreshment on a journey.
;

Bale—a Beam ; a Ridge.

Bal'cont, n. a gallery before a win- 1 Balk, n. a great beam a ridge of land, ;

dow. I
Balk, d. to disappoint to frustrate. ;

BehlcBstan —to Load a Ship. From bat, a boat, and hlcest, a load.

Bal'last, n. heavy matter put at the bottom of a ship to keep it steady.

Bannan—to Proclaim.
Ban, n. a public notice. Ban'dit, n. an outlaw.
|

Bans, n. proclamation of marriage.

Bindan—to Bind.
Bind, u. to confine with bonds; to Bond'age, n. slavery.
gird. Ban'ner, n. a flag a standard. ;

Bound, pp. made fast by a band con- ; Bound, n, a limit that which ; re-
fined. strains.
Band, n. anything which binds. Bound 'art, n. a limit.
Band'age, n. that which bind^ Bound'en, a. obliged.
Bond, n. anything that binds. Bound'less, a. without bound.

—
Note. A banner is a hand^ bond, or sign of union.—Bound, to jump, to leap, is
from the French (jbondir^
 76 smith's hand-book of etymology.

IBana —Destruction.
Bane, n. poison. |
Bane'ful, a. poisonous.

—
JBanc a Bench a Hillock a Bank. ; ;

Bank, n. a mound or ridge a place Bank'rupt, n. one who

; cannot pay
money.
for his debts.
Imbank' v. to inclose with a bank. Bench, n. a long seat.

Bar—Naked. Abarian— to Strip Off.

Bare, a. naked without
; clothes. Bare'faced, a. shameless impudent. ;

Bare'ly, ad. nakedly merely. ; Bare'headed, a. with the head bare.

Bare'ness, n. nakedness. Bar'ren, a. unfruitful.
Bar'renness, n. sterility.

Beorcan — to Bark.
Bark, v. to make the noise of a dog.
—
Note. Bark, the rind of a tree, comes from the Danish (bark), and Bark, a vessel,
eomes from the French {barque).

jBere-^BARLEY.
Bar'ley, n. a species of grain. I Beer, n. a liquor made of malt and
Here, n. a species of barley. | hops.
Barn, n. (em, a place), a house for farm produce.
Note. —Barn, from bere, barley, and ern^ a place : a place for barley.

^eor^Urt— Barm.
Barm, n. yeast. |
Barm'y, a. containing barm.

Batf heatan — to Beat.

Bat, n. a heavy stick. Bat'on, n. a staff, a club.
|

Bat, n. a mass of cotton for quilts.

Note. —Bat, an animal, comes from the Danish (bakke).
Bceth —a Bath.
Bath, n. a place to bathe in. |
Bathe, v. to wash in a bath.
Ba'ther, n. one who bathes.

Bellan — to Bawl.
Bawl, «?. to cry aloud. |
Bel 'low, v. to make a noise like a bull.
Bel 'lowing, n. a loud noise.

Bugan—to Bend.
Bay, n. an arm of the sea bending in. Bow, to bend towards an act of re-
-». ;

Bay-win'dow, n. a window bending Bu'gle, n. a hunting-horn. [spect.

outward. Embay', v. to inclose in a bay.
Bight, n. a bend of a rope. Embow', v. to bend to arch. ;

Note.— Bat, a brown color,comes from the Latin (badius) Bay, the laurel, comes ;

from the Greek (fiaion), and Bay, to bark, comes from the French (aboyer).
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 77

Seon — to Be.
Be, v. to exist ; to become. |
Be'ing, n. existence.

Note. —Be, as a prefix, is the same word as &?/, aud signifies about^ before.

Beacen— a Sign.

Bea'con, n. something to give notice I Beck, v. to make a sign with the head,
or to direct. I
Beck'on, v. to make a sign to.

Bead — a Prayek. —
Biddan to Pray, because one was dropped down
a string every time a prayer was said.
Bea'dle, n. (h/del, from Uddan, to I Bead, n. a little ball,
bid), a petty officer in a parish. |

Beam —a Tree.
Beam, n. a ray of light ; v. to shine I Beam, n. a piece of timber,
forth. I

Beran—to Bear.
Bear, v. to carry ; to support ; to en- Borne, -pp. carried.
dure. Underbear', to support; to en-
x).

Bear'ing, n. gesture; mien. Upbear', ©. to raise aloft. [dure.

Forbear', v. to cease from to abstain. ; Bar'row, n. a small hand carriage.
I^orbear'ance, n. command of tem- Birth, n. the act of coming into life.
per; patience. Birthday, a. the day of one's birth.
Misborn', a. (mis), born to evil. Birth'place, n. the place of one's
Overbear', v. {ofer), to bear down birth.
to repress. Birth'right, 7i. the rights to which
Unbear'able, a. not to be borne. one is bom.
Born, ^. brought forth. Berth, n. a room in a ship ; a place

Bera — Bear.
Bear, n. an animal. Bear'like, a. resembling a bear.
[

Bear'ish, a. having the quality of a bear.

Beard, n. heard, the hair on the lips and chin ; v. to oppose to the face.

Bea'ver, n. heofeVf an animal.

Becuman—to Happen ; to Befall.

Become', v. to suit to befit. ; Unbecome', v. not to become ; not to
Becom'ing, a. graceful seemly. ; be suitable to. [er.
Misbecome', v. not to become. Unbecoming, a. unsuitable improp-
;

« Bed—to Lay or Spread.

Bed, n. something to sleep on. i

Bed'ridden, a. confined to bed by
Bed'ding, w. the materials of a bed. j
age or sickness.
Bed'clothes, n. the coverlets on a 1 Bed 'stead, n. the frame of a bed.
bed, • I Bed time, n. the time to go to bed.
 ;

78 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Beo—Bee.
Bee, an insect that makes honey
n. I Bee'hive, n. a box for holding bees,
and wax. I

Sece or hoc—Beech; Book.

Note.— Boc, a book ; from 6oc, a beech tree, the wood of this tree or its bark hav
ing been used to write upon.

Beech, n. a forest tree. I Book, n. a volume in which we read

Beech'en, a. made of beech. | or write

Bytl— a Mallet
Bee'tle, n. a heavy wooden mallet Bee'tle-browed, a. having promi-
an insect. nent brows.
Bee'tle, v. to jut out to hang over. ; Bee'tle-headed, a. dull ; stupid.

Beginnan— to Begin.
Begin', v. to commence. |
Begin'ning, n. the first part.

Begone', int. he, gone, go away ; hence.

Behefe — Gain.
Behalf', n. favor ; cause ; sake.

Be lidbhan — to Restrain.
Behave'^, «. to conduct ; to act. |
Behav'ior, n. conduct ; demeanor.

Behaes—a Self-command.
Behest', n. promise ; a command.

Healdan—to Hold. Helfna —a Helve or Handle.

Hold, v. to grasp to keep to retain.
; ;
Behold', v. to view to see. ;

Hold'er, n. one that holds. Behold'en, p. a. bound m gratitude.

Helve, n. the handle of an axe. Behold'er, n. one who beholds.
Helm, n. the stick by which a rudder Forehold'ing, n. prediction.
is turned. Unbeheld', a. unseen.
Helms'man, n. one who controls a Uphold', v. to support to sustain. ;

helm. Uphol'sterer, n. one who furnishes

Hilt, n. a handle of a sword. houses.
Hold'back, n. hinderance restraint. ; Uphol'stery, n. furniture for houses,
Hold'fast, n. that which holds. Withhold', v. to hold back to refuse. •

Behofian — to Want ; to Be Necessary.

Bbhoove', v. to be necessary ; to want. |
Behoof', n. profit ; advantage.

Bealcan— to Swell or Heave.

Belch, v. to eject wind from the stomach.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 79

Geliefan —to Trust ; to Believe.

Believe', v. to credit to put confi- ; Misbelieve', t. to believe erroneously.
dence in. Misbelief', n. erroneous belief.
Belief', n. opinion faith. ; Unbelieve', v. not to believe or trust.
Believ'er, n. one who believes. Unbelief', n. incredulity infidelity. ;

Unbeliev'er, n. an infidel.

Bell — Bell.
Bell, n. a hollow sounding vessel of Bell'founder, n. one who makes
metal. bells.
Bel'fry, n. the place where a bell is Bell 'metal, n. a mixture of copper
hung. and tin.
Bell'wether, n. a sheep which carries a bell.

Below', jyrep. he, low, under, in place, time, or dignity.

Belt, n. belt, a girdle ; a band.

Bendan—to Bend.
Bend, n. to make crooked to ; incline. I Bent, n. state of being curved ; fixed
Bend, n. a curve a crook. ; I
purpose.

Becwcefhan —to Say ; to Give by Will.

Bequeath', v. to leave by will to an- I Bequest', n. something left by will,
other. I

Bereave', v. hereafan, to deprive of; to take away from.

Ber'ry, n. bema, any small fruit containing seeds.

Secan —to Seek.

Seek, v. to look for to search for. ; Forsake', v. to leave to desert. ;

Sought, p. looked for searched for. ; Forsook', p. quitted deserted. ;

Beseech', v. to entreat to beg to ; ; Forsak'en, a. deserted left. ;

implore. Unsought', a. not sought; without

Besought', p. entreated ; implored. seeking.

Beside', Besides, ad. be, side, at the side of; over and abrve.

Be'som, n. bestn, a broom.

Best, a. best, good in the highest degree.

Stow — a Place ; to Stow.

^. oy^, J- to place ; to lay up. Bestow', v. to give to confer.
i ;

Stow' AGE, n. room for laying up. Bestow'al, n. the act of bestowing.
|

Bestow'er, n. one who bestows.

Streowian —to Strew.

Strew, v. to scatter ; to spread. Strew'ed, p. scattered.
|

^estrew', 1). to sprinkle over.

^80 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Stridan, stroedan —to Spread.

STRroB, V. to walk with long steps ; I Bestride', v. to place a leg on each
n. a long step. I
side.

Bad—Bet.
Bbt, n. a wager ; to wager. |
Bet'tor, n. one who bets.

Bet'ter, «j. betriafif to improve ; to advance ; a. superior.

Between', prep, be, tivegen, in the intermediate space.

Wicce —Witch.
Witch, n. a woman given to unlaw- Bewitch', v. to charm to enchant. ;

ful arts. Bewitch'ery, n. fascination charm. ;

Witch'ery, n. enchantment sorcery. ; Bewitch'ing, a. fascinating enchant- ;

Witch'craft, n. the practices of ing.

witches.

Beyond', prep, he, geond, on the farther side of.

Biddan—^to Ask ; to Pray ; to Command.

Bid, t. to command to offer. ; Forbid'ding, a. repulsive.
Bid'der, n. one who bids. Outbid', v. to offer a higher price.
Bid'ding, n. command; offer of a Overbid', v. to bid more. [ed.
price. Unbid', v. not invited not command- ;

Forbid', «. to prohibit ; to oppose. Unforbid'den, a. permitted; al-

Forbid'den, p. a. prohibited. lowed.

Bier, n. haer, a carriage for the dead.

Byggan—to Build.
Big, a. great ; large ; huge. [
Big'ness, n. bulk ; size.

ByI—Bile.
Bile, n. a sore, painful tumor terminating in a pustule.

Note. —This word is now more commonly spelt hoil, although the orthography of
bile is more in accordance with its etymology.
Bile, an animal fluid, comes from the Latin {hilis).

Bile —Bill.
61LL, n. the beak of a fowl. |
Bill, v. to caress ; to fondle.

Bil — Steel.
Bill, n. a hatchet with a point, like I Bil'let, n. a small log of wood,
the beak of a bird. I

Note. —Bill, a written paper, comes from the French {billet).

^ Bin, n. bin, a manger ; a cell or chest for grain, wine, &c.

 ; ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 81

Bird—BiBD.
BiBD, a general
n. name for the feath- Bird'catcher, n. one who catches
ered kind. birds.
Bird 'cage, n. an inclosure to keep Bird LIME, ii. a glue to catch birds.
birds in. Bird's'-eye, a. seen from above.

Bitan—to Bite.
Bite, v. to crush with the teeth. Bit, n. a small piece ; the part of a
I

Bite, n. the wound made by the teeth. bridle to put into a horse's mouth.
|

Bi'teng, n. the act of biting ; a. sharp severe. ;

Biter —Bitter.
Bit'ter, a. biting to the taste sharp. ; I Bit'terness, n. a bitter taste; malice
Bit'terly, ad. in a bitter manner. | sorrow.

Blcec or Mac—Black; Bleak.

Black, a. of the color of night. Black'smith, n. a smith that works
Black'en, v. to make black, in iron.
Black'guard, n. a mean, wicked fel- Bleak, a. pale ; cold ; dreary,
low. I
Bleak'ly, ad. in a cold situation.
Bleak'ness, n. dreariness ; coldness.

Blade, n. hlaed, a spire of grass ; the cutting part of an instrument.

Blegen —a Blister ; a Blain.

Blain, n. a pustule ; a blotch. |
Chil'blain, n. a sore caused by frost.

Blcest, blcestan —to Puff ; to Blow.

Blast, a gust or puff of wind an
n. ; Blus'tering, n. noise tumult. ;

explosion of gunpowder in rocks. Blis'ter, n. a thin bladder on the

Blast, v. to wither; to injure; to skin.
split rocks. Blow, v. to make a current of air.
Blast'ing, n. destruction explosion. ; Blow'ing, n. the motion of the wind.
Blus'ter, v. to roar as a storm. Bloat, v. to swell to puff up. ;

Note.—Blow, a stroke, a sudden calamity, comes from the Dutch {blouwer).

Blcetan —Bleat.
Bleat, v. to cry as a sheep. Bla'tant, a. bellowing as a
|
calf.
Bleat'eng, n. the cry of lambs or sheep.

Blcese — a Blaze.
Blaze, n. a flame ; a stream of light Bla'zon,v. to adorn; to display; to
a white spot. make public.
Blaze, d. to make public to make a ; Embla'zon, v. to deck in glaring col-
white mark on a tree. ors.
• Bla'zonry, n. the art of blazoipng. Embla'zonry, n. pictures on shields.

Blcecan —to Fade ; to Whiten.

Bleach, v. to make ^hite. j Bleach'ery, n. a place for bleaching
82 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Bledan—to Bleed.
Bleed, «. to lose or draw blood. |
Bleed ing, n. a running of blood.

Blend, v. blendan, to mingle together.

Blessian —to Consecrate ; to Bless.

Bless, «. to make happy ; to wish I Bless'ed, p. a. happy holy, ;

happiness to. I
Bless'ing, n. a prayer for happiness.

V\ Seliethf Sdper. sing, of belicgau —to Destroy.

Blight, n. a pestilence among plants ; I Blight, v. to cause to wither or de-
mildew. I
cay.

Blind — Blind.
Blind, a. wanting sight ; v. to make Blind'ness, n. want of sight ; igno-
blind. rance.
Blind'ly, ad. without sight. Blind'fold, v. to hinder from seeing.

Blican —to Shine ; to Dazzle.

Blink, v. to wink ; to look with fre- I Blink, «. to purposely evade,
quent winking. I

Blis —Joy; Gladness.

Bliss, n. the highest happiness. I Bliss'ful, a. happy in the highest
Bliss'fully, ad. in a blissful manner. | decree.

Blithe —Joyful ; Merry.

Blithe, a. gay joyous. ;
1 Blithe'some, a. gay cheerful merry.
; ;

Blithe'ly, ad.indk blithe manner. |

Blod—Blood.
Blood, n. the red fluid that circulates Blood'shot, a. filled with blood red. ;

in the bodies of animals. Blood'thirsty, a. desirous to shed

Blood'y, a. stained with blood ; cruel. blood.
Blood 'iNESS, n. the state of being Blood'yessel, n. a vein or artery.
bloody.

Blosma— a Flower. Blowan —to Bloom.

Blos'som, the flower of a plant.
n. Blow, «?. to flower ; to bloom ; n. a
Bloom, n. blossom. blossom.
Bloom'ing, a. thriving in health, Blowth, n. bloom ; blossom.
beauty, and vigor.

Note.—Blow, a stroke, comes from the Dutch (blmoe).

Bleo — Blue.
Blue, one of the primary colors.
n. Blu'ish, a. blue in a small degree.
Blue'ness, n. the quality of being Blue'-eyed, a. having blue eyes.
blue.
 ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 8.^

Slinnan —to Stop.

Bltjnt, dull on the edge or point
a. ; I Blunt'ness, n. want of edge ; al>
rough; rude. I
ruptness.
Blunt'ly, ad.mdi blunt manner.

Ablisian —to Blush.

Blush, to redden with
v. shame or
Blush'less, a. without a blush im- ;

confusion. pudent. [face.

Blush'inq, n. the reddening of the Outblush', v. to exceed in rosy color
Unblush'ing, a. not blushing destitute of shame. ;

Bar—Boar.
Boar, n. the male swine. I Brawn'y,
a. muscular fleshy hard. ; ;

Boar'ish, a. swinish brutal cruel. ; ; I Brawn'iness, n. strength hardness. ;

Brawn, n. the flesh of a boar ; the muscular part of the body.

Bord—an Edge ; a Side

Board, a flat piece of
n. wood ; a Board'er, n. one who boards.
table; food. Bor'der, n. the outer part or edge.
Board, v. to lay with boards; to live Imbor'der, v. to bound.
at for a price.
Note.— The Anglo-Saxon table was formed merely by placing a board upon tres-
tles at the time of eating, and it was designated simply by ihc name of board.

Bat—a Boat or Ship.

Boat, n. a small, open vessel. |
Boat'man, n. one who manages a boat.
Boat'swain, n. an officer in a ship.

Bodig—Body.
Bod'y, n. the material part of an ani Bod'ied, having a body.
a.
mal. Bod'ice, short stays for women.
n.
Bod'il f . a. relating to the body ; en Bod'yguard, n. a guard to protect
tirely. the person.

Byl—Bile or Boil.
Bile, Boil, n. a sore, painful tumor.
Note. —Boil, to be agitated by heat, comes from the Latin (JyulUo).

Bald—Bold; Audacious.
Bold, a. daring; brave; impudent. |
Bold'ness, n. courage; impudence.
Bold'ly, ad. in a bold manner. | Bold'faced, a. impudent.

Bolla —Any Round Vessel.

Boll, n. a round pod or capsule. | Bowl, n. a vessel to hold liquids.
Note.— Bowl, to roll, comes from the French (boule).

Bolster — a Pillow.
Bol'ster, n. a long pillow ; v. to support ; to hold up.
84 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Bolt —a House ; an Akrow.

Bolt, n. an arrow the bar of a door.
; I Bolt, v. to fasten with a bolt ; to
Bolt, «. to leave or desert suddenly. | spring out suddenly.
Note. —Bolt, to sift, to separate from bran, comes from the Ger. {beutdn).

Ban— Bone.
Bone, n. the firm, hard substance in I Bo'ny, a. full of bones,
an animal body. | Bone'ache, n. pain in the bones.

Beom— a Beam.
Boom, n. a pole used to extend a sail ; a bar across a harbor, &c.
Note, —Boom, a deep hollow sound, comes from the Dutch bommen^ to sound hol-
low.

Bene—a Prayer ; a Petition.

Boon, n. a gift ; a favor.
Note. —Boon, gay, merry, kind, comes from the Latin (bonus).
Gebiir —a Countryman or Farmer. Buan —to Till.
Boor, n. a cultivator of the soil ; a Boor'ishly, ad. in a boorish manner.
rude peasant. Bur'ly, a. (boor-like)^ big; tumid;
Boor'ish, a. clownish : rude. boisterous.
Bur'liness, n. bulk bluster.
;

Bote — Compensation ; Satisfaction.

Boot, to profit ; to advantage.
i). • I Boot'y, n. spoil ;
plunder.
Boot'less, a. useless unprofitable. ; | To Boot, ad. over and above ; besides.
Note. —Boot, a covering for the foot, comes from the French ('otte).

Bof'ian —to Bore.

Bore, v. to make a hole by turning. [ Bore, v. to vex or weary.

Biirh — a City. Beorg—a Hill ; a Citadel ; a Refuge.

Bor'ough, a corporate town.
n. Burg'lar, n. a thief who breaks into
Burgh, n. a corporate town. a house.
Bur'gess, n. a freeman of a burgh. Burg'lary, n. housebreaking.
Bur'gher, n. a freeman of a burgh. Burg'larious, a. relating to house-
Bur'gomaster, n. a magistrate of a breaking, [rabbits, &c.
city. Bur'row, n. a hole in the ground for

Borglan —to Borrow ; and Bohr— a Pledge.

Bor'row, V). to take the use of for a I Bor'rowing, n. the act of taking a
a time. | loan.
Bor'rower, n. one who borrows.

Bosuni — Bosom.
Bo'soM, n. the breast ; the heart. |
Bo'som, a. confidential ; intimate.

Both, a, ba^ twa, the two; the one and the other.
 ANOLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 85

Botm— Bottom.
Bot'tom, n. the lowest part. I Bot'tomby, n. borrowing money on
Bot'tomed, a. having a bottom. a ship.
I

Bot'tomless, a. without a bottom.

Boga — Anything Curved ; a Branch. Bugan —to Bow; to Bend.

Bough, n. a branch of a tree. Bow'legged, a. having crooked legs.
Bow, n. an instrument for shooting Bow'sTRiNG, n. the string of a bow.
arrows any thing in the form of a
; Bow 'sprit, n. the spar projecting
curve. from the head of a ship.
Bow'wiNDOW, n. a projecting window.

Bur—a Dwelling ; a Cottage.

Bow'er, n. a retired chamber; a Neigh'borhood, n. a place near.
shady recess. Neigh'borly, a. becoming a neigh-
Bow'ery, a. having bowers shady. ; bor; kind; civil.
Neigh'bor, n. (neah, nigh), one Unneigh'borly, a. not becoming a
who lives near. neighbor ; not kind.

Box-^Box.
Box, n. a case made of wood ; a chest.
Note.—Box, a blow with the fist, comes from the Welsh (bock\ and Box, a tree
or shrub, from the Latin (fiuxtts).

Boye—BoY.
Boy, n. a male child. |
Boy'hood, n. the state of a boy.
Boy'ish, a. like a boy ; childish.

Bredan—to Braid.
Braid, v. to weave together. |
Braid, n. a texture ; a knot.

Brcegen —Brain.
Brain, the soft whitish mass in-
n. I BrAin'less, a. silly thoughtless, ;

closed in the skull. | Bbain'sick, a. disordered in the brain.

Breinbel —Bramble.
Bram'bled, a. overgrown with bram- 1 Bram'ble, n. the blackberry bush,
bles.

Braes —Brass.
Brass, n. a yellow metal composed Braze, v. to solder with brass.
of copper and zinc. Bra'zenfaced, a. impudent shame" ;

Bra'zier, n. one who works in brass. less.

Bra'zen, a. made of brass impudent. ;

Bread or breod —Bread.

Bread, n. food made*of ground com ; support of life.

Breed —Breadth.
Breadth, n. measure from side to side.
g6 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Brecan or hracan — to Break ; to Bruise.

Break, ®. to part by violence. Breach, n. a gap ; a quarrel ; an in-

Broach, v. to tap to let out liquor.
; fraction.
Brack, 71. a breach a crack. ; Breech, n. the hinder part of any-
Brake, n. an instrument for retarding thing.
motion. Out'break, n. a bursting forth.
Crake, n. a thicket. Break'er, n. a wave broken by a
Bray, «, to grind small rock.
Break'past, n. the first meal of the day.
Note. —Bray, the noise of an ass, comes from the French {braire).

JBreost —Breast.
Breast, the fore part of the body.
n. Breast'pin, n. an ornament for the
Breast 'bone, n. the bone of the breast. breast.
Breast KNOT, n. a knot worn on the Breast'work, n. a work as high as
breast. the breast.

JSrceth —Breath.
Breath, n. drawn in
the air and ex- Breathe, v. to draw in and expel
pelled by the
lungs. the air.
Breath'ing, n. respiration. Breath'pul, a. full of breath.
Breath'less, a. out of breath.

Bredan—^to Nourish. JBrod —a Brood.

Breed, «. to give birth to ; to bring Brood, v. the number hatched at once.
Breed, n. a race a kind. ; [up. Brood, v. to sit as on eggs to think ;

Breed'ing, n. education; manners; long and anxiously about.

nurture. Bred, jy^. brought up; nourished.

Sriwan—to Brew ;
to Mix.
Brew, ®. to make malt liquor; to Brew'er, n. one who brews.
mingle. Broth, n. liquor in which flesh has
Brew'age, n. a mixture. been boiled.
Brew'ery, n. a place for brewing.

Bryd—Bride.
Bride, n. a woman about to be mar- n. a man about to be Bride'groom,
ried, or newly married. married, or newly married.
Bri'dal, a. a wedding belonging to Bridesmaid, n. she who attends on
;

a wedding. the bride.

Bride'man, n. he who attends on the bridegroom.

Brycg—Bridge.
Bbidge, n, a building raised over water for convenience of passage.

Bridl —Bridle.
Bri'dle, n. the reins by which a horse Bri'dle, v. to hold up the head in
I

is governed a restraint.
; pride or resentment.
I

Bbi'dlb^ V, to restrain to control. ;

 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIV^ATIVES. 8t

Srcer —Brier ; a Prickle.

Brt'er, n. a prickly slirub. |

Bri'ery, a. full of briers.

Beorht or bryht —Bright.

Brighi, a. clear; shining. Bright'ly, a. with lustre.
I

Bright'en, v. to make bright. Bright'ness, n. lustre glitter,

I
;

Bert, a. bright ; a suf&x used in forming names.

Brymnie—Brim.
Brim, n. the upper edge of a vessel. I Brim'less, a. without a brim.
Brim'ful, a. full to the brim. I
Brim'ming, a. full to the top.

Byrnan—to Burn. Brun — Brown.

Burn, ??. to consume with fire; to Brown, n. the name of a color.
wound with fire. Brown isn, a. somewhat brown.
Burn, n. a wound caused by fire. Brownstud'y, n. deep thoughtful-
Burnt, p. a. consumed ; scorched. ness.
Burn'ing, n. fire flame. ; Au'burn, a. brown; of a dark tan
Outburn', v. to exceed in burning. color.
Unburned', a. not burnt. Brand, n. a burning piece of wood ;

Brin'ded, a. streaked, as if burnt. a mark of infamy.

Brin'dled, a. streaked spotted. ; Brand, to mark with a hot iron.
«?.

Brunt, n. the heat or violence of an Brandish, v. to wave to flourish. ;

onset ; shock. Brim'stone, n. sulphur.

Note. —Burn, a brook, used in Scotland, comes from the Gothic {brunna).

Bryne — Salt Liquor.

Brinb, ». water impregnated with I Brin'ish, a. saltish like brine. ;

salt. I
Bri'ny, a. salt; like brine.

Bringan —to Bring.

Bring, v. to fetch from ; to attract.

Bristl, hyrst —Bristle.

Bris'tle, n. the hair of a swine ; stiff I Bris'tle, v. to stand erect.
hair. I
Brist'ly, a. thick set with bristles.

Bryttian —to Break.

Brit'tle, a. easily broken. |
Brit'tleness, n. aptness to break.

Brad, breed— Broad.

Broad, a. wide ; extended from side Broad 'ly, ad. in a broad manner.
to side. Broad'cloth, n. a fine woolen cloth.
Broad'en, id. to make broad. Broad'side, n. the side of a ship.

^ Brucan—to Use ; to Employ ; to Bear.

Broke, v. to transact business for Bro'ker, n. an agent or negotiator.
others. Bro'kerage, n. the pay or reward of
Bro'kage, n. profit gained by pro- a broker.
moting bargains. • Brook, v. to bear ; to endure.
8S SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Broc— Bbook.
Brook, n. a stream ; a rivulet.

^rowi— Broom.
Broom, n. a shrub a brush with a
; I Broom'stick, n. the handle of a
long handle for sweeping. | broom.

Brother Brother. —
Broth'er, n. one born of the same I Broth'erly, a. like a brother ; affec-^
parents. I
tionate.
Broth'erless, a. without a brother.

JBrceiv —Brow.
Brow, n. the ridge over the eye ; the 1 Bro w'beat, v. to depress by stem
forehead. I looks.

Brysan—to Bruise.
Bruise, «. to crush or mangle by blows.

Bucca — Buck.
Buck, n. the male of certain ani- I Buck'skin, n. leather made from a
mals. I
buck's skin.

Buck'et, n. hue, a vessel for drawing water.

Byldan—to Confirm ; to Establish.

Build, v. to raise an edifice ; to con- I Build'er, n. one who builds,

struct. I
Build 'iNG, n. a fabric an edifice.
;

Byndel— Bundle.
Bun'dle, n. a number of things bound together.

Byrthen Burden. —
Bur'den, n. what is borne ; a load. | Bur'densome, a. heavy ;
grievous.

Burst, v. herstan, to break or fiy asunder by internal force.

Birgan or hirian —to Bury.

Bur't, v. to cover with earth ; to put I Bur'ial, n. interment,
into a grave. I
Bur'ying, n. burial.

Brastlian —to Brustle ; to Bustle.

Bus'tle, v. to be busy with quick I Brus'tle, v. to rustle ; to crackla

motion. I

Biseg —Busy.
Bus'y, a. employed with earnestness Bus'ily, ad. in a busy manaer.
; I

active. Bus'iness, n. employment trado.

I
;

Bus'y-bod'y, n. a meddling person.

 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 89

But, c(m. hutan, except ; except that.

Bocsum—Flexible boga—a ; Bough, and sum— Some.

Bux'oM, a. gay ; lively ; brisk. |
Bux'omly, ad. wantonly.

Byegan—to Buy ; hoht —Bought.

Buy, v. to obtain for money ; to pur- I Buy'er, n. one who buys,
chase. | Bought, pp. purchased.

Be or hi —By.
By, prep, denotes the way or means. ] By, ad. in presence or passing neai^

Cealf—QAJJF.
Calf, n. the young of a cow ; a stupid I Calves, n. the plural of calf,
fellow. I
Calf 'skin, n. the skin of a cal£

Caeggian —to Lock.

Cage, n. an enclosure for birds or I Cage, v. to shut up.
beasts. |

Cunnan—to Know ; to Have Powbb.

Can, v. to be ableto have power.
; I Cun'ning, a. artfully deceitful.
KJEN, V. to see at a distance to know. ; | Cun'ning, n. fraudulent dexterity,

Canna—Can.
Can, n. a vessel for liquor. |
Can'ned, a. preserved in cans.

Car— Care.
Care, n. anxiety caution charge. ; Care'fully, ad. heedfully.
; I

Care'ful, a. anxious watchful. Care'lessly, ad. without care.

; |

Care'less, a. having no care heedless. ;

Carl —a Male. Ceorl — a Churl.

Carle, n. a strong, rude man. |
Churl, n. a surly man ; a miser.
Churl'ish, a. rude ; harsh.

Ceorfan —to Carve.

Carve, to cut meat at table
o. ; to cut I Carv'ing, n. the act of carving
into elegant forms. 1 sculpture.

Cartel — Castle.
Gas'tle, n. a fortified house. |
Cas'tellan,71. the governor ofa castle,
• •
Ceaf— Chaff.
Chaff, n. the husks of grain. Chaf'fy, a. full of chaff.
|

Chap'finch, n. a bird said to like chaff.

 —

90 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ceapf ceapian —to Babgaln : to Trade ; to Bur.

Cheap, a. having a low price. Chaf'per, to treat about a bar-

«.
Cheap'en, v. to lessen value. gain ; to baggie.
Cheap.'ly, ad. at a small price, Chap'man, n. a dealer.
Cheap'ness, n. lowness of price. Chap, v. to barter to exchange. ;

Chap, n. a boy ; an inferior person.

—
Note. Chap, to break into small clefts or gapings by heat or cold, to become bot9
by clefts, &c., is from A.-S. geypped, opened.

Cerran—to Burn.
Char'coal, n. coal made by charring I Char, v. to bum to a cinder,
wood. I

Cearig, cearian — ^to Take Care ; to Be Anxious.

Cha'ry, a. careful; cautious. |
Cha'rily, ad. warily; frugally.
Cha'riness, n. caution ; nicety.

Ceat —Circumvention.
Cheat, xi. to defraud to impose upon.
; |
Cheat'er, n. one who practises fraud.

Ceac, ceowan — ^to Chew.

Cheek, n. the side of the face. I Cheek'bone, n. the bone of the cheek.
Chew, «. to crush with the teeth. | Chew'ing, n. mastication.
NoTB. Check by Jowii, an old expression signifying closeness, or face to face.

Cyse — Cheese.
Chees'y, a, having the nature of I Cheese, n. the pressed curd of milk,
cheese. I

Cyst —Chest.
Chest, n. a large box ; the thorax.

Cicen —Chicken.
Check'en, n. the young of a hen. | Chick'enhearted, a. cowardly.

Cidan —to Chide.

Chide^ v. to scold ; to find fault. Chid'ing, n. scolding
|
; rebuke.
Chid'ingly, ad. in a reproving manner.

aid—Child.
Child, n. an infant ; a very young I Child'hood,
the state of children, n.
person. I
Child'ish,
like a child. a.
Child'less, a. without children.

Cele —Chill.
Chill, a. cold ; dull. Chill'y, a. somewhat cold.
|

Chtl'liness, n. coldness shivering. ;

 ;

AKGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 91

Cyn— Chtn.
Chut, n, the lower part of the face. |
Chin'cough, n. the whooping cough.

Cina — a Fissuke.
Chink, n. a crack ; a gap. Chink, v. to jingle.
|

Chink'y, a. opening in narrow clefts.

Aceocan —to Suffocate.

Choke, v. to suffocate ; to stop up. | Choke'full, a. as full as possible.

Ceosan —to Choose.

Choose, v. to take by preference to Choos'ing, n. selection choice,
; I ;

pick out. Choice, n. the power of choosing.

I

Choice'ness, n. nicety particular value. ;

Clem, cyrran —to Turn.

Chtjbn, n. a vessel used in making I Churn'ing, n. the act of making but-
butter. I
ter.

Clcemian — ^to Glue ; to Smear.

Clam, «. to clog with glutinous mat- 1 Clam, n. the name of a shell fish,
ter. I
Clam'my, a. glutinous ; sticky.

Clappan —to Move with Beats Like the Heart.

Clap, v. to strike together with quick I Clapperclaw, v. to scold ; to re-
motion. I
vile.

Claw— Claw.
Claw, n. the foot of a beast or bird I Claw, v. to scratch, pull, or tear with
having hooked nails. I
the nails.

Clceg — Sticky; Viscous.

Clay, n. a tenacious kind of earth. I Clay'pit, n. a pit where clay is dug
Dlay'ey, a. like clay. I
Clay'mabl, n. a whitish, chalky clay

Clcen — Clean.
Clean, a. free from dirt. Cleanse, v. to free from dirt ; to pu^
Clean'ly, a. free from dirt; neat; rify.
pure. Cleans'ing, n. the act of purifying.
Clean'liness, n. freedom from dirt Unclean', a. not clean dirty. ;

neatness.

Cleafan — ^to Cleave

Cleave, v. to split to divide. ; Clove, pret. divided.
Clbav'er, n. a butcher's axe. CloVen, a. divided parted. ;

Cleft, n. an opening made by split CloVen-footed, a. having the foot

ting. divided into two parts.
>fZ SMlTH"'rf HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Clifian —to Cleave.

Cleave, v. to adhere ; to hold to.

Gleaw — Skillful ; Clever.

Clev'er, a. skillful ; dexterous ; n. dexterity
in- I Clev'erness, ; skill ; in
genious. genuity. I

Clev'erly, ad. dexterously ingeniously. ;

Cliwe —a Ball of Thread.

Clew, n. a ball of thread ; a guide. ] Clew, v. to guide as by a thread.
Note. —The thread unwound from a clew used to guide one in a labyrinth.
ai/—Cliff.
Cliff, n. a steep bank. |
Clipf'y, a. broken ; craggy.

Climan —to Climb.

Climb, «. to ascend with labor ; to I Climb'er, n. one who climbs,
mount. I
Climb'ing, n. the act of ascending.

Clingan —to Shrink Up.

Cling, ®. to hang upon ; to adhere. | Cling'stone, n. a kind of peach.

Clyppan —to Embrace

Clip, v. to cut with shears; to cut Clasp, n. a hook to hold anything
short. close.
Clip 'per, n. one who clips; a fast Clasp'knife, n. a knife which folda
sailing vessel. into the handle.

Lach—a, Garment.
Cloak, n. a loose outer garment. |
Cloak, v. to hide ; to mask.

Clucga — a Bell ; Clock.

Clock, n. an instrument to measure I Clock'work, n. the machinery of a
time. I
clock; well adjusted work.

Clud —a Stone ; a Hillock.

Clod, n. a lump of earth. Clot, n. a concretion of soft or fluid
Clod'dy, a. consisting of clods. matter.
Clod'poll, n. a dolt a blockhead. ; Clot'ty, a. full of clots.

Clath — Cloth.
Cloth, n. any thing woven. Clothes, n. garments dress. ;

Clothe, v. to cover to dress. ; Cloth'ing, n. dress garments ;

; ve*
Cloth'ibr, n. a maker or seller of ture.
cloth.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXOX ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 93

Ge-hlod— Covered ; Cloud.

Cloud, n. a collection of visible vapor Cloud'iness, v. the state of being
in the air. cloudy.
Cloud'y, a. covered with clouds. Cloud'less, a. without clouds clear ;

Cloud'capt, a. topped with clouds. bright.

Note. —This word is of doubtful etymology.

Clf^fer-wyrt — Small Cloveb.

Clo'ver, n. a species of trefoil. |
Clov'ered, a. covered with clover.

Cleofan —to DrvroE.

Club, n. an association of persons I Club, n. a room in which a club
each contributing his share. I
meets.

Note. —Club, a heavy stick, a bludgeon, comes from the Danish {Hub).
Clauster — a Cloister ; a Bunch.
Clus'ter, n. a bunch ; a collection. | Clus'ter, v. to collect in buncbea.

Ge-lwccan — to Seize ; to Catch.

Clutch, v. to seize ; to grasp. |

Clutch, n. gripe ;
grasp.

Col— Coal.
Coal, n. a common fossil fuel. Coal'miner, n. one who works in a
Coal'ery, n. a place where coals are coal mine.
dug. Coal pit, n. a pit in which coals are
Coal BLACK, a. black in the highest dug.
degree. Collier, n. a digger of coals a coal ;

Coal'mtne, n. a mine in which coals merchant. [dug.

are dug. Coll'iery, n. a place where coals are

Cocc — Cock.
Cock, n. the male of birds a small ; Cock'crowing, n. the dawn ; early
heap of hay to set erect to strut.
; ; morning.
Cock'ade, n. a ribbon worn on the Cock LOFT, n. the room over the gar-
Cock'ateice, n. a serpent. [hat. ret.
Cock'atoo, n. a bird of the parrot Cock'pit, n. the lower deck of a ship
kind. of war.

Ceald—CojA).
Cold, a. not hot frigid chill. ; ; Cold'blooded, a. without feeling.
Cold'ly, ad. without heat without ; Cool, a. somewhat cold.
concern. Cool'ish, a. rather cool.
Cold'ness, n. want of heat ; uncon- Cool'ly, ad. without heat or passion
cern. '

Cool'ness, n. gentle cold; indiffer

Cold'hearted, a. indiflf(^ent ; want- ence.
ing passion. Cool'headed, a. without passion.
 ; —

94 iSMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Colt—Colt.
Colt, n. a young horse. |
Colt'ish, a. like a colt ; frisky wanton. ;

Camh —a Valley.
Comb, the dry part of a valley.
n. Comb, n. an instrument for the hair.
Comb, which bees de-
n. the cells in Comb, v. to divide, clean, and ad-just
posit honey. the hair.
Note. —Hence the names of places situated in valleys end in comb as Alcomb, Bas ;
comb, Chelcomb. Sometimes the name of the owner annexed Oomfe-Bassett., is as,
changed into p, as Comptou. —Boswokth.
;

Comft-Raleigh. Sometimes 6 is

Cuman—to Come.
Come, «. to draw near; to advance Com'ing, n. approach; arrival; ad
I

towards. vancing near.

|

Overcome', «. ofer, to conquer to subdue. ;

Cwenian — Comply.
Come'liness, n. grace ; beauty ; dig- I Come'ly, a. graceful : decent,
nity. I

Cop —^the Top, or the Head.

Cop, n. the head the top. ; Cob, n. the head anything round a
; ;

Cope, n. a cover for the head or top. strong pony.

Co'piNG, n. the top or cover of a Cob'ble, n. a roundish stone.
wall. Cob'-irons, n. irons with a knob at
Oop'pED, a. rising to a top or head. the end.
Note. — Cope, to contend, to struggle, comes from the Greek. Cobble, to mend
coarsely, to do clumsily, comes from the Danish {kobler).

Corn — Corn.
Corn, n. seeds which grow in ears Corn, v. to sprinkle with salt.
grain. Corn'field, n. a field where com is
Corn'chandler, n. one who retails growing.
corn. Corn'heap, n. a store of com.
Note. —Corn, an excrescence on the foot, is from the Latin cornu, a horn.

Cota — Cot.
Cot, n. a small house a hut. ; Cot'tager, n. one who lives in a co^
Cote, n. a cottage a sheep fold.; tage.
Cot'tage, n. a small house a hut. : Cot'ter, n. one who lives in a cot.

Cof—a Cave ; a Repository.

Cove, n. a small creek or bay ; a shel- Cof'fer-dam, n. a water-tight case
ter. fixed in the bottom of a river, in
Cop'fer, n. a chest, generally for order to keep a space dry to build
keeping money. upon.

Crabba — Crab.
Crab, n. a shell fish ; a peevish person. |
Crab'bed, a. peevish ; morose.
 4KGL0-SAX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 96

Cu— Cow.
Cow, n. theof the bull.
ff A»ale I Cow'herd, n. {hyrde, a keeper), one
Cow'like, a. resembling a cow. 1 whotends cows.
Cow'house, n. a house in which cows Cow'lick, n. a tuft of hair turned up
are kept. as if licked by a cow.
Cow'pox, the vaccine disease.
n. Cow'ard, n. (from cowherd)^ one de-
Cow'sLip, a species of primrose.
n. stitute of courage.
Cow, V. to depress with fear. Cow'ardice, n. want of courage.
Cow'ardly, a. fearful ; mean.

Cradel — Cradle.
Cra'dle, n. a bed in which infants I Cra'dle, n. a scythe for grain,
are rocked. I

Crceft —Art; Skill; Trade.

Craft, n. trade ; fraud ; cunning. Craft'ily, ad. cunningly artfully.
I ;

Craft'y, a. cunning artful sly.

; ; Craft'iness, n. cunning stratagem.
| ;

Crafts'man, n. an artificer a mechanic. ;

Cratnmian— to Cram.
Cram, v. to stuff completely full ; to thrust in by force.

Cran —a kind of Heron.

Crane, n. a bird ; a machine for raising heavy goods.

Crafian —to Crave ; to Ask ; to Implore.

Crave, v. to ask earnestly ; to long I Cra'ven, a coward one who im-
n. ;

for. I
plores for his life when vanquished.
Cra'ving, n. unreasonable desire.

Creek, n. crecca, a small inlet ; a cove.

Creopan—to Creep.
Creep, d. to move
as a worm ; to I Creep'ingly, ad. slowly ; like a rep-
move slowly or feebly. I
tile.

Cread or cruth —a Crowd.

Crew, n. a ship's company ; a com- I Crowd, n. a confused multitude ; v.

pany. I
to press close.

Cryb — Crib.
Crib, n. a manger ; a child's bed ; v. to confine.

dhicc —a Stick.
Crick, n. a painful stifl&iess in the I Crick'et, n. a play with bats and
neck. I
ball.
CRifrcn, n. a support used by the lame.
96 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ge-erympt— Curled.
Crimp, «. to pinch up in ridges. |
Crimp 'ing, n. the act of crimping.

Crocca —a Pot ; a Pitcher.

Crock, n. an earthen vessel. |
Crock'ery, n. earthen ware.

Cropp— ^the Top ; an Ear op Corn.

Crop, n. the stomach of a bird. |
Crop, n. the harvest ;
produce.
Note. —Crop, to cut off, comes from the Dutch krappen^ to cut off.

Hreopan — Croup.
Croup, n. a disease in the throat.
Note. —Croup, the rump of an animal, comes from the Italian (groppa).
Craiv — Crow.
Crow, n. a bird the cry of a cock.
; Crow '-foot, n. a flower. |

Crow's'-feet, n. the wrinkles under the eyes.

Criifna —Crumb ; to Gnaw or Break.

Crumb, n, a small particle ; a frag- I Crum'ble, v. to break or fall into
ment. 1 small pieces.

Cunnan—to Know ;
Cunning.
Cun'ning, a. skilful ; artful ; sly. | Cun'ningly, ad. skilfully ; artfully.

Cupp — Cup.
CtfP, n. a drinking vessel. I Cup'board, n. a case with shelves for
Cup'bearer, n. an attendant at a feast. | cups, &c.

Dam, v. detnmarif to confine water.

Note. —Dam, a female parent, is from Dame, which comes from the Latin domina,
the mistress of a family.

Dearran —to Dare.

Dare, v. to have courage. I Dar'ing, a. bold fearless. ;

Dare, v. to challenge to defy. ; | Dar'ingly, ad. boldly courageously. ;

Deorc—Dark.
Dark, a. wanting light gloomy. ;
Dark'ly, ad. obscurely.
Dark'en, v. to make dark. Dark'ness, n. absence of light.
Dark'ish, a. approaching to dark. Dark'some, a. gloomy obscure. ;

Deor or e?yre—Precious ; Beloved

Dear, beloved precious costly.
a. ;
; Dearth, n. scarcity ; famine.
Dear'ly, ad. with fondness at a high ; Dear '-bought, a. purchased at a high
price. price.
Dear'ness, n. fondness ; costliness. Dar'ling, a. beloved ; favorite.
Endear', v. to make dear to make beloved.. ;
 ;

AlfGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 97

Adastrigan —to Fkighten ; to Dismay.

Das'tabd, n. a coward. i
Das'tardly, ad. cowardly ; mean.
Das'tabdy, n. cowardliness.
Note. —Coward, Dastard, Poltroon, and Craven signify one wanting courage,
!vnd they are all used as terms of reproach ; but, of the four words, coward is the least
reproachful.

Dohtor— Daughter.
X)augh'ter, n. a female child. 1
Daugh'terly, a. like a daughter.

Ikeg—Day. Dagian—Dawn.
Day, n. the time from sunrise to sun- Day'light, n. the light of day.
set. Day'time, n. the time in which there
Dai'ly, a. happening every day. is light.
Day'break, 71. the first appearance Dawn, n. the break of day ; to begin
of light dawn.; togrow light.
Day'dream, n. a vision to the waking Dawn'ing, n. break of day morning. ;

senses. Dai'sy, n. {cUiy^s-eye), a flower.

Dai'sied, a. full of daisies.

Dead —Dead.
Dead, a. deprived of life; dull still. ;

Dead'en, v. to deprive of sensation. helpless.

Deadly, destructive mortal.
a. ; Dead'lift, n. the lifting of a thing
Dead'ness, n. loss of life. at the utmost disadvantage.
Death, n. extinction of life. Death'like, a. resembling death.

Dea/—Deaf.
Deaf, a. wanting the sense of hearing. Deaf'en, v. to make deaf. |

Deap'ness, n. want of power to hear.

Dcel-^a, Part. Dcelan— to Divide.

Deal, n. a part a thin plank.
; Deal'ing, n. action ; intercourse
Deal, v. to divide to distribute. ;
traffic.
Deal'er, n. one who deals a trader. ; Dole, v. to deal to ; distribute.
In'terdeal, n. mutual dealing traffic ;

Note.— Dole, grief, sorrow, comes from the Latin {doleo).

Decan—to Cover.
Deck, v. to cover to adorn. ; Fore'deck, n. the fore part of tb«
Deck, n. the floor or cover of a ship. deck.
Deok'er, n. one who adorns. Undecked', a. not decked.

I>ced —Deed.
, Deed'less, a. without action without ; I Deed, n. an action ; an exploit,
*
exploits. I

Demati Deem. —
• Deem, v. to think ; to judge.
 ;

98 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Deop—Deep.
Deep, extending far below the sur
a. Deep'lt, ad. to a great depth.
face; profound. Depth, n. measure from the surface
Deep'en, v. to make deep. downwards.

Delfan —to Dig.

DeIjP, n. a mine a pit earthenware. Delte, v. to
; ; ]
dig.
Deliver, n. one who digs.

JDenu —Den ; a Dale ; a Plain.

Den, n. a cavern ; the cave of a wild beast.

Note. —Den, a termination in the names of places, signifies a valley or woody plain.
Disc — a Plate ; a Table ; Dish.
Desk, n. an inclined table for writing I Dish, n. a vessel for serving up food
or reading. a pJate. 1

Dish'water, n. water in which dishes are washed.

Deofol — Devil.
Dev'il, n. a fallen angel an evil ; spirit. |
Dev'ilish, a. like a devil ; wicked.

JDeaw —Dew.
Dew, n. moisture from the atmo- Dew'dkop, n. 9 d^op of dew.
sphere. Dew'lap, n. the fiesh which hang»
Dew'y, a. like dew. from the throat oi ac ox.
Bedew', v. to moisten gently.

Die —a Dike.
Dig, to turn
v. up the earth ; to ex-Dig'ger, n. one who digs,
I

cavate. Dike, n. a bank a mound

1 ;

Ditch, n. a trench dug in the ground.

Dim—Dim.
Dim, a. not seeing clear ; obscure ; i\ I Dim'ly, ad. not clearly obscurelj- ;

to cloud. I
Dim'ness, n. duhiess of sight.
Dim'sighted, a. having weak eyes.

Dynt—a Stroke ; a Blow. Dint— a Hole.

Dim'ple, n. a small hollow in the Dim'ply, a. full of dimples.
cheek or chin. Dint, n. a mark force. ;

Dm'PLKD, a. set with dimples. Dint, «, to mark by a blow.

Dyne —Noise. Dynan—to Make a Noise ; to Dine.

Dm, n. a ioud noise ; «, Din'ner, n. the chief meal of the day

to stun with
noise. Di'ningroom. n. the room for dining.
Dine, v. to eat or give a dinner. Dinnertime, n. the time for dinner
Dun. v. to claim a debt importunately.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEBIVATIVES. 99

Dyppan —to Dip.

Dip, v. to put into any liquor ; to en- I Dive, v. to plunge under the water,
ter slightly. I

Dysi —Dizzy.
Diz'zY, a. giddy ; whirling. |
Diz'zmESS, n. giddiness ; vertigo.

Don— ^to Do.

Do, V. to practise to perform. ; I Done, v. executed performed.
;

Did, v. executed performed. ; | Doings, n. things done transactions ;

Dol— a Dolt.
Dolt, n. a heavy, stupid fellow. I Dull,
a. stupid sluggish blunt. ; ;

Dolt'ish, a. stupid ; dull. I Dul'ness, n. stupidity heaviness. ;

Dull'head, n. a blockhead a dolt. ;

Deman—to Think ; to Judge.

Dooms'day, n. the day of final judg- I Doom, v. to judge ; to condemn,
ment. I

Duru—Door.
Door, n. the entrance into a house or I Door'case, n. the frame of a door,
apartment. |

Dahf the past participle of deawian—to Moisten ; to Wet.

Dough, n. wet flour ; unbaked paste. ]
Dough'y, a. like dough ; soft.

Dohtig — Brave; Noble; Good.

Dough'ty, a. brave ; valiant ; noble. \
Dough'tiness, n. valor ; bravery.

Duva—Dove.
Dove, a species of pigeon.
n. Dove'tail, n. a joint in the form of
I

Dove'cot, n. (cota), a house for doves. an expanded dove's tail.

|

Dove'like, a. resembling a dove.

Note. —The dove is the emblem of love, simplicity, purity, and innocence.

Dun—Down.
Down, n. a bank of sand thrown up by the sea ; a tract of poor, hilly land.

Adune, the past participle of dufian— to Sink.

Down, prep, from a higher to a lower Down'ward, ad. in a descending
place. ^ course.
Down, ad. on the ground, or any flat Down'cast, a. dejected.
surface. Down'fall, n. ruin calamity ;

Dovof 'right, a. plain open direct.

; ;

Note. —Down, the soft feathers of a bird, comes from the Danish {duun).
100 SMITH S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

IHaces—Bvi-ij ; Stupid. DwcBScan— to ExTrNGUisH.

Doze, v. to sleep lightly. Daz'zle, v. to overpower with light.
Do'zY, a. sleepy drowsy sluggish.;
;
Daz'zling, p. a. striking with splen-
Do'ziNESS, 71. sleepiness. dor.
Do'ziKG, ppr. sleeping lightly. Bedaz'zle, v. to make the sight dim
Daze, v. to blind by too strong a light. by lustre.

Drehuigetin —to Drain ; to Strain. Drygan— ^to Dry.

Drain, v. to draw off gradually ; to I Drain, n. a channel for water to flow
exhaust. off.

Dragan- -to Drag.

Drag, to pull along by force.
II. Draw'bridge, n. a bridge which may
Drag, n. whatever serves to retard. be opened.
Draught, n. the act of drawing the ; Dray, n. a low cart.
quantity drunk at once. Dray'horse, n. a horse which draws
Draw, «. to pull along; to attract. a dray.
Draw 'able, that may be drawn.
a. Dray'man, n. a man who attends a
Draw'er, n. a sliding box in a case dray.
or table. Drawl, v. to speak in a slow, tedious
Draw'ing, n. delineation. manner.
Drawn, a. having equal advantage. Dredge, n. a drag for takmg oysters.
Draw'back, n. any loss of advantage. Dredge, v. to gather with a dredge.

Dreed —Dread.
Dread, n. great fear ; terror. Dread'fully, ad. terribly.
Dread'ful, a. terrible ; awful. Dread'less, a. fearless intrepid.
;

Dreorig Drear. —
Drear, a. dismal gloomy. [ful. ;
Drear'ily, ad. dismally gloomily. ;

Drear'y, a. dismal gloomy mourn- ;

; Drear'iness, n. dismalness.

Drencan—to Give to Drink.

Adrencan—to Drown to Plunge or Overwhelm. ;

Drench, v. to wet thoroughly; to Drink'able, a. that may be drunk.

soak. Drown, v. in water. to overwhelm
Drink, v. drlnc,
to swallow liquors. Drunk, a.
intoxicated with liquor.
Drink, n. liquor to be swallowed. Drunk'ard, n. one habitually drunk.
Drunk'en, a. intoxicated with liquor.

Drlopan —to Drip. Dropian—to Drop.

Drip, v. to fall in drops. Driv'el, v. to let the spittle fall like
Drib'ble, v. to fall in drops. a child.
Drib'bling, n. a falling in drops, Droop, to sink or hang down.
'd.

Drib'let, n. a small quantity or sum. Drop, n. a globule of liquid.

Driv'eler, n. an idiot ; a dotard. Drop, v. to let fall.

Drugothf drygan or dolgftn — to Dry.

Drought, n. a long continuance of |
Drouth, n. want of rain,
dry w«'^ither.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIYATIT^S. ,,.,:m

Drifan —to Drive.

Drive, v. to force along ; to urge for- Drift, v. to be driven along by a cur-
ward. rent of water.
Drive, n. a passage in a carriage. Drove, n. draf, a number of cattle
Drift, n. anything driven at random. driven.
Adrift', a. or ad. impelled or moving without direction.

Thirllan —to Turn, Wind or Twist.

Drill, n. an instrument; a row of Drill, v. to bore and make a hole by
grain. turning an instrument to teach and ;

Thrill, to pierce ; to feel a sharp,

z,. train by frequent exercise.
shivering sensation.

Dreosan —to Fall ; to Precipitate ; to Drop or Droop.

Driz'zle, «. to fall in small drops. Dross, the scum of metals any

n. ;

Driz'zling, ppi\ falling in small worthless matter.

drops. Drowse, v. to make heavy with sleep.
Driz'zly, a. shedding small r-^.in. Drow'sy, a. sleepy heavy dull. ; ;

Dross'y, a. worthless foul. ; Drow'sily, ad. sleepily ;

lazily.
Drow'siness, n. sleepiness.

Dran—Drone.
Drone, n. the male of the honey bee Drone, v. to live in idleness.
onewho jDroduces nothing ; a low Dron'ish, a. idle indolent.
;

humming sound.

DrugCf from dreogan — to Act ; to Suffer.

Drudge, n. one employed in mean I Drudge, v. to labor in mean offices,

labor. I
Drud'gerYjW. mean labor; hard work.

Drif drig or dryg—Dry.

Dry, a. free from moisture not wet. Dry'shod, a. without wet feet.
;

Dry'ly, ad. without moisture coldly. Drug, n. {drigau, to dry), any sub*
;

Dry'ness, n. want of moisture. stance used in medicine.

Drug'gist, n. one who deals in drugs.

Gedufian—to Duck.
Duck, v. to put suddenly under water. |
Duck'ling, n. a young duck.
Duck, n. a water fowl. Duck'legged, a. short-legged.

Thystre- -Dark; Obscure.

DusK, a. tending to darkness. Dusk'tsh, a. moderately dark.
Dusk, n. twilight Dusky, a. somewhat dark ; obscure.

IMinih —Dumb.
Dumb, a. mute ; not able to speak. Dum'found, to make dumb; t«
Dumb'ness, n. incapacity to speak confuse.
silence.
102 8.aj:iTH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOC^Y.

JDust —DiTST.
Dust, n. earth or other matter reduced Dust'iness, n. the state of being cov-
I

to powder. |ered with dust.

Dust'y, a. filled or covered with dust.

Dweorg—Dwarf.
Dwarf, n. a person below the usual I Dwarf'ishness, n. littleness of stat-
size. I
ure.
Dwarf'ish, a. below the natural size.

Dwinan—to Fade ; to Vanish.

Dwm'DLE, v. to shrink ; to grow less. |
Dwine, «. to pine away ; to decline.

Deagan—to Dye.
Dye, v. to tinge ; to color ; to stain. | Dye'ing, n. the art of coloring cloth.

JElc —Each; Every.

Each, a. every one of any number.

Eare—Ear.
Ear, n. the organ of hearing. Ear'wig, n. an insect a whisperer. ;

Ear'ring, n. an ornament for the ear. Ear, n. that part of com which con-
tains the seeds.

Eorl — Chief; Leader.

Earl, n. a title of nobility. |
Earl'dom, n. the dignity of an earl.

Mr—Before. Mrest— First.

Ere, ad. before sooner than. ; Ere-while', ad. some time ago.
Ere-long', ad. before long. Ear'ly, a. soon being in good time.
;

Ere-now', ad. before this time. Erst, ad. first at first formerly.
; ;

Earnian—to Deserve.
Earn, v. to gain by labor. |
Earn'ing, n. that which is earned.

Eornest Earnest. —
Ear'nest, a. ardent ; zealous ; eager. |
Ear'nestly, ad. warmly ; eagerly.

Eorthe —Earth.
Earth, n. the matter which composes Earth'y, a. consisting of earth.
the globe. Earth'quake, n. a convulsion of the
Earth'en, a. made of earth or clay. earth.
Earth'ly, a. belonging to the eai-th. Earth'worm,7i. a mean, sordid wretch.

(O^ f' —
Eath Easy; Ready; Gentle.
Ease, n, quiet ; rest ; facility. I Ea'silt, ad. without difliculty.
Ea'sy, a. not diflicult ;
quiet 1 Ea'siness, n. the quality of being easy.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 103

East—East.
East, n. the quarter where the sun a. coming from theI Easterly, east.
rises, East'ern, a. being in the east.
I

East'ward, ad. towards the east.

Etan— to Eat
Eat, v. to chew and swallow ; to take Eat'er, n. one that eats.
food. Eat'ing, n. the act of chewing and
Eat'able, a. that may be eaten. swallowing.

Efese — a Brim.
Eaves, n. the edges of the roof of a I Eaves'dropper, n. one who listens
house. I under the windows.

Ehhe—EB^.
Ebb, n. the going out of the tide ; de- |
Eb'beng, n. flowing out.
cline.

Ed —Again ; Back. Ea—Running Water.

Ed'dy, n. water running back or con- I Ed'dying, p. a. moving circularly
trary to the current ; a whirlpool. | whirling.
Ed'dy, v. to move circularly.

Ecg— Edge.
Edge, the cutting part of a blade
n. sharp keen,
; I Edged, a. ;

the brink. a. blunt; obtuse.

| Edge 'less,
Edge'wise, ad. with the edge forward.

^g—Egg. Eggian— to Egg.

Egg, that from which the young
n. Ey'ry, n. a jDlace where birds of prey
of some animals is produced. build their nests.

Aehta—^Eight.
Eight, a. n. twice four. Eight'fold, a. eight times the quan-
Eighth, a. the ordinal of eight. tity.
Eight'een, a. eight and ten. Eight'score, a. n. eight times twenty.

Eke, d. ecan, to lengthen ; to prolong.

Elhoga Elbow. —
El'bow, the joint of the arm below
n. El'bow, v. to push one's way.
the shoulder. El'bow-room, n. room or space for
El'bow, n. a sudden or abrupt turn. exertion.

Elf—Ei.¥.
Elf, n. a fairy ; v. to entangle the I Elf'in, a. relating to fairies,
hair. | Elf'lock, w. a knot of hair twisted.
104 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaY.

Ellm —^Elm.
Elm, n. a forest tree. |
El'my, a. abounding with elm-trees.

Hleapan—to Leap ; to Jump ; to Run.

Leap, v. to jump ;
to spring. Overleap', to leap over. v.

Leapfrog, a play of children

n. Elope', to run away privately.
v.
Leap'year, n. every fourth year. Elope'ment, n. a running away se-
OuTLEAp', V. to leap beyond. cretly.

Elles —Else.
Else, pr(m. other ; one besides. |
Else'where, ad. in another place.

JEJm#i— Empty.
Emp'ty, a. containing nothing. |
Emp'tiness, n. state of being empty.

Ende—End.
End, n, conclusion termination. ; 1 End 'less, a. without end.
End'ing, n. conclusion. I
End'wise, ad. on end erectly. ;

Genoh Plenty — ; Sufficiency.

Enough', a. sufficient ; that satisfies I Enough', ad. in a sufficient degree,
desire. I

jErend Message; — Business; Care.

Er'rand, that
n. which is intrusted I Er 'rand-boy, n. a boy to deliver
to a messenger. I
messages.

^fen—Even.
Eve, E Ven, n. the close of the day. E'vening, n. the close of the day.
|

E'ventide, n. the time of the evening.

Efen—Even.
E'ven, a. level ; smooth equal. ; |
E'venly, ad. equally.
E'venness, n. the state of being even.

^^/<er—Ever.
Ev'er, ad. at any time always. ; Evermore',
ad. always eternally. ;

Ev'ergreen, n. always green. Ev'ery,aelc, each one.

a.
Everlast'ing, a. lasting without end Ev'ery WHERE, ad.Xri. every place.
Forev'er, ad. at all times without end.
;

Efel or I/c?—Evil.
E'viL, not good bad
a. ; ; wicked. | E'vilness, n. badness ; wickedness.
E'yilly, ad. not well.

Eowu—Ewe.
Ewe, n. a female sheep.
 .

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 105

Eage -Eye.
Eye, n. the organ of vision; v. to Eye'lid, n. the membrane that shuts
watch. over the eye.
Eye'less, a. without eyes. Eye'-service, n. service performed
Eye'let, n. a small hole for a cord. only under inspection.
Eye'ball, n. the apple of the eye. Eye'sight, n. the sight of the eye.
Eye 'beam, n. a glance from the eye. Dai'sy, n. {dayh-eye)^ a flower.
Eye BROW, n. the hairy arch over the Ineye' v. to put an eye in to inocu- ;

eye. late.
Eye'lash, n. the hair that edges the Overeye', v. to superintend ; to ob-
eye. serve.

F(egen—QijAi>\ Joyful.
Fain, a. glad; pleased; delighted. | Fain, ad. gladly; very desirously.

Fytiigean — to Become Musty ; to Decay.

Faint, «. to pass away quickly. I Faint'ly, ad. feebly.
Faint'iNg, n. a swoon. | Faint '-hearted, a. timoroua.

Fceger —Fair.
Fair, a. beautiful ; white clear.
; Fair'ly, ad. openly
|
;
justly.
Fair'ness, n. beauty honesty. ;

Note. —Fair, a stated market, comes from the Latin {forum).

Fyllan —to Cut Down ; to Fall. Feallan —to Fall.
Fall, v. to drop down to sink. ; I Befall', v. to happen to.
Fall, n. the act of falling autumn. ; | Fell, «. to cause to fall to cut down. ;

Fell, v. to sew or hem.

Fealo —Fallow.
Fal'low, a. ploughed but not sown ;
pale red or yellow ; left to rsst after
tillage.

Fann— a Fan.
Fan, n. an instrument for agitating I Fan, t?. to affect by air put in motion,
the air. |

Cf Fengan— to Take ; to Seize.

Fang, v. to seize
to catch. ; Newfan'gled, a. formed with affec-
Fang, the tusk of an animal.
n. tation of novelty.
Fan'gle, n. a silly attempt. Fin'ger, n. one of the extreme parts
Fan'gled, a. gaudy; ridiculously of the hand.
showy.

Feor—Far. Fyrst — Superlative of Feor.

T'ar, a. distant ; remote. First'born, n. the eldest child.
Far'most, a. most distant. First'fruits, n. earliest produce.
Afar', ad. at or to a distance. Far'ther, a. more remote.
First, a. earliest in time. Far'thest, a. most distant or remote.
FAr'fetched, a. forced ; strained.
 106 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Fmr—a Journey. Faran—to Go ; to Travel

Fare, ®. to go ; to travel ; to happen Fer'ry, n. the place where a boat
well or ill. passes over.
Fare, n. faru, food ;
price of con- Fer'ry-boat, n. a boat to pass over in.
veyance. Wher'ry, n. a light, sharp rowboat.
Farewell', ad. adieu; the parting Misfare', ti. to be in a bad state.
compliment. Wel'fare, n. happiness prosperity. ;

Farewell', n. leave departure.

; Ford,a shallow place in a river.
n.
Fer'ry, ^. to carry over water in a Ford,
i). to pass a river by walking
boat. on the bottom.
Ford'able, a. passable on foot.

/[ Feorm—Provisions. Feormian—^to Supply with Food.

Farm, ?i. land under cultivation; v. I Farm'er,?^. one who cultivates a farm.
to lease or let. I
Farm'ing, n. cultivation of land.

Fcestan— ^to Hold ; to Stop.

Fast, v. to abstain from food. |
Fast'day,?^. a day of religious fasting.

1^(CBS*— Stopped ; Fixed.

Fyst, from fccstnian —to Seize ; to Fasten Upon.
Fast, a. firm strong fixed.
; ; Fasten'ing, n. that which fastens.
Fast'en, v. to make fast; to make Fast'ness, n. strength a strong place. ;

firm. Fist, n. the clenched hand.

Fis'ticuffs, n. blows with the fist.
Note. —Fast, speedy, quick, is from the Welsh (fest).

Fwtt, fedan —to Nourish.

Fat, a. plump ; fleshy ; full fed. Fat'ness, n. the quality of being fat.
Fat, n. the unctuous part of animal Fat'ten, «j. to make or grow fat.
flesh. Fat'ty, a. having the qualities of fat.
Vat, n. a large cistern.

Feeder —Begetter.
Fa'theb, n, the male parent. |
Fa'therless, a. without a father.
Fa'therly, a. like a father ; tender.

Fcethem —the Space of Both Arms Extended.

Fath'omless, a. that cannot be fath- 1 Fath'om, n. a measure of six feet,
omed. I

Note.—Fathoms are marked on lines and used in measuring the depth of water.

Fcehthy past part, of the verb fian —to Hate.

Faugh, int. an expression of abhorrence.

Fcegnian — to Rejoice ; to Flatter.

Fawn, v. to court servilely ; to cringe. Fawn'er, n. one who fawns,
|

Fawn'ing, n. gross or low flattery.

Note. —^Fawn, a young deer, comes from the French (Jaon).
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 107

Feer, fceran— to Terkift.

Pear, n. dread ; terror ; awe. |
Fear'ful, a. timorous ; afraid.
Fear'less, a. free from fear.

—
Fyther Feather.
Feath'er, n. the plume of birds. I Feath'erless, a, having no feathers.
Feath'ered, a. clothed with feathers. | Feath'ery, a. resembling a feather.

Feoh— Cattle Monet ; ; a Stipend or Reward.

Fbe, n. reward ; recompense. I Fee'-simple, n. a tenure to property
Fee, v. to bribe ; to hire. I
an absolute estate of inheritance.

Note. — " This word feoh one of the oldest in all the European languages. Cattle
is
was the first kind of property; and by bartering, this word eame to signify money in
general.
'
'— Bosworth.
Fee, in American law, an estate of inheritance of which the holder has the entire
disposal without condition, and which is transmissible to his heirs. Fee-simple,
called simple (i e. pure), because clear of any condition, limitation, or restriction to
particular heirs.

Foda, foster Food. — Fedan—to Feed.

Feed, n. to supply with food. Fos'ter, id. to feed to cherish.
;

Feed'er, n, one that feeds. Fos'tering, n. the act of nursing.

Feed'ing, n. the act of feeding. Fos'terchild, n. a child nursed by
Food, n. any thing that nourishes. one who is not its parent.
Food'less, a. not affording food. Fos'terbrother, n. one nursed at
Fod'der, n. (from fedan,) food for the same breast.
cattle.

Felan — to Feel.
Feel, v. to perceive by the touch. Feel'ing, n. the sense of touch.
|

Feel'ingly, ad. tenderly.

Fcelga, Fcela —Much, and fjan— to Go.

Fel'ly, or Fel'loe, n. the outward wooden rim of a wheel.

Felag, Fe — Faith, and lag — Bound.

Fel'low, n. a companion an equal. Fel'lowship, n. companionship.
;
|

Fellow-feel'ing, n. sympathy.

C/ '
Feelian, fcellan —to Offend.
Fel'on, n. one guilty of felony. IFel'ony, n. a crime whi«h incurs the
Felo'nious, a. cruel. I
forfeiture of life or property.

Felt, n. a hide or skin cloth made
without weaving.
Felt'maker, n. one who makes felt.
Fil'trate, v. to strain. •
^e;^—Felt
; Filtra'tion, n. the act of filtering.
Fil'ter, n. a piece of felt, &c., through
which liquids are passed to clear
them.
108 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OI^ ETYMOLOGY.

Feawa—Few.
Few, a. not many ; small in number. |
Few'ness, n. smallness of number.

Ficol —Fickle; Crafty.

Fick'lb, a. changeable ; inconstant. | Fick'leness, n. changeableness.

Fithele—FiDTHM.
Fid'dle, n. a violin. |
Fid'dler, n. one who plays on a fiddle.

Feld, the past part, of the verb fellan — to Fell.

Field, n. a piece of land; battle- Field '-piece, n. a small cannon.
ground. Field'sports, n. shooting and hunt-
Field'-marshal, n. the commander ing.
of an army. Fell, n. a hill.
Fell, «. to hew or cut down to sew or hem. ;

—
Note. The word field properly means a clearing, where the trees have been felled
or cut down.

Feond, flan, or feon —to Hate.

Fiend, n. a deadly enemy. I Fiend'ish, n. having the qualities of
Fiend'like, a. resembling a fiend. a fiend.
|

Feud, n. a deadly quarrel.

Note. —Feud, a right to land on condition of military service, comes from the
Latin {feudum).

Fight, v. feoTitan, to contend in battle ; n. a contest.

Film —a Thin, Light Coat.

Film, n. a thin skin ; ». to cover with I Film'y, a. composed of films,
a thin skin. |

Fylth, afylan — to Defile.

Filth, n. dirt nastiness.; I Filth'ily, ad. nastily foully. ;

Filth'y, a. nasty foul. ; I

Filth'iness, n. nastiness foulness. ;

Findan—to Find.
Find, v. to obtain by searching. I Find'ing, n. discovery ; verdict of a
Find'er, n. a discoverer. jury. I

Find'ings, n. the tools and materials used by shoemakers.

Fyr—Fire.
Fire, n. the'T^eous element. Fire'brand, n. a piece of wood kin
Fir'ing, n. fuel ; discharge of fire- died.
arms. Fire'side, n. the hearth ; home.
Fire'arms, n. guns, muskets, &c Fire'wood, n. wood for fuel.

Fisc — ^FlSH.

FiSH,n. an animal that inhabits water. I Fish'ery, n. the place of fishing.

Fish'ing, n. the art of catching fish. |
Fish, v. to try to take by artifice.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEKIVATIVES. l03

Floh, fleogan — to Fly or Cause to Fly.

Fly, v. to move with wings ; to pass Fling, «. to cast from the hand.
swiftly. Fleet, v. to fly swiftly to haste away. ;

Flying fish, n. a small fish which Fleet, a. rapid swift quick. ;

;

flies. Fleet'ing, j). a. passing away rapidly.

Flag, n. an ensign ; a water plant. Fleet'ly, ad. swiftly; nimbly.
Flag, t).hang loose to grow weak.
to ; Fleet 'ness, n. swiftness.
Flag'gy, a. weak lax. ; Flick'er, v. to flap or move the wings
Flag'staff, n. the staff upon which without flying to waver to fluc- ; ;

the flag is elevated. I

tuate.
Fledged, a. feathered able to fly. ; Flaw, n. a crack ; a defect ; a sudden
Un'fledged, a. not fledged young. ;
gust.
Unflag'glng, a. not drooping; un- Flea, n. a small insect.
tiring. Flight, n. the act of flying or fleeing.
Flee, v. to run from danger. Flight'y, a. fleeting wild. ;

Flinch, v. to withdraw from. Flit, v. to fly rapidly.

Note. —Flag, a broad, flat stone, comes from the A.-S. Jlean^ to flay.

t- i^
Flaxe—& Flask.
,

Flag'on, n. a drinking vessel. Flask, n. a |

kmd of bottle.

Fleax — Flax.
Flax, n. a flbrous plant. |
Flax'en, a. made of flax.
Flax'seed, n. the seed of flax ; linseed.

Fleos or flys, from flean — ^to Flay.

Flay, to strip ofi" the skin.
v. I Fleece, n. the wool shorn from one
Fleec'y, a. like a fleece. I
sheep.
Flag, n. a broad flat stone for paving.

Flota or fliet —a Ship.

Fleet, n. a company of ships.

Note—Fleet, swift of pace, comes from the A.-S. fleogan^ to fly.

Flcesc — Flesh.
Flesh, n. the muscular part of the I Flesh'y, a. full of flesh plump, ;

body. I
Flesh'iness, n. plumpness fatness. ;

Flesh'less, a. without flesh.

l^^m*—Flint.
Flint'y, a. consisting of flint ; hard ; I Flent, n. a hard stone,
cruel. I

Flear^iati —to Trifle.

Flirt, v. to throw with a jerk ; to I Flirt a'tion, n. act of flirting ; co-
coquet. I
qtietry.
Flibt, n. a sudden jerk ; a coquette.
110 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Fleotan, from flowan —to Flow.

Float, ®. to swim on the suiface. I Floe,
n. a mass of floating ice
Flood, n. flod, a great flow of water. Flow, «. to run as water.
|

Overflow', v. ofer, to run over.

Flocc —Flock.
Flock, n. a company of birds or small I Flock, v. to come together in num
beasts. I
bers.

—
Note. Flock is often limited to a collection of sheep, to distinguish them from a
herd or drove of larger cattle.

jP^or— Floor.
Floor, the part of a room on which
n. 1 Floor, v. to cover with a floor ; to
we walk. I
knock down.

Flitan — to Dispute.

Flout, v. to mock ; to sneer. Flout, v. to show contempt.

|

Flout'ingly, ad. in an insulting manner.

Foh, fian — to Hate.

Fob, n. an enemy. j
Foe'man, n. an enemy in war.

Fegan— to Collect. Fog — Collection.

Fog, n. a thick mist. 1
Fog'gy, a. misty ; dull.

Fealdan —to Fold.

Fold, v. to double one part over an- I Fold'ing, n. a doubling,
other. I

Folks, n. folc, people ; multitude.

Folgian — to Follow.
Fol'low, V, to go or come after. |
Fol'lower, n. one who follows.

Fonne—a Fool.
Fond, a. foolishly tender and loving. I Fond'le, v. to treat with tenderness
Fond, a. loving ardently. I
Fond'ly, ad. with great tenderness.
Fond'ness, n. foolish tenderness.

Fot —a Foot. Fet —Feet.

Foot, that by which anything is
n. Foot'bridge, n. a bridge for foot
supported. passengers.
Foot'ing, n. ground for the foot. Foot 'step,
n. trace track mark. ; ;

Foot'ball, n. a ball driven by the Foot'stool, n. a stool for the feet.

foot. Fet'ter, n. a chain for the feet.
Fet'ter, v. to bind to chain. ;
 ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. Ill

Getan— to Get.
Get, v. to procure ; to obtain. I Forget', v. to lose memory of.
Beget', v. to produce. I
Forget'ful, a. apt to forget.
Forget'fulness, n. loss of memory ; neglect.

i^orc— Fork.
Fork, n. an instrument divided at Forked, a. opening into two or mora
the end into two or more points or parts.
prongs.

Forma. Fore and tnwr —^Mobe.

For'mer, a. before another in time ; I For'merly, ad. in time past ; of old.
past. I

Weard—Motion Towards.
For'ward, ad. toward place in For'wards, ad. straight before,
front. In'ward, internal.
For'wardness, n. eagerness; bold- In'wardly, internally.

Ful, foul —Dirty ; Impure.

Foul, a. dirty ; filthy ; hindered from Foul'spoken, a. slanderous.
motion. Befoul', v. to make foul.
Foul'ly, ad. filthily not fairly. ; Ful'some, a. nauseous offensive. ;

Foul'ness, n. filthiness. Defile', v. gefylan, to make foul;

Foul'mouthed, a. using scurrilous to pollute.
language.

Note. —Defile', a narrow pass, an army movement, comes from the Latin <fe,

from, off, and JUum, a thread.

Feower — Four.
Four, twice two.
a. Four'square, a. having four equal
JTouRTH, a. the ordinal of four. sides.
Four'fold, a. four times as much. Fir'kin, n. the fourth part of a barrel.
Four'score, a. four times twenty. Far'thing, n. the fourth part of a
For'ty, a. four times ten. penny.

Fugel—Si Bird ; Fowl.

Fowl, n. a vdnged animal ; a bird. Fowl'ing, n. the act of shooting birds.
Fowl'er, n. a sportsman who pursues Fowl'ingpiece, n. a gun for shooting
birds. birds.

Foot}— Fox.
Fox, n. a cunning animal. I
Fox'y, a. cunning ; artfuL

Fremman— Frame or Form.^to

Frame, v. to fit one thing to an- 1 Frame'work, n. that which supports

other. , I
anything else.
 112 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Freo— Free. Freond, from freon —to Free ; to Love.

Free, a. having liberty. Frol'ic, n. a wild prank a scene of ;

Free'dom, n. liberty independence. ; gayety and mirth.

Free'ly, ad. with freedom. Frol'icsome, a. full of wild gayety.
Free'ness, n. openness ; liberality. Friend, n. fveond, an intimate ac-
Freed'man, n. a slave manumitted. quaintance.
Free'hold, n. property held in per- |
Friend'less, a. without friends.
petual right. Friend'ly, a. kind favorable. ;

Free'stone, n. a kind of stone easily Friend'ship, n. personal kindness.

worked. Befriend', ^. to favor to assist. ;

Fersc —Fresh; Pure; Sweet.

Fresh, a. cool new not salt.
; ; Refresh', v, to cool ; to relieve after
Fresh'en, t. to make fresh. fatigue.
Fresh'et, n. an inundation. Refresh'ing, p. or a. reviving.
Fresh'ness, n. newness vigor spirit ; ; Refresh'ment, n. food ; rest.

Fretan— to Eat or Gnaw.

FreTjIJ. to wear away; to vex; to rut. Fret'ful, a. disposed to fret; peevish.
|

Fret'ting, ppr. wearing away vexing. ;

Frig-dwg, Friga — the Goddess of Love ; dceg —a Day.

Fri'day, n. the sixth day of the week.

Frihtan— to Alarm ; to Terrify,

Fright, v. to terrify n. sudden terror,
; Affright', v. to impress Tvith sudden
Fright'en, v. to terrify. fear.
Fright'ful, a. terrible dreadful. ; Affright 'ful, a. terrible ; dreadful.

Fra—Fno. Frani — From.

Fro, ad. backward. Fro'ward, a. weard, perverse;
From, prep, noting privation, dis- peevish.
tance, or absence. Fro'wardness, n. perverseness.

Freosan— to Freeze, Frost— Fhobt.

Freeze, v. to harden into ice. Frost'y, a. producing frost.
Frost, n. the power of freezing. Frost 'bitten, a. nipped by the frost.
Fro'zen, p. a. congealed by cold. Frost' WORK, n. work resembling hoar
Frost'ed, a. as if covered with hoar frost.
frost. Hoar-frost, n. frozen dew.

Fyllan— to Fill.
Fill, t). to make full ; to satisfy ; to Full'ness, n. the state of being full.
occupy. Fulfill', «?. to accomplish to per- ;

Full, a. having no empty space. form.

Ful'ly, ad. completely. Fulfill 'ment, n. completion.

Fullian —to Whiten.

Full, t>. to cleanse and thicken cloth I Full'er, n. one who fulls cloth.
in a mill. Fuller' s-earth', n. a kind of clay.
 ANGLO-SAX'^N BOOTS AND DEKIVATIVE8. 113

Faegen— Glad.
FiJN, n. sport ; merriment. |
Fun'ny, a. droll ; comical.

Furlang, Fur—a Fukrow, and lang — Long.

Fur'long, n. the eighth part of a I Fur'row, n. a trench made by a
mile. I
plough.

Feor—Far. Faran—to Go ; to Advance.

Fur'ther, a greater distance.
a. at Forth, ad. forward abroad. ;

Fur THEST, a. at the greatest distance. FoRTH'coMrNG, a. ready to appear.

Fur'thermore, ad. moreover; be- Forth'with, ad. immediately with- ;

sides. out delay.

Fus—Ready; Quick, l^i/san—to Hasten.

Fuss, n. a tumult ; a bustle.

Gahhan — to Mock ; to Jest.

Gab, t). to talk idly; n. loquacity; Gib'berish, n. talk without meaning.

the mouth. Gibe, v. to sneer to taunt to deride. ; ;

Gab'ble, v. to talk without meaning. Gib'ingly, ad. scornfully.

Gib'ber, v. to speak rapidly and in- I Jab'ber, ®. to talk idly.
articulately. I

Oa or Gan— ^to Go.

Go, v. to be in motion. Goad, n. a pointed stick to drive

Gad, a heavy whip.
n. oxen to incite. ;

Gad'fly, n. a fly that stings cattle. Gad, v. to rove about idly.

Note.—Went, now used as the preterit of Go, is a part of the verb Wend.

Gynan—to Gain. Gewinnan—to Win.

Gain, v. to obtain to win to ; ; attain. I Gain'fully, ad. profitably.
Gain'eb, n. one who gains. I
Gain'less, a. unprofitable.

Gealla —the Gall.

Gall, n. the bile ; anything very bitter.

—
Note. Gall, to fret by rubbing the skin, to vex, comes from the French {galer\
jind Gall, an excrescence on the oak tree, comes from the Latin {gaUa).

Gatnen —a Jest ; Sport ; Game.

Game, n. sport jest a match at play.
; ? Gam'bler, n. one who plays for
Game, n. animals pursued m the field. money.
Gam'ble, v. to play for money. Game'ster, n. one addicted to play.
Note. —Gambol, to dance, to skip, to frisk, comes from the Italian (gamba).
Geapan—to Open ; to Gape.
Gape, v. to open the mouth wide to ; Agape', ad. staring vrith open mouth.
yawn. Gasp, v. to open the mouth to catch
Gap, n. an opening a*hole. ; breath.
114 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

/y// //^ , ^j ; Qearwian —to Prepaee.

Gab'ish, a. gaudy ; showy. |
Gar'ishness, n. showy finery.
Gear, n. furniture ; ornaments.

Gyrdan—to Gird or Enclose.

Gar'den, a piece of ground en-
n. I Gar'dener, n. one who cultivates a
closed for flowers, fruit, &c. |
garden.

Geat— Gate.
Gate, n.a frame which opens or I Gate'way, n. the way through a
closes a passage. I
gate.

Gaderian —to Gather.

Gath'ering, n. an assembly ; a col- I Gath'er, v. to collect ; to assemble,
lection. I

Gcec — a Cuckoo.
Gawk, n. a cuckoo ; a fool. |
Gawk'y, a. awkward ; ungainly.

Gesean—to See.
Gaze, v. to look intently. |
Gaze'ful, a. looking intently.

Gldig — Giddy.
Gid'dy, a. having a sensation of whirl- Gid'diness, I n. the state of being
ing in the head. giddy. I

Gid'dily, ad. carelessly.

Gold Yellow — ; Gold. Geldan — Golden.

Gold, n. a precious metal of a bright Gild 'ing, the art of overlaying
n.
yellow color. with gold.
Gold 'en, a. made of gold. Gilt, n. gold laid on the surface.
Gild, v. to overlay with gold. Engild', v. to brighten.

Gyrd—a Twig ; a Branch. Gyrdan—to Gird ; to Surround.

Gird, n. a twitch a pang. ; Gir'dle, n. a band a belt. ;

Gird, v. to bind round. Girt, n. a circular bandage.

Gird'er, n. the principal timber in a Girth, n. a circular bandage.
floor. Begird', v. to surround.

Gifan —to Give.

Give, « to bestow to confer to yield.
; ; Forgive', v. to pardon ; to remit.
Gift, n. the thing given. Forgive 'ness, pardon.n.

Gipt'ed, a. endoM'ed with powers. FoRGiv'iNG, a. disposed to forgive.

Giv'er, n. one who gives a donor. ; Misgive', v. to fill with doubt.

Glced —Glad.
Glad, a. cheerful pleased. ;
Glad'ly, ad. with gladness.
Glad'dbn, v. to make glad; to de- Glad'ness, n. joy cheerfulness. ;

light. Glad'some, a. pleased gay. ;

 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 115

GlcBS — Glass.
Note.—The old Germans called Amber ^^s.
Glass, n. a hard, brittle, transparent GrLOSS, n. a smooth, shining surface.
substance. Gloss, v. to palliate by specious re-
Glass Y, a. like glass. presentation.
Glaze, v. to coyer with glass. Gloss 'y, a. smooth and shining.
Gla'zier, n. one who glazes windows. Gloss'iness, n. polish.

Gleatn — Gleaj
Gleam, n. a shoot of light ; v. to shine I Gleam'ing, n. shooting as rays of
suddenly. I
light.

G^ie— Sport; Music.

Glee, n. joy ; merriment ; a sort of I Glee'ful, a. merry cheerful, ;

song. I
Glee'some, a. fiill of merriment.

Glomung—Twilight.
Gloom, n. partial darkness; melan Gloom'ily, ad. dimly dismally. ;

choly. Gloom'iness, n. obscurity; melan-

Gloom' Y, a. obscure : dismal. choly.
Glum, id. to look sullen.

C?to/— Glove. Cleofen —Cloven; Split.

Glove, n. a cover for the hand, with a sheath for each finger.

Glowan—to Glow.
Glow, to be red with heat
'd. ; to feel I Glow'ingly, ad. brightly ; with paa-
passion. I
sion.

Crfiorne — Sorrowful ; CoMPLAmmG.

Gnarl, t?. to growl ; to snarl. I Gnarl'ed, a. full of knots.
Gnar'ly, a. having knots ; knotty. | Knurl, v. to gnarl.

Gnagan— to Scrape ; to Gnaw.

Gnaw, v. to bite or scrape off with I Gnaw'er, n. one that gnaws,
the teeth. |

Gat— Goat.
Goat, n. an animal. Goth'am, n. {goats' home)^ a name
Goat'herd, n. one who tends goats. sportively applied to the city of
Go'thamite, one who lives in Gotham. New York.

Gog* — Mud; Gore.

Gore, clotted blood
n. ; v. to wound Go'ry, a.
I bloody,
with a horn. |

Note.—Gore, a triangular piece of cloth, comes from the W. {gor, an opening).

 ;

116 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

God—God. God— Good.

God, n. the Supreme Being. God'like, a. divine.
God'dess, n. a female divinity. Dem'igod, half a god.n.
God'head, n. the divine nature. Gos'sip, n. {god, good, and sib, re-
God'less, a. impious wicked. ; lation), a sponsor an idle tattler. ;

God'ly, a. pious religious.

; Gos'sipiNO, n. a running about to
God'leness, n. piety. tattle.
God'child, n. one for whom a person Good, a. not bad; proper; whole-
becomes sponsor at baptism. some; useful; happy; kind.
God'father, n. a male sponsor at Goods, n. property merchandise. ;

baptism. Good'ly, a. beautiful graceful. ;

God'mother, n. a female sponsor at Good'liness, n. beauty grace. ;

baptism. Good'ness, n. excellence kindness. ;

Gos'pEL, n. {god-spell ; god, good, Goodbreed'ing, n. elegance of man-

and spell f history or tidings), the ners.
evangelical history of our Saviour Goodhu'mor, n. cheerfulness of mind.
the word of God. Goodna'tured, a. mild kind. ;

Note. — " In Anglo-Saxon God signifies both God and good ; but Man is used to de-
note mmt and wickedness. The Saxons call him (?o(Z, which is literally, the Good ; the
same word thus signifying the Deity and his most endearing quality."— Boswobth.

Gos — Goose.
Goose, n. a water-fowl. |
Geese, n. the plural of goose.
Gos'lestg, n. a young goose.

Grafan—to Carve ; to Dig

Graft, to insert a shoot of one tree
«. Grave, n. {graef, a dit^h, a trench),
into the stock of another. a pit for a dead body
Grave, v. to write on hard substances. Grove, n. graef, an avenue of trees.
Groove, n. a channel cut with a tool.
Note. —Grave, solemn, serious, comes from the Latin gravis., heavy.
Grove is cut out, hollowed out of a thicket of trees ; it' is not the tUcket itself.

Grenian— to Grow ;
Grain.
Grain, n. the direction of the fibers ; temper.
Note. —Grain, a seed, a corn, comes from the Latin (granum).
Gripan — to Seize. Grapian—to Touch with the Hands.
Gripe, v. to hold hard to grasp. ; I Geap'nel, n. a small anchor.
GnAP'PLE, V. to lay fast hold of |
Grope, v. to search by feeling.

Grws —to Shoot Forth ; to Sprout ; Grass.

Grass, n. the common herbage of the fields.

Grag — Gray.
Gray, a. white with a mixture of I Gray'beard, n. an old man.
black.

Grasian — ^to Graze.

Graze, t. to eat grass, I
Graz'ier, n. one who raises cattle.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEldVATIVES. 117

Crveat — Gkeat.
Great, a. large ; vast important.
; Ureat'ly, ad. in a great degree.
|

Great'ness, n. the state of being great.

Grcedig —Greedy; Covetous.

Greed'y, a. ravenous eager to obtain. ; |
Greed 'iness, n. ardent desire.

Grene— Green; Flourishing.

Green, a. of the color of growing I Green'ness, n. the state of being
plants; fresh. |
green.

Gretan— to Go to Meet Wishing Peace. ;

Greet'ing, n. addressing with kind I Greet, v. to salute ; to welcome,

wishes. I

Grifn —Fierce; Ferocious.

Grim, a. frightful ; hideous. |
Grim'ly, ad. horribly ; sourly.
Grim'ace, n. distortion of the face.

Grindan —to Bruise ; to Gnash.

Grind, v. to reduce to powder; to I Grind'stone,
n. a stone on which
rub to oppress.
; tools are sharpened.
I

Grist, n. com or grain to be ground at one time.

G^eot — Sand; Dust.

Grit, n. the coarse part of meal ; sand I Grit'ty, a. containing grit,
or gravel. I

Granan—to Lament Mourn Weep. ; ;

Groan, v. to breathe or sigh as in I Groan'ing, n. a deep sigh,

pain. I
Grunt, d. to murmur as a hog,

G^und—Ground; Earth; Bottom.

Ground, n. the surface of land. Ground'less, a. void of reason.
Ground, v. to place or fix to run ; Ground'lessly, ad. without reason
aground. or cause.
Aground', ad. stranded.

Growan —to Grow.

Grow, v. to increase in size. |
Grow'ing, ppr. increasing.
Growth, n. increase ;
product.

Geomrian—to Grieve.
Grum'ble, v. to murmur with discon- I Grum'bler, n. one who grumbler.
• tent. • I

Weard—B. Guard Watch. ;

Guard, v. to protect ; to defend. |

Guard'ed, a. cautious ; circumspect.
• Guar'dian, n. a protector.
118 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ElYMOLOGY.

Ge and wiglian — ^to Deceive. Wile —Guile.

Guile, n. craft ; cunnmg. Guile'less, a. free from guile.
Guile'ful, a. wily artful. ; Beguile', «. to deceive to amuse. ;

Wile, n. a deceit a trick. ; Wi'lily, ad. fraudulently.

Wi'ly, a. cunning sly insidious ; ; Wi'liness, n. cunning guile. ;

Gylt —a Crime ; a Debt.

Guilt, n. the state of having com- Guilt'less, a. free from crime.

mitted a crime. Guilt'iness, n. the state of being
Guilt'y, a. justly chargeable with a guilty.
crime.

Goma —the Palate ; the Jaw Gum. ;

Gum, n. the concrete juice of certain I Gum'my, a. consisting of gum.

trees a tree.
; I

Haccan — to Hack.
Hack, v. to chop ; to cut clumsily. |
Hack, n. a small cut.

Note. —Hack, a horse let out for hire, is from the French {haqueme).

Hcegl —Hail.
Hail, n. drops of rain frozen while I Hail'stone, n. a single ball of hail,
falling. I

Hcer Hair. —
Hair, n. a small filament issuing from i Hair'breadth, n. a very small dis-
the skin. tance.
Hair'y, a, covered with hair. I Hair'cloth, n. cloth made of hair.

Healf—RMuT.
Half, one part of a thing which
n. is I Halve, «?. to divide into two equal
divided into two equal parts. |
parts.
Halves, n. two equal parts of a thing.

Halig —Holy: Hallow.

Hal'low, v. holy.
to make Hol'iday, n. a festival day.
Ho'ly, a. good religious pure.
;
;
Hal'idom, n. an adjuration by what
Ho'liness, n. sanctity piety. ; is holy.
Ho'lyday, n. a religious festival.

Healtian —to Hold and to Stop.

Halt, v. to limp ; to stop. |
Halt, a. lame ; crippkd.
Halt, n. a stop in a march.

Hcelfter — a Holder ; Halter.

Hal'ter, n. a rope for confining an |
Hal'ter, n. a rope to hang criminalB.
animal.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON K00T8 AND DERIVATIVES. 119

Hamer—Hammer.
Ham'mer, n. an instrument for driv- HAM'MERCiiOTH, n. the cloth which I

iug or beating. covers a coach-box I

Ham'mer, id. to beat with a hammer.

Note. —The coach box was formerly used to carry a hammer^ pincers, a few nails, &c.
Hand—Hand.
Hand, the palm with the fingers.
n. Hand'cuff, n. a fetter for the wrist.
Hand, to give to lead.
v. ; Hand'sel, n. {syllan, to give), the
Hand'ful, n. as much as the hand act of using any thing ; a gift.
first
can hold. Hand'some, a. dextrous ; ready.
Han'dle, v. to touch to manage. ; Hand 'some, a. beautiful ; graceful
Han'dle, n. that part of a thing elegant.
which is held in the hand. Handsomely, ad. dextrously; with
Hand'y, a. ready convenient. ; skill.
Hand'ily, ad. with skill with dex- ; Unhand', v. to let go.
terity. Unhan'dled, a. not handled; not
Hand'iwork, n. work done by the touched.
hand
Hangian—to Hang.
Hang, suspend; to fasten to
v. to Overhang', v. to jut over to impend. ;

something above so as to leave Unhanged', a. not punished by hang-

without support below. ing.
Hang'ing, n. death by a halter. Unhinge', v. to take from the hinges
Hinge, n. a joint on which a door to displace.
turns.

Here—an Army, and beorg—a Refuge. Here-beorg Harbor. —

Har'bor, n. a place of refuge, or I Har'borer, n. one who shelters an-
safety. I
other.
Har'binger, n. a forerunner ; a precursor.
Note.—Harbinger is properly a person who goes before to provide Aarftor of lodg-
ings for those that follow.

Heard—Hard ; the primary sense is Pressed.

Hard, firm not soft difficult.
a. ; ; Hard'ness, n. the quality of being
Hard'en, v. to make hard. hard.
Hard'ly, a. with difficulty ; scarcely. Hard'ship, n. toil ; fatigue.

Hara— Hare.
Hare, n. a small quadruped. Hare'lip, n. a divided upper lip, like
Hare'brained, a. giddy wild. ; that of a hare.

Hearni — Grief; Offence; Hurt.

Harm, n. injury ; crime. |
Harm'fut., a. hurtful.
^ Harm'less, a. not hurtful unhurt. ;

Hearpe— Harp.
Harp, n. a musical instrument. Harp, «. to dwell on.
|

Habp'ing, n. a continual dwelling on.

120 smith's hand-book of etymolooy.

Hcerefcest —Harvest; Autumn.

Har'Vest, n. the season of gathering I HarVest-home, n. the time of gath
the crops. | ering the harvest.
Har'vest, v. to gather in,

Hmt—a Cover ; Hat.

Hat, n. a cover for the head. |
Hat'ter, n. one who makes hats.

Hmca—a Railing ; Gate ; Hatch.

Hatch, a half door
n. ; the openings I Hatch'way, n. the way through the
in a ship's deck. | hatches.

Note.—Hatch, to produce young from eggs, comes from the German {hecken).

Hatian—to Hate.
Hate, ®. to dislike greatly. I Hate'fully, ad. odiously.
Hate'ful, a. odious. | Ha'tred, n. great dislike enmity. ;

Hahhan—to Have Hold ; ; Detain ; Count.

Have,??, to possess; to hold; to enjoy, I Behave', v. to conduct; to act.
Hav'ing, n. possessions goods, ;
| Behav'ior, n. conduct.

Haga, hwg—a Hedge ; an Inclosure ; Haw.

Haw, n. the berry of the hedge- I Haw'thorn, n. a thorn which bears
thorn. I
the haw.

Hafoc— a Hawk.
Hawk, n. a bird of prey. |
Hav'oc, n. waste ; devastation.

—
Note. Hawk, to force up phlegm, comes from the German {Jiauch\ and Hawk, to
sell by crying out in the streets, from the German {hocken).

Hcesl —a Hat or Cap ; Hazel.

Ha'zel, n. a shrub; a light brown I Ha'zelnct, n. the fruit of the hazel
ttolor. I
a cap nut.

Heafod—Head.
Head, the part of an animal which Head'ache, n. a pain in the head.
n.
contains the brain the chief ;Head'long, a. rashly hastily. ;

Head'less, a. having no head. Behead', v. to deprive of the head.

Forb'head, n. the part of face which is above the eyes.

Myran, heran — ^to Hear Hearken. ;

Hear, t). to perceive by the ear. Rehear', v. to hear again.

Hea.r'ing, n. perceiving by the ear. Rehearse', «, to repeat to ; recite,
Heab'say, n. report ; rumor. Rehears'al, n. repetition.
Heark'en, v. to listen ; to attend.
 AKGLO-SAXON EOOT8 AND DERIVATIVES. 1^1

Mcel, or hcelu —Health. Hal—Healthy Sound Whole. ; ;

Heal, v. to grow well. Whole'sale, n. sale in large quanti-

Healing, ppr. curing. ties.
Health, n. freedom from sickness. Whole'some, a. contributing to
Health'pul, a. free from sickness. health.
Health'y, a. enjoying health. Whole'somely, 6mZ. in a wholesome
Health'iness, n. the state of health. manner.
Hale, a. healthy ; sound ; hearty. Whole 'soMENESs, n. the quality of
Whole, a. all ; total ; complete. being wholesome.
Whol'ly, ad. totally ; completely.

Heorte— Heart
Heart, n. the muscle which is the Heart'y, a. cordial ; sincere.
seat of life. Heart 'iLY, ad. from the heart.
Heart less, a. void of affection ; with Heart'iness, n. sincerity ; eagerness.
out courage. Heart'ache, n. sorrow ; anguish.

Hehban—to Raise. Heofon — Raised Elevated. ;

Hefig —Lifted with Labor.

Heave, «. to to raise to throw.
lift ; Heav'enward, ad, towards heaven.
;

Heav'inq, n. a rising a swell. ; Heav'y, a. weighty dejected. ;

Heav'en, n. heofon, the regions Heav'ily, ad. with great weight.

above. Heav'iness, n. weight depression. ;

Heav'enly, a. supremely excellent. Heft, n. weight heaviness. ;

Heft, ^. to try the weight by lifting.

Hege—Protection; Hedge.
Hedge, n. a fence made of thorns. I Hedge'hog, n. an animal set with
Hedge, v. to encircle for defence. prickles.
|

Hug, v. to embrace closely.

Hedan—Heed.
Heed, x. to mind ; to regard. Heed'less, a. negligent careless. ;

Heed'pul, a. watchful ; cautious ; at- Heed'lessness, n. carelessness.

tentive.

Hihtho — Height.
Height, n. space measured upwards. High'ly, ad. in a great degree.
Height'en, 1). to make higher. High'ness, n. elevation loftiness. ;

High, a. elevated exalted lofty. ; ; High'way,* n. a public road.

So called because the ground was raised to form a dry path.

Helpan—to Help.
Help, to assist to aid.
ti. ; Help'ful, a. giving help.
I

Help'er, n. one who helps. I

Help'less, a. without help,

Henti —a Border.
Hem, the edge of a garment doub
n. Hem, v. to border to edge. ;

led and sewed.

—
Note. To Hem m, about, or around, signifies, to enclose to environ to confine. ; ;

Hbm, a sort of voluntar/ cough, is from the Dutch {hemmeii).

 ;

122 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Hen—Hen.
Hen, n. the female of birds. Hen'pecked, a. governed by a wife.
Hen'bane, n. (bane, poison), a pois- Hen'roost, n. a place where poultry
onous plant. roost.

Heona— Hence.
Hence, ad. from this place from this ; I Henceforth', ad. from this time iov
time. I
ward.

Hyre— Her.
Herself', pro. a female which is the I Her, pro. belonging to a female,
subject of discourse. I

Heard— a Collection ; an Assemblage.

Herd, n. a number of beasts together. Herds'man, n. one who tends herda
|

Horde, n. a clan of wandering people.

Her— Here.
Hebe, ad. in this place. Here'abouts, ad.
1
about this place.
Hereaf'ter, ad. in time to come.

Hill —Hill.
Hill, n. an elevation of ground. 1
Hill'ock, n. a little hill.
Hill'y, a. full of hills.

Him—Him.
Himself', pro. the emphatic form of I Him, pro. the objective case of Hb.
He and Him. I

Hyre—a Reward.
Hire, v. to engage for pay. I Hire'ling, n. one who serves for pay
Hire, n. wages paid for service. | a mercenary.

Hider—Hither.
Hith'er, ad. to this place ; nearer. | Hith'erto, ad. to this time.

Har— Gray.
Hoar, a. white or gray with age. I Hoar'frost, n. dew frozen, or white
Hoar'y, ad.white or gray with age, | frost.
Hoar'hound,* n. a plant.
* So called from its appearance.

Hord—Hoard.
Hoard, n. a quantity laid up in secret. |
Hoard, v. to store secretly.

Has—Hoarse.
Hoarse, a. having the voice rough. [ Hoarse'ness, n. roughness of voice.
 AJ5^(JL0-SAX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 123

Smcx—Irony.
Hoax, n. a trick played off in sport. |
Hoax, v. to deceive in joke.

Hoppan—to Hop.
Hop, «. on one leg to dance. Hop 'per,* n. one who hops a box
to leap ; I ;

Hop, n. a leap a meeting for dancing.

;
into which corn is put to be ground.
|

Hob'ble, v. to walk lamely.

* So named from its shaking.
Note. —Hop, a plant used in brewing, comes from the Dutch.
Sul—Hole.
Hole, n. a cavity a cell. ; Hol'ster, n. {heolster, a hiding-
Hol'low, n. containing an empty place), a case for a horseman's pis-
space. tol.
Hol'lowness, n. state of being hollow.

—
Hani a House a Village. ;

Home, n. one's own house, or country Home'liness, n. plainness.

Home'less, a. without a home. Home'made, a. made at home.
Home'ly, a. plain ; not elegant Home'spun, a. spun at home.
Ham'let, n. a small village.

Hunig—Honey.
Hon'ey, n. a sweet juice collected by Hon'eymoon, n. the first month aftel
bees. marriage.
Hon'ied, a. covered with honey.
honey.

Hod—Hood.
Hood'wink, to blind
II. by covering I Hood, n. a covering for the head,
the eyes ; to deceive. I

Hopa —Hope.
Note. —The primary sense is, to reach forward.

Hope, n. expectation of good. I Hope'fulness, n. promise of good.

Hope'ful, a. full of hope. I
Hope'less, a. wanting hope.

Horn—Horn.
Horn, a hard, pointed substance
n. Horn'y, a. like horn.
growing on the heads of some ani- Horn'pipe, n. a lively tune.
mals.

Hors — Horse.
Horse, n. a well-known quadruped. |
Horse'manship, n. the art of riding.

Hos—Hose.
Hose, n. stockings. • |
Hos'ier, n. one who sells stockings.
124 SMITH'S HAND-BooK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Hat— Hot.
Hot, having heat fiery.
a. ; I Hot'spur, n. a violent, precipitate
Hot'ly, ad. with heat violently. ; I
man.
Hot'ness, n. heat ; fury.

Su—How.
How, ad. in what manner. I Howsoev'er, ad. in whatsoever man-
Howbe'it, ad. nevertheless ;
yet. | ner.
Howev'er, ad. at all events.

Yiellan— to Howl.
Howl'ing, n. uttering the cry of a 1 Howl, v. to cry as a wolf or dog.
wolf or dog. 1

Siw—Color ; Form.
Hue, n. color ; tint ; dye.

Note. —Hue, a shouting, an alarm, comes from the French {hUer, to hoot).
Hunger— Hunger.
Hun'gbr, n. desire of food pain felt ;
Hun'gry, a. feeling pain from want
from fasting. of food.
Hun'gered, a. famished starved. : Hun'grily, ad. with a keen appetite.

Huntian—to Hunt.
Hunt, v. to chase to search; for. I Hunt'ing, n. the diversion of the
Hunt'er, n. one that hunts. | chase.
Hunts'man, n. one who practises hunting.

Hyrt—Wounded; Hurt.
Hurt, v. to harm; to injure. I Hurt'ful, a. injurious.
Hurt, n. harhi wound.
; I
Hurt 'less, a. harmless.

Hus— a House ; a Covered Place. Bonda —a Master.

House, n. a abode.
place of human Hus'bandman, n. one who tills the
House'less, a. without a house. ground.
House'hold, n. a family living to- Hus'tings, n. a council; a place
gether. where an election is held.
House'wife, n. the mistress of a fam- Out'house, n. a house separate from
ily. a dwelling-house.
Hus'band, n. a man joined to a wo- Pent'house, n. a shed hanging aslope
man by marriage. from the main wall.
Hus'bandry, n. tillage. Hov'el, n. a shed a mean habitation.;

Is —Ice.
Ice, n. water or other liquid made I I'cicle, n. a hanging shoot of ice.
solid by cold. I
I'cy, a. full of ice ; made of ice.
Ice'berg, n. a mountain of ice.
 ANGLO-SAXON EOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 125

Idel —Vatn; Empty.

I'dle, a. doing nothing. 1 I'dler, n. a lazy person.
I'dleness, n. the state of being idle. | Idly, ad. lazily ; carelessly.

Note. —Idol, an image, comes from the Greek {eidos).

If, con. gif, supposing that ; allowing that.

Yfel—EYiL; III.

Ill, a. bad ; not good ; sick. I Ill'nature, n. bad temper.

Ill'ness, n. sickness. I
Ill'well, n. enmity.

Waerc—Ache; Pain; Irk.

Irk, v. to weary. |
Irk'some, a. wearisome ; tedious.

Iren —Iron.
I'ron, n. the most common and useful I I'rony, a. made of iron ; like iron,
of the metals, I

Note. —Irony, a mode of speech in which the meaning is contrary to the words,
comes from the Greek (eiron).

Yrre —^Angry.
Jar, n. a rattling vibration of sound ; I Jar, v. to clash ; to quarrel,
discord. I

Note. —Jar, an earthen vessel, comes from the French (jarre).

Cene —War'like; Eager.
Keen, a. sharp ;
piercing ; eager. | Keen'ly, ad. sharply ; eagerly.
Keen'ness, n. sharpness ; eagerness.

Cepan— to Keep.
Keep, v. to hold ; to retain. I Keep'sake, n. a gift in token of re-
I
gard.

Cwellan —to Kill.

Kill, v. to deprive of life. I Quail, «. to fail in spirits; to quake;
Quell, v. to crush to subdue,
; | to tremble.

Note. —Quail, a bird, comes from the French icaille).

Cyln —a Furnace or Kitchen.

Kiln, n. a large stove or oven. |
Kiln'dry, «. to dry in a kiln.

Cyn—Kin; Kind; Relation.

Kin, n. relation by blood. Kins'man, n. a man of the same family.
Kind, n. race sort nature.
; ; Unkind', a. not kind not obliging. ;

Kind'i y, a. natural congenial, ; Kind, a. disposed to do good to others,

Kin'dred, n. relations by birth. Kind'ly, ad. with good will.
K^nd'ness, n. good will ; favor.
 ;

126 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Cy fling— a Chief ; a Leader.

KrNG, n. a monarch a sovereign. ; I King'ly, a. belonging to a king.
Kjng'dom, n. the dominion of a king. | King's-e'vil, a. scrofula.

Cyssan —to Kiss.

Kiss, v. to salute with the lips. |

Kiss'er, n. one who kisses,

Cnapa—a Boy ; a Servant ; a Knave.

Note. —Originally a boy or young man, then a servant, and lastly a rogue.
Knave, n. a false, deceitful fellow. | Kna'very, n. dishonesty.
Kna'vish, a. dishonest.

Cneow —Knee.
Knee, n. a joint of the leg. I Kneel'ing, n. act of resting on the
Kneel, v. to rest on the knees. |
bent knees.

Cniht —a Boy ; a Servant.

Knight, n. a title of honor. I Knight'hood, n. the dignity of a

I
knight.

Cnytan—to Tie ; to Knit.

Knit, v. to weave without a loom. | Knit'ting, ppr. uniting by needles.

Cncep —a Top ; a Button.

Knap, n. a protuberance. Knob'by, a. full of knobs.

Knob, n. a round ball at the end of a Knop, n. a knot a tufted top. ;

thing ; a bunch. Nape, n. the joint of the neck behind.

Cnott— Knot.
Knot, a complication
n. made by Knot'ted, I a. full of knots,
knitting or tying. I
Knot'ty, a. full of knots difficult.
;

Knot'tiness, n. difficulty.

Citnnan —to Know ; to Be Able.

Know, to understand clearly.
n. Unknown', a. not known.
Knowl'edge, n, learning; skill. Unacknowl 'edged, a. not owned.
Acknowl'edge, n. to own to confess. ; Acknowl'edgement, n. recognition
Foreknow', d. to know before. confession.
Unforeknown', a. not previously Know'ing, a. skillful ; intelligent.
known. Cun'ning, a. artfully deceitful ; crafty.
Cun'ning, n. artifice ; deceit.

Note.—Cunning, which was formerly much used in the sense of knowing or skiUfu\
is now commonly used in an ill sense, implying art or craft.

Cnucl—B. Joint.
Knuc'kle, n. a joint of the finger. |
Knuc'kle, v. to yield ; to submit.

Note. —Knuckle formerly signified any joint of the body.

 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 127

Leode—a Nation ; a People.

Lad, n. a youth ; a young man. |
Lass, n. a girl ; a young woman.

Hlad—a Load. Hladan—to Load.

Lade, v. to load to freight. ;
Unlade', v. to remove a cargo from
Load, n. a burden a freight. ; a vessel.
Overload', «. to burden too much. Unload', v. to take a load from.

Hladan—^to Draw Out ; to Empty.

La'dle, n. a large spoon with a long 1 Lade, v. to throw out by dipping,
handle. I

Hlcefdie —Lady.
Note. —From hliflan^ to lift, i. e. one raised to the rank of her husband or lord.

La'dy, n. a woman of high rank. I La'dylike, a. becoming a lady ; ele*

I
gant.

Lang—Long.
Lag, a. coming behind ; sluggish. | Lag'gard, n. one who lags.

JLanib —Lamb.
Lamb, n. the young of a sheep. |
Lamb'like, a. like a lamb ,
mild,
Lamb'kin, n. a little lamb.

Lam—Lame.
Lame, a. wanting the natural power I Lame'ly, ad. in a lame manner,
or strength. I
Lame'ness, n. the state of being lame.

Land—^Land.
Land, n. the solid matter of the earth. Land'ing, n. a place to land at.
Land, v. to set or come on shore. Land'scape, n. a picture of a portion
Land'mark, n. a mark to designate of country.
boundaries.

Latest —Last ; contracted from Latest.

Last, a. latest hindmost.
; I Last'ing, p. a. continuing durable. ;

Last, v. to remain to continue.; | Last'ly, ad. in the last place.

Laste^si Footstep.
Last, n. the mold on which shoes are formed.

LcBccan —to Catch ; to Seize.

Latch, n. a fastening for a door. Lace, n. a string or cord for tying.
^atch'et, n. the string that fastens a Lace, v. to fasten with a string passed
shoe. through opposite holes.

Lethrian — to Anoint ; to Lather.

Lath'er, v. to form a ft)am. I Lath'er, n. froth or foam.
128 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Lcet, latian —to Delay or Retaed.

Late, a. not early slow recent.
; ; Late'ness, n. the state of being out
I

Late, ad. after the proper season. of time. |

Late'ly, ad. not long ago.

HUhan—Laugh.
Note. —Generally supposed to be formed from the sound,
Laugh, v. to make that noise which I Laugh'ajble, a. exciting laughter,
sudden merriment excites. |
Laugh'ter, n. convulsive merriment.
Laugh'ingly, ad. in a merry way.

Lagu— Law ; from lecgan, lege —to Lay.

Law, n. a rule of action ; a rule of Law'giyer, n. one who makes laws,
justice. Law'maker, n. one who makes laws.
Law'ful, a. agreeable to law. Law'suit, a process in law.
n.
Law'fully, ad. agreeably to law. Out 'law, ut, one excluded from
n.
Law'less, a. not restrained by law. the benefit of the law.
Law'yer, n. a professor of law.

Lead, Iced —Lead.

Lead, n. a metal. |
Lead'en, a. made of lead ; heavy.

Lcedan—Lead.
Lead, «. to guide ; to conduct. |
Lead'er, n. one who leads.
Lead'ing, a. principal ; chief.

Leafe —Leaf.
Note. —The original signification seems to be hroad, flat.

Leaf, the thin, extended part of a Leaf'less, a. destitute of leaves,

n. I

tree, &c. Leaf'let, n. a little leaf |

Leaf'y, a. full of leaves.

Lmran—to Teach. Leornian —to Learn.

Learn, «. to gain knowledge of Learn'ing, n. skill in languages or
Learn'ed, a. having learning. science.
Leabn'edly, ad. with knowledge. Lore, n. learning.

Lesati —to Let Go ; to Loose.

Lease, v. to let for a limited time. I Lessee', n. one to whom a lease la
Lease'hold, n. held by lease. |
given.

Lether — Leather.
Leath'er, n. dressed hides of ani- 1 Leath'ern, a. made of leather.
Dials* I
Leath'ery, a. resembling leather.

Xe«/—Leave. Lcefan—to Leave ; to Permit.

Leave, ». a grant of liberty ;
permis- I Leave, v. to quit ; to desist ; to be-
sion. I queathe.
Leav'ings, n. things left behind ; remnants.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 129

Hleo — a Shelter.
Lee, n. a place sheltered from the I Lee'ward, ad. towards the lee ; from
wind. I
the wind.

Lcece —a Physician ; a Leech.

Leech, n. an aquatic worm which Leech'craft, |
n. the art of healing.
sucks blood.

Hleor—a Face ; Leer.

Leer, «. to turn the eye and cast a I Leer'ingly, ad. with an oblique
look from the comer of it. | look

Lcenan — to Lend. Lcen —a Loan.

Lend, v. to supply on condition of I Lend'ing, v. the act of making a loan,
repayment. I
Loan, n. the act of lending.

Lengiun —to Lengthen ; so called from the lengthening of the day.

Lent, n. a fast of forty days before |
Lent'en, a. relating to Lent
Easter.

Lcetan—to Let.
Let, v. to allow ; to permit ; to put I Out'let, v. ut, a passage outwards,
out to hire. |

Lcefel — Smooth; Even; Level.

Lev'el, a. even ; flat. |
Lev'elbr, n. one who levels.

LcBwd, past participle of Icewen —to Delude ; to Mislead.

Lewd, a. wicked. |
Lewd'ness, n. wickedness.

Idg, ligan —to Lie.

Lie, v. to utter a criminal falsehood. |
Li'ar, n. one who utters lies.
Belie', v. to slander.

lAcgan —to Lie Down.

—
Note. Lib (A.-S. licgan) differs from Lay (A.-S. lecgan, to lay, put, or set down,)
only by grammatical use.

Lie, v. to rest horizontally. Reli'ance, n. trust

|
; confidence.
Rely', v. to lean or rest with confidence.

Leof—LmF.
Lief, ad. gladly ; willingly.

Note. —lAeve for lief is vulgar.

Hlifian — to Arise ; to Soar.

Lift, v. to raise ; to elevate. |

Lift'ing, n. the act of raising.
 130 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

LeoJit —Light. Gelihtan —to Glittek.

Light, n. Light'ning, n. the flash which pre-
the agent which produces
vision. cedes thunder.
Light 'en, «. to illuminate to shine. Light 'some, a. luminous gay airy.
; ;
;

Light'er, n. one who lights. Glit'ter, 'V. to shine to sparkle. ;

Light'less, a. wanting light. Glit'tering, a, shining brilliant. ;

Glis'ten, «, to sparkle with light.

Leohtf leohtan —to Lighten.

Light,* a. not heavy active nimble. ; ; Light'ness, n. want of weight levity. ;

Light'en, v. to make less heavy. Lights, n. the lungs of an animal.

Light'er, n. a large open boat. Light'headed, a. thoughtless giddy. ;

Light'hearted, a. gay ;
merry ; cheerful.

* This word accords with Light, the fluid in orthography, and may be from the
the same radix.

Lihtan —to Alight.

Light, v. to fall or come by chance ; I Alight', v. to come down ; to dis-
to settle from flight. | mount.

Lie — Resemblance.
Like, a. resembling similaj, ; Lik'en, n. to represent as like to ;

Like'ly, a. probable. compare.

'Like'lihood, n. probability. Dislike', v. to regard with some
Like'ness, n. resemblance form. aversion.
;

Like'wise, od. in like manner.

Lician, from lie, lae — a Gift ; What Pleases.

Like, «. to be pleased with. |
Lik'ing, n. desire ;
pleasure.
Like'ly, a. that may be liked ;
pleasing.

Lim—Limb ; a Member.
Limb, n. a branch ; a member. |
Limb 'less, a. wanting limba.
Limp, v. to walk lamely.
Note. —Limb, a border, comes from the Latin {Umbus).
Lime —Lime.
Lime, n. a calcareous earth ; the lin- Lime'kiln, n. a furnace for lime.
den tree. Lime'stone, n. the stone of which
Lime'burner, n. one who bums lime is made.
stones to lime.
Note. —^Lime, a species of lemon, comes from the French (lime)
List, from lesan, lysan —to Collect or Assemble.
List, n. a roll ; a catalogue ; a limit ; a strip of cloth.

Hlystan —to Listen.

Lis'ten, t>. to hearken, J
Lis'tener, n. one who listens.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 131

Lif—Life. Lijian —to Live.

Live, v. to be in life to exist. ; Live'long, a. long in passing.
Live, a. not dead active. ; Life, n. vitality existence. ;

Live'ly, a. brisk vigorous. ; Life'less, a. void of life.

Live'lihood, n. means of living. Life'like, a. like a living person.
Live'liness, n. vivacity. Life'time, n. continuance of life.

Lathian — ^to Hate ; to Detest.

Loathe, to feel disgust

id. at. Loath'some, a. disgusting.
Loath, a. unwilling. Loath'someness, n. quality of raising
Loath'ful, a. abhorring, disgust.
Loath'ing, n. disgust.

Loc— an Enclosure ; Lock.

Lock, n. an instrument to fasten a I Lock'et, n. a small lock,
door a tuft of hair.
; I

Logian—to Place ; to Put ; to Lodge.

Lodge, v. to placeto reside. ; I Lodge'ment, n. the act of lodging.
Lodge, n. a small house at a gate. | Dislodge', v. to remove from a place.

lAggan — to Lie ; because it lies unmoved or inert.

Log, n. a bulky piece of wood. |

Log'gerhead, n. a blockhead.

Locian— to Look.
Look, v. to direct the eye. |
Look, n. air of the face ; aspect.

Loma— Utensils; Loom.

Loom, n. a weaver's machine. |
Lum'ber, n. anything useless timber. ;

JLeoman —to Shine ; to Loom.

Loom, v. to appear larger than the I Loom'ing, p. a. appearing indistinctly
real dimensions. I large.

Leasan, lysan —to Loose ; to Put or Take Away.

Loose, t). to free from any fastening. Loose 'ness, n. state of being loose.
Loose'ly, ad. not firmly. Less, a. smaller; not so large.
Loos'en, «. to relax to free, Less'en, v. to make or grow less.
;

Lest, con. that not for fear that. ;

Note. —Lesson, a task, an exercise, is from the Greek (Aeyw, to gather, to read).

^ Hlaford— Lord. Hla^—a Loaf ; and forcl — to Supply

Lord, n. a ruler a nobleman. ; Lord'ly, a. proud haughty. ;

Laird, n. the lord of a manor. Lord'ship, n. the address of a lord.

Lord'like, a. befitting a lord. Lord'liness, n. dignity pride. ;

Lq4f, n, a mass of bread, as baked.

132 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Losian—to Run Away ; to Be Lost

Lose, v. to forfeit; not to win to Loss, n. damage waste.
;

mislay. Los'ing, a. that incurs loss.

Lost, pp. mislaid ; destroyed. Lorn, a. lost forsaken.
:

Forlorn', a. forsaken ; helpless.

Lufian— to Love.
Love, v. to regard with affection. Lov'er, n. one who is in love.
Lov'able, a. worthy of love. Lov'iNG, p. a. kind affectionate. ;

Lovely, exciting love.

a. Love'lorn, a. forsaken by one's love.
Love'liness, n. amiableness. Love'lock, n. a lock of hair.

Hlowan—to Low ; a Humming Noise.

Low, V. to bsllow as a cow. |
Low'ing, n. the cry of cattle.

Note. —Low, not high, humble, is from the Dutch (laag).

Gelugglan— to Drag by the Hair.

Lug, v. to drag ; to pull. Lug'gage, n. anything cumbrous to
be carried.

Lust— Desire; Will; Power.

Lust, n. eagerness to possess or enjoy Lus'tiness, n. stoutness; vigor of
Lust'ful, a. having evil desires. body.
Lus'ty, a. stout vigorous. ; List, v. to desire to wish to choose.; ;

Lus'tily, ad. stoutly with vigor. ;

List'less, a. indifferent heedless. ;

Gemced—Troubled in Mind ; Mad.

Mad, a. disordered in the mind ; en- Mad'ness, n. distraction fury. ;

raged. Mad'cap, n. a rash, hot-headed per-

Mad'den, v. to make or become mad. son.
Mad'dish, a. somewhat mad. Mad 'man, n. a man void of i^ason.

Mceden —Maid.
Maid, n. an unmarried woman. [
Maid'en, n. a young woman.
Maid'enly, a. like a maid.

Macian—to Make.
Note.—The primary sense is, to cause, to act or do, to press, drive, strain or compel.

Make, d. to create to form. ; Mak'er, n. one who makes,

Make, n. form structure.
; Mak'ing, ppr. forming causing. ;

Man or mori- -Man.

Man, n. a human being ; a male Mankind', n. the race of human

Man, v. to furnish with men. beings.
Man'ful, a. bold courageous.
;
Man'like, a. like a man.
Man 'hood, n. the state of a man Man'ly, a. like a man,
Man'ikin, 71, a little man. Man'liness, n. dignity bravery. ;
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 133

Mentel—^Mantle; Cloak.
Man'tle, n. a kind of cloak ; work Man'tle, v. to cover ; to spread ; to
before a chimney. rush to the face.
IMantelet', n. a small cloak. Disman'tle, v. to strip ; to divest.

Manig— Many; Much.

Man't, a. numerous a great number. ; I Man'ifold, a. {feald, fold, double),
Man'ttimes, ad. often. I
many in number.

Mearc— a Boundary ; a ^Mark ; a Sign ; March.

March, «. to border ; to join. |
Mark, n. a token by which any thing
March'es, n. borders, limits, or fron- is known.
tiers of a country. Mark, v. to impress to brand. ;

Demarca'tion, n. separation of terri- Marked, p. a. noted prominent ;

; con-
tory. spicuous.
Marks'man, n. one skillful to hit a mark.

Note. —March, the name of a month, comes from the Latin {Mars\ and March,
to move by steps, from the French (marcTier).

Market—Market.
Mar'ket, n. a public place for buying I Mar'ketable, a. that may be sold,
and selling. | Mart, n, a place of public traffic.

Mearh — Marrow.
Mar'row, n. a soft, oilysubstance in 1 Mar'rowy, a. full of marrow pithy, ;

bones ; the best part of a thing. | Mar'rowfat, n. a kind of pea.

Mersc—Marsh.
Marsh, n. a watery tract of land. | Marsh'y, a. swampy boggy. ;

Morass', n. a marsh ; a bog.

Maca — an Equal; Fellow or Companion.

Mate, n. one of a pair. In'mate, n. one who dwells in the
Match, n. an equal a ; contest. same house.
Match'less, a. having no equal. Overmatch', v. to conquer.
Comate', n. a companion. Unmatched', a. having no match or
Immatch'able, a. that cannot be equal.
matched. Unmatch'able, a. that cannot be
Mismatch', v. to match unsuitably. matched.
Note. —Match, a combustible substance for lighting comes from the French
fires,
(rneche), and Mate, a term in chess, from the Spanish {mate —mater, to kill).

Magan—to Be Strong or Able ; May

May, to be able to be possible.
v. ; Dismay', v. to deprive of strength of
UliGHT, pret. had power or liberl^. mmd.
Dismay', n. terror ; fear. Undismayed', a. not discouraged.
Ter'magant, n. a brawling woman.

Note. —Mat, the fifth month, comes from the Latin {Maius).
 —

134 SMITHES HAKD-BOOK: OF ETYMOLOGY.

Mcedewe — a Meadow. Meed— What Is Mown ; eive —"WAtER.

Mead'ow, n. moist grass land. Mead'owy, a. resembling meadows.
Mead, n, moist land covered with Mead'owlark, n. a bird.
grass.

Mceger— Meager.
Mea'ger, a, lean ; tbin. |
Mea'gerly, ad. thinly ;
poorly.
Mea'gerness, n. leanness ; scantiness.

Mcel —a Part or Portion.

Meal, n. a portion of food taken at n. the time for eating a
I Meal 'time,
one time. meal. 1

Piece'meal, ad. in or by pieces or fragments.

Melu, melo — Meal; Flour.

Note. —The primary sense seems to be, soft, smooth.

Meal, n. the edible part of grain. } Meal'y-mouthed, a. using soft words.

Meal'y, a. of the softness of meal. | Mel'low, a. soft with ripeness.
Mel'lowness, n. softness ; ripeness.

Mcene—False; Bad.
Mean, a. of low rank ; base ; coarse. |
Mean'lt, ad. basely ;
poorly.
Mean'ness, n. want of excellence ; rudeness.

Mcenarif manian—to Have in the Mind.

Mean, v. to intend ; to purpose. |
Mean'ing, n. intention ; signification.

Note. —Mean, the middle, comes from the Latin (medius).

Metan—to Meet ; to Find ; to Measure ;
to Compare.
Meet, v. come together.
to Meet'ness, propriety.
n. fitness ;

Meet'ing, n. a coming together. Mete, v. to measure; to reduce to

Meet, a. fit proper suitable.
;
; measure.
Me'ter, n. a measurer.

Meltan —to Melt ; to Dissolve ; to Cook.

Melt, t?. to make or become liquid. I Molt'en, a. made of melted metal.
Melt'ing, n. the act of softening. 1 Smelt, d. to melt or fuse ore.

Mere—the Sea, and mceden —Maid ; Mermaid.

Mer'maid, n. a fabulous sea woman. | Mer/man, n. the male of the mermaid.

Mirig—Merry; Pleasant.
Mer^ry, a. gay of heart jovial. ;
Mirth, n. merriment hilarity. ;

Mer'rily, ad. gaily with mirth. ; Mirth'ful, a. merry gay. ;

Mer'riment, n. mirth gaiety. ;

Mirth'fully, ad. in a merry manner.
Mer'rythought, n. a forked bone in Mlrth'less, a. joyless ; cheerless.
the breast of a fowl.
 ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 136

Mcew—Mew.
Mew, n. a sea fowl.
Note.—Mew, to confine, to cage, comes from the French {mue)y and Msw, to cry as
a cat, from the Icelandic (miaua).

Miht—Might.
Might, n. strength power.;
I Might'ily, ad. powerfully strongly. ;

Might'y, a. strong; powerful. I

Might'iness, n. power; greatness.
Note. —Might, had power or liberty, is the preterit of the verb may.

Meolc—Milk.
Milk, n. a white fluid with which Milk'iness, n. resemblance of milk.
animals feed their young from the Milk'sop, n. a soft, effeminate person.
breast. Milk'y-way, n. the galaxy a lumin- ;

Milk'y, a. like milk. ous zone in the sky.

i

Milch, a. giving milk.

Mild—Mild.
Mild, a. kind ; tender soft.
; |
Mild'ly, ad. kindly ;
gently.
Mild'ness, n. gentleness ; softness.

Mylen—Mill.
Note. —From the ancient Gaelic word meil., dust.

Mill, n. a machine for grinding. | Mill 'race,n. the channel in which

Mill'er, n. one who attends a mill. I the water of a mill-pond is con-
Mill'dam, n. a dam by which water '

veyed to the wheel.

is collected for turning a mill. |
Mill'stone, n. a stone for grinding
Milled, p. a. stamped on the edge, i com.
Note.— Mill, the tenth part of a cent, or thousandth part of a dollar, comes from
the Latin {mille, a thousand).

Minsian —to Diminish ; to Lessen.

Mince, v. to chop into very small Mince, «). to half pronounce

I ; to act
pieces. with affected delicacy.
I

Mince'-pie, n. a pie made of minced meat.

Getnytidf getnunan —to Remember.

Mind, n. the intelligent power in man. Mind'ful, a. attentive; heedful. |

Remind', v. to put in mind.

JTengan—to Mingle.
Min'gle, v. to mix to blend. ; Immin'gle, v. to unite with numbers.
Min'gler, 71. one who mingles. Intermin'gle, v. to mingle together^
Commin'gle, v. to mix into one mass Mon'grel, a. of a mixed breed.
Unmin'gleb^ a. not mixed pure. ;

3Iistcecan —to Misteach ; to Misinform.

Mistake', v. to take wr^ng ; to err. ' Mistake', n. an error.
136 smith's hakd-book o^ etymology.

Jkfist —Mist.
Mist, a thick vapor.
n. I Mist'ily, ad. not plainly.
Mist'y, a. overspread with mist. | Mistiness, n. the state of being misty.

Mcenan—to Lament ; to Complain.

Moan, v. to deplore audibly. |
Moan'ful, a. expressing sorrow.

Mai— a Spot, Mark, or Blot.

Mole, n. a natural spot on the skin.
—
Note. Mole, a mound, a dyke, comes from the Latin (moles), and Mole, a small
animal, from the Dutch {mol).

Mod— Mind; Disposition; Passion.

Mood, n. temper of mind humor, ; | Mood'y, a. angry ; out of humor.
Mood'iness, n. peevishness.
—
Note. Mood, the variation of a verb to express manner of action or being, comes
from the Latin {modus).

3Iona— Moon.
Moon, the heavenly body which
n. Moon'shine, n. the light of the moon.
revolves round the earth, Moon'struck, a. lunatic.
Moon'less, a. not enlightened by the Mon'day, n. the second day of the
moon. week.
Moon'beam, n. a ray of light from Month, n. one of the twelve divisions
the moon, of the year.
Moon'liqht, n. the light given by Month'ly, a. happening every month.
the moon.

Mor—Waste Land.
Moor, n. a tract of poor land overrun I Moor'land, n. watery ground,
with heath. |

Note. — Moor, to secure by two anchors, comes from the Spanish (amarrar), and
Moor, a native of northern Africa, from the Latin (Maurus).

Motian —to Meet for Conversation ; to Discuss.

Moot, v. to argue or plead on a sup- I Moot'ing, n. the exercise of disput-

posed cause. I
ing.

Morgen—Dispersed.
Morn, n. the first part of the day. |
Morn'ing, n. the first part of the day
Mor'row, n. morning ; the day after the present day.
—
Note. Morrow and Morn have the same meaning, viz. dissipated, dispersed, as ;

clouds or darkness, whose dispersion, or the time when they are dispersed, these
words express.

Mcest, super of mycel — Greatest.

Most, a. greatest in quantity or num- Much, large in quantity.
a.
ber. More, greater in quantity.
a.
Most'ly, ad. for the greatest part; Moreover, ad. besides; over and
chiefly. above.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 137

Modor— Mother.
Moth'er, n. a female parent. a language to
Moth'erless, a. having lost a mother. which another language owes its
Moth'erly, a. in the manner of a origin ; one's native language.
mother; tenderly.
—
Note. Mother, a thick, slimy substance in liquors, comes from the German (mo-
der,mud).

Molde—EAB,TK Powder; Dust. ;

Mould, n. earth a substance

fine, soft ;
Mould't, a. overgrown with mould.
like down on damp bodies. Mould 'iness, n. the state of being
Mould'er, v. to turn into dust. mouldy.
Note.— Mould, that in which anything is cast or receives its shape, and Moulder,
one who casts or shapes, comes from the Spanish (rndde, a matrix).

Murnan—to Mourn
Mourn, v. to grieve ; to be sorrowful. I Mourn'ful, a. causing sorrow.
Mourn'er, n. one who mourns. | Mourn'fully, ad. sorrowfully.
Mourn'ino, ?i. sorrow ; the dress of sorrow.

Mus, plural inys —Mouse.

Mouse, n. a small animal. |
Mice, n. the plural of mouse.

3Tu th — Mouth.
Mouth, n. the cavity between the Mouth'ful, a. as much as the moutl
jaws; an opening by which any- can hold.
thing can be filled or emptied. Mouth'piece, n. one who speaks foi
Mouth, v. to utter with a loud, af- others.
fected voice.

Mawan—to Cut Down ;

Mow ; n. a Little Heap.
Mow, ®. inOf to cut with a scythe. I Mown, p. a. cut with a scythe.
Mow, n. nioiv, a loft in a bam. |
Mow'ing, n. cutting with a scythe,

Milescian —to Become Soft ; Mulch.

Mulch, «. to cover with half-rotten I Mulch, n. half-rotten straw,
straw

Morther, inorth —Death.

Mur'der, the act of killing a hu-
n. I Mur'derous, a. guilty of murder,
man being unlawfully. |

Must, v. inot, to be obliged.

—
Note. Must, new wine, comes from the Latin (irmstum)^ and Must, to mak<
mouldy, from tlie French (moisir).

Wmgel—:N^ail.
Nail, n.a horny substance on the Nail'er, n. one who makes nails.
human fingers and toes a piece of ; Nail'ery, n. a manu&ctory of nailft
metal for fastening..
138 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Nacod—Naked.
Ka'ked, a. not covered. |
Na'keidness, n. want of covering.

Nama—Name.
Name, n. that by which a person or Name'ly, ad. by name particularly. ;

thing is called. Name'sake, n. one who has the same

Name'less, a. without a name. name.
Nick'name, n. a name given in contempt.

Hnoppa—Nap.
Nap, n. the down on cloth. |
Nap'less, a. threadbare.

NearoWf nearwian —to Make Narrow.

Nar'row, a. not broad or wide. ]
Nar'rowly, ad. closely ; nearly.
Nar'rowness, n. want of breadth.

Naht—Nafght. Ne — Not ; and wuht—a Whit ; Anything.

Naught, Nought, n. nothing. I Naught'y, a. wicked ; sinful.
Naught, a. worthless bad. ; | Naught 'ily, ad. wickedly.
Naught'iness, n. wickedness.

Nafu—the Middle Centre Nave. ; ;

Nave, n.the piece of timber in the Nave, n. the middle or body of I a

centre of a wheel. church. |

NaVel, n. nafelf the point in the middle of the abdomen.

Note. —Naval, of or pertaining to ships, comes from the L. navU (Gr. vavg\ a ship,
Neah—Near.
Near, a. not far distant Nigh'ly, ad. nearly.
; nigh.
Near'ly, ad. at no great distance. Nigh'ness, n. nearness.
Near'ness, 11. closeness. Next, a. nearest in place, time, &c
Nigh, a. near not distant.
; Well-nigh', ad. almost.
Neigh'bor, n. neahbur, one who lives near.

Neat, nyten —Cattle.

Neat, n. cattle oxen. ; Neat's-poot, n. the foot of an ox,
Neat'herd, n. one who takes care of cow, &c.
cattle.

Neat, very clean, pure, elegant, comes from the Latin {niteo).

Neh —Neb.
Neb, the nose the beak.
n. ; Nib'ble, v. to bite by little at a time.
Nib, n. the bill of a bird ; the point Nib'bler, n. one that nibbles.
of anything.

Hnecca—Neck.
Neck, n. the part between the head 1 Neck'lace, n. an ornament for the
and the body. | neck.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 139

Nead—Need ;
from ne — Not, and ead Happiness — ; Prosperity.
Need, want necessity.
n. ; Needs, ad. necessarily.
Need'ful, a. necessary. Need't, a. poor necessitous. ;

Need'less, a. unnecessary. Need'ily, ad. in want.

Need'iness, n. want ;
poverty.

^TcecW—Needle.
Nee'dle, a small, pointed instru-
n. 1 Nee'dle-work, n. work executed
ment for sewing. I
with a needle.

Hncegan —Neigh.
Neigh, n. the voice of a horse. |
Neigh'ing, n. the voice of a horse.

Nest —Nest.
Nest, n. the place in which birds Nest'ling, n. a young bird in the
hatch and rear their young. nest.
Nes'tle, v. to lie close. Nest'egg, n. an egg left in the nest.

Net —Net.
Net, n. a texture of twine with I Net'work, n. work in the form of a
meshes. I
net.

Note. —Net, clear after all deductions, comes from the French (ne<, entirely).

Neother, neothan — Beneath; Downwards.

Neth'er, a. lower ; being in a lower I Beneath', prep, under ; lower in
place. I
place, rank, or dignity.

^OB/re— Never. Ne— Not; and cefre —Ever.

Nev'er, ad. not ever ; at no time. I Nevertheless', ad. notwithstanding
I
that.

Niwe—NBW.
New, a. lately made, produced or News, n. recent account.
discovered. Renew', v. to make anew or again.
New'ly, ad. freshly. Renew'al, n. the act of renewing.
New'ness, n. freshness. Anew', ad. over again.

Hnesc— Soft; Tender.

Nice, a. delicate fine. ; I Nice'ness, n. delicacy. [ties.
Nice'ly, ad, delicately ; exactly. | Ni'cety, n. minute accuracy pi. dain- ;

Niht—Night.
NiGHT, n. the time of darkness. Night'mare, n. a sensation of dis-
- Night'ly, ad. done every nigh^ tressing weight on the chest during
Night'ingale, n. a bird which sings sleep.
at night. Fort'night, n. {fourteen)^ the space
Night'fall, n. the close of the day. of two weeks. i

Bbnight'ed, v. involved in darkness

140 SMITH*S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Na —No; Not,
No, ad. a word of denial or refusal. Not, ad. {naht ; ne, not, and auht,
Nay, ad. not only so, but more. ought), a particle of denial.
None, a. (nan; ne, not, and an, Noth'ing, n. (na, no, and thing),
one), not one ; not any. not any thing.

Kon—Noon.
Noon, mid-day.
n. I Noon 'day,
n. mid-day.
Noon'ing, 71. repose at noon. Noon'tide, 71. mid-day.
|

Foee'noon, n. the time from morning to mid-day.

North — North.
Nobth, n. one of the cardinal points. Nor'thern, a. being in the north.
I

Nor'therly, a. towards the north. North Vard, a. towards the north.

|

n. the wind which blows from the north.

Ncese —Nose.
Nose, n. the organ of smell. I Noz'zle, n. the nose ; the snout ; the
Nos'tril, n. a cavity of the nose. | end.
Nose 'gay, n. a bunch of flowers.
Note —Nose is of the same origin with A.-S. wees, a naze, or ness the latter so ;

common a termination to the names of projecting headlands, as Dungewess, Sheer/iess.

Kiiynan —to Take Away ; Numb.

Numb, a. deprived of sensation. I Num'skull, n. a dunce.
Numb'ness, n. torpor. I
Benumb', i>. to make torpid.

JETnut —Nut.
Nut, n. a fruit consisting of a kernel Nut'gall, n. an excrescence of th«
covered by a hard shell. oak.
Nut'brown, a. brown like a nut long Nut 'meg, n. a kind of aromatic nut
kept.

Ata — Oat.
Oat, Oats, n. a grain. Oat'en, a. made of
|
oats.
Oat'meal, n. meal made of oats.

O/— Of.
Of, prep, from, or out of Opf'scourtng, n. refuse.
Off, prep, not on from. ; Off'set, n. a sprout.
Off'ing, n. a considerable distance Off'spring, n. children.
from the shore. Alocf', ad. (all, off)^ at a distance.

Oil— On.
On, prep, being in contact with the On'ward, ad. forward,
|

upper part of any thing.

On'slaught, n. an attack.
 ANGLO-SAXOX ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 141

An, arte — One,

One, n. a single person or thing. Once, ad. one time
|
; formerly.
On'lt, a. singly one alone. ;

Was, wees —Wetness; Ooze.

Ooze, n. earth so wet as to flow gently. |
Oo'zy, a. miry ; muddy.

Openian —to Open ; to Be Manifest.

O'pen, v. to unclose to unlock. ; Openness, n. plainness; clearness.
O'pBNiNG, n. an aperture. Open-mouthed, a. ravenous; clam-
Openly, ad. publicly plainly. ; orous.
O'pEN-HEARTED, a. gcucrous ; candid.

Ort-geard, Ort —an Herb ;

geard— Garden.
Or'chard, n. an assemblage of fruit I Or'chardist, n. one who cultivates
trees. I
orchards.
Note. —Apples, pears, peaches, and cherries are the fruits principally cultivated in
orchards.

OrdaeL From or — Great, and duel —Judgment.

Or'deal, n. any severe trial ; test ; experiment.

Ut — Out. UtfBrre — Outward; Utter.

Out, ad. on the outside ; not within ;
I Ut'ter, a. the greatest degree ; com-
V. to eject ; to expel. i plete.
Out'er, a. being on the outside. Ut'most, a. extreme.
Out'ward, a. external visible. ;
|
Ut'terly, ad. fully completely. ;

Out'wardly, ad. externally. ! Utterance, n. the act of speaking.

Ut'ter, v. to speak ; to pronounce. [ Ut'termost, n. the most that can be.

Agan — Own.
Note. — Owe is formed from the A.-S. agan^ by softening the guttural g' into w), aw
—owe.
Owe, «. to be indebted. Own'er, n. one to whom a thing be-
Ow'iNG, ppi\ due imputable to.; longs.
Ought, v. to be bound in duty. Own'ership, n. the right of posses-
Own, «. to possess to avow. ; sion.
Disown', 'g. to deny to renounce. ;

JPceth, JPcethian—to Go ; to Tread Flat ; to Flatten.

Pad, n. a road ; an easy-paced horse. Pad, n. a soft saddle or cushion.
Pad, v. to travel gently. Path, n. a way a road. ;

Pad 'lock,* n. a lock hung on a staple. Path'less, a. having no path.

Foot PAD, n. a highwayman who robs Path'way, n. a narrow way. [gers.
on foot. Foot'path, n. a path for foot passen-
* A lock for a pad-gate, or a gate opening to a path.

Panne— a Pan.
Pan, n. a broad, shall(fw vessel. |
Pan'cake,7i. a thin cake fried in a pan,
142 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

JPearroc —a Pabk.
Pad'dock, a small inclosure in a
n. I Park, n. a piece of inclosed ground,
pasture for a sick animal. |

Note. —Paddock, originally an inclosure in a park, for hounds to run matches in.

Pin— Punishment; Torture. JPinan— to Vms.

Pain, n, an uneasy sensation Pains'taker, n. a laborious person.
•Pain, v. to make
uneasy. Pine, v. to waste away with pain or
Pain'ful, a. full of pain. distress of mind.
Pain'fully, ad. with pain. Pin'ing, n. a wasting away.
Pain'less, a. free from pain. Repine', v. to fret to be discontented. ;

Pains, n. careful toil trouble. ; Repin'ing, n. the act of murmuring.

Pang, n. a eharp and sudden pain.

Pceccan —to Deceive by False Appearance.

Note. —They who ^utpatcJies on a little breach, to hide it, are careful that the color
shall nearly as possible resemble that upon which they put it.

Patch, n. a piece sewed on to cover I Patch'work, n. work composed of

a hole. I pieces.

JPcerl —Pearl.
Pearl, n. a white body found in I Pearl'y, a. like pearls,
oysters. I

Pahoh — Pebble.
Peb'ble, n. a small, roundish stone. | Peb'bly, a. full of pebbles.

Pocca —a Bag : Poke.

Poke, a bag a sack.
n. ; Peck, n. the fourth part of a bushel.
Pock'et, n. a small bag in a garment. Poach, to steal game.
ti.

Pock'etbook, n. a small book for the Puck'er, v. to gather into plaits oi

pocket. folds.
Pouch, n. a small bag.
Note. —Poke, to thrust, comes from the Swedish (poka), and Poach, to boil
slightly, from the French {pocher).

Pyndan—to Shut In ; to Pen.

Pen, n. an inclosure for cattle ; t). to I Pin, v. to inclose to confine. ;

inclose. Pin'fold, n. an inclosure for cattle-

Pound, n. an inclosure for cattle PoND, n. a small lake.
which have been taken in trespass- Impound', v. to put in a pound.
ing.
Note. —
Pen, an instrument for writing, comes from the Latin {penna), and Pin, an
instrument for fastening, from the Welsh {pin).

Penig—Penny.
Pen'ny, n. a coin. |
Pen'niless, a. wanting money.
Note. —The penny was formerly a silver coin, first struck in England by the Sax-
ons. It was struck with a cross so deeply sunk in it, that it might be easily parted
into halves, thence called half-pennies., or into four parts, thence "called fourthings or
farthings. ^
 ;;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 143

Pycan—to Pick ; to Peck

Pick, «. to strike with a pointed in- Peak, n. (peac, a point), the top of
strument. a hill.
Pick, v. to pull of with the fingers Peck, v. to pick up food ; to strike
to choose. [point. with the beak.
Pickaxe, n. an axe with a sharp Wood 'pecker, n. a bird.
Pick'pocket, n.one who steals from Beak, n. the bill of a bird ; anything
another's pocket. ending in a point.

JPyle —a Pillow ; a Cushion.

Pil'low, n. a cushion to support the I Pill'ion, n. a cushion for a woman

head in bed. I
to ride on.

Pinntreow— Pin-Tree.*
Pine, n. a forest tree. I Pine'apple, n. a fruit resembling the
Pi'ny, a. abounding with pines. | cone of the pine tree.
* From the leaves of the pine which resemble pins.

Pyt— Pit
Pit, n. a hole in the earth. Pit'coal, n. coal dug from the earth.
Pit 'fall, n. a pit dug and covered Pit'saw, n. a large saw used by two
over. men.

Pitha—Kernel; Pith.
Pith, the soft spongy substance Pith'less, a. without pith.
n.
in the centre of plants and trees Pith'y, a. containing pith forcible. ;

strength; force Pith'ily, ad. with force.

Pith'iness, n. strength force. ;

JPlegan — to Joke ; to Play.

Play, v. to sport to toy.

; Play'fully, ad. in a sportive manner.
Play, n. sport game.
;
Play'mate, n. a companion in amuse-
Playful, a. spoi-tive. ment.
Play'thing, n. a toy.

Plihtan — to Expose to Danger ; to Pledge ; Plight.

Plight, v. to pledge ; to give as secu- Com'plot, n. a confederacy in crime.
rity. Coun'terplot, n. a plot opposed to
Plight, n. condition ; state. a plot.
Plot, n. a conspiracy ; a scheme. Un'derplot, n. a clandestine scheme.
Note. —Plight, to pledge, is never applied to property or goods.

JPluccian —to Pluck ; to Pull Off.

Pluck, v. to pull with quick motion. Pluck'ed, a. stripped
|
off.
Pluck, n. courage spirit. ;

•Pol— a Pool.
Pool, n. a small collection of water. | Pud'dle, n. a small pool of dirty water.
Note.— Pool, the stakes played for in certain games, comes from the French (poule,
A chicken). •
144 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Gepose —Heaviness ; Stuffing of the Head ; Pose.

Pose, v. to puzzle or put to a stand I Fos'er, n. something that puzzles or
by asking difficult questions. | silences.

Note.—Pose' {po-za\ posture, attitude, comes from the French

Prmte —Pretty.
Pret'ty, a. neat ; beautiful without I Pret'tiness, n. beauty without dig-
dignity. I
nity.
Pret'tily, ad. neatly ;
pleasingly.

Priccian—to Prick.
Prick, v. to pierce with a small punc- I Prick'le, n. a small, sharp point,
ture. I
Prick'ly, a. full of sharp points.

JPryt — Pride.
Pride, n. unreasonable self-esteem. Prid'ingly, ad. with pride.
Pride'pul, a. full of pride insolent. Proud, a. having inordinate
; self-
Pride'less, a. without pride. esteem.
Proud'ly, ad. arrogantly haughtily. ;

Preost —Priest.
Priest, n. one who officiates in sacred I Priest'ess, n. a female priest.
offices. I
Priest'hood, n. the office of a priest.
Priest'like, a. resembling a priest.

JPreon —a Bodkin ; Prong.

Prong, n. a pointed projection ;
the tine of a fork.

JProfian —to Prove ; to Try ;

to Judge.
Prove, v. to show by testimony or I Proof, evidence; test; trial,
n.
argument. | Proof'less, a. wanting evidence.

Pullian —to Pull.

Pull, v. to draw forcibly ; to pluck. |
Pull'back, n. that which keeps back.

Cwacian —to Quake.

Quake, n. to shake; to tremble. I Quag'mire, ?i. (^-w?^, mire), a shaking
Quak'ing, n. shaking. | bog or marsh.

Civealm — Contagion; Pestilence; Qualm.

Qualm, n. a sudden fit of sickness. |
Qualm'ish, a. sick at the stomach.
Squeam'ish, a. having a taste difficult to please.

Cwen—a Woman ;
Queen.
Queen, n. the wife of a king, |
Quean, n. a worthless woman.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 145

€wic—Alive; Living; Quick.

Quick, a. living swift speedy. ; ; Quick'lime, n. lime unslacked.
Quick'en, x>. to make alive to hasten. ; Quick'sand, n. moving sand.
Quick'ly, ad. soon speedily. ; Quick'silver, n. a fluid metal.
Quick'ness, n. speed. Quick'witted, a. having ready wit.

lieaf—fjk Robe ; a Garment. Meafian — to Reeve or Sew.

Raft, n.a float made by fastening Rafts'man, n. one I who manages a
pieces of timber together. raft. |

Raf'ter, n. rcefteVf a roof-timber.

Note.— A raft is made by lashing logs together by withes.

Hracod—Naked; Ragged.
Rag, n. a torn piece of cloth. |
Ragged, a. rent in tatters ; uneven.
Rag'amuffin, n. a paltry, mean fellow.

Rmgel, from wrigan— to Put On or Cover to Clothe. ;

Rail, n. a bar of wood or iron extend- Rail'ing, n. a fence or barrier.

ing from one support to another. Rig, v. to dress to fit out. [a ship.
;

Rail, n. a woman's upper garment. Rig'ging, n. the sails and tackling of

Note.— Rail, to use insolent language, comes from the Dutch {raUen, to chatter),
and Rail, a bird, from the French {rale).

Minan— to Rain.
Rain, v. to fall in drops from the Rain'water, n. water fallen from the
clouds. clouds.
Rain BOW, n. a bow formed by the Rain'y, a. abounding in rain.
reflection of light by the clouds.

Ranc—Proud Haughty ; ; Rebellious.

Rank, luxuriant gross coarse.
a. ; ; I Rank'ness, n. exuberance; strong
Rank'ly, ad. luxuriantly coarsely. ; | scent.
Ran'kle, v. to fester ; to be inflamed.

Note.— Rank, a line, a row, class, comes from the French {rang).

Rendan— to Rend ; to Tear.

Rant, v. to rave in violent language. I Rend, v. to tear with violence.
Rant'er, n. one who rants.
Rent, n. a break ; a breach ; a tear.

Note.— Render, to give up, to give back, comes from the Latin {re, do). Rent, a
certain profit in money issuing out of lands, &c., in return for use, comes from the
French {rente).

Hrepan— to Touch ; to Rap.

Rap, v. to strike with a quick blow. | Rap'per, n. one that raps.
Note.- Rap, to affect jrith ecstasy, comes from the Latin {rapio).
 ;

146 SMITH'S HAITO-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Hascal —a Lean, Worthless Deer.

RAs'cAii, n. a mean fellow ; a scoun- I Rascal 'itt, n. mean dishonesty
drel. I
fraud
Ras'cally, a. mean ; vile ; base.

Hrethian — to Find Fault ; to Scold ; to Rate.

Rate, v. to chide vehemently. |
Rat'ing, n. a chiding ; a scolding.
Note. —Rate, price, value, degree, comes from the Latin (ratus, to reckon).
Rcethe —Quick; Hasty; Rath.
Rath, a. early ;
quick. I Rath'er, ad. more willingly in ; pref-
I
erence.

Hrefen, from reafian — to Plunder ;

to Destroy.
Rav'en, v. to seize by violence ; to Rav'enous, a. furiously voracious.
devour. Rav'in, n. prey; plunder.
Rav'ening, a. preying with rapacity.

HreoWf hrere—UAw, Rear; Cruel; Fierce.

Raw, a. not cooked; not covered Raw'ness, n. the state of being raw.
with skin. Raw'boned, a. having little flesh.
Raw'ish, a. somewhat raw cold and ; Rare, a. nearly raw ; imperfectly
damp. cooked
Note. — Rare, thin, not dense, uncommon, comes from the Latin (rams)
Mwcan — to Reach , to Extend.
Reach, v. to extend ; to reach. |
Reach'er, n. one who reaches.
Retch, v. to make an effort to vomit.

Mcedan— to Appoint , to Advise ; to Read , to Guess.

Read, to peruse to understand

v. ; by Readying, n. perusal of books.
characters. Rid'dle, n. rcedelse, something to
Read, p. or a. learned. be solved by conjecture.
Read' ABLE, a. that may be read. Unrid'dle, ®. to solve.

Mecan— to Say ; to Number ; to Regard.

Reck, to care to heed.
v. ; Reck'on, v. to number to calculate. ;

Reck'less, a. careless heedless. ; Reck'oning, n. calculation.

Reck'lessness, n. carelessness. Rack, n. an engine of torture a frame. ;

Rack, v. to stretch or torture ; to draw off.

Headf reod, rud Red. —

Red, n. a color resembling blood. Red'hot, a. heated to redness.
Red'den, V, to make or grow red. Red'lead, n. lead calcined.
Red'dish, a. somewhat red. Rud'dy, a. of a red color.
Red'ness, 71. the quality of being red. Rud'diness, n. state of being ruddy

Heocan— to Smoke ; to Fume.

Reek, n. smoke ; steam ; vapor. |
Reek, v. to smoke ; to steam.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 147

Mest —a Quiet, or a Lying Down ; Repose.

Rest, n. cessation of motion or labor Rest'less, a. unsettled.
quiet. Rest'lessness, n. want of rest or
Rest, v. to cease from motion or labor. quiet.
Rest'ful, a. quiet. Rest'ing-place, n. a place of rest.
Note. — Rest, that which is left, the remainder, comes from the Latin (re, sto).

Kim, geriin — a Number ; Reckoning.

Rhyme, correspondence of sounds
n. |
Rhyme'less, a. destitute of rhymes,
at the ends of verses.

Mic —Great; Noble; Powerful; Rich.

Rich, a. wealthy ; opulent. I Rich'ly, ad. abundantly.
Rich'es, n. wealth. | Rich'ness, n. wealth abundance. ;

Enrich', v. to make rich.

—
Note. ^Ric as a termination denotes jurisdiction i
as, bishopric, as a termination
of names, rich or powerful, as AlfriCy Frederick.

Hriddelf hreadan —to Rid; to Deliver.

Rid, v. to deliver.
to free ; I Rid'dle, v. to separate by a sieve ; to
Rid'dance, n. deliverance. I
make many holes in.
Rid'dle, n. a coarse sieve.
Note.— Riddle, something to be solved by guessing, comes from the A.-S. (rcedaii,
to read, to guess).

Hidan — to Srr or Rest Upon.

Ride, to travel on horseback or in
v. I Ride, n. an excursion on horseback
a vehicle to be carried.
;
'
or in a vehicle.

^rcac— a Rick. Hric— the Back; a Ridge.

Ridge, the top of the back
n. ; the I Rid'gy, a. having ridges,
top of a roof or slope. I
Rick, n. a pile of corn or hay.

^y/—Rife.
Ripe, a. prevalent ; abounding. Rife'ly, ad. prevalently
|
; frequently.
Rife'ness, n. prevalence abundance. ;

JReafian —to Seize or Take Away.

Riff'raff, n. refuse ; sweepings the ; Rob, v. to take by force without right.
rabble. Rob'ber, n. a thief.
Ri'fle, v. to rob to plunder.
; Rob'bery, n. theft by force.
Rive, v. to split ; to cleanse to rend. ;

Rift, n. a cleft : a fissure. Rov'er, n. a wanderer ; a robber.

Note. —Rifle, a kind of gun, comes from the German {reifeln, to groove).

Hri/mpMle— a Rumple ; a Fold.

Rim'plb; n. a wrinkle; a fold. I Rip'ple,^. the surface of water slightly

Rim'pling, n. uneven motion, I
agitated.
.Rip'pLiNG, n. the noise of ripples.
 — ;

14S SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Hiht —Right.
Right, a. just proper straight.
;
Right'ness, n. correctness
; ; straight-
Right'eous, a. just virtuous. ness.
;

Right'ful, a. just; lawful. Up'mght, a. straight up ; honest

Right'fully, ad. according to right. just.
Right'ly, ad. just; properly. Up'rightly, ad. honestly.
Up'rightness, n. honesty integrity. ;

Hring—Ring,
Ring, n. a circle; a round line or Ring'leader, n. the leader of a riot-
course. ous body,
Ring'let, n. a curl. Ring'worm, n. a disease.

Hringan— to Ring.
Ring, «. to cause to sound. I Rung, pp. did ring.
Ring, n. the sound of metals. I
Ring'ing, ppr. causing to sound.
Note.— Rung, a step of a ladder, a heavy staff, comes from the Gaelic (rong, a spar).

Iti2> —a Harvest. Ripjxin —to Take what is Ripe.

Ripe, a. brought to perfection in j
Ripe'ness,7z. state of being ripe.
growth mature.; Rip, v. to tear to separate. ;

Ripe'ly, ad. maturely. Reap, v. to cut grain with a sickle

Ri'pEN, V. to grow npe. I to gather to obtain. ;

Reap'er, n. one who reaps.

Note.— Ripe is related to the A.-S. rippan^ to reap, and the English rip, to separate,
to tear for the fruits, at the time of their maturity, split, and are torn or plucked
;

from the place where they were brought to perfection, Bosworth.

Had— a Riding , a Way ; a Road.

Road, n. an open way ; a public I Road'stead, n. a place where ships
passage. I
can anchor.

Hrof—RooF ; the Top ; a Raised Part ; to Wrinkle.

Roof, the cover of a building.
n. Ruff, to ruffle to disorder.
v. ;

Roof'less, a. wanting a roof. Ruf'fle, v. to put out of form to ;

Ruff, n. a plaited ornament worn disorder. [ornament.

about the neck. Ruf'fle, n. plaited linen, &c., for

Hroc— Rook; Crow.

Rook, n. a species of crow. |
Rook'ery, n. a nursery of rooks.

Note. — Rook, a castle in the game of chess, is from the Italian (rocco).

Mum— UooM. ; Space, Myman—to Make Way ; to Enlarge.

Room, n. space ; extent. Room'y, a. spacious
| ; wide ; large.
Roam, v. to wander about to stroll. ;

Map—Rope.
Hope, n. a large cord, |
Ro'pY, a. tenacious ;
glutinous,
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 149

Itotian —to Rot.

Rot, v. to putrefy ; to decay. |
Rot'ten, a. putrid ; unsound.

JEfreo/— Rough ; Scabby.

Rough, a. having inequalities on the Rough'draught, n. a sketch.
surface. Rough'hewn, p. a. unpolished rude. ;

Rough'en, v. to make rough. Rough'work, v. to work coarsely.

Rough'ly, ad. harshly. Rug'ged, a. rough uneven. ;

Rough'ness, n. unevenness; harsh- Rug'gedness, n. state of being rug-

ness. ged.
Rough'cast, v. to form rudely. Rug, n. a coarse coverlet for a bed.

Mother —an Oar ; Rudder.

Rud'der, n. the instrument for steer- I Rud'der, 71. anything that guides ol
ing a vessel. I
governs.

Hreowan —to Repent ; to Lament.

Rue, «. to be sorry for to regret. ; Ruth, n. mercy pity sorrow. ;
;

Rue'ful, a. sorrowful. Ruth'ful, a. merciful.

Rue'fully, ad. mournfully. Ruth'fully, ad. sadly sorrowfully. ;

Rue'fulness, n. moumfulness. Ruth'less, a. cruel ;

pitiless.
Ruth'lessness, n. want of pity.
Note. —Eue, a bitter herb, comes from the Greek (/iuvr/).

Rennan—to Run ; to Flow.

Run, v. to move swiftly to flee. Run'away, n. one who deserts.
;

Run'ner, n. one who runs. [ly. Forerun'ner, n. a messenger

Run'ning, n. the act of moving swift before.
Overrun', v. to run or spread over.

Mies —Rush.
Rush, n. a plant. I Rush'candle, n. a taper made of
Rush'y, a. abounding with rushes. | rush.
Rush'like, a. like a rush ; weak.

Hreosan— to Rush Shake Water, ; ;

or Fall.
Rush, v. to move forward with vio- Rash, a. acting without caution.
lence. Rash'ly, ad. hastily.
Rush'ing, n. a violent course. Rash'ness, n. inconsiderate haste.
Rash'er,* n. a thin slice of bacon for frying.
* Probably from the rashness or haste with which the cookery is despatched.
Note. —Rash, to slice, comes from the Italian (raschiare) ; Rash, an eruption, trova
the Italian {rascia, the itch).

Rust—Rust.
Rust, n. a crust which forms ^n the Rust'iness, n. the state of being rusty.
surface of metals. Rust, v. to gather rust to become ;

Rust'y, a. covered with rust. dull from want of action or exertion.

—
Note. Rustic, a. relating to the country ; n. an inhabitant of the country, comes
from the Latin {rusticus^ rus^ the country).
150 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOOY.

Hristlan — to Rustle.
Rustle, to make a noise like the
ti. I Rust'ling, n. the noise of that which
rubbing of dry leaves. | rustles.

JRige —Rye.
Rye, n. a kind of grain. |
Rye'grass, n. a kind of strong grass.
Rye'bbead, n. bread made of rye.

Sacc — Sack.
Sack, n. a large bag. 1
Satch'el, n. a small sack or bag.
Sack'ful, n. as much as a sack can contain.

Note.— Sack, to plunder a town, comes from the Spanish {sacar), and Sack, a kind
of wine, from the French {sec), the kind of wine now called sherry.

Sadel — Saddle.
Sad'dle, n. a seat placed on a horse's 1 Sad'dler, n. one who makes saddles,
back. I

Sigan —to Fall ; to Sink.

Sag, v. to sink in the middle when supported at both ends.

Segel — Sail.
Sail, n.thQ sheet by which the wind Sail'er, a vessel which sails.
n.
impels a ship. Sail OR, a seaman.
n.
Sail, v. to be carried along by press- Sail'-loft, n. a place where sails ai'e
ure of wind upon sails. made.

Syllan —to Sell.

Sell, «. to give for a price. I Sale'able, a. fit for sale.
Sale, n. the act of selling. I Sales'man, 7}. one that sells.

Salowig, salwig — Swarthy; Dark.

Sal'low, a. yellow ;
pale. |
Sal'lowness, n. sickly paleness.

Sealt — Salt.
Salt, n. a substance used for season- Salt'ness, n. the state of being salt.
ing and for preserving from cor- Salt'cellar, 11. a vessel for holding

ruption. salt.
Salt'er, n. one who salts. Saltpe'ter, n. a mineral salt ; niter.
Salt'ish, a. somewhat salt. Salt'work, n. a place where salt is
Salt'less, a. not tasting of salt. made.
Note. —Salt, a leap, a jump, comes from the Latin (saltum).

Sand—Earth ; the Shore.

Sand, n. small particles of stone. Sand'iness, n. the state of being sandy.
S^nd'ed, a. covered with sand. Sand'stone, n. a loose, friable kind
Band'y, a. full of sand. of stone.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 151

Same— Alike As Well. ;

Same, a. not different. |

Same'ness, n. the state being the same.

Seep — Sap; Juice.

Sap, n. the vital juice of plants. I Sap'ling, n. a young plant or tree*

Sap'less, a. wanting sap dry old. ; ; | Sap'py, a. abounding with sap.

Note. —Sap, to undermine, comes from the French {saper).

Sceter-dceg — Saturn's Day.

Sat'urday, n. the last day of the week.

Saga—%A.-?T.
Saw, a cutting instrument with a Saw'yer, n. one who saws,
n. I

toothed edge. Saw'dust, n. dust made by aawing.

I

Saw'pit, n. a pit where wood is sawed.

Secgan, segan —to Say.

Say, v. to speak ; to utter in words. Say'ing, n. an expression
| ; a maxim.
Saw, n. a saying a maxim. ;

—
Note. Saw, the preterit of the verb s«e, is from the A.-S. .scow, to see, to belu)ld.
Saw, a cutting instrument, comes from the A.-S. saga^ a saw.

Sceahh — Scab.
Scab, n. a crust formed over a sore. Shab'biness, n. meanness; ragged-
Scab'by, a. diseased with scabs. ness.
Shab'by, a. mean palfry. ;
Shab'bily, ad. meanly.

Scale — a Shell ; a Husk.

Scale, n. the dish of a balance. Sca'ly, a. covered with scales.
Scale, n. a small shell or crust Shell, n. the hard covering of any-
Scalb'less, a. destitute of scales thing.
Shel'ly, a. abounding with shells.
Note.—Scale, to climb as by a ladder, comes from the Latin {scala, a ladder).

Scearfe—2. Fragment.
Scarp, a piece of dress that hangs
n. j
Scarp'skin, n. the outer skin of the
loose upon the shoulders. I
body.

Scathian — to Injure ; to Damage.

ScATH, D. to damage ; to waste ; toScathe, v. to damage to destroy,
I ;

destroy. Scath'ful, a. injurious destructive.

| ;

Scath'less, a. without harm or damage.

Scateran —lb Pour Out ; to Disperse.

Scat'ter, v. to throw loosely about. Shat'ter, v. to break at once into
1

Scat'teredlYjO^. loosely; separately. many pieces. |

Scat'tering, n. the act of dispersing.

ISd SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Sceol — Shoal; Crowd; School.

School, n. a shoal or multitude offish. Shoal, a place where the water
n. is
Shoal, n. a great multitude assem- of depth.
little
bled a crowd.
; Shal'low, a. not deep.
Note. —School, a place where instruction is given, comes from the Latin {schola).

Scot, from sceran —to Sheab ; to Cut ; Score.

Score, n. a notch, or mark cut on a stick ; twenty ; reason or motive.
—
Note. Score, when used for twenty, has been well and rationally accounted foi
by supposing that our unlearned ancestors, to avoid the embarrassments of large
numbers, when they had made twice ten notches, cut off the piece or tally containing
them, and afterwards counted the scores or pieces cut oflf, and reclconed by the num-
ber of separated pieces, or by scores. Horne Tookb. —
Scur —a Scouring ; Scour.
Scour, «. to rub hard with something I Scour'ing, n. the act of cleaning by
rough. I
rubbing.

Sculj in Scul-Edged, Scowl-Eyed — Scowl.

Scowl, «. to contract the brows ; to I Scowl, n. a frowning look of anger,
look angry or sullen. I

Screopan —to Scrape.

Scrape, v. to rub off the surface by I Scrape, n. difficulty or trouble,
an edge. I
Scrap, n. a small piece.
Scrap'er, n. an instrument for scraping.

Hrceman—to Cry Aloud.

Scream, n. a shrill, quick, loud cry 1 Scream, i). to cry out shrilly,
of pain. I

Sceotan —to Shoot, Dart or Rush.

Scud, to flee to pass over quickly.
«. ; |
Shoot, v. to make fly with speed or
d _!._. .•_... i../- 1-
Scud 'ding, n. a. driving
/ _.
before a gale violence.
with no sail. Shot, n. the act of shooting.
Scud, n. loose, vapory clouds driven Shout, v. to utter a loud cry.
swiftly by the wind. Shut'tle, n. a weaver's instrument.
Scut'tle, n. scud, to run with af- Shut'tlecock, n. cork, a cork stuck
fected haste. with feathers.
Up'shot, n. conclusion ; end.
Note.— Scuttle, a hole in the deck or side of a'ship, comes from the French (ecou
t%Ue\ and Scuttle, a utensil for holding coals, from the Latin (scutilla).

Sceorfa — Scurf.
Scurf, n. a dry, mealy crust. I Scur'vy, a, vile mean n. a disease ; ;

Scurf'y, a. like scurf. | Scur'vily, ad. vilely basely. ;

Seafn — Seam.
Seam, the joining of two edges.
n. 1 Seam'stress, n. a woman who sews.
Seam'less, a. having no seam. | Seam'y, a. showing the seam.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 153

S(B, se, slew — Sea.

Sea, n. a large body of salt water. Sea'board, the sea coast.
n.
Sea'coast, n. the edge of the sea. Sea'farer, a seaman; a sailor.
n.
Sea'worthy, a. fit to go to sea. Sea'oirt, a. encircled by the sea.
Sea'ward, a. towards the sea. Seal, n. seal, a marine quadruped
Sea'breeze, n. wind blowing from found in cold latitudes.
the sea.
—
Note. Seal, a stamp for makmg unpressions, comes from the Latin (sigUlum, a
it tie image or figure).

Seon —to See. Gesiht — Sight.

See, v. to perceive by the eye. Saw, sawofif did see.
v.
See'ing, n. sight vision. ; Sight, n. the sense of seeing.
Seen, pp. beheld observed. ; Sight'less, a. wanting sight.
Seer, n. a prophet. Sight'ly, a. pleasing to the eye.
Note. —The preterit perfect of see was anciently written sigh, whence sighed, sighd,
sight. See, a diocese, comes from the Latin sedes, a seat, (from sedeo, to sit).

Seed— Seed; Sowing.

Seed, the substance from which
n. Seed'y, a. full of seed; poor and
new plants spring. miserable looking.
Seed'ling, n. a plant just sprung Seed 'time, n. the season of sowing.
from the seed.

Seothan —to Seethe ; Boil, or Cook.

Seethe, v. to boil ; to decoct in hot |
Sod'den, p. soaked and softened in
liquor. water.

Sylf, seo//— Self.

Self, n. one's own person. Self'ishly, ad. in a selfish manner.
Self'ish, a. regarding only one's own Selfishness, n. the quality of being
interest. selfish.
Self'samb, a. exactly the same.

Settan — ^to Set.

Set, v. to place to plant to regulate.
; ; Set'tlement, n. adjustment ; a col-
Set, p. a. regular fixed firm. ; ; ony.
Set, n. a number of things suited to Set 'ter, n. a kind of dog.
each other. Beset', 'd. to surround.
Set'tee, n. a large seat with a back. Beset'ting, p. a. habitually attend-
Set'tle, v. to fix in any place or way ing.
of life Out'set, n. opening ; beginning.

Sceacan- -to Shake.

Shake, to agitate
v. to make Shak'ing, n. a vibratory motion.
to tot-
ter or tremble. Shock, n. a violent collision.
« Shock'ing, a^that shocks offensive. ;

Sceal — I AM Obliged ;
I Ought.
Shall, «. an auxiliary verb denoting |
Should, «. the preterit of Shall.
duty or obligation. *
154 smith's hand-book of etymologt.

—
Scead Shade. Sceadan to Diyide to Shade to Cover. — ; ;

—
Seed a Shade. Scedan to Pour Out to Shed. — ;

Shade, interception of light.

n. Shad'owy, a. full of shade.
Shade, to shelter or screen from
ti. Overshad'ow, «. to throw a shadow
light or the rays of the sun. over.
Sha'dy, a. sheltered from light and Sheath, n. the case or cover of any
heat. thing.
Shad'ow, n. a figure formed by the Sheathe, v. to put into a sheath.
interception of light. Sheath'less, a. having no sheath.
Overshade', v. to cover so as to cause Shed, v. to let fall to pour out. ;

darkness. Shed'ding, ppr. flowing out casting. ;

Shed, n. a slight covering to shade

Note. —Shed is used in composition in the sense of effusion as hloo^-shed.

Scama— Shame.
Shame, the emotion excited by the
n. Shame'ful, a. disgraceful.
consciousness of guilt, or by the Shame'less, a. destitute of shame.
exposure of what ought to be con- Shame'paced, a. modest; bashful.
cealed. Ashamed', p. a. touched with shame.
Sham, n. a false pretence ; a fraud.
Note. —Sham, contracted from ashamed
Seyppan—to Form ; to Create ; to Shape.
Shape, v.to form ; to mould ; to make. I Shape'less, a. destitute of regular
Shape, n. form or figure. I
form.
Shape'ly, a. well-formed.

Sceran —to Shear ; to Shave to Divide

; ; from scer- -a Share ;

a Shire.
Note. —Also the superintendence of a share.
Shear, v. to clip or cut from the sur- Sheer, a. pure and unmixed very
face. thin.
Shear'er, n. one who shears. Sheer, i). to deviate or turn aside.
Shears, n. large scissors. Shire, n. a county.
Share, v. to part among two or more. Sher'ifp, n. {seir-gerefii, shire-
Share, n. the part allotted. reeve), the chief civil ofl[icer of a
Shore, n. land bordering on water. county.
Shirt, n. the under-garment worn by men.
—
Note. Shore, a piece of timber to prop with, comes from the Dutch (schoor).
Shirt comes from scirtan, to shorten, (from sceran, to shear).

Seearp — Sharp
Sharp, a. having a keen edge or fine Sharp'ly, ad. keenly acutely. ;

point. Sharp'ness, n. keenness of edge or

Sharp'en, 'V. to make sharp. point.
Sharp'er, n. a tricky fellow. Sharp'set, a. hungry ; eager.

Seafan —to Scrape ; to Make Smooth,

Shave, to make smooth to cut or Scav'enger, n. a person
v. ;
j
employed to
pare close to the surface, clean the streets. |

Shav'ing, n. a thin slice pared oft'.

 —

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 155

Sceaf—a Sheaf ; a Bundle of Cobn.

Bheaf, n. a bundle of stalks. |
Sheaf,v. to make sheaves.

—
Note. Sheaf (sometimes called Sheave), the wheel in the block of a pulley,
comes from the Dutch (schij).

Sheep, n. an animal.
Sheep'ish, a. like a sheep bashful.
Sheeps' eye, n. a modest, diffident
look.
Shep'herd, n. hyrde, one who tends
sheep.
Seep — Sheep.
Sheep'ishly, ad. bashfully.
; Shep'herdess, n. a female who tends
sheep.
Shep'herd's-crook, n. an implement
to secure a sheep by the legs with-
out disturbing the flock.

Scyte — Sheet.
Sheet, n. a broad piece of linen or 1 SHEET'mG, n. cloth for making
cotton cloth. I
sheets.

—
Note. Sheet, a rope listened to the lower comers of a sail, comes from the
French {eccnde).

Scylfe — Shelf.
Shelf, n. a board fixed on supporters Shelve, «. to place on shelves I
; to
for holding anything. slope. I

Shelv'ing, p. a. sloping inclining. ;

Scyld — Shield. Scyldan —to Cover ; to Protect.

Shield, n. defence ; shelter ;
protec- IShel'ter, n. a cover a protection, ;

tion. I
Shel'ter, v. to cover to protect. ;

Shel'terless, a. destitute of shelter.

NoTB. Shelter is formed from to shield^ A.-S. saildan, to cover, to protect, prete-
ritand past participle shielt, like feel., felt; build, built. Barclay. —
Seyftan —to Divide ; to Verge ; to Decline.

Shift, v. to change place to move. ; Shift'ing, n. act of changing.

|

Shipt'less, a. destitute of energy.

Seinan — to Shine. Sceone —Beautiful.

Shine, v. to be bright to glitter.
; Shi'ny, a. bright I ; splendid.
Shin'ing, p. a. bright splendid.
; Sheen, a. bright |
;
glittering.
Sheen, n. brightness splendor. ;

Seip — Ship.
Ship, n. a large vessel for sailing. I Ship'ment, n. the act of loading a
Ship'ping, n. ships collectively. I
ship.
Ship'wreck, n. the destruction of a ship.
• Note. —Ship, as a termination, d^iotes state, office, or dignity ; as, friendship.

Sceoppa — a Treasury ; a Storehouse ;

(But. schap, a shelf)

Shop, n. a place where tjiings are sold, j

Shop'ping, ppr. visiting shops to buy.
156 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Sceo — Shoe.
Shoe^ n. a covering for the foot. I Shod, pp. having the feet covered
Shoe'less, a. destitute of shoes. | with shoes.
Shoe'maker, n. one who makes shoes.

Scort — Short.
Shoht, a. not long in time or space. Short'nesb, n. the quality of being
I

Short'en, v. to make short. short. |

Short'ly, cid. quickly; soon.

Scufafif sceofan— to Shove Thrust ; ; Cast ; Put.

Shove, v. to push or press along. Shup'fle, v. to throw into disorder.

Shov'el, n. an instrument with a Shaft, n. anything straight.
handle and broad scoop.

Sceawian —to Look or See ; to View.

Show, v. to present to view. I Show'y, a. splendid gay. ;

Show, n. a spectacle. I
Show'ily, ad. in a showy manner.

Scur —Shower op Rain ; a Storm.

Show'er, n. a fall of rain of short I Show'ery, a. raining in showers,

duration. I

Screadian —to Cut Off.

Shred, v. to cut into pieces narrow I Shred, n. a fragment ; a strip,
and long. I

Syrwan—to Ensnare ; to Entrap.

Shrew, n. a peevish, brawling wo- Shrewd'ly, ad. cunningly ; mischiev-
man. ously.
Shrewd, a. sly ; cunning ; artful, Shrew'ish, a. peevish petulant. ;

Shrewd'ness, n. sly cunning. Shrew'ishness, n. petulance.

Serin —Casket; Chest.

Shrine, n. a case in which something I Enshrine', v. to preserve as sacred,
sacred is deposited. I

Scrincan — Shrink ; to Wither ; to Contract.

Shrink, 'v. to contract itself Shrimp, n. a small crustaceous animal.
Shrink'age, n. contraction into a less Shrimp'net, n. a net for catching
compass. shrimps.

Note. —Shrimps, when boiled, contract or draw together in a roundish shape.

Scrtid — Clothing ; Shroud.
Shroud, n. a cover ; the dress of the I Shrouds, n. ropes extending from the
dead. I
masts to the sides of a ship.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 157

Scroh — Shrub.
Shrub, n. a bush ; a small tree. |
Shrub'bery,?i. a plantation of shrubs.

Note. —Shrub, a liquor composed of spirits, acid, and sugar, comes from the Ara-
bic (sharab).

Seoc — Sick.
Sick, a. afficted with disease. Sick'ly, a. not healthy.
Sick'en, v. to make, or become sick. Sick'liness, n. the state of being
Sick'ish, a. somewhat sick. sickly.
Sick'ness, n. disease.

Side — Side.
Side, n. the broad and long part of a I Si'dle, v. to go side foremost,
thing. Side'long, ad. on the side.
I

Side'ways, ad. on one side.

Sife, Siftan—to Sift.

Sieve, n. a vessel with a bottom of I Sift, v. to separate by a sieve,

net work. I

Siccet—a Sigh ; a Groan. Sican —to Sigh.

Sigh, v. to inhale and expire a long I Sigh'ing, n. audible emission of
breath audibly. -
I breath.

Seolc—BiLK.
Silk, n. a fine, soft thread spun by Silk'en, a. made of silk,
I

the silk-worm. Silk'y, a. soft tender.

I
;

Silk'iness, n. softness smoothness. ;

Scelif/ — Happy.
Sel'ly, a. weak in intellect ; foolish. I Sil'liness, n. weakness; harmless
I
folly.

Seolfer, sylfor — Silver.

Sil'ver, n. a precious metal. |
Sil'very, a. like silver.

Syn— Sin.
Sin, n. a violation of the Divine law. I Sin'less, a. free from sin.
Sin'ful, a. guilty of sin ; wicked. | Sin'ner, n. one guilty of sin.

SitJithan, SitJi —After ; and thcenne —Then.

Since, conj. because that. • | Since, ad. from the time that.

Sinu — Sinew.
Sin'ew, n. a tendon ;
stt-ength. |
Sin'ewy, a. strong powerful.
;
158 • SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Sifigan —to Seng.

Sing, v. Sing'er, n. one who sings.
to modulate the voice to
melody. Sing'song, a. bad intonation.
Singling, n. the utterance of melo- Song, n. that which is sung.
dious sounds. Song'ster, n. one that sings.
Song'stress, n. a female smger.

Sincan —to Sink.

Sink, to fall
id. down through any I Sink, n. a drain,
substance. I
Sink'ing, j9;?r. a. falling; declining.

Sipan —to Sip.

Sip, v. to drink in small quantities. | Sip'pet, n. a small sop.

Swuster — Sister.
Sis'ter, n. a female bom of the same I Sis'terhood, n. a society of females,
parents. I
SisVerly, a. like a sister.

Sittan —to Sit.

Sit, v. to rest on the lower part of I Sit'ting, n. the act of resting on a
the body. I
seat.

Skate, n. sceadda, a flat fish.

Note. —Skate, a shoe for sliding on the ice, comes from the Dutch (schaats.)

Scylan —^to Distinguish ; to Separate ; to Scale.

Skill, n. familiar knowledge of any Skilled, a. knowing dexterous, ;

art or science. Slate, n. a kind of stone which read-

Skill'ful, a. knowing; dexterous. ily splits into plates.
Skill'fully, ad. with skill. Slaty, a. resembling slate

Scin — Skin.
Skin, n. the natural covering of the I Skin'ner, n. one who skins,
flesh. I
Skin'ny, a. wanting flesh.
Skin'deep, a. slight ; superficial.

Scitan —to Throw Out ; Skittish.

Skit'tish, a. easily frightened timid. ; ]
Skit'tishly, ad. shyly.

Sleac, slaw — Slow ; Idle ; Lazy ; Remiss.

Slack, a. loose not hard drawn.
; Slow'ness, n. want of speed.
Slack'en, «. to loosen to relax. ; Sloth, n. slowness laziness. ;

Slack'ly, ad. loosely remissly. ; Sloth'ful, a. lazy sluggish. ;

Slack'ness, n. looseness. Slug, n. a piece of metal shot from

Slouch, n. a lazy, idle fellow. a gun.
Slouch, v. to have a downcast clown Slug, n. a slow, lazy, sleepy fellow.
ish look. Slug'gard, n. a slow, lazy person.
Slow, a. not swift not ready. ; Slug'gish, a. lazy dull slow. ; ;

Slow'ly, ad. not speedily. Slug'gishly, ad. lazily slowly. ;

 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. « 159

Slaughter, from slaught, past part, of slean—to Slat to Beat. ;

Slaugh'ter, n. destruction of life by Slay'er, n. one who slays.

violence. Sledge, n. a large, heavy hammer.
Slaugh'terous, a. destructive ; mur- Sleet, n. sliht, a fall of hail or snow
derous. with rain.
Slay, v. to put to death ; to kill. Sleet'y, a. consisting of sleet.
Note. —Sledge, a vehicle with low wheels for conveying loads, is from the Dutch
{slede.) Sliht, past participle of A.-S. slean.

Slith—SMOOTU ; Slippery.
Sleek, a. smooth glassy. ;
I Sleight, n. an artful or adroit trick.
Sleek'ly, ad. smoothly softly. ; Sly, a. meanly artful crafty.
; ;

Sleek'ness, n. smoothness. Sly'ly, ad. with secret artifice.

Slick, a. smooth slippery glossy.
;
;
I Sly'ness, n. artful secrecy.

Slapan— to Sleep.
Sleep, to take rest by the suspen-
v. Sleep'lng, n. the state of being at rest.
sionof the bodily and mental Sleep'less, a. having no sleep.
powers. Sleep'y, a. disposed to sleep.
Sleep'er, n. one who sleeps, Sleep'ily, ad. drowsily lazily. ;

Sleep'iness, n. inclination to sleep.

Slyf—a Sleeve. Slefan — to Clothe ; to Cover.

Sleeve, n. the part of a garment |
Sleeve'less, a. having no sleeves,
which covers the arm.

Slitan —to Slit ; to Slice.

Slice, v. to cut into broad, thin I Slic'er, n. one who slices,

pieces. | Slit, v. to cut lengthwise.

Slidan —to Slide.

Sled, n. a carriage with runners used Slide, v. to move along without
on snow. stepping.
Sleigh, n. a carriage with runners Slid'ing, p. a. gliding.
used on snow.

Slim — Slime.
Slime, n. moist, adhesive earth. |
Slim'y, a. consisting of slime.

Slingan— to Sling.
Sling, n. an instrument for throwing 1 Sling, v. to throw ; to hurL
stones. I

Slipan —to Slip.

Slip, to slide; to glide.
v. Slip'pery, a. smooth, like ice.
I
^

#Lip'pER, n. a loose kind of sho* Slip'knot, n. a knot easily untied.

I

Slab, n. a plane or table of stone.

Slumerian—to Slumber.
Slum'ber, v. to sleep ifghtly. |
Slum'bering, n. state of repose.
 ;

1^0 , SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Slog — Slough.
Slough, n. a place of deep mud. I Sludge, n. mire ; mud.
Slough'y, a. miry muddy. ; | Sludg'y, a. miry.

Sniceccan —to Taste.

Smack, v. to kiss with a sharp noise Smat'ter, v. to talk with but little
to have a taste. knowledge of the subject.
Smack, n. a loud kiss a quick, smart;
Smattering, n. suj^erficial knowl-
blow. edcje.

Note. —Smack, a fishing-vessel, comes from the Dutch (smak schip.)

/S»wt<TB?— Small ; Thin; Slender.
Small, a. little ; minute petty.
;
Small'ish, a. somewhat small.
|

Small 'ness, n. state of being small.

Smeortan —to Smart.

Smart, v. to feel sharp pain. Smart'ly, ad. sharply
|
; briskly.
Smart'ness, n. quickness briskness. ;

Smyrian, smere —Fat; Grease.

Smear, «. to overspread with any- |
Besmear', «). to bedaub ; to soil,
thing unctuous. I

Smitan —to Strike ; to Smite ; to Dash.

Smite, v. to give a blow to. I Smith, any one who strikes or
n.
Smi'ter, n. one who smites. I
smites with a hammer.
Smith'craft, n. {crceft,) the art of a smith.

Sfneoc — Smoke.
Smoke, the visible matter which
n. is Smok'er, n. one who smokes.
I

emitted by burning substances. Smoke'less, a. having no smoke.

|

Smok'y, a. emitting smoke.

Smethe — Smooth.
Smooth, a. even on the surface. 1 Smooth'ly, ad. not roughly.
Smooth'er, n. one who smooths. ( Smooth'ness, n. evenness of surface.

Smoran—to Suffocate.
Smoth'br, v. to suffocate by exclud- Smoul'der, v. to bum and smoke
I

ing air. without flame or vent.

|

Smoul'dering, a. burning and smoking without vent.

Smugan—to Creep.
Smug'glb, v. to import or export un- I Smug'gler, n. one who smuggles,
lawfully. I

Sncegel — Snail.
Snail, n. a slimy, slow creeping reptile. |
Snail'like, ad. as a snail ; very slow.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 161

Smitta — Smut.
Smut, n. a spot made with soot or Smut'ty, a. black with smoke; ob-
coal. scene.
Smut, n. obscene language. Besmut, v. to soil with soot or smoke.
Smutch, v. to blacken with smoke.

Snican — to Move Softly ; to Sneak ; to Creep.

Sneak, v. to creep or steal away
Snug, «. to lie close, as in bed.
privately. Snug'gle, v. to lie close and warm.
Sneak'ing, a. servile mean.
; Snug'ly, ad. closely.
Snug'ness, n. state of being snug. Snake, n. a kind of serpent.
Snak'y, a. like a snake

Snora —a Snoring.
Snore, v. Snort, v. to blow through the noae
to breathe audibly through I

the nose in sleep. so as to utter a strong sound. I

Snort'ing, n. the act of blowing through the nose.

Note. —
Snore, a string or cord with which a boy spins a top comes from the Dutch
{snoer, a string or cord.)

Snaw— Snow.
Snow, n. frozen vapor which falls in ISnow'y, a. white like snow,
white flakes. I
Snow'ball, n. a round lump of snow.
Snow'drop, 71. an early flower.

Seohgend — Complaining.
Sob, t). to sigh with convulsion. I Sob'bing, p. a. sighing with a heav-
I
ing of the breast.

Seft — Soft; Meld; Quiet.

Soft, a. easily yielding to pressure. Soft'ness, n. the quality of being
Soft'en, v. to make or grow soft. soft; mildness.
Soft'ly, ad. gently mildly. ;

Selan — to Soil ; Smear or Stain.

Soil, v. to make dirty ; to stain. |
Soll'ing, n. the act of one who soila
Note. —Soil, the ground, earth, land, comes from the Latin {solunu)
Sol — a Sole or Sandal.
Sole, n. the bottom of the foot. |
Sole, n. a flat fish.

Note.—Sole, single ; only ; comes from the Latin (solus.)

Sum — Some.
Some, a. noting a quantity of § thing Some'thing, n. a portion more or less.
but indeterminate. Some'time, ad. at one time or other.
Some'body, n. a person unknown. Some'what, ad. more or less.
Some'how, ad. in some way not yet Some'where, ad, in some place or
known. other.
162 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Soth—SooTB.; Teuth.
Sooth, n. truth •, reality. |
Sooth'say, v. to foretell.
Sooth'sayer, n. a foreteller.

Gesothian —to Flatter ; to Assert ; to Soothe.

Soothe, v. to calm ; to mollify ; to |
Sooth'ingly, ad. with flattery,
flatter.

Sar, sorg —Pain ; Care.

Sore, a tender and painful place.
n. Sor'rowful, a. mournful ; sad.
Sore'ly, ad. with great pain. Sor'ey, a. grieved for the loss of
Sore'ness, n. the state of being sore. some good; mean; worthless.
Sor'row, n. pain of mind grief. ;
Sor'rily, ad. meanly ;
wretchedly.

Sot—SoT.
Sot, n. a habitual drunkard. |
Sot'tish, a. drunken ; stupid ; dull.

Sawl—Life; Soul.
Soul, n. the immortal spirit of man. 1
Soul 'less, a. without soul ; mean.

Sund—Healthy.
Sound, a. whole ; healthy. |
Sound'ly, ad. heartily ; rightly.
Sound'ness, n. health ; truth.

Sund— Si Swimming ; a Shallow Sea.

Sound, n. a strait, or a part of the I Sound'less, a. that cannot be fath-
sea between two headlands. I
omed.
Note.—Sound, anything audible ; a noise ; comes from the Latin (sono.)

Sur— Sour. Surelice — Surly.

Sour, a. acid; tart; harsh. Sor'rel, n. a plant, so named from
Sour'ish, a. somewhat sour. its acid taste.
Sour'ly, ad. with acidity. Sur'ly, a. gloomily ; morose ; un-
Sour'ness, n. acidity; harshness of civil.
temper. Sur'lily, ad. in a surly manner.
Sur'liness, n. moroseness.

Note. —Sobbel, a yellowish brown color, comes from the French (saure.)
Suth—SovTH.
SoFTH, the point in which the sun
n. j
South'erly, a. lying towards the
is at noon to the inhabitants of the i south.
northern parts of the earth. South'ern, a. belonging to the south.
I

South'ward, ad. towards the south.

Span, spannan —to Measure ; to Clasp ; to Join.

Span, the space from the end of

n. Span, v. to measure by the hand ex-
the thumb to the end of the little tended.
.finger extended; nine inches; a Span'ner, n. that which spans.
brief period.
 ;;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 163

Sparran — to Bar ; to Stop ; to Hinder.

Spar, v. to dispute ; to fight with prelusive strokes ; to box.

Note. —Spar, a mast, boom, comes from the Dutch

etc., {spar, a rafter,) and Spar,
a crystallized mineral, from the Dutch (spaath.)

Spartan— to Spare.
Spare, v. to use frugally ; to do I Spare 'ly, ad. frugally,
without. I
Spare'ness, n. leanness.
Sparing'ly, ad. frugally.

Spearca — Spark.
Spark, n. a small particle of fire. i Spark'ling, a. glittering ; lively.
Spar'kle, n. a particle of fire. I
Spark'lingly, ad. with twinkling
Spar'kle, v. to emit sparks to shine. ; I
lustre.
Spark'lbr, n. one that sparkles. 1

Sprcecan — to Speak.
Speak, v. to express thoughts by Speech, n. the power of expressing
words. thoughts by words.
Speak'able, a. that may be spoken. Speech'less, a. deprived of speech
Speak'er, n. one who speaks. dumb.
Speak'ing> n. the act of expressing Spoke, v. did speak.
in words. Spokesman, n. one who speaks for
Bespeak', v. to speak for beforehand another.
Spo'ken, ppr. expressed thoughts.
Note.—Spoke, one of the bars of a wheel which extend from the hub to the rim,
comes from the A.-S. (spaca.)

Specca — Speck.
Speck, n. a small spot ; v. to spot. | Spec'kle, v. to mark with small spots.

Spedan —to Speed ; to Prosper.

Speed, v. to make haste; n. quick Speed 'iLY, ad. quickly.
ness. Speed 'iNESS, n. the quality of being
Speed'y, a. quick ; swift. speedy.

Spell —History: Speech; Tidings.

Spell, n. a charm consisting of I Spell 'bound, a. under magic influ-
words. 1 ence.
Spell'-land, n. enchanted land.

Spelian — to Take Another's Place.

Spell, n. a turn of work ; a short I Spell, t>. to relieve by taking a turn
turn or time ; season. I
at a piece of work.

Spcetan —to Throw Out.

Spit, v. to eject from the mou^. Spit'tle, n. moisture of the mouth
Spit, n. what is ejected from the saliva.
mouth. Spat'ter, v. to sprinkle with dirt.
Bespat'ter, v. to spot over with dirt.
Note.—Spit, a long frou prong on which meat is roasted, comes from A,-S. (xpiter.'
 ;

164 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Spellian — to Narkate.
Spell, id. to form words with their I Spell 'ing-book, 7i. a book for teach-
proper letters. | ing orthography.

Spendan — to Consume.
Spend, v. to lay out ; to waste. Spend'ing, n. the act of laying out.
[

Spend'thrift, n. a prodigal a lavisher. ;

Sjyinnan — to Spin.
Spin, v. to draw out and twist into Spin'dle, n. the pin on which the
threads to protract to move rap-
; ; thread is formed a long, slender
;

idly round. stalk,

Spin'ner, n, one who spins. Spin'dle-legged, a. having long,
Spin'ster, n. a woman who spins ; an slender legs.
unmarried woman. i Spi'der,* n. an insect
* From Spin, n being dropped, so named, from spinning his web.

Spoil — a Chip.
Spoon, n. a utensil with a concave I Spoon'ful, n. as much as a spoon can
part for dipping liquids. I
hold.

Sprcedan —to Spread.

Spread, v. to extend in all directions. |
Spread'ing, n. the act of extending.

Spring an — to Spring.
Spring, v. to rise out of the ground Spring, n. the season when plants be-
to leap ; to jump. gin to grow a fountain.
;

Spring'y, a. elastic. Spring'iness, n. elasticity.

Sprengan —to Sprinkle.

Sprin'kle, «. to scatter in drops. I Sprink'ling, n. a small quantity SCat-
I
tered.

Spreof — a Spear; Sprit.

Sprit, n. a small boom used with I Sprit '-sail, n. a sail extended by

some sails. I
means of a sprit.

Gyllan — to Yell.
Squall, «. to scream violently. I Wail, #d grieve audibly for.
ti.

Squajul, n. a short, violent storm. | Wail'ing, n. audible sorrow.

Bewail', n. to lament.

Staef—a Stick,

Staff, n. a stick used in walking. Stave, v. to break in pieces.

Stave, a thin, narrow piece of
re,, Stove, pp)\ broken in as a boat or
wooa. barrel.

KoTE.— Stove, an iron box in which fire is made for beating and cooking, comes
fi-om the A.-d. (stoja^ a stove a bath.) ;
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 165

StmgeVf stiff an—to Go ;

to Ascend ; to Mount.
Stage, n. a raised floor the theatre ; Stairs, 71. a series or flight of steps.
a degree of advance. Stile, n. (stU/elf) a set of steps for
Stage'-coach, n. a public coach. passing a fence or wall.
Stair, n. a step by which we ascend.

Stace, stician —to Stick.

Stake, n. a stick fixed in the ground. |
Stake, n. that which is put at hazard.

Stalf steal —a Place ; a Stand ; a Stable.

Stale, a. old long kept.
; Stall, n. a bench or frame of shelves
Stale'ness, n. the state of being stale. in theopen air, on which anything
Stall, n. a crib for a horse or an ox. isexposed for sale.
Stall'fed, a. fed in a stall. Forestall', v. to take beforehand.

Stwlcan —to Stalk ; to Go Softly or Warily.

Stalk, v. to walk with lofty and I Stalk'ing-horse, n. a masK , a pre-
proud steps. I
tence.

Stcelff- -a Column.
Stalk, n. the stem of a plant. I
Stalk'less, a. having no stem.

Standan—to Stand.
Stand, to be upon the feet in an
v. Stand'ard, n. an ensign of war ; a
erect position. rule or measure.
Stand, n. a station ; a halt. Stand 'iNG, a. settled; lasting.

Stapel — a Prop ; a Stake Set in the Ground.

Sta'ple, n. a loop of metal ; a prin- | Sta fle, a. chief; principaL
cipal commodity.

Stearc —Rigid; Stiff.

Starch, n. a substance used to stiffen I Starched, a. stiffened ;
precise.
linen. . | Stark, ad. completely • wholly.

Styran—to Stir ; to Move ; to Steer.

Start, to move suddenly ; to alarm.

v. Star 'light, a. lighted by the stars.
Start, n. a quick spring. Star'board, n. the right hand side
Start'ing, n. the act of moving sud- of a ship.
denly. Stfer, v. to direct to guide. ;

Star'tle, v. to alarm to fright. ;

Steer'age, n. an apartment in a ship.
Star, n. {stearra,) a luminous body Stern, n. the hind part of a ship
in the heavens. where the rudder is placed.
Star'less, a. having no light of stars. Stir, t?. to move to agitate. ;

Star'ry, a, abounding with s|^rs. Bestir', v. to put into brisk action.

Note. —Steer, a young bullock, comes from the A.-S. {steor ;) and Steer, to guide,
to direct,from the A.-S. {styran, to stir, to move).
Stern, severe of countenance, comes from the A.-S. {starian, to stare) and Stebk, ;

the hind part of a boat|,from the A.-S. {styran^ to stir, to steer).

166 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Starian —to Stabe.

Stare, v to look with fixed eyes. I Stern, {styrne,) severe of counter
Star'er, n. one who stares. I
nance harsh.;

Stern'ly, severely.

Steorfan —to Die ; to Perish.

Starve, x. to kill with hunger or cold. |

Starva'tion, n. the act of starving.

Steele —Place.
Stead, n. place ; room. Stead'y, a. firm fixed constant.
; ;

Stead 'fast, a. fast in place ; firm ;

Stead 'iLY, ad. with steadiness.
constant. Stead'iness, n. firmness; constancy.

Stelan —to Steal.

Steal, «. to take by theft. I Stal 'worth, a. («fcei^-««?corf7A, worth
Stealth, n. theft ; secret act. | stealing,) stout ; strong ; robust.

Steep — a Step ; a Going.

Step, to move the foot
v. to walk ; Stir'rup, n. a step rope a kind of ;

gravely. hoop in which a horseman rests

Steep, a. rising or descending with his foot.
great inclination.
Note.— Steep, to soak, to imbue, comes from the German (stippen.)
Stikrup, from A.-S. (stige rapa, from stigan, to step or ascend, and rap, a rope.)
The first stirrups appear to have been ropes.

Steop from steopan — to Deprive ; to Bereave.

Step, a prefix denoting relation-
is Step 'daughter, n. a daughter by
ship arising out of orphanage, marriage.
Step'child, n. a child by marriage Step'mother, n. a mother by mar-
only. riage.
Step'father, n. a father by marriage. Step 'son, n. a son by marriage.

Stitvard from Icel. Stla—Won^ ; and weard—a Guard or Keeper.

Stew'ard, n. one who manages the I Stew'ardship, n. the office of a stew-
affairs of another. ard.

Sticca —a Stick. Sticce — a Piece ; a Part.

Stick, n. a long, small piece of wood. Steak, n. a slice of meat for broiling
Stic'kle, v. to contend to contest. ; or frying.
Stic'kler, n. an obstinate contender.
Note.— Stickle, from the practice of prize-fighters, who placed seconds with
staves, or sticks, to interpose occasionally.

Stillan —to Still.

Still, •». to make silent to quiet.
; I Still'ness, n. calmness ; silence.
Still, a. silent ; motionless. |

Note.— Still, a vessel for distillation, comes from the Latin {stiUo.)
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DEKIVATIVES. i6T

Stieian —to Stick.

^TiCK, V. to pierce ; to stab. Stick, v. to cleave or adhere,
|

Stick'y, a. adhesive glutinous. ;

/Sfi/— Stiff.
Stiff, a. not easily bent. I Stiff'ly, ad. rigidly stubbornly. ;

Stiff'en, v. to make or grow stiff. 1 Stiff'ness, n. inflexibility.

Stingan —to Sting.

Sting, v. to pierce or wound with a I Steng, n. anything which gives pain,
sharp point. I
Sting'less, a. having no sting.

Stincan —to Stink.

Stink, v. to emit an oflFensive smell. | Stench, n. a bad smell.

Stintan —to Stop.

Stint, v. to restrain within certain I Stunt, v. to hinder from growth.
limits. I

Stoc — a Place ; the Stem of a Tree.

Stock, n.the body of a plant a lin- ; I Stock, «. to supply to fill, ;

cage ; shares of a public debt. | Stockade', n. an inclosure.

Stan — Stone.
Stone, n. earthy matter condensed Ston'y, a. full of stones.
into a hard state. Stone'work, n. work consisting of
Ston'iness, 71. the quality of being stone.
stony. Stone'blind, a. perfectly blind.

Stupian —to Stoop.

Stoop, to
v. bend or lean forward ; to I Stoop, n. an inclination forward,
descend. |

Note.— Stoop, the steps of a door, comes from the Dutch (sto^, a step,; and Sroor,
a drinkiug-vessel, from the A.-S. (stoppa.)

Stor — Great ; Vast.

Store, n. a large quantity ;
plenty, j Store, v. to lay up.

Storm — Storm. Styrman— to Assail ; to Rage.

Storm, n. a violent commotion of the I Storm'y, a. tempestuous,
aliiiosphere. I

StraCf strcec — Straight ; Rigid. From Streccan —to Stretch.

Straight, a. not crooked direct. ; 1 Straightaway, ad. immediately.
Straight'en, v. to make stra^ht. i
Stretch, v. to extend; to draw out;
Straight'ly, ad. in a right line. to stram.
Straight'ness, 71. state of being Street, w. (strfPt^) a way between
straight. two rows of houses ; a public road
Straight 'forth, ad» directly. or place.
168 SMiril'8 HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Streow — Straw.
Straw, n. the stalk or stem of grain. |
Straw 'y, a. like straw.

Straegan —to Spread; to Disperse.

Strag'gle, to v. wander ; to rove ; to Stray, v. to wander away.
be dispersed. Astray', ad. out of the right way.
Strag'gler, n. one that straggles. Stroll, u. to stray about.

Strica —a Line ; Direction ; Course.

Streak, n. a line or mark of a dif- I Streak'y, a. striped,
ferent color ; a stripe. I

Stream — Stream.
Stream, n. a current of w^ater or I Stream'er, n. an ensign a pennon.
;

other fluid. Stream 'let, n. a small stream.

Stream'y, a. like a stream.

Astrican — to Strike.
Strike, v. to hit with force ; to im- Stroke,^, to rub gently with the hand.
press. Stroke, n. sudden efiect of fdcible
Strik'er, n. one that strikes. contact.
Strik'ing, a. surprising strong. ; Strok'ing, n. the act of rubbing
Stroke, n. a blow a sound. ; gently.

Streng — String; Sinew; Cord; Line.

String, n. a small rope or cord. Strong 'ly, ad. with strength; firmly.
Stringed, a. having strings. STR^NviTH, n. force; firmness.
String'less, a. having no strings. Strbngth'en, v. to make or grow
String'y, a. consisting of threads. strong.
Strong, a. vigo .ous; poweriul firm ; Strung, pp. placed on a string.
Strength'less, a. wanting strength.
Note. —Strung is the past participle of the verb to string. — " A strong man is a man
well strung.^^

Bestrypan—to Strip.
Strip, v. to pull or tear ofi". Strip, n. a long, narrow piece.
Stripe, n. a line, band, or mark of Stri'ped, a. having stripes.
color. Strip'ling, n. a youth a lad. ;

Styh or steh — Stub.

Stub, n. the stump of a tree. Stub'ble, n. the stumps of wheat
Stub, v.to force up ; to strike the etc., left in the ground.
toes against. Stub'born, a. hard to be moved ; ob-
Stijb'by, a., short and strong, stinate.
Stub'bornly, ad. obstinately.

Sucan—to Suck.
Suck, v. to draw with the mouth. Suck'ling, n. a young child or ani
Suck'er, n. any thing that sucks. mal.
Suck'le, v. to nurse at the breast. Suc'tion, n. the act of sucking.
 ;

anglo-saxon roots and derivatives. 169

aSo^cw— Sudden.
Sud'den, a. happening without pre- Sud'denness, n, the state of being
vious notice. sudden.
Sud'denly, ad. without notice.

Solcen — Sulky; Slothful.

Sul'ky, a. sullen ; sour ; morose. |
Sulk'iness, n. silent sullenness.

Swolath, swole —Heat.

Sul'tky, a. hot and close ; warm and I Sul'triness, n. the state of being
damp. I
sultry.

Sunne— Sun.
Sun, the luminary which gives
n. Sun'dial, n. an instrament which
light and heat to the planets. shows the hour by a shadow on a
Sun'less, a. wanting sun. plate.
Sun'ny, a. exposed to the sun. Sun'dried, a. dried in the rays of the
Sun'beam, n. a ray of the sun. sun,
Sun'burn, '0. to discolor by the sun. Sun'light, n. the light of the sun.
Sun'burnt, a. discolored by the sun. Sun'rise, n. morning.
Sun DAY, n. the first day of the week Sun 'set, n, close of the day; even-
the Sabbath. ing.
Sun'shine, n. the light and heat of the sun.

Sundrian, syndrian — to Sunder.

Sun'der, ®. to part ; to sever ; to di- I Sun'dry, a. several more than one. ;

vide. I
Sun'dries, n. several things.
Asun'der, ad. apart ; separately.

Supafi — to Sup.
Sup, v.to take or drink by mouthfuls. I Sup'per, n. the evening meal.
Sup, v. to eat the evening meal. | Sup'perlebs, a. without supper.

Swethel — to Swaddle.
Swad'dle, v. to bind tight with Swad'dling, ppr. binding in tight
clothes. clothes.
Swathe, n. a band ; a fillet. Swathe, v. to bind ; to confine.

Swef/an —to Sound or Rattle.

Swaq'qer, v. to bluster ; to bully. | Swag'gerer, n. a turbulent fellow.

Swam —a Fungus or Mushroom. .

Swamp, n. spongy land ; soft, wet I Swamp, v. to with water as a boa!

fill

ground. « I
Swamp'y, a. low, wet and spongy.

Sweart— Swart. Sivmthe — a Track ; a Path.

Swart, a. moderately ^lack. I Swath, n. a line of grass or grain cut
Swarth'y, a. dark of complexion. | down by a mower.
170 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Wcege —a Pair op Scales. Wceg —a Wave.

Swat, ^. to wave in the hand ; to I Swat, >i. power ; rule,
govern. I

Swerian —to Swear.

Swear, v. to utter an oath. |
Forswear', v. to swear falsely.

Swat— Sweat.
Sweat, n. the moisture which issues I Sweat't, a. covered with sweat,
from the skin.

Swapan—to Sweep.
Sweep, to brush with a broom
d. ; to SwEEp'iNGS, n. things swept away.
carry off with a long stroke. Swab, n. a kind of mop.
Sweep'stakes, n. the whole money Swab'bing, ppr. cleaning with a
staked. mop.
Swoop, v. to fall on at once and seize.

Swet — Sweet.
Sweet, agreeable to the taste or
a. Sweet'ness, n. the quality of being
smell pleasing to any sense.
;
sweet.
Sweet'en, 1). to make or grow sweet. Sweet'brier, n. a fragrant shrub.
Sweet'ish, a. somewhat sweet.
Sweet'lt, ad. in a sweet manner. tress.
Sweet'meat, n. fruit preserved with sugar.

Swellan — to Swell.
Swell, v. to grow larger. |
Swell, n. increase ; a billow.
Swell'ing, n. a morbid tumor.

Sweltan —to Swelt. Gothic, swiltan —to Die ; to Perish.

Swelt, v. to swoon ; to swelter. |

Swel'ter, «?. to sweat profusely.

Hweorfan —to Turn ; to Warp.

Swerve, v. to turn aside ; to devi- I Swerv'ing, n. deviation from rule oi
ate. I
duty.

Swiftf from swifan — ^to Turn ; to Whirl Round.

Swift, n. moving rapidly quick. ;
Swiv'el, n. a ring which turns upot<
Swipt'lt, ad. rapidly quickly. ;
a staple.
Swift'ness, n. speed; quickness.

Swimman—to Swim.
Swnf , V. to float ; to be dizzy. Swim'ming, n. act of floating.
|

Swim'minglt, ad. smoothly ; with great success.

Swin—SwmB.
Swine, n. a hog; a pig. |
Swin'ish, a. like swine ;
gross ; brutal.
 AKGL0-8AX0N ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. Il\

Swelgan, swylgan —to SwAiiLow ; to Swill.

Swill, v. to drink grossly or greedily. Swill, n. liquid food for swine.

|

Swal'low, v. to take down the throat.

NoTB.-^wALLOw, a bird, comes from the A.-S. (swalewe^)

Swengan^-to Swing.
Swing, v. to move backward and for- I Swing'ing, a. moving to and fro.
ward. I

Aswafian— to Languish ; to Perish ; to Swoon.

Swoon, v. to faint ; n. a fainting fit. | Swoon'ing, n. the act of fainting.

Swurd— Sword.
Sword, n. a warlike weapon. I Swords'man, n. one who fights with
I
a sword.

To-eacan —to Add To.

Tack, v. to fasten ; to join. |
Tack, v. to change the course of a ship.
Note.— Tack, a small nail, comes from the Danish (takke.)

Tcecan — to Teach. Tacan —to Take.

Take, v. to receive what is offered.
Tak'ing, a. pleasing engaging. ; Teach, v. to impart knowledge.
Tak'ingness, n. quality of pleasing. TeaCh'able, a. that may be taught.
Teach 'er, n. one who teaches.

Tale —Reproach ; a Reckoning. Tellan —to Tell.

Tale, n. a narrative
a story ; ac- ; Tell, v. to utter to express in words.
;

count number reckoned.

;
Talk, «j. to speak to converse. ;

Tale'bearer, n. one who officiously Talkative, a. given to talk.

tells tales. Talk'er, n. one who talks.
Tale'teller, n. one who tells tales.Talk'ing, n. oral conversation.
Tell'tale, n. one who officiously Tattle, «. to use many words with
gives information little meaning.
Tat'tler, n. an idle talker.

Tatn —Tame.
Tame, a. not wild subdued. ; Tame'less, a. wild untamable.
I ;

Tame'able, a. that may be tamed. Tame'ly, ad. not wildly meanly.

| ;

Tame'ness, n. the quality of being tame.

Twppan— ^to Broach, as a Cask.

Tap, v. to pierce a cask. Tap'ster, n. one who draws liquor.

|

Tap'root, n. the principal stem of a root.

Note. —Tap, to strike a very gentle blow, comes from the French (taper, to strike.)
Taper— Taper.
Ta'ppr, «^ a small wax candle. |
Ta'per, v. to grow smaller towards
the end.

I
172 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

TarSf tyr— Tab..

Tab, n. a thick substance obtained I Tar'ry, a. covered with tar.
from pine trees by heat. I
Tar'paulin, n. tarred canvas.

Teraii —to Tear ; to Rend.

Tare,* n. a weed growing among Tar 'get, n. (targ, a shield,) a mark
grain. set up to be shot at.

Tat'ter, n. a fluttering rag Tat'tered, a. being in tatters.

Tear, «. to separate by violence.
* Tare, because the weed destroys the grain.
—
Note Tare, an allowance for weight of cask, etc., comes from the French (tor«,
loss, waste.)

Teart from tar —to Provoke.

Tart, a. sour sharp of taste.
; I Tart'ly, ad. sourly sharply. ;

Tart, n. a kind of open pie. I

Tart'ness, n. sourness sharpness. ;

Team—a Race; Offspring.

Team, n. a number of things in a I Team, n, two or more horses or oxeo
line. I
yoked together.

Tear— Tear.
Tear, n. water from the eyes. |
Tear'ful, a. full of tears.
Tear'less, a. without tears.

Tcesan —to Pluck or Pum..

Tease, v. to comb or card, as wool or I Tease, v. to irritate with petty an-
flax. I
noyances.

Teon, tugon— to Tug ; Tow Pull

; or Draw To.
Touse, v. to pull to tear to haul.
; ; Tow'-LiNE, a rope used for towing.
n.
Tow'zER, n. a name given to a dog. Tug, d. to pull with great effort.
Tow, n. the refuse of flax or hemp. Tug, n a boat for drawing others.
Tow, 2J. to draw through the water. Tug, n. a long, hard pull a great effort. ;

Tyman—to Bring Forth.

Teem, v. to produce ; to be full. |
Teem'ful, a. prolific ; brimful.
Teem'less, a. unfruitful.

Thanne—Than.
Than, con. a particle used in com Thence, ad. from that place ; from
parison. that time.
Then, ad. at that time ; afterward. Thence'forth, ad. from that time.

Thcer —There.
There, ad. in that place. I There-ap'ter, ad. after that,
There-abouts, ad. near that place. | Therefore, ad. for that.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 173

T7*ic— Thick.
Thick, a. dense not thin. ; Thick'ly, ad. densely closely. ;

Thick'en, v. to make or grow thick. Thick'set, a. closely planted.

Thick'et, n. a close wood or copse. Thigh, n. {theoli, thick,) the part of
Thick'ness, n. the state of being the limb between the knee and
thick. body.
Thigh'-bone, n. {thich-l)one,) the bone of the thigh.

Theof—TmEF.
Thief, n. one who steals. I Thieve, v. to steal.
Theft, n. the act of stealing. | Thiev'ish, a. given to stealing.

Hiil — a Stake ; a Plank.

Thill, n. the shafts of a wagon. |
Thill'-horse, n. a shaft-horse.

Thyn—Tars.
Thin, a. having but little extent be- I Thtn'ly, ad. not thickly,
tween two surfaces. I
Thin'ness, n. the state of being thin.
Ti'ny, a. little ; small puny.;

Thencan — ^to Think ; to Remember ; to Thank.

Thank,
" v. to express gratitude.
.
j
Think'er, n. one who thinks.
Thanks, n. expressions of gratitude.
- .
- ,

Think'ing, n. having thought.

Thank'ful, a. full of gratitude. Bethink', v. to call to mind.
Thank 'less, a. ungrateful. Thought, n. {theaht, from then"
Thanks'giving, n. the act of giving can,) the act of thinking the im- ;

thanks. age formed in the mind.

Think, «. to employ the mind. Thought'ful, a. attentive careful. ;

Thought'less, a. heedless ; careless.

Tliurst —Thirst.
Thirst, n. a desire to drink. Thirst'iness, n. the state of being
Thirst 'y, a. suffering for want of thirsty.
drink.

Theah —Though; Yet; Still; However.

Though, con. however ;
yet. (
Although, con. notwithstanding.

Threscwald, Therscan —to Beat ; to Thresh and wald ;

—Wood.
Thrash, v. to beat grain out of the Thresh'hold, n. the plank or step
husk. under the door.
Thrash'er, n. one who thrashes.
Note.— This word is written thrash or thresh indiflferently, thrash being preferred.

Tiirctd —Thread.
Thread, small line or twist of Thread'en, a. made of thread,
n. a I

any fibrous substance. Thread 'y, a. like thread. |

Thki*».d'j3^re, a. worn to the bare threads.

174

Thrcel — Thrall.
Thrall, n. a slave ; bondage. Thral'dom, n. slavery
|
; bondage,
Inthrall', v. to reduce to servitude.

Threatian —to Urge ; to Reprove ; to Threaten.

Threat'en, v. to menace to de- Threat, n. a menace, ; I

nounce evil. Threat'enlng, n. foreboding | evi*

Threat'ful, a. full of threats.

T/i^o^e— Throat.
Throat, n. the fore part of the neck. |
Throt'tle, n. the windpipe.
Throt'tle, v. to choke ; to suffocate ; to strangle.

Tfiurh —Through. Duru—a Door ; a Gate ; a Passage,

Through, prep, from side to side, or Thor'oughly, ad. completely.

from end to end. Thor'oughf ARE, 71. a passage through
Through'out, ad. in every part. Door, n. the entrance into a house.
Thor'ough, a. complete perfect.
;
Win'dow, n. door an opening to le<; ;

Thoroughbred, a. completely edu- light and wind through.

cated.

Thrawan—to Throw.
Throw, v. to fling ; to cast. I Throw'er, n. one who throws.
Throw, n. a cast. I
Overthrow', x. to turn upside down

Thurna— Thumb.
Thumb, n. the short, thick finger of I Thumb'ed, pp. handled awkward-
the hand. I
ly.

Thuner— Thunder. Thor—the God of Thunder

Thun'der, n. the sound which fol- Thun'derclap, n. a burst of thun-
lows a flash of lightning. der.
Thun'dering, n. the emission of thun- Thun'dershower, n. a shower with
der. thunder,
Thun'derbolt, n. a shaft of light- Thun'derstruck, pp. or a. astonish-
ning ed; amazed.
Thurs'day, {Thors-dceg ,) n. the fifth day of the week.

Tinclan —to Tickle.

Tic'kle, v. to touch lightly and cause Tick'ling, n, the act of one whn I

to laugh. tickles. I

Tick'lish, a. easily tickled tottering easy to be overthrown critical.

; ; :

Ti(Z— Time ; Season. Tidan — ^to Happen.

Tide, n. time : season ; the flux and Ti'dy, a. clean and neat.
reflux of the sea. Ti'dings, n. news; intelligence.
Tide'mill, n. a mill put in motion Betide', ti. to happen to befall. ;

bv the tide. Ti'dilt, ad. neatly readily. ;

 ANGLO-SAXON BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. ' 176

Tian—to Tie. Tied, ti'd—Tmwr.

Tight, a. close not loose. ; I Tight'ly, ad. closely.
Tight'en, v. to make tight. | Tight 'ness, n. closeness.
Tie, v. to fasten with a cord or string.

Tilian — to Tell.
Till, «. to cultivate. Tilth, n. culture.
Till'able, a. that may be cultivated. Toil, v. {tiolan,) to work hard.
Till'age, n. the act of cultivating. Toil'some, a. laborious.
Till'er, n. one who tills. Tool, n. any instrument.
Note.—Till, to the time of, comes from the A.-S. (<i7,) and Till, a money drawer,
is of uncertain etymology.
Toil, a net, a snare, comes from the Latin {tela.)

Timber— Timber. Thnbrian—to Build ; Timber.

Tim'beb, 71. wood fit for building. | Tim'bered, a. furnished with timber.

Thna— Time.
Time, n. the measure of duration. I Time'lt, a. seasonable.
Time'less, a. endless. I
Betimes', ad. soon early. ;

2^n—Tm.
Tin, n. a soft, white metal. Tin'foil, n. (L. folium, a leaf,) tin
Tin'ner, n. one who works in a tin reduced to a thin leaf
mine. Tin'man, n. a manufacturer of tin.

Tendan, tynan —to Kindle.

TiND, V. to set on fire. I Tin'der, n. any thing very inflamma-
I ble.

Teorian, tirian — ^to Rub Away ; to Fail ; to Vex.

Tire, n. an iron band used to bind Tire, u. to fatigue I
; to weary,
and protect the fellies of a wheel. Tired, a. fatigued |
; weary.
Tire'some, a. wearisome tedious. ;

—
Note. Tire, the outside band of a wheel, is so named because it is put there to
protect the wheel, by receiving the wear and tear consequent to rolling on the ground.

Teotha —a Tenth.
Tithe, n. the tenth part. I Tith'able, a. that may be tithed.
Tithe, «. to take the tenth part of | Tith'er, n. one who gathers tithes.

Toll —a Tribute.
Toll, n. a tax imposed for some service conferred.
Note. —Toll, to sound a bell slowly, comes from the Welsh {tol.)

Vunye — Tongue.
Tongue, n. the organ of speech and I Tongue, v. to chide to scold. ;

taste. I
Tongue'less, a. speechless.
T^ngue'tied, a. unable to speak freelj.
176 SMITU'6 HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Totli—Tooth.
Tooth, a bony substance growing
n. I Tooth'less, a. wanting teeth,
out of the jaw. I
Tooth 'some, a. pleasing to the taste.
Tooth'ache, n. pain in the teeth.

Top — Top.
Top, n. the highest part of anything. Top'knot, n. a knot worn on the top
Top'most, a. highest. of the head.
Top'pLE, V. to fall forward to tum- ; Top'sAiL, n. the highest sail.
bledown. Topsy-tur'vy, ad. (fop:^, or heads
Top'heavy, a. having the top too in the turf,) with the bottom up-
heavy. ward.

Tealtian —to Totter ; to Tilt.

Tot'ter, v. to shake so as to threaten Tilt, «. to incline ; to raise one
a fall. end.
Tot'tering, p. a. shaking as if ready Tilt, v. to raise and point, as a
to fall. weapon.

To/i—Tough.
Tough, a. flexible without being Tough'ly, ad. in a tough manner.
brittle; strong. Tough'ness, n. the quality of being
Tough'en, v. to make or grow tough. tough.

Tor —a KocK ; a Peak ; a Tower.

Tow'er, n. a lofty, narrow building. | Tow'er, v. to rise or fly high.

Tun—a Place Fenced Round. From Tynan—to Hedge In ; to Inclose.

Town, n. a large collection of houses. I Town'ship, n. the district belonging

TowNs'MAN,7i. an inhabitant of a town. | to a town.

Treppe —Trap,
Trap, n. an instrument for catching Trap'stick, n. a stick for playing at
vermin or game an ambush. ; trap.
Trap'door, n. a door in a floor. Entrap', «. to catch in a trap.

Trahtian —to Treat.

Treat, v. to behave to to use. ; I Treat'ise, n. a discourse.
Treat, n. an entertainment. I
Treat'ment, n. management.
Treat'y, n. negotiation ; usage.

L. Tres, Three, and A.-S. steal. Stall, Trestle.

Tres'tle, n. the frame of a table ; a three-legged stool.

Trifelan —to Reduce to Minute Parts.

Tri'ple, v. to act or talk with levity. Tri'fle, n. any thing of very I
little
Tri'fler, n. one who trifles. importance. I

Tri'fling, a. being of little value.

 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. i i

Tredan-^to Tread.
Tbead, to set the foot.
v. Tread'le, n. the part of a machine
Tee AD, n. a step. I

I which is moved by the foot.

Trum—FmM\ Sound. Trymiatv— to Prepare; to Make Strong.

Trim, a. of orderly form or shape Trim'ly, ad. neatly nicely. ;

neat. Trim'minq, n. ornamental append-

Trim, w. dress; condition" of a vessel.
Trim, v. to set or put in order.

Treoive, treowian — ^to Trust ; to Confide In ; True.

True, conformable to fact.
a. !
True'penny, n. an honest fellow,
True'ness, n, sincerely reality. ;
s
Trust, v. to rely on to commit to
;

True'ism, n. a self-evident truth. the care of.

Tru'ly, ad. according to truth. Trustee', n. one intrusted with any-
Truth, n. true state of facts or things. thing.
Truth'ful, a. full of truth. Trust'less, a. not worthy of trust.
Truth'less, a. wanting truth. Trust'y, a. that may be trusted;
True'born, a. of genuine birth. honest.
True'hearted, a. honest faithful. ; Trust'iness, n. honesty.
Troth, n. truth ; belief; fidelity. Mistrust', v. to suspect to doubt. ;

Trow, v. to think ; to believe. Mistrust', n. want of confidence.

Truce, n. a temporary peace. ''

Mistrust'fui., a. doubting.
Trust, n. confidence reliance on an- ; .
Mistrust'less, a. unsuspecting.
other. 1 Tryst, n. an appointment to meet.

Treudel — a Sphere ; a Circle ; A.nything Turned.

Trend, v. to turn
to diverge. ; Trun'dle, any round rolling thing.
n.
Trend'ing, 71. a particular direction. Trun'dle BED, n. a low bed that
Trun'dle, v. to roll along, as a bowl runs on wheels under a higher
or hoop. bed.

Tiwes-dceg, from tig or tiiisco — the Saxon Mars, or God of War, and
dceg —a Day.
Tues'day, n. the third day of the week.

Tuntbian —to Tumble ; to Dance ; Tumble.

Tum'ble, v. to fall ; to roll about. | Tum'bler, n. a drinking glass.
—
Note. Tumbler, so called because originally it had a pointed base, and could not
be set down with any liquor in it.

Tunne— a Butt ; a Tub ; a Vat.

Tun, n. a large cask. Tun'nel, n. an arched way under
Tun'nel, n. a conical vessel with a ground.
tube for conveying liquids into Ton, n. a weight of 20 cwt.
casks, bottles, etc. Ton'nage, n. weight duty by the ton. ;

Turf— Bod.
Turf, a thin layer of soil held
n. to- Turf, n. a race course.
gether by the roots of grass. Turf'Yj a. like turf.
178 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Tyrnan, turnan —to Tubn.

Turn, v. to move round to ; revolve. Turn'stile, n. a turnpike in & foot'
Turn'er, n. one who turns. path.
Turn'pike, n. a gate across a road. Overturn', v. to throw down.

Tux—a Tooth.
Tusk, n. a long pointed tooth. |
Tush, n. a tooth of a horse.

T«^oBf^<Zmf/— a Flattering ; Twaddle.

Twad'dlb, n. unmeaning talk ; non- I Twad'dle, v. to talk idly,
sense. I

Tic^e^/— Twelve.
Twelve, a. ten and two. I Twelfth'tide, n. twelfth day after
I
Christmas.

Twentig, from twend, Two, and tig. Ten— Twenty.

Twen'ty, a. twice ten. Twentieth, a. the ordinal of twenty.
|

Tweon-leoht, Tweon—Doubt, and leoht —Light ; Doubtful Light.

Twi'light, n. the faint light before sunrise and after sunset.

Tivin — Thread. Twinan —to Twine, from Two.

Twine, v. to twist so as to form one Entwine, v. I to twist or wreath
body out of two or more. round. |

Twin, n. one of two produced at a birth.

Note. —ThxIEAd or Twine has two or more fibers or strands twisted round each other.
Twiccian —to Twitch ; to Pull ; to Catch.

Twinge, to torment with

t). sudden I Twitch, «. to pull with a sudden jerk,
sharp pain. I
Twitch, n. a sudden pull.

TwincUan—to Twilkle ; to Glitter.

Twin'kle, v. to shine with a quiver- I Twink'ling, n. a moment ; an ki«
ing light, I
stant.

Getwysan—to Twist.
Twist, unite by winding one
v. to I Entwist', v. to wreath round,
thing round another. |

do-
Edtvitan. Ed—Again, and witan — ^to Blame ; to Twit.
Twit, v. to tease by telling faults. | Twit'tingly, ad. so as to upbraid.

Twa, twi— Two.

Two, a. one and one. |
Twice, ad. two times.
Two'fold, a, double.
 .

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. _ 179

Oga — Great Fear ; Dread.

Ue'Li ^ a. ofFensive to the sight. |
Ug'liness, n. total want of beauty.

Uncut h, Un — Not, and cuth —Known.

Uncouth', a. not known ; awkward ; I Uncouth'ly, ad. awkwardly,
clumsy. I

Under— Under.
Un'dbr, prep, beneath ; below. |
Un'derling, n. an inferior agent.
Un'dermost, a. lowest in place.

Under, standan Understand. —

Understand', x. to know the mean- Understand 'ing, I n. the capacity of
ing of. I
knowing.

Up—JJT.
Up, ad. aloft on high. ; Up'braid, v. {gebrcedan, to en-
Up, jyr^P- from a lower to a higher charge contemptuously
large,) to
place. with something disgraceful.
Up per, a. higher in place. Upbraid'ing, n. the act of reproach-
Up' ward, a. directed to a higher place. ing.

Wadan—to Wade.
Wade, v. to walk through water. I Wad'dle, i). to move from side to
I
side in walking.

Wcegan —to Deceive ; to Falsify ; to Cheat.

Wag, n. one who plays merry, frolic- I Wag'gery,w. mischievous merriment,
some tricks. 1 Wag'gish, a. frolicsome.
—
Note. Wag, to move from side to side, comes from the A.-S. {wagian, to move to
and fro.)

Wcegen —Wagon.
Wag'on, n. a vehicle with four I Wag'oner, n. one who drives a
wheels. I
wagon.

Wealcan ; p. weolc —to Roll ; to Tumble.

WALK,i;.to move with moderate steps. |
Walk'er, n. one who walks.

Wan it —Pale ; Livid. From Wanian — to Decrease to Wane. ;

Wan, a. pale ; having a sickly hue. Want, v. not to have to lack. ;

Wan'ness, n. paleness. Want, n. need necessity. ;

Wane, v. to decrease to decline. ; Want'ing, a. deficient; lacking.

Want'less, a. abundant fruitful. ;

Note.—Waned, Wan'd, Wakt, past participle of Wane,

Weardf weardes— Towards.

Ward, a. suffix signifying direction I Fro'ward, a. perverse peevish, ;

to or from. . | Fro'wardness, n. perverseness.

180 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Weall — a Shore ; a Bank.

Wall, n. a work of
stone or brick I Wall'fruit, n. fruit raised against
erected as a division or defence. | a wall.
Wall'eyed, a. having white eyes.

Wandrian —to Wandeb.

Wan'deb, v. to ramble here and there. Wan'derer, n. one who wanders. |

Wan'dering, n. the act of roving.

Uuervef tvuer —War.

War, 71. a public contest carried on War 'like, a. relating to war ; martial.
by force. WAR'RioR, n. a soldier.
War'fare, n. state of war ; military War'proof, a. able to resist a war-
service. like attack.
War'worn, a. worn with war.

Weard— a Guard Watch ; ; Yigilance.

Ward, v. to guard; to watch; to War'den, a keeper.
n.
defend. Ward'er, a keeper a guard.
71, ;

Ward, a division of a
n. town ; one Ward 'robe, n. a place where clothes
under a guardian. are kept.
Ward'ship, n. guardianship.

Ware, from waru Merchandise. —

Ware, pi. Wares, n. goods; mer- Ware'house,
n. a store-house for
I

chandise. merchandise. I

Ware'housing, n. the act of depositing goods in a warehouse.

War, from tvcer —Wary; Cautious; Provident. Warlaji —to Be-

ware; to Guard. TFa»'/<iai/— to Defend.
Ware, a. cautious ; v. to take heed. Warn, v. to inform previously.
Ware'less, a. incautious. Warning, n. previous notice.
Ware'ly, ad. cautiously. War'rant, v. to authorize to justify. ;

Wa'ry, a. cautious prudent. ;

War'rant, n. authority commission. ;

War'ily, ad. cautiously prudently. ;

War'rant ABLE, a. justifiable.
War'iness, n. caution prudence. ;
War'ranty, n. promise ; security.
Beware', «. to regard with caution. War'ren, n. (ivarian,) a park, or
Aware', a. apprised conscious ; inclosure for rabbits.
War'rener, n. the keeper of a warren.

Note. —At present Ware is used only in composition.

^ Wearm—Warm.
Warm, a. heated in a moderate degree. Wabm'ly, ad. with moderate heat. I

Wabmth, n. moderate or gentle heat. Wabm'ness, n. moderate heat. |

Waescan, wacsan — to Wash.

Wash, v. to cleanse with water. Wash'er, one who |
washes.
Swash, n, impulse of water flowing with violence.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 181

Weorpan, wurpan —to Throw ; to Cast ; to "Warp.

Warp, «. to turn or twist out of shape Warp, v. move a vessel by means

to
Warp, n. tlie threads which are ex of a rope made fast to some fixed
tended lengthwise in anything wo- object.
ven. Warp'ing, n. the act of turning aside.

f wesp— a Wasp.
Wasp, stinging insect.
n. a Wasp'ishly, ad. peevishly ; snap<
Wasp'ish, a. peevish petulant ;
; hav pishly.
ing a slender shape.

Westan — to Waste ; to Lay Waste ; to Ravage.

Waste, n. to diminish to squander. ; |
Waste'fully, ad. in a lavish manner.
Waste'pul, a. destructive prodigal. ;
| Waste'thrift, n. a spendthrift

Wacian— to Wake ; to Arouse.

Wake, to rouse from sleep.
v. Watch'er, n. one who watches.
Wake'ful, a, not sleeping v, alchful. ; Watch'ful, a. vigilant attentive. ;

Wak'en, 11. to rouse from sleep. Watch'ing, ppr. carefully observing.

Wak'ing, ppr. being awake ; rousing Watch'house, n. a house where a
from sleep. guard is placed.
Awake, v. to rouse from sleep. Watch'man, n. a man who keeps
Awake, a. not sleeping. watch.
Watch, v. to be awake; to keep Watch'word, n. the word given to
guard. sentinels to know their friends.

Wceter —Water. Wcetf hwet— Wet.

Wa'ter, n. a well known fluid. Wet, a. containing water moist. ;

Wa'tering ppr. supplying with Wet'ness, n. the slate of being wet.

water. Whet, v. to stimulate; to incite; to
Wa'terish a. resembling water excite.
moist. Whet,* v. to rub for the purpose of
Wa'tery, a. like water. sharpening.
Whet'stone, n. a stone for sharpening.
* Whet, because while rubbing the stone is kept wet

Wmg—B. Wave. Wagian—to Wag ; to Move to and Fro.

Wave, n. a moving
swell of water. Waft, «. to convey through the water
Wave, v. to undulate to brandish
;
;
or air.
to put off. Way'less, a. having no road.
'Wave'less,«. without waves; smooth. Way'farer, n. a traveler.
WaVer, v. to fluctuate. Way'lay, to beset by ambush.
XI.

AVa'ving, ppr. moving to and fro. WayVard, a. liking his own way.
Wa'vy, a. rising in waves. Way'wardness, n. perverseness.
Way, n. a road a passage.-; Wag, «. to move from side to side.
Wag'gle, «. to move from side to side.

Wodnesdceg, Wodnes, of Woden—the God of War, and cicBfir—Dat.

Wednes'day, n. the fourth day of the week.
 ;

182 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Wac—Tnfikm; Weak.
Weak, a. feeble not strong ; infirm. I Weak'ly, ad. feebly faintly. ;

Weak'en, v. to make weak. | Weak'ness, n. want of strength.

Weak'side, n. a foible ; a failiQg.

WeaXy from wac—Pliable.

Wax, n. {iveaoc,) a tenacious sub- Wax'work, n. a figure made of wax.
stance formed by bees. Wax, v. iweaxan,) to grow to in- ;

Wax'en, a. made of wax. crease.

Wax'y, a. resembling wax.
Note. — Wax, to grow, to increase, comes from the A.-S. {weaz, the substance of
which honeycomb is formed.) Bees are constantly adding to their store of honey-
comb, thereby causing it to grow, to increase.

Werian —to Wear. From wer—a Guard ; a Protection.

Wear, v. to waste by use or time ; to Wear'er, n. one who wears.
carry on the body. Wear, n, {tvcer,) an enclosure
Wear'ing, ppr. bearing on the per- fish pond ; a dam to raise water.
son.

fVet'ig — Fatigued ; Depressed. Werian- -to Weart; to Tease; to

Harass.
Wea'ry, a. tired fatigued. ; Wea'riness, n. state of being weary.
Wea'ried, p. a. tired fatigued. ; Wea'risomeness, n. tediousness.
Wea'risome, a. causing weariness; Wor'ry, v. to tease ; to trouble.
tedious. Wor'ry, n. trouble ;
perplexity.

Wefan— to Weave. Waeh—Web.

Weave, v. to unite threads so as to Woof, n. the threads which cross the
form cloth. warp.
Weav'er, n. one who weaves. Weft, n. the threads which cross the
Web, n. any thing woven. warp.
Webbed, a. joined by a membrane. Warp, n. (
ivcarp, ) the threads
Web'foot, a. having the toes con- which are extended lengthwise in
nected by a membrane. a loom.

Weddlan—to Covenant ; to Promise ; to Pledge.

Wed, to marry ; to unite.
v. Wed'ding, n. marriage ; nuptials.
Wed'ded, a. closely attached. Wed'lock, n. marriage ; matrimony.

Weod—Weed.
Weed, n. any useless or troublesome I Weed'er, n. one who weeds,
plant. Weed'less, a. free from weeds.
I

Weed'y, a. abounding with weeds.

Note. —Weeds, a widow's mourning dress, comes from the A.-S. {wced^ a garment,
clothing.)

Weoc —Week.
Week, n. the space of seven days. Week'ly, a. done once a week,
|

Week'day, n, any day except the Sabbath.

 ;

ANGLO-SAXON KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 183

Wenan —to Think, Suppose or Hope ; to Ween

Ween, v. to think; to imagine; to Overween'ing, ppr. a. arrogant con- ;

fancy. ceited.
Overween', v. to think too highly. OvEE,WEEN'iNGLY,a<Z. with aiTogance.

Wepan —to Cry Out ; to Weep.

Weep, v. to shed or drop tears. |
Weeper, Uy one who weeps.
Weep'ingly, ad. in tears.

Wegan —to Bear ; to Carry ; to Weigh. Weg—a Balance.

Weigh, i}. to examine by the balance. Weight'less, a. having no weight;
Weigh'er, n. one who weighs. light.
Weight, n. (^wUit,) quantity ascer- Weight'y, a. heavy important. ;

tained by the balance. Weight'ily, ad. heavily with force. ;

Weight'iness, n. heaviness.

TreZ—Well.
Well, a. being in health. Weal, n. {wela,) happiness ;
pros-
Well, ad. not ill properly. ;
perity.
Well '-being, n.happiness. Wealth, n. {welig,) riches; opu-
Well'bred, a. elegant in manners lence.
polite. Wealth'ily, ad. richly.
i

Welcome, n. {ivilcuma, a good comer,) kind reception.

—
Well, a deep, narrow pit dug for the purpose
Note. -Well, purpo of obtaining water, comes
from the A.-S. (wyl, a spring from weauan^ to boil
;il up.)
'
'

Wceltan —to Roll ; Welt.

Welt, the edge of a garment
n. Wel'ter, v. to roll or wallow in some
turned over and sewed together. foul matter.
Welt, v. to sew on a border. Wel'tering, /?pn rolling; wallowing.

Wend— a Turn ; a Change. Wendcen—to Go ; to Comb.

Wend, «. to go ; to pass ; to move, j Went, pret. of go ; did go.
—
Note. It will be observed that Went, now used as the preterit of the verb Go, has
nothing at all to do with the verb Go, but belongs to the verb Wend.

West—West.
West, n. the region where the sun i West'erly, a. towards the west,
sets. I
West'ern, a being in the west.
West'ward, ad. towards the west.

Hwcel— Whale.
Whale, n. a large animal. I
Whale'bone, n. an elastic substance
from the upper jaw of the whale.
^ I

Ahwylfan—^to Overwhelm.
Whelm, v. to cover completely. |
Overwhelm, v. to crush underneath
184 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Swcer—Whekb.
Where, what place.
ad. at Whereas', ad. when on the con-
Where'abouts, ad. near what or trary.
which place. Where'fore, ad. for which reason.

Wcefiafi — ^to Babble ; to Whiffle,

Whip'fle, v. to turn or change with Whif'fle-tree, n. a short bar to
every wind. which the traces of a horse are
Whiff, n. a slight blast ; a puff. fastened.
Note. —Whiffle-tree, sometimes, but erroneously, written Whipple-tree, gets
its name from its constant change of position caused by the onward motion of the
horse. See Whip
Hwil—While.
While, n. space of time. While, ad. during the time
|
that.
While, «. to draw out to spend, as time.
;

Wanian—to Deplore Lament Bewail ; ;

Whine, v. to lament with a plaintive Whin'ing, n. complaining in drawl-

noise. ing, plaintive tones.
Whine, n. a drawling cry.

Hweopan—to Whip.
Whip, to strike with a lash.
v. I Whip'hand, n. advantage over.
Whip'ping, n. correction with a lash. | Whip 'stock, n. the handle of a whip.

Hwyrfan—to Whirl ; to Turn.

Whirl, v. to turn round rapidly. Whirl'pool, n. water moving circu-
Whirl'igig, n. a toy which turns larly.
round. Whirl'wind, n. a revolving column
of air.

Hwisprian —to Whisper.

Whis'per, «.to speak with the breath I Whis'perer, n. one who whispers,
not made vocal. I

Hwistlan — to Whistle.
Whis'tle, v. to form a kind of mu- I Whis'tler, n. one who whistles,
sical sound by the breath. |

Wiht—a Creature ; a Thing ; Whit.

Whit, n. a point ; a tittle ; a very I Wight, n. a being ; a person,
small part. I

fliw^if— White. Hwitel —to Make White.

White, a. having the color of snow. I Whit'ish, a. somewhat white.
Whit'en, «. to make or become white. Whit'tle, n. {hivitelf to make
White'ness, n. the state of being white,) a knife a white cloak, ;

white. 1 Whit'tle, t). to cut with a knife.

Note.—To whittle sticks, to cut oflf the bark with a knife, to make them white.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 185

Hwa— Who.
Who, pro.relating to persons. I Whom, pro. the objective case of
Whoev'eb, pro. any person whatever. |
who.

Wicca —an Enchanter ; Wicked.

Wick'ed, a. morally bad vicious. ;
1 AVick'edness, n. vice ; sin ;
guilt.
Wick'edly, ad. viciously. I

Note.— WicciAN, to bewitch, is adopted by Tooke, wlio remarks that " all atrocious
crimes were attributed by our ancestors to enchantment, sorcery, and witckcrafV

TTid—Wide.
Wide, extended far each way.
a. Wid'en, v. to make or grow wide.
|

Wide'ly, ad. with great extent ; far.Wide'ness, n. breadth.

|

Width, n. extent from side to side.

Wealdan —to Govern Wield. ;

Wield, v. to use with full command I Wield'y, a. manageable,

or power. I

TTi/—Wife.
Wife, n. a woman who is united to I Wife'hood, n. the state of a wife,
a man in marriage. I
Wife'less, a. without a wife.
Wife'ly, a. becoming a wife.

Wild—Wild.
Wild, a. not tame; Wild'ness, n. state of being wild.
desert; disor
derly. Wil'der, t). to lose the way to puzzle. ;

Weld'ly, ad. mo. wild manner. Wil'dernes8,w. an uncultivated tract

Bewil'der, «. to perplex to confound. ;

Willa—WTLJ..
Will, n. the power of mind by which Will 'fully, ad. stubbornly.
we choose to do or forbear. Will'ing, a. desirous ready. ;

Will, v. to determine. Will'ingly, ad. with free will.

Will'ful, a. stubborn perverse. ;
Will'ingness, n. ready compliance.

Winnan— to Struggle ; to Win.

Win, v. to gain in a contest. |
Win'ning, p. a. attractive ; charming:

Windan—to Wind.
Wind, v. to turn romid ; to twist ; to Wind'lass, n. {lace, a cord,) a ma-
blow. chine for raising weights.
Wind'ing, n. a turning.

Wincian—to Bend One's Self ; to Nod ; to Wink.

Wink, ®. to close and open Ij^e eye- I Wink'ing, n. a rapid and repeated
lids. movement of the eyelids.
I

Note. —It probable that

is Wing and Wink may be the same word differently ap*
plied —as wings and eyelids have somewhat similar motions.
186 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Wind— WiNi).
Wind, n. air in motion. Wind 'pipe, n. the passage for the
Wind'y, a. consisting of wind. breath.
Wind'iness, n. state- of being windy. Wind'ward, n, the point from which
Wind'fall, n. fruiiv blown from a the wind blows.
tree an unexpected benefit.
; Win'dow, n. {door,) an aperture for
Wind'mill, n. a mill turned by the the admission of light and wind.
wind. Win'ter, n. the cold season of the
Wm'NOw, v. (windwiaUf to wind,) year.*
to separate grain from chaff by the Wind'row, n. grass laid in rows for
wind. drying.

—
Note. From German wehen^ to blow; part, wehend, blowing, contracted Wind
The primary sense is, to move, flow, rush or drive along.
* Skinner and others think it is so called because it is the windy season of the year.

Gehwinf/—a, Side ; a Corner.

Wing, n. the limb of a bird by which 1 Wing'less, a. not having wings,
it flies.

Witan —to Wist ; to Know.

Wit, •». to know, or to be known; Wist'fully, ad. attentively.
To- Wit, ad. namely. Wis'dom, n. {ivis, wise, and dom^
Wit'tingly, ad. knowingly ; by de- judgment,) knowledge rightly used.
sign. Wise'ly, ad. judiciously.
Wis, t). to think to know to wit.
; ; Wise'acre, n. (Ger. aagen^ to say,) a
Wist, pret. of wis., thought knew. ; simpleton a dunce. ;

Wist'ful, a. full of thought desi- ; Wit'ness, n. one who sees or knows

rous; wishful. personally.
Wise, having knowledge
a. {tviSf) ;
Wiz'ard, n. a conjurer ; a sorcerer.
making a right use of knowledge. Wot, xi. to know.

Wit, or ge-wit —Wit.

Wit, n. intellect ; the power of asso- Wit'ticism, n. an attempt at wit.
ciating ideas m new and unexpect- Wit'ty, a. full of wit ingenious. ;

ed relations. Wit'tily, ad. with wit ingeniously. ;

Wit'less, n. wanting understanding. Wit'tiness, n. the quality of being

Wit'lessly, ad. without judgment. witty.
Wit'ling, n. pretender to wit.

Withan—to Join. Wyrthan—to Be.

With, prep, by; noting cause or Withdraw', v. {dragati,) to take

means. back or away.
Withal', ad. along with the rest; Withhold', v. (heuldan,) to hold
likewise. back.
Within', prep, in the inner part. Withstand', v. {standan^ to op-
Without', prep, not with or by. pose to resist. ;

"Withe, n. {withlg,) a twig used for a band, or to tie with.

Note. —With has descended to us from two diflFerent A.-S. verbs, viz. : {withan^ to
join,and weorthan^ wyrthan, to be.) From the latter we have the compounds within
and without; i. e., be in, be out.
 ;

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 187

WoB, n. grief; sorrow; misery. |

Wo'fully, ad. sorrowfully.
Wo'ful, a. sorrowful wretched.
; | Wo'fulness, n. misery calamity. ;

Woe'begone, a. far gone in woe.

Wulf—Woi.F.
Wolf, n. a beast of prey. |
Wolf'ish, a. like a wolf; savage.

Wifman —Woman.
Wom'an, n. the female of the human Wom'anish, I a. suitable to a woman.
race. I
Wom'anly, a. becoming a woman.
Wom'ankind, n. the female sex.
Note.— Man is a general term to include both sexes, and the specific name Wif-
man is given to the female, from her employment at the woof.

Wunian — Won.
Won, t). to dwell ; to have abode. | Wont, n. custom ; habit ;
practice.
Wont'ed, a. accustomed ; usual.

Wunder— Wonder.
Won'dbr, the emotion excited by
n. Won'derfully, ad. in a wonderful
anything strange and inexplicable. manner.
Won'derful, a. astonishing. Won'drous, a. marvellous.

Wogan —to Woo.

Woo, v. to solicit in love ; to court. | Woo'er, n. one who courts a woman.

Wudu —a Wood.
Wood, a large collection of trees
n. Wood'land, n. ground covered with
the substance of trees. woods.
Wood'ed, a. covered with wood. Wood'man, n. one who cuts down
Wood'en, a. made of wood. timber.
Wood'y, a. abounding with wood.

Wull— Wool..
Wool, the soft hair which grows
n. I Wool'len, a. made of wool,
on sheep. I
Wool'ly, a. consisting of wool.

Word—Word.
Word, an articulate sound which Word'less, a. without words
n. I
; silent,
conveys an idea. Word'y, a. full of words.
|

Word'ily, ad. with many words.

Wmruld—World.
World, n. the whole system
a of ere- I Wqrld'l
Wqrld'ling, n. one devoted to this
ated things. )
I
world.
W.orld'ly, a. relating to this world.
188 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Weorcan—to Work; to Labor.

Work, v. to labor ; to act. Work'manly, a. skillful.
Work, n. labor; employment. Work'manship, n. manufacture.
Work'er, n. one who works. Work'shop, n. the place where work
Work'man, n. a laboier. is done.
Work'manlike, a. well performod Wright, n. {ivyrhta,) an artificer.
Wrought, ^. performed by work.

Wyrm —Worm.
Worm, n. a reptile ; anything spiral. Worm'y, a. full of worms.
Worm, «j. to worm slowly and se- AYorm'eaten, a. gnawed by worms.
cretly. Worm'wood, n. a plant.

Wyrse—Worse.
Worse, a. more evil ; more hurtful. | Worst, a. bad in the highest degree.

Weorth —Worth.
Worth, n. value ;
price. Wor'ship, ti. to adore to honor. ;

Worth'less, a. having no worth or Wor'shiper, n. one who worships.

value. Wor'ship, n. (worth and ship^) dig-
Wor'thy, a. deserving ; valuable. nity; honor.
Wor'thiness, n. merit ; excellence.

Wund— Wound.
Wound, n. a hurt given by vio- I Wound'less, a. free from hurt or
lence. I
injury.

Hweorfan—to Turn.
Wrap, «. to roll together ; to in- I Wrap'per, n. that in which a thing
close. I
is wrapped.

Wrath—Wrath.
Wrath, n. violent anger rage. ; I Wrath'less, a. free from anger.
Wrath'ful, a. very angry furious. ; | Wrath'y, a, extremely angry.
Wroth, a. very angry.

Wrecan—to Wreak.
Wreak, v. to do for a purpose of I Wreak'ful, a. revengeful ; angry.
vengeance.

Wrcec — an Exile ; a Wretch Wreck. ;

Wreck, destruction by sea.

n. Wretch, worthless creature.
n. a
Wreck, v. to drive against the shore Wretch'ed, miserable worthless.
a. ;

and destroy. Wretch 'edly, ad. miserably.

Wretch'edness, n. misery meanness.
;

Writan — to Write. Gothic, writs^ a letter.

Write, v. to express by letters. I Writ'er, n. one who writes.

Writ, n. a judicial writiag. | Writ'ing, n. any thing written.
 ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 189

Wringan—to Wring ; to Twist. Wrwstan—to Writhe ; to Twist.

Wring, v. to twist or turn around Wreathe, v. to interweave to twist. ;

with violence. Wreath'y, a. twisted curled. ;

Wring'er, n. one who wrings. Writhe, v. to twist to twist with

;

Wran'gle, v. to dispute peevishly. agony.

Wran'gle, n. a peevish dispute. Wry, a. twisted crooked. ;

Wrong, n. a violation of right. Wry'ness, n. the state of being wry.

Wrong'ful, a. injurious unjust. ;
Wrest, v. to twist by violence.

Wrong'ly, ad. unjustly; amiss. Wres'tle, v. to strive who shall

Wrench, v. to pull with a twist. throw the other down.
Wrung, ppr. twisted. Wres'tler, n. one who wrestles.
Wrin'kle, n. {wrlncle,) a small Wres'tling, n. contention.
ridge or furrow on any smooth Wrist, n. (from ivrwstan,) the joint
surface. which unites the hand to the arm.
Wreath, n. anything twisted ; a Wrist 'band, n. the band that passes
garland. round the wrist.

Gyard—a Staff ; a Rod ; Yard.

Yard, n. a measure of three feet.

Geard, (from gyrdan, to Gird)— Yard.

Yard, n. a small piece of enclosed ground.

Gear—Year.
Year, n. the time in which the earth Year'ling, n. an animal a year old.
I

moves round the sun. Year'ly, a. happening every year.I

Yore, ad. in time past long ago. ;

Gearn—Desirous Eager. ;

Yearn, v. to feel a strong desire. I Yearn'ing, n. emotion of tenderness

I
or pity.

Gelew —Yellow.
Yel'low,«. being of the color of gold. Yelk, „^n^^^„w,.po«
^
^^"^^ P*^ «^ ^° «««
I ) ^.i,^
^- *^^ ^^^'
yEL'LOwisH, a. somewhat yellol. I
Yolk,' \

Gemtene — Common.
yEo'MAN, n. a man of small estate in I Yeo'manry, n. the collective body of
land. I
yeoman.

Cryrstan —Yester.
Yes'ter, a. last ; last past. I Yes'terday, n. {dceg,) the day last
I
past.

1^ Gyldan —to !^y ; to Restore ; to Render.

Yield, v. to produce ; to afford ; to I Yield 'ance, n. concession.
give up. Yield'ing, n. the act of giving up.
I

Yield'ingly, ad. with compliance.

190 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Eow, iu, inch —You.

You, pro. the nominative and objec- I Your, pro. belonging to you.
live plural of thou. I

Geong —Young.
Young, a. being in the first part of life. |
Young'ish, a. somewhat young.

Geoffiith—YovTH.
Youth, the part of life which suc-
n. Youth'fulness, n. state of being
ceeds childhood. youthful.
Youth'ful, a. pertaining to early Youth'ly, a. young early in
; life.
life. Yule, n. (geol) Christmas.
 —

FEENCH BOOTS AMD DERIVATIVES. 191

FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Aboutir, A —To, and bout—End.

Abut', v. to end at. Abut'ment, n. that which receives
Butt, the larger and blunt end of
n. the end of a thing.
a thing one who is the object of
; Butt, v. to strike with the head or
jests. horns.
Butte, n. an abrupt hill.
NoTB. Butt, a large vessel or cask, comes from the A.-S. (buUe.)

Accoutrer —to Dress. From coudre —to Sew.

Accou'tbb, v. to dress ; to equip. I Accou'trement, n. military dress
I
and arms.

Ajourner. A —To, and j'oi^r— Day.

Adjourn', v. to put off to another I Adjourn'ment, n. a putting off till
day. I
another day.

Avant— Before.
Advance', to bring or put forward.
'd. Avaunt', intj. hence begone. ;

Advance'ment, n. progress. Vant'age, n. gain profit. ;

Advan'tage, n. benefit gain. ;

Van, n. the front of an army.
Advanta'geous, a. profitable. Van'guard, n. the first line of an army.

Aviser — ^to Advise ; to Perceive ; to See.

Advise', v. to counsel to consult. ; I Advis'able, a. prudent expedient. ;

Advice', n. counsel instruction.

; ( Advis'er, n. one who advises.

Agreer—to Concur. From a gre — at Will ; at Concord.

Agree', v. to think or act in unison. I Agreed', p. a. settled by consent.
Agree'able, a. suitable to pleasing. ;
| Disagree', v. to differ to vary. ;

Alarme, (Ital. aWarmi,) —to Arms.

Alarm', n. a cry or notice of danger. Alarm'ing, p. a. terrifying ;
giving
Alarm', v. to call to arms to excite ; alarm.
fear in.

Alerte — Alert.
Alert', a. being on the lookout ; I Alert'ness, n. sprightliness.
nimble. |

Embuche, From en — In, and bois —a Wood, or Bushes,

Am'bush, n. the place or act of lying I Ambuscade', n, a station in which
in wait. « J men lie to surprise others.
 ;

192 SMITH'S HAJSTD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Piece —Piece.
Piece, n. a a fragment.
part ; I Piece'meal, ad. in or by pieces.
Piece, v. to mend; to patch. | Apiece, a^. to the part or share of each.

Apprendre —to Leabn.

Apprise', v. to inform to give notice.
; I Apprehen'sion, n. seizure ; intellect
Apprehend', v. to lay hold on. | fear.
Apprehen'sive, a. quick to understand ; fearful.

Attacher —to Attach.

Attach', v. to fasten ; to tie ; to join. |
Attach'ment, n. fondness ; love.

Beffler —to Befool ; to Mock.

Baf'fle, v. to elude by deceit or I Baf'fler, n. one who baffles,
artifice. I

Sailler —to Deliver ; to Give.

Bail, to release on security given

«. Bail, n. the handle of a pail, buck-
for appearance in court. et, etc.
Bail, n. the sum given for security. Bail'able, a. that may be bailed.
Bail, v. {bailie, a tub or bucket,) to Bail 'iff, n. a law officer.
free from water.

Balle —Bale.
Bale, n. a bundle, as of goods. I Bale, ^. to make up in a bale or
I
bundle.

Balustre — Baluster.
Bal'uster, n. one of the supporters i Bal'ustrade, n. a row of balusters,
of a rail to a flight of stairs. |
Bal'ustered, p. a. having balusters.

Badiner — to Trifle ; to Joke.

BAif^TEB, V. to ridicule pleasantly. | Ban'tering, n. raillery ;

jesting.

Barre — Bar.
Bar, 7i. an obstruction to hinder en- Barricade', n. an obstruction made
trance ; the tribunal of justice. in haste.
Bar'rier, n. an obstruction. Bar'rister, n. a counsellor at law.

Baron— Baron.
Bar'on, n. a rank of nobility. Bar'ony, n. the lands of a baron.
Bar'oness, n. the wife of a baron. Bar'onet, n. the title next below a
baron.

Battre —B att er.

Bat'teb, v. to beat with repeated I Bat'ter, n. a mixture beaten to-
blowi. gether. I

Bat'tery, n. act of battering a place for cannon. ;

 FBENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 1S^3

Sarguigner—to Higgle.
Bar'gain, n. a contract or agree- I Bar'gaining, n. the act of making
rnent. I
bargains.

jBafaiWe—BATTLE.
Bat'tle, n. a fight ; a contest. |
Battal'ion, n. a division of the army.

Beau—Fair; Beautiful.
Beau, n. a man of dress a fop. ; I.Beau'ty, n. that assemblage of grace*
Beau'teous, a. fair elegant. ; I
which pleases the senses.
Beau'tify, v. to make beautiful.

Bceuf—2i Bull ; an Ox, or a Cow.

Beep, n. the flesh of bulls, oxen, or I Beeves, n. oxen, etc., as fit for
cows. I
food.

Biais —Across; Athwart.

Bi'as, 71. inclination ;
partiality. |
Bi'as, v. to cause to incline to one sidau

Billet —a Bill ; a Handbill.

Bil'let, n. an account of money due Bil'let, n. a short letter, ; I

a proposed law. Billet-doux, n. a love letter. I

Bil'let, v. to quarter soldiers by ticket.

Blaspheme — Blame.
Blame, to charge with a fault.
v. I Blame'ful, a. deserving blame.
Bl am' ABLE, a, faulty; culpable. I
Blame'less, a. without blame.

Blanchir —to Make White ; to Grow White.

Blanch, v. to whiten. I Blench, v to shrink to start baCK. ;

Blank, a. white without writing.; | Unblench'ed, a. not disgraced.

Botte —Boot.
Boot, n. a covering for the foot and leg.
Note.—Boot, profit, advantage, comes from A.-S. {hot, compensation.")

Bosse —a Hump or Knob.

Boss, n. a stud ; a knob. I Emboss', v. to form with protubeiv
Emboss'ment, n. raised work. | ances.
Note. —Boss, a superintendent, comes from the Dutch (6<mm, a master.)
Branche—Branch; Bough.
Branch, n. the shoot or bough of a I Branch'less, a. without branches Of
tree. • j boughs.

Brigade — Brigade.
Brigade', n. a division of troops. [ Brigadier', n. an army officer.
194 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Bribe —a Piece of Bread Given to a Beggar.

Bribe, n. a reward given to corrupt I Bri'bery, n. the crime of giving or
the conduct. I
taking bribes.

JBrigue —a Little Loaf.

Brick, w. a squared mass of clay burnt. I Brick'kiln, n. a furnace for burning
Brick'bat, n. a piece of brick. | bricks.

-Bri/^a^f— Sparkling. From Brlller —to Shine or Sparkle.

Brill 'lANT, a. shining ; sparkling. I Brill'iant, n. a diamond of the fin-
Brill'iancy, 71. lustre ; splendor. | est cut.
Brill'iantly, ad. splendidly.

Brouille —a Broil. Brouiller —to Embroil.

Broil, n. a noisy contention ; a brawl. |
Embroil', ti. to disturb ; to confuse.

Bruler —to Burn.

Broil,«. to cook by laying on the coals. |
Broiled,^, a. cooked over the coals.

Brunettef brun —Brown.

Brunette', n. a woman with a dark complexion.

Brosse — Brush.
Brush, n. an instrument for cleaning I Brush, «). to clean with a brush.
and sweeping. |

Boucher—Butcher.
Butch'er, n. ohe who kills animals I Butch'er, n. one who delights in
to sell their flesh. | slaughter.

Bouteillier —a Butler. From Bouteille a Bottle. —

But'ler, n. a servant who has charge of liquors.

, Cabane — a Cabin ; a Cottage.

Cab'in, n. a small house or hut. I Cab'inet, n. a closet a small room.
;

Cab'in, n. an apartment in a ship. | Cab'inet, n. the ministers of state.

Caisse — a Box or Chest.

Case, n. a covering ; a sheath. Cas'ket, n. a small elegant box for
Case'harden, v. to harden on the jewels, etc.
outside. Casque, n. a helmet a case for the
;

Case'knife, n. a large table knife. head.

Cask, n. a close vessel for containing Cash, n. money at command.
liquors. Cashier', n. one who has charge of
money.
—
Note. Cashier, to dismiss from a post or office with reproach, comes from the
Italian (eassare^ to an»ul, to break.)
 ;

FEENCH BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 195

Cajoler — Cajole.
Cajole', v. to delude by flattery. | Cajol'ery, n. flattery ; deceit.

Chauffer —to Warm.

Chape, v. to warm by rubbing to Chaf'ing-dish, n. a portable warm-
; I

make angry ; to wear by rubbing. ing utensil. |

Chap'lng, ppr. heating or wearing by friction.

Charger— to Load; to Burden.

Charge, v. to intrust ; to impute as Charge'able, a. imputable ; expen-
debt ; to accuse. sive.
Charge, n. care ; accusation ; ex- Charge'less, a. free from charge.
pense. Charg'er, n. a large dish; a war-
Car'go, n. the lading of a ship. horse.

Chooser —to Hunt ; to Chase Wild Animals.

Chase, hunting
n. ;
pursuit ; the I Chase, v. to pursue ; to drive,
thing hunted. |

Note. —Chase, to emboss, as metals, comes from the French {chasse, a frame.)

^chec— a Check. Echiquier —a Chess-Board.

Check, n. an order for money ; cloth Check, v. to stop to restrain to curb.
; ;

woven into squares of difierent Check'er, v. to form into squares of

colors. difierent colors.

Chere —Entertainment.
Cheer, v. to encourage
to comfort. ; Cheer'less, a. gloomy,
Cheer, n. a shout of applause ; en- Cheer'ily, ad. cheerfully.
tertainment. Cheer'fully, ad. in a cheerful man
Cheer'pul, a. lively ; gay. ner; willingly.
Cheer'pulness, n. gayety ; alacrity.

Chef—the Head, i. c., the Top or Highest Point.

Chiep, n. a commander a leader. ; Achieve'ment, n. a performance.
Chief, a. principal most important. ; Ker'chief, n. the head dress of a
Chief'ly, ad. principally. woman.
Chief'tain, n. a leader of a clan. Mis'cHiEF, n. (Saxon rnis,) harm
Achieye', v. to perform to finish ;
hurt; injury.
Mis'cHiEVOUS, a. hurtful wicked.
;

Chevalier — a Knight. Cheval —a Horse.

Chevalier', n. a gallant horseman. I Chiv'alry, n. a military dignity ,•

Chiv'alrous, a. gallant warlike. ; |

knighthood.

Cotte —Coat.
Coat, n. an outside garment worn by I Coat, v. to cover the outsid«.
men.
 ; ;

196 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Comhattre —to Fight Against.

Com'bat, v. to fight ; to oppose. |
Com'batant, n. one who combats.

Controle. Centre — Against. Mole — a Roll, or Register.

Control', n. a register kept to verify Control'ler, n. one who controls.

another account. Comptrol'ler, n. an officer who ex-
Control', n. restraint check. ; amines the accounts of collectors
Control', v. to have power over. of public money.

Coquet —a Beau ; a General Lover.

Coquet', v. to practise deceit in love. I Coquet'ry, n. trifling in love.
Coquette', n. a vain female. I
Coquet'tish, a. practising coquetry.

Costume — Custom; Manners; Costume.

Costume', n. style or mode of dress. |
Cos'tumer, n. one who prepares dress.

Coucher, couche— a Bed.

Couch, v. to lie down to stoop. ; 1 Couch'ing, n. the act of bending.
Couch'ant, a. lying down squatting. ; |
Couch'-fellow, n. a bed-fellow.

Fr. Cour, from L. Oortis —a Yard or Enclosed Place ; a Company of

Soldiers.
Court, n. a palace a hall of justice
; Court'ly, a. elegant flattering. ;

an enclosed place in front of a Court'liness, n. elegance of manners.

house. Court'ship, n. the act of making love.
Court, v. to endeavor to please ; to Cour'teous, a. polite well bred ;

flatter. civil.
Court'ier, n. one who courts favor. Cour'tesy, n. civility ; act of civility
Court'like, a. elegant polite. made by women.
;

Cour'tesan, n. a lewd woman.

^eraser —to Crush.

Crash, v. to make a sudden, loud Craze, v. to break to crush to dis-
; ;

noise, as of many things falling at order the intellect.

once. Cra'zy, a. broken feeble disorder-; ;

Crash, a sudden, loud noise.

n. ed in intellect.
Crash'ing, n. a violent mixed noise. Cra'ziness, n. weakness ; disorder of
Crush, v. to break by pressure. the mind.

Craie — Chalk.
Cray'on, n. a pencil for drawing. ] Cray'on, 'd. to design with a crayon.

Courbe —to Bend.

CuBB, n. any thing that restrains or I Curb, v. to restrain ; to control,
checks. I

Danger—Danger.
Dan'ger, n. exposure to death, loss I Dan'gerous, a. full- of danger,
or injury, I
Dan'gerously, ad. perilously.
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 191

Dame—a Lady.
Dame, n. tlie mistress of a house. I Bel'dam, n. on old woman a hag. ;

Dam, n. a female parent of beasts. | Mad'am, n. a term of address to a lady.

Note. —Dam, a bank to confine water, comes from the Dutch (dam.)
Debaucher—Debauch.
Debauch', v. to corrupt ; to vitiate. | Debauchee', n. a libertine ; a rake.
Debauch'ery, n. excess ; lewdness.

Des mceurs— of Good Manners.

DEMURE',a.ofserious or pensive look; I Demure'ly, ad. with affected mod-
affectedly modest. I
esty.
Demure'ness, n. soberness.

Draper—to Clothe.
Drape, v. to cover or ornament with I Dra'per, n. one who sells cloth,
cloth. I Dra'pery, n. curtains, hangings, etc.

Dresser —to Make Straight.

Dress, v. to set or put in order ; to I Dress, n. clothes ;
garments,
clothe. I

Drole Droll. —
Droll, a. comical ; odd ; merry. | Droll'ery, n. idle jokes.

Gage— a Pledge
Gage, n. a pledge a measure. ; Enga'ging, p. a. winning attractive.
;

Engage', v. to bind to enlist. ; Mort'gage, n. the pledge of an es-

Engage'ment, n. obligation ; em- tate as security.
ployment. Wage, n. pledge gage ;
; wages.
Disengage', v. to separate ; to with- Wages, n. hire reward ; for service.
draw. Wa'ger, n. a bet ; v. to bet.
Note. —Wage, to venture, to make, to carry on as war, is from the German (wagen.)

JEnticer —to Entice.

Entice', ». to allure to evil. j
Entice'ment, n. allurement.

Equiper —to Equip.

Equip', v. to fit out. I Equip'age, n. a carriage with its ac-
Equip'ment, n. complete outfit. | companiments.

Fin —Fine.
Fine, a. small thin not coarse; ; Fin'ical, a. nice in trifles.
Fine'ly, ad. beautifully; well. Fine'spun, a. minute.
Fine'ness, n. elegance purity. ;
Refine', v. to purify.
Fin'ery, n. show gaiety. ;
Refine'ment, n. polish of manners.
Finesse', n. arti§,ce ; stratagem. Superfine', a. very or most fine.
198 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Foible —Feeble.
Fee'ble, a. weak infirm. ; Fee'bly, ad. weakly ; without
Fee'bleness, n. weakness infirmity. ; strength.
Enfee'ble, pp. made weak. Foi'ble, n. a moral weakness.

Finance —Finance.
Finance', n. revenue income,
; |
Finan'cial, a. relating to finance.
Financier', n. one who understands revenue.

Flatter f from L. Flato —to Blow.

Flat'ter, v. to soothe with praises. I Flat'tering, p. a. exciting hope.
Flat'terer, n. one who flatters. | Flat'tery, n. false praise.

Flair — Scent.
Fla'vor, n. fragrance ; relish ; taste. |
Fla'vored, a. having a fine taste.

Affoler —to Foil.

Foil, v. to baffle ; to defeat.
Note. —Foil, a leaf, gilding, comes from tlie Latin {folium.)

Fol —Mad; Foolish. J^ot*— a Madman; a Fool.

Fool, one of weak understanding. Fool 'hardy, a. foolishly bold.
n.
Fool'ish, a. unwise. Fool'hardiness, n. courage without
Fool'ishness, n. want of wisdom.
Fol'ly, n. want of understanding.

Fourrager—to Forage.
For'age, v. to wander in search of i Foraging, n. roving in search of pro-
spoil. I
visions.

Forge, from L. Ferrum —Iron.

Forge, n. a furnace for heating iron. Forge, v. to counterfeit to ; falsify.
Forge, ®. to form by furnace and Forg'er, n. one who forges ; a falsi-
hammer. fier.
Forg'ery, n. the crime of falsifying.

Franc—Frank.
Frank, «. free ; open; sincere. I Frank'lin,?i. a freeholder; a steward.
Frank'ly, ad. openly ; freely. I
Frank'ness, n. plainness openness. ;

Fran'chise, n. privilege ; right.

Friser —to Frizz.

Frizz, v. to curl to crisp.
; I Frieze, n. a coarse woolen cloth with
Friz'zle, ®. to curl in short curls. I
a nap on one side.

Fournir—to Furnish.
Fur'nish, v. to supply ; to fit up. |
Fur'nished,^. a. supplied ; fitted up.
Fur'niture, n. goods in a house for use.
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 199

Froncer—to Wklnkle.
Frown, to express displeasure by
v. Frown 'iNG, p. a. expressing displeas-
contracting the brow. ure by a frown.
Frown, n. a look of displeasure. Frown'ingly, ad. with a look of dis
pleasure.

Galant— Gallant.
Gal'lant, a. gay splendid ; brave.
; Gallant', a. polite and attentive to I

Gal'lantly, ad. bravely : nobly. ladies. |

Gal lantry, n. bravery nobleness. ;

Garnir—to Furnish ; to Adorn.

Gar'nish, v. to adorn ; to beautify^ | Gar'ment, n. a covering for the body.

Gai— Gay.
Gay, a. cheerful merry ; ; showy. I Gay'ly, ad. merrily cheerfully. ;

Gay'ety, n. cheerfulness ; finery. | Gay'ness, n. cheerfulness finery. ;

Genievre —a Juniper Berry.

Gin, n. a distilled spirit flavored with juniper berries.
Note. —Gin, a trap ; a snare an instrument for cleaning cotton
; ; is a contraction of
the word engine.

Glaner, (/lane —a Handful op Corn Gathered.

Glean, to gather what is left by
v. Glean'er, n. one who gleans.
reapers ; to gather what is thinly Glean'ing, n. anything gleaned.
scattered.

Gourmand—Gormand.
Gor'mand,7i. a greedy eater; a glutton. |
Gor'mandize, v. to eat to excess.

Garantir —to Warrant.

Grant, tJ. to admit.
to give ; Grant'or, n. one by whom a grant
Grantee', n. one to whom a grant is is made.
made.

Grappe— a Bunch ; a Cluster.

Grape, the fruit of the vine.
n. I Grape'shot, n. shot so arranged as to
Grape'stone, n. the seed of the grape. | resemble a bunch of grapes.

Gratter —to Scrape.

Grate, v. to wear away ; to rub hard. |
Grat'ing, a. rubbing ; harsh.
Note.— Grate, a frame for holding coals and Grating, lattice work; ; are from the
Latin (crates, a crate a hurdle.) Grateful is from the Latin {grains.)
;

^ G^aisse —Fat.
Grease, animal fat in a soft state.
n. I Greas'iness, n. the state of being
Greas'y, a. smeared with grease. greasy.
Greas'ily, ad. with grease. I
200 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Groupe— Group.
Qjtoup, 7L a cluster ; a collection. | Group, v. to collect together.

Guider— to Guide.
Guide, v. to direct or lead in a way. | Guidance, n. direction ;
government

Guise — Guise.
Guise, n, maimer ;
garb ; dress. I Disguise', v. to conceal by an unu-
I
sual dress, etc.

Hardi—Bold; Daring.
Hab'dy, a. firm; strong; bold. |
Har'dihood, n. boldness; stoutnesa.
Har'diness, n. firmness ; courage.

Hasard—Hazard.
Haz'ard, n. chance ; danger. J
Haz'ardous, a. dangerous*

HaineuoCf haine — Hatred.

Hbi'nous, a. wicked in a high degree. |
Hei'nously, ad. wickedly.

Hideuoc —Fright; Dread.

Hid'eous, a. frightful to the sight. | Hid'eously, ad. horribly.

Jaloudc —Jealous.
Jbal'ous, a. apprehensive of rivalship. |
Jsal'ousy, n. suspicious fear.

Nor. Fr. tTuele, Fr. Joyau—Jewel.

jEW'EL,7i.any ornament of greatvalue. |
Jew'elrt, ?i. jewels collectively.

Jour —Daylight. JTournee — Day.

Jour'nal, n. a daily register. Jour'ney, n. the travel of a day.
Jour'nalize, v. to enter in a jour- Jour'neyman, n. a man hired by the
nal. day.

tToie —Joy.
Joy, n. gladness delight. ; I Joy'less, a. giving no pleasure.
Joy'pul, a. full of joy glad. ;
| Joy'ous, a. glad merry. ;

tTus —Juice.
Juice, n. the sap of vegetables. I Jui'ciness, n. abundance of juice.
Jui'cY, a. abounding with juice. | Juice'less, a. destitute of juice.

Laver—Lave.
Lave, v. to throw up or out. I Lav'ishly, ad. profusely.
Lav'ish, a. profuse ; wasteful. | Lav'ish, v. to expend in profusion.
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 201

Loiser —Leisure.
Lki'sube^w. freedom from occupation. |
Lei'surely, ad. done without hurry.

Longis —a Slow Fellow ; a Lingerer.

Lounge, v. to spend time lazily. |

Loung'er, n. an idler.

Maniere, from L. Manus —the Hand.

Man'ner, n. method ;
peculiar way. |
Man'nerly, ad. civil ; courteous.

Manoir, from L. Maneo -to Abide.

Man'or, n. the land of a lord. |
Mano'rial, a, pertaining to a manor.

Marauder—to Play the Rogue. Maraud—a Rogue.

Maraud', 2). to roveinquestof plunder. |
Maraud'er, n. a plunderer.

Macher— to Chew.
Mash, v. to mix or beat into a con- I Mash, n. a mixture,
fused mass. I

Masque, from Sp. Mascara. Mas More, and — Cara—Visage, i. e., a

Second Visage.
Mask, n. a cover to disguise the I Masquerade', n. an assemblage of
face. I
persons wearing masks.

Merci, from L. Miaericordia.

Mbr'ct, n. tenderness towards an of Mer'ciful, a. willing to pity and

fender. spare.
Mbr'ciusss, a. void of mercy. Mer'cilessness, n. want of mercy.

Mine—Mine.
Mine, a pit from which minerals Mine, v. to sap to undermine,
n. I
;

are dug. Mi'ner, n. one who digs in a mine.

|

Min'eral, n. a substance found in the earth.

Note, —Mine, of, or belonging to me, comes from the A.-S. (mm.)

Moderne, from L. Modo — Just Now.

Mod'ern, a. of the present time. |
Mod'ernize, v. to render modem.
Moite —Moist ;
Damp.
Moist, a. wet in a small degree. Moist'ness, n. wetness in a small de-
I

Moist'en, v. to make damp. gree. I

Moist'ure, n. a moderate degree of wetness.

Moule — a Mould or a Matrix.

Mould, n. that in which anything is I Mould'er, n. one who casts or
shaped. I
shapes.
Note. —Mould, the upper or surface soil, comes from the A.-S. {molde, m^l, earth.)
 — —

20^ SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

JHoisir — ^to Must ; to Mould.

Must, v. to make mouldy. I Mus'ty, a. spoiled with damp or
Mus'tiness, n. mouldiness. | age.
—
Note. Must, to be obliged, comes from the A.-S. (mast,) and Must, new wine,
from A.-S. (must.)

Mutiner— to Mutiny.
Mu'tiny, n. a rising against author- I Mutineer', n. one guilty of mutiny,
ity. I Mu'tinous, a. turbulent.

JV^cf ^Entirely.
Net. a. clear after all deductions.
NOTS. ^Nbt, a texture of twine, etc., comes from the A.-S. (net.)

Noise — Strife ;
Quarrel ; Dispute.
Noise, n. a loud sound ; an outcry. | Noise'less, a. without sound.
Noi'sY, a. sounding loud.

Panteler —to Gasp for Breath.

Pant, «. to beat, as the heart. | Pant'ing, n. rapid breathing.

l^arler —to Speak.

Parle, id. to talk to converse. ; Par'liament, n. the British legisla-
Par'lance, n. conversation talk. ; tive council.
Pab'ley, 'c. to discuss orally. Par'lor, n. a sitting-room.
Parole', n. a verbal promise,

JPate —^Paste; Dough.

Paste, a cement made of flour
n. Pas'ty, n. a pie baked without a dish.
and water. Paste 'board, n. a kind of thick
Pas'try, n. things made of baked paper.
paste. Pas'tel, n. a kind of crayon.

Petit, from L. Petilus — Slender ; Delicate.

Pet'it, a. small ; little. Pet'tish, a. fretful peevish. ;

Pet, n. a little favorite. Pet'ticoat, n. a woman's lower gar-

Pet, n. a slight tit of peevishness. ment.
Ped'dle, «. to travel about and sell Pet'tifog, d. to do small business as
goods in small quantities. a lawyer.
Ped'ler, n. a traveling dealer in Pet'tifogger, n. an inferior lawyer.
small wares. Pet'ty, a. small trifling. ;

Pet'tiness, n. smallness.

JPercer, from L. Pertundo^ pertusus— to Beat, Push, or Thrust Through.

Pierce, v. to thrust a pointed instru- Pxerce'able, a. that may be pene-
ment into. trated.
Pierc'er, n. one that pierces. PiERc'iNG, p. a. cutting ; keen.
PiERc'iNGLY, ad. sharply; keenly.
 —

FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 203

Payer, from L. Paco^ pacare —to Pacate ; to Pacify.

Pay, v. to discharge, as a debt. I Pay'able, a. that may or can be paid

Pay, n. compensation for service. | Pay'ment, n. that which is paid.

Paysan—a Cottager.
Peas'ant, n. a countryman. |
Peas' antry, n. country people.

Peler^ piller —to Plunder. From L. Pilo^ to deprive of hair.

Peel, to strip off; to plunder.

v. Pil'lage, n. plunder spoil. ;

Pill, n. to strip to rob to pillage.

; ; Pil'fer, t>. to steal by petty theft.
Pil'lage, v. to strip of property by Pil'ferer, n. one who pilfers.
violence. Pil'ferlng, n. petty theft.

JPelerifif from L. Peregrinus — One who Comes from Abroad.

Pil'grim, n. one who travels on a I Pil'grimage, n. a journey to a holy
religious account. I
place.

Epingle, from L. Spina — a Prickle ; a Thorn.

Pin, n. a small pointed instrument. Pin'cushion, n. a cushion to stick
Pin'case, n. a case for pins. pins in.
Pin'hole, n. a very small hole. Pin'money, n. a wife's pocket money.
Pin'feathered, a. not fully feathered.

Pincer —to Pinch.

Pinch, v. to squeeze between two I Pin'cers, n. an instrument for grip-
sharp points. I
ing.

Piquer— to Prick ; to Sting.

Pique, n. ill will offence. ; I Piq'uant, a. sharp pungent. ;

Piq'uancy, n. sharpness tartness. ; | Piq'uantly, ad. sharply tartly. ;

Pltie — Compassion, from L. Pietas — Dutiful Conduct.

Pit'y, n. the feeling excited by the Pit'eously, ad. in a piteous manner.
distress of another. Pit'iable, a. deserving pity.
Pit'eous, a. sorrowful. Pit'iful, a. full of pity.
Prr'iLESS, a. without pity.

Plaider—to Plead.
Plea, n. that which is Plead, v. to argue before a court,
advanced in I

pleading. Plead'er, n. one who pleads.

|

, Plead'ing, pp. supporting by arguments.

Pocher—to Bruise, as the eyes.

Poke, v. to the dark t^ search

feel in ; I Pok'er, n. an instrument for stirring
for with a long instrument. | the fire.
Pok'ing, a. drudging ; servile.

NoTB. Poke, apou«ii, a pocket, etc., comes from the A.-S. (pocca.)
204 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Peser —to Weigh.

Poise, weight
n. ; balance. Overpoise', «. to outweigh.
Coun'terpoise, n. equivalence of Outpoise', v. to ,j at weigh.
weight. Unpoised' a. not balanced.

JPoudre —Dust.
Pow'der, n. any dry substance com- Pow'derflask, n. a case in whicli
posed of minute particles. gunpowder is kept.
Pow'dery, a. dusty. Pow'dermill, n. a mill for making
gunpowder.

Pourchasser —to Pursue ; to Seek.

Pur'chase, v. to buy ; to acquire. | Pur'chaser, n. one who buys.

Pouvoir — ^to Be Able.

Pow'er, n. ability strength. ; I Pow'erless, a. without power.
Pow'erful, a. having power. | Empow'er, d. to give power to.

Old Fr. Prifn—Prime ; First.

Prim, a. straight ;
precise ; affectedly Prim'ness, n. affected formality or
nice. niceness.
Prim, v. to deck with great nicety.

JProvtgner — ^to Layer the Vine for PROPAaATionr.

Prune, v. to cut off superfluous I Prun'er, n. one who prunes,
branches. |

Note. —Prune, a dried plum, comes from the Latin (prunum.)

Puisne, Puis— Since, and ne— Born.
Pu'ny, a. small and feeble. |
Po'ny, n. a small horse.

Old Fr. Quarrier —to Square, i. e., to Hew and Prepare them fob
THE Builders.
Quar'ry, 71. a place from which stones 1 Quar'ry, v. to dig from a quarry,
are dug. |

Note. —To quarry stones, means properly to square.

Querir—to Seek.
Quar'ry, n. the game flown at by a hawk.

Quitter, from L. Quieto—to Make Qulet.

Quit, u. to leave ; to forsake. I Quit'tance, n. discharge.
Quit, a. free ; clear. I
Quit'clatm, n. the release of a claim
Quit'rent, n. a small rent reserved.

Pailler —to Banter ; to Jest.

Ral'ly, v. to treat with satirical mer- I Rail'lery, jesting language,

7t,.

riment. I
Rail, v. to use insolent language.
Note.—Rally, to reunite, to come back to order, comes from the French {rcdller.)
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 205

Hamper— to Ckeep.
Ramp, v. to climb to leap to sport. Romp, v. to play rudely.
; ; I

Ram'pant, a. exuberant rank. Romp, n. a noisy, boisterous

; | girl.
RoMp'isH, a. inclined to romp.

Rang— Row; Line.

Range, «. to place in order. |
Rank, n. a line ; a row ; a class.

Arriere—REJLR.
Rear, n. that which is behind. |
Rear, a. in the rear ; hindermost.
Note. —Rear, to raise, to elevate, comes from the A.-S. (rcei-an.)

Refuser, from L. Befuto —to Repress ; to Refute.

Refuse', id. todeny a request. |
Refus'al, n. denial ; option.
Ref'use, n. what remains. Refus'able, a. that may be refused.

Regarder— to Look At.

Regard', d. to observe ; to respect. I Regard ful, a. attentive.
Regard, n. attention ; respect. | Regard 'less, a. heedless.

Old Fr. Reiverdon —Recompense.

Reward', v. to give in return ; rec- I Reward'able, a. worthy of reward,
ompense. I

Riote — a Brawl ; a Tumult.

Ri'oT, n. a tumult ; an uproar. |
Ri'otous, a. turbulent.

River, from L. Gyro —to Turn or Wheel Round.

Riv'et, to fasten
v. by bending down |
Riv'et, n. a nail clinched at both
the point. ends.

Roc- -ROCK.

Rock, n. a large mass of stone. Rock'y, a. full of rocks.

Rock'less, a. without rocks. RocK'iNES8,7?.the state of being rocky.
—
Note. Rock, to move backwards and forwards, comes from the Danish {rokker^)
and Rook, a distaff, from tlie Danish {rok.)

Rond, from L. Botundus —Round. Rota — a Wheel.

Round, a. circular ; spherical. Round 'robin, ?i. a writing signed by

Round'ish, a. somewhat round. names in a circle.

Round'ly, ad. in a round form. Route, n. a road a way. ;

Round'ness, n. the quality of being Routine', n. a round or course of

round. business.
Round'about, a. indirect.

Ecotfter- to Listen ; to Hear.

ScouT, n. one who is sent privily to Scout, v. to act the spy; to reject
observe the motions of an enemy. with contempt.
206 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Sauce, from L. Salstis — Salt.

Sauce, n. sometliing to give relish to Sau'cily, ad. impudently.
food. Sau'ciness, n. imj^udence.
Sau'cer, n. a platter for a tea cup. Sauce'box, n. an impudent person.
Sau'cy, a. insolent impudent. ; Sauce'pan, n. a small pan.

Saison — Season.
Sea'son, n. one of the four divisions Sea'son,v. to prepare for use by time.
of the year, Sea'sonable, a. at the proper time.
Sea'son, n. a fit or suitable time. Sea'soning, n. something added to
Sea'son, v. to give relish to. give relish.

Saisir —to Seize.

Seize, v. to take hold of; to grasp. Seiz'able, a. that
( may be seized.
Seiz'ure, n. the act of seizing.

Sevrer —to Separate.

Sev'er, v. to part by violence ; to j
Sev'eral, a. difi'srent separate, ;

divide. |
Sev'erally, ad. separately.
Sbv'erance, n. separation.

Siref from L. Senior —an Aged Person.

Sire, n. a father. I Sir'rah, n. or interj. a term of re-
SiR, n. a word of respect. I proach or insult.

Teindre, from L. Tingo —to Tinge ; to Dye.

Stain, to
v. discolor ; to spot ; to I Stain'less, a. free from stain,
disgrace. I

Etaiielier, from L. Stagno —to Make Stagnant.

Stanch, to stop from flowing.
v. Stanch'less, a. that cannot be.
Stanch, a. strong ; firm sound. ; stanched.
Stan'chion, n. a prop ; a support. Stanch'ness, 11. stoutness ; firmness.

Surfiot —the Rising of Billow upon Billow.

Surf, n. the swell of the sea breaking on the shore.

Surprise —Surprise.
Surprise', v. to come or fall upon Surprise \ n. the act of taking una-
I

suddenly. wares. |

Surpris'al, n. the act of surprising.

Tailleur, tailler — to Cut.

Tai'lor, n. one who makes clothes. I Tal'ly, n. a stick with notches cut
to mark numbers.

JEtang — a Pond ; a Pool.

Tank, n. a large cistern. |
Tank'ard, n. a large drinking vessel.
 FRENCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 207

Tanner— to Tan.
Tan, «. impregnate with bark to
to ; Tan'ner, n. one who tans leather.
make brown. Tan'nin, n. the astringent principle
Tan'ninq, n. the process of making in bark.
leather. Taw'ny, a. of a yellowish dark color.

Tater —to Feel ; to Taste.

Taste, to perceive by the palate.

v. Tast'able, a. that may be tasted.
Taste, n. the sense by which we per- Taste'ful, a. having good taste.
ceive the relish of a thing. Taste'less, a. having no taste.

Tancer —to Rebuke.

Taunt, v. to reproach with insulting I Taunt'ingly, ad. scoffingly.
words. I

Tete — the Head.

Tes'ty, a. fretfdl ;
peevish. |
Tes'tiness, n. fretfulness.

Etiquette — a Little Note, Breviate or Bill.

TiCK'ETjW.atoken of any right or debt. |
Tick, n. trust; credit.

Note, —Tick,
a small animal, comes from the French (tiqite.) Tick, to make a
small noise, from the Dutch (tikken,) and Tick, the case of a bed, from the Dutch (teek.)

Torche, from L. Torqtteo —to Twist.

Torch, n. a large light carried in the I Torch'ught, n. the light of a torch,
hand. |

Note. —Because they are made with twisted thread.

Toucher— to Touch.
Touch, to perceive by the sense of
v. I Touch'y, a. peevish irritable, ;

feeling ; to come in contact with. | Touch'ing, a. affecting pathetic. ;

Touch'iness, n. peevishness.

Tramail, from L. Trama —the Weft, or Filling of a Web.

Tram'mel, w. a net a kind of shackle.
; |
Tram'mel, v. to shackle; to hamper.

Travailler—to Travel.
Trav'ail, v. to labor to toil. ; I
Trav'eled, a. having made journeys.
Trav'el, v. to make journeys. I
Trav'eler, n. one who travels.

Trlcherie, tricher —to Cheat ; to Trick.

Treach'ery, n. breach of faith. Trick'ery, n. artifice.

Treach'erous, a. faithless. Trick'ish, a. artful ; knavish.

Trick, n. a sly fraud. Trick'ster, 7i. one wh o p ractisestricks.

Trancher, from L. Trans —Across, and Scindo—to Cut.

Trench, v. to cut or dig into ditches. |
Trench'ant, a. cutting ; sharp.
208 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Trouhler, from L. Turbo ^ turbatus —to Throw into Disordbb.

Troub'le, v. to disturb ; to afflict ; I Troub'lesome, a. giving trouble,
to vex I
Troub'lous, a. disordered.

Truand— a Vagabond ; a Beggar.

Tru'ant, n. one who neglects his I Tru'anct, n. the act of playing tru-
duty. I
ant.

Tromper—to Deceive.
Trump, v. to impose upon. |
Trump'ery, n. worthless finery.
—
Note. To Trump up, to forge, to get together by all sorts of expedients. Trump,
a winning card, comes from the Latin {triurnphus,) and Trump, a musical instrument,
from the Italian {tromha.)

Trier —to Cull Out.

Try, ?). to prove by experiment. |
Tri'al, n. the act of trying ; test.

Vanter, from L. Vano, vanatum— to Utter Empty Words.

Vaunt, v. to boast ; to brag. |
Vaunt'er, n. a boaster.

Viver, from L. Gyro^ gyratus —to Turn in a Circle.

Veer, v. to turn ; to change direction. |
Veer'ing, n. the act of turning.

Vis —to Turn About ; to Twist.

Vice, 7^. an iron press with a screw for holding fast.

Note.—Vice, depravity, wickedness, comes from the Latin (vitium,) and Vice, in
the place of, from the Latin (vVce.)

Voyage from f L. Via —a AVay, and Ago—to Pursue.

Voy'age, n. a journey by sea. |
Voy'ager, n. one who travels by sea.

Guichet —a Grating ; a Lattice- work Door.

Wick'et, n. a small door made in a gate.
 DUTCH KOOTS AND DEKIVATIVBS. 209

DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Schuin —Awry; Oblique.

Askance', ad. sidewise ; obliquely. | Askant', ad. sidewise ; obliquely.

—
Bancket Banquet.
Ban'quet, n. a grand entertainment of eating and drinking.
Note. —Bancket, in the sense of bench or table, at which messmates sit and feast
together. Banquet, a raised footpath across a bridge, comes from the French {ban-
quette, a covered bench.)

JBarg —a Bark.
Barge, n. a large row boat. |
BARGE'MAN,n. the manager of a bargt.

Babbelen —to Prattle ; to Blab.

Blab, v. to tattle ; to tell tales. |

Blab'ber, n. a tell-tale.

Blaer —a Pustule ; a Blister.

Blear, a. dim with rheum or water. |
Blear'-eyed, a. having sore ey^fl.

Block, —Block.
Block, n. a heavy, thick piece of wood or stone.
Note.— To Block, to shut up, to obstruct, comes from the French {hloquer^ to
blockade.)

Bonder— to Thunder.
Blun'der, v. to mistake grossly. I Blun'derbuss, n. a gun with a large
Blun'derer, n. one who blunders. | bore.
Blun'derhbad, n. a stupid fellow.

Blaar— a Blister ; a Pustule.

Blur, n. something that obscures or I Blur,
v. to obscure by some bk>t,
soils. I
or stain.
soil,
Blurt, v. to utter suddenly.

Byster —Furious.
Bois'tbrous, a. stormy ; violent ; I Bois'terouslt, ad. m 2k boisterous
noisy. | manner.

• Baas—Master.
Boss, n. a master among mechanics.
.Note —This word originated in New York among the Dutqfe.
210 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Blosen—to Blush.
Blowze, n. a ruddy fat-faced girl. | Blow'zy, a. fat and ruddy sunburnt ;

Brak— Saltish.
Bkack'ish, a. rather salt. I Bback'ishness, n. saltness in a small
I
degree.

Braggeren— to Brag.
Brag, v. to boast to vaunt. ; I Brag 'g art, n. a vain boaster.
Brag'ger, n. a boaster. I
Brag'ging, p. a. praising one's self.

Bohhel— Bubble.
Bub'ble, n. a small bladder of water ; I Bub'ble, v. to rise in bubbles,
anything empty a cheat. ; | Bub'bly, a. confiisting of bubbles.

Bulle —Bull.
Bull, n. the male of bovine animals. |
Bul'lock, n. an ox.
Note. — Bull, an edict or mandate issued by the pope, comes from the Latin (bulla^
a boss, a knob,) so named from the seal affixed to it having raised work on it. Bull,
a gross contradiction or blunder, was so named from Obadiah Bull, a lawyer in the
time of Henry VII., noted for his blunders.

Bolwerh— Bulwark.
Bul'wark, n. a mound to protect I Bul'wark, n. the woodwork round
from an enemy. | a vessel above her deck.

Boei —Buoy.
Buoy, n. a floating mark. |
Buoy'ant, a. tending to rise or float.

Koek— Cake.
Cake, n. sweetened dough baked. | Cake, n. any mass of matter concreted.

Kouten — to Jabber.
Chat, v. to talk freely or at ease. i Chat'ter, v. to talk idly ; to make a
Chat'terbox, n. an incessant talker. 1 noise by collision of the teeth.

Kappen—to Chop.
Chop, v. to cut with a quick blow. |
Chip, n. a small piece cut oflf.

Oircken —to Chirp.

Chirp, v. to make a noise like a bird. |
Chirp'ing, n. the gentle noise of birds.

Klatteren —to Clatter.

Clat'tee, v. to make a confused noise. |
Clat'tering, n. noise ; clamor.

Klinken— to Klink ; to Rivet.

Clinch, v. to grasp in the hand. I Clink, v. to make a small sharp

Clinch'er, n. a holdfast. sound
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 211

Klomp—Clump.
Clump, n. a shapeless mass ; a clus- Clum'sily, «^. in a clumsy manner.
ter of trees. Clum'siness, 11. awkwardness.
Clump'y, a. shapeless ; ill-shaped. Lump, n. a small mass the gross. ;

Clum'sy, a. without grace of form ;

LuMp'isH, a. heavy dull gross.; ;

awkward. Lump'y, a. full of lumps.

Koets — a Coach ; a Couch.

Coach, n. a four-wheeled pleasure Coach'horse, n. a horse for drawing

carriage. a coach.
CoACHHiRE, n. money for the use of Coach'maker, n. one who makes
a coach. coaches.
Coach'man, n. the driver of a coach.

Kost— Cost.
Cost, n. price charge expense.
; ; I Cost'ly, a. of a high price.
Cost'less, a. without expense. I
Cost'leness, n. expensiveness.

Kraek— Cback.
Crack, n. a narrow breach a fissure. Crack'le, v. to make slight and frc
;

Crack, v. to break partially to cause quent cracks. ;

to sound sharply and suddenly. Crack'ling, 71. a slight frequent noise.

Crack'brained, a. crazy.

Kramp — Cramp.
Cramp, a spasmodic contraction
n. I Cramp, v. to restrain ; to hinder,
of the muscles. I

Kricken —to Creak, derived from the sound.

Creak, 'v. to make a sharp, harsh I Creak'ing, n. a harsh grating noise,
grating sound. |

Komberen—to Cumber.
C'Um'ber, v. to oppress with a load Cum'brance, n. burden: hindrance.
or burden. Cum'brous, a. burdensome.
Cumbersome, a. burdensome. Encum'ber, v. to clog to load. ;

JSPruUen —to Curl.

Curl, n. a ringlet of hair. |
Curl, v. to form into curls.
Cur'ly, a. having curls

Dahhen —to Dab.

Dab, v. to strike suddenly. Dab'ster, n. one who is expert at
Dab'ble, v. to dip a little or often. anything.
Bedab'ble, v. to wet to (jesprinkle. ; Daub'er, n. one who daubs.
Dab'bler, n. one who dips slightly Daub'ed, a. smeared with soft, adhe«
into anything. sive matter.
Daub, v. to smear ; to paint coarsely, Bedaub'ed, pp. daubed over.
212 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Dollen —to Trifle.

Dal'lt, v. to lose time in trifles. |
Dal'liance, n. acts of fondness.

Damp—Damp.
Damp, a. moist slightly wet.
; Damp'er, n. that which checks or
Damp, v. to moisten to check or ; abates.
abate. Damp'ish, a. somewhat damp.
Damp'en, v. to make damp. Damp'ness, n. moisture.

Koyen, kooi — a Cage or Decoy.

Decoy', v. to lure into a net, cage or I Decoy', n. an artifice to entrap,

snare. I

Drek—Dirt.
Debt, n. any thing that renders foul |
Dirt'y, a. foul nasty ; ; filthy,
or unclean. I
Dirt'ily, ad. filthily.
Dirt'iness, n. filthiness.

Droofti —Dream.
Dream, n. thoughts of a person in Dream'ingly, ad. sluggishly ; negli-
sleep. gently.
Dream'er, n. one who dreams. Dream'less, a. free from dreams.

Troni — Drum.
Drum, n. an instrument of military |
Drum-Major, n. the chief drum-
music. I
mer.

Dom—Dull; Blunt; Stupid.

Dump, sorrow
n. ; sadness. I Dum'py, a. sullen short and thick.
;

Dump'ish, a. sad ; melancholy. 1 Dum'pling, n. a sort of pudding.

Vlah—a Spot.
Fleck, v. to spot to streak. ;
[
Frec'kle, n. a yellowish spot in the
Freak, v. to variegate to checker. ; | skin.

Note. —Freak, a whim, a fancy, comes from the German {frec\ impudent, bold.)
Vragt —Freight.
Freight, n. the cargo of a ship. |
Freight 'age, n. money for freight.

Frisch —Fresh; Lively; Gay.

Frisk, v. to leap to skip. ; I Frisk'y, a. frolicsome ;
gay.
Frisk'pul, a. full of gayety. | Frisk'ily, ad. gayly.

Fommelen— to Fumble.
Fum'ble, «. to feel or grope about. I Fum'bling, p. a. doing anything
1 awkwardly.
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 213

Gantelope. Gant — a Passage. Loopen —to Run.

Gant'let, n. a military punishment, in which the criminal, running between
two ranks, receives a lash from each man.
Note.— Gauntlet, an iron glove, comes from the French (gantelet.)

Glaren —to Glare.

Glare, v. to shine with a dazzling Glar'ing, a. bright ; notorious ; bare-
light. faced.
Glare, n. a bright, dazzling light. Glar'ingly, ad. notoriously.

Glimmen—to Glimmer.
Glim'mer, v. to shine faintly. I Glimpse, n. a faint light ; a short
Glim'mering, n. a faint view. | view.

€rro/— Gruff.
Gruff, a. surly ; harsh. I Gruff'ness, ?i. harshness of manner
I
or look.

Gissen —to Guess.

Guess, v. to judge at random. |
Guess'work, n. work done by guess.

Kullen —to Gull.

Gull, v. to trick ; to cheat. |
Gull, n. one easily cheated.
Note.— Gull, a sea bird, comes from the Welsh {gvrylan.)

Oxhoofd — Oxhead.
Hogs'head, n. a large cask.
Note.—The English orthography is grossly corrupt.

Hoog—Huge.
Huge, a. very large in size. 1
Huge'ly, ad. immensely.
Huge'ness, n. enormous bulk.

Hulzen —Husks.
Husk, n. the covering of certain fniits. |
Husk'y, a. rough in tone.

Lasigh —Lazy.
Ia'zy, a. disposed to be idle. La'zily, o^. idly
|
; indolently.
La'zlness, n. disposition to be idle.

Lek— a Leak.
Leak, n. a hole which lets water in Leak'y, a. letting water in or out.
or out. Leach, v. to cause a fluid to perco*
Leak'age, n. the quantity that es- late through.
capes by leaking.
Note. —Leech, a physician, a kind of wprm, comes from the A.-S. (lec^.)
£14 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Loopen —Because it is Easily Slipped Off.

Loop, n. a double in a string. I Loop'hole, n. a hole for escape or
evasion.

Laag—Low.
Low, not high humble.
a. ; Low'ly, a. humble meek mild. ; ;

Low'ek, v. to bring low; to lessen. Low'liness, 71. humility.

Low'er, 'd. to appear dark or gloomy. Low'ness, n. state of being low.
Low'land, n. land which is low.

Gelnk, luh —Luck.

LucK,7i. that which happens; fortune. I Luck'ilt, ad. fortunately.
Luck'y, a. successful by chance. |
Luck'ijstess, n. good fortune.
Luck'less, a. unfortunate.
Note. —The sense is, that which comes, falls, or happens. ,

Middelen — ^to Mediate.

Med'dle, to act in the concerns of
v. Med'dler, n. one who meddles.
others in which one's interposition Med'dlesome, a. given to meddling.
is not necessary. Med'dling, n. officious interposition.
Med'ley, n. a mixture.

Moppen—to Pout.
Mope, v. to be very dull and spiritless. |
Mo 'pish, a. spiritless.

Modder—Mud.
Mud, moist and soft earth.
n. Mud'dle, v. to make confused.
Mud'dy, a. foul with mud. Moth'er, n. a thick, slimy substance
Mud'dily, ad. with foul mixture. in liquors.
Moth'ery, a. full of mother concreted.
;

Note. —Mother, the female parent, comes from the A.-S. (moder.)
-Mo/—Muff.
Muff, n. a cover for the hands. Muf'fle, v. to cover
|
; to conceal.
Muf'fler, n. a cover for the face.

Mommelen— to Speak Like One Wearing a Mask. Mom— a Mask.

Mum'ble, «. to speak inwardly ; to I Mum'bler, n. one who mumbles,
mutter. j

Knippen—to Nip.
Nip, «. to pinch ; to blast. |
Nip'pers, n. small pincers.

JPak —Pack.
Pack, n. a bundle a bale.; Pack'age,7i. a parcel of goods packed.
I

Pack, v. to press close. Pack'et, n. a small bundle.

|

Pack'thread, n. thread for packing.

Note. —^Packet, a vessel for conveying the mails, etc., comes from the French {paquet.)
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 215

Piloot. Piil —a Plummet Line, and Loot—Lead.

Pi'lot, n, one who steers a ship. |
Pi'LOTAGE,7i.thedutyorpayof apilot.

JPinken — to Twinkle with the Eyes.

Pink, v. to pierce with small holes ; I Pink, n. an eye ; a flower ; a color,
to stab. I

JPlots —Dttll ; Heavy.

Plod, v. to toil ; to travel or work I Plod'der, n. one who plods.
slowly. I
Plod'ding, n. slow motion or study.

JPloeg —Plough.
Plough, n. an instrument for turning Plough'boy, n. a boy who ploughs. I

up the ground. Plough'man, n. one who ploughs. I

Plough'share, n. part of a plough.

Sol —a Ball ; a Bulb.

Poll, n. the head ; the place of an I Poll, v. to lop or cut the top ofi' ; to
election. I
register, as a vote.
Pol'lard, n. anything polled, or having the top cut off.

rot—Pot.
Pot, n. a hollow vessel used for boil- Pot'herb, n. an herb fit for cookery.
ing meat, holding liquids, etc. Pot'hook, n. a hook on whic'i pota
Pot'tage, n. anything boiled for food. are hung.
Pot'ter, n. one who makes earthen Pot'house, n. an alehouse.
vessels. Pot'lid, ?i. the cover of a pot.
Pot'tery, n. the place where earthen Pot'valiant, a. courageous from
vessels are made. strong drink.
Pot sherd, n. a fragment of a broken pot
Note. —Sherd, from A,-S. (sceard,) a fragment.

Praaten—to Prate.
Prate, to talk idly.
v. Prat'ing, n. idle talk tattle.
I ;

Prat'er, n. an idle talker. Prat'tle, n. trifling talk.

I

Prat'tler, n. a chatterer.

Pof—a Bounce.
Puff, n. a small blast of vrind. I Puff'er, n. one who puffs.
Puff, v. to swell with wind. 1 Puff'y, a. windy tumid. ;

Matelan— to Rattle.
Rat'tle, to make a sharp noise
v. I Rat'tling, n. a rapid succession at
rapidly repeated. I
sharp sounds.

• Meef—Reef.
Reef, n. a portion of a sail. |
Reef, «j. to reduce as a sail.

Note. —Reef, a chain of rocks, comes from the German {riff.)

210 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Mds—to Go.
Race, n. a contest in running. I Race 'course, n. the ground on which
I races are run.
Note.—Kace, the lineage of a family, comes from the Latin {radix.)

Rot—Rout.
Rout, n. a clamorous multitude ; a I Row, n. a riotous disturbance,
select company. I
Row'dy, n. a riotous fellow.

Note.—Rout, to defeat and throw into confusion, comes from the Latin (ruptum.)
Route, (rout,) course traveled, road, way, etc., comes from the Latin {rota, a wheel.)

Schelden —to Rail.

Scold, v. to find fault with rude I Scold'lng, n. clamorous, rude Ian-
clamor. I
guage.

Schop—ScooF.
Scoop, n. a large ladle. |
Scoop, «. to make hollow.

Krabbelen—to Scrape ; to Scratch.

Scrab'ble, v. to scrape or scratch Scram'ble, T). to catch at anything

with the hands. eagerly with the hands.
Scrawl, v. to write clumsily. Scraw'ler, n. an inelegant writer.

Zweemen —to Resemble.

Seem, v. to appear; to present the Seem'ingly, ad in appearance.
appearance. Seem'less, a. indecorous.
Sebm'ing, n. appearance show. Seem'ly, a. becoming decent.
;

Beseem', «. to be cme to be fit. ;

Schyf, Ger. Scheiden— to Divide ; to Separate.

Shive, n. a little piece a splinter. ; Shiv'ering, the act of breaking
n.
Shiv'er, «. to break into many small into pieces.
pieces. Skiv'er, n. a sheepskin split by a
machine.
Note. —Shiver, to shudder, as with cold or fear, comes from the German {schauren.)

Schuw—SBY.
Shy, a. reserved ; cautious. |
Shy'ly, ad. in a shy manner.
Shy'ness, n. reserve ;
coyness.

Slabben — Slabber.
Slab'ber, v. to let saliva fall from I Slav'er, n. spittle running from the
the mouth. I
mouth.

/S^in<fer— Slender.
Slen'der, a. thin slight. ; I Slen'derly, ad. slightly ; without
Slen'derness, 7i. thinness slightness. ; | bulk.
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 217

Slecht —Bad; Mean; Worthless.

Slight, a. small; weak; trifling. ! Slight'inglt, ad. without respect.
Slight, n. neglect disregard. ; Slight'ly, ad. weakly negligently. ;

Slight'eb, n. one who disregards. I Slight'ness, n. weakness.

/S^o/— Careless ; Negligent.

Slov'bn, n. one carelessly dressed. | Slov'enly, a. negligent of neatness.

Slordig — Sluttish; Bad.

Slur, v, to pass lightly. |
Slur, n. slight reproach or disgrace.

Snappen, from Ger. SchnMe —the Beak of a Bird.

Snap, v. to bite or catch suddenly. I Snap'per, n. one who snaps.
Snap, v. to break suddenly. | Snap'pish, a, eager to bite ;
peevish.
Note. —^A bird snaps or seizes its prey with its beak.

Snoer— a String or Cord.

Snore, n. a string wifh which a boy I Snare, n. anything which entraps,

spins his top. I
Snarl, n. entanglement.
—
Note. Snore, to breathe audibly through the nose in sleep, comes from the A.-S.
(snora^ a snoring.) Snarl, to growl, as a surly dog ; to speak roughly, comes from
the German {schnarreti^ to speak in the throat.)

/S>*iwi/— Snuff. Snuiven —to Snuff.

Snuff, n. the burnt part of a candle- Snuff'er, n. one who snuffs.
wick powdered tobacco.
; Sniff, v. to draw air audibly up the
Snuff'ers, n. a utensil for snuffing nose.
candles. Sniv'el, d. to cry as children with
Snuf'fle, v. to speak through the snuffling ; to run at the nose.
nose. Sniv'eler, n. one who snivels.

Spang— Spang.
Spang, n. a shining ornament. Bespan'glb, v. to adorn with span-
Span'gle, n. a small plate of shining gles.
metal.

Spar—a Rafter.
Spar, n. a general term for masts, booms, yards, etc.
Note. —Spar, a crystallized mineral, comes from the German (spa<^,) and SPAB, to
dispute, to box, comes from the A.-S. (sjdrian, to dispute.)

Spyt —Vexation.
Spite, n. malice ; hate. |
Spite'ful, a. filled with spite.

Splifiter, splijten —to Split.

Splikt, 7*. a fragment split off. |
Splin'ter, n. a thin piece split ofL
Split, v. to divide lengthwise.
218 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaT.

Boertig —Mekr*; Joculab.

Sport, n. play diversion mirth.
; ; Sport'less, a. joyless ; sad.
Sport'ful, a. merry done in jest. ; Sports'man, n. one who pursues field
Sport'fully, ad. in jest in mirth. ; sports.
Sport'ive, a. playful; frolicsome.

Staggeren — ^to Stagger.

Stag'ger, v. to move from side to I Stag'gering, n. the act of reel-
side in walking. | ing.

Stampen—to Stamp.
Stamp, to stride downward with
v. |
Stamp, n. an instrument for making
the foot to impress with a mark.
; | an impression

Staen — to Stand.
Stay, to continue in a place
v. ; to Stayed, p. a. propped ; supported.
prop to support.
; Staid, a. sober grave ;
; steady.
Stays, n. a woman's waistcoat. Staid'ness, a. sobriety ;
gravity.

Stoep —a Step.
Stoop, n. the steps before a door.
Note. —Stoop, to bend down, to lean forward, comes from the A.-S. (stupian^ to stoop.)
Stoppen —to Stop.
Stop, v, to hinder ; to obstruct. |
Stop'page, n. the act of stopping.

Stout —Bold; Stout.

Stout, a, strong ; lusty ; brave. Stout'ly, ad. lustily ; boldly.
|

Stout'ness, n. strength boldness.

;

Streven —to Strive.

B^TRiVE, to make efforts.
V. I Strife'ful, a. contentious.
Strife, n. contention discord. ; | Striy'ing, n. contest contention. ;

Stof— Stuff.
Stuff, n. any matter or body. Sti'fle, v. to stop the breath by
Stuff, v. to fill very full. crowding something into the wind-
Stuff'ing, n. that by which any thing pipe.
is filled.

Stomp— Stump.
Stump, n. the part which is left when I Stump, v. to lop to puzzle, ;

the main body is taken away. | Stump'y, a. full of stumps.

Zwendelen — to Swindle.
Swin'dle, 71. to cheat by false pretense. |
Swin'dler, n. a cheat; a rogue.
 DUTCH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 219

Tintelen —to Tingle.

Tin'gle, to feel a kind of thrilling
v. Tin'kle, v. to make a sharp, quick
sound or pain. noise.
Tin'gling, 71. a thrilling sound or pain. Tink'ling, n. a sharp, quick noise.
Tink'eb, 71. one who mends old pans, etc.

Tip—TiF.
Tip, n. the end; the point. Tip'toe, n. the end of the toe.
|

Tip'top, n. the highest degree.

Tassen — ^to Heap Up.

Toss, «. to throw ; to fling ; to agitate. |
Toss'ing, n. violent commotion.

Tooijen —to Attire ; to Adobn.

Toy, n. a plaything a bauble. ; Toy'shop, n. a shop where toys are
Toy, v. to play to trifle.
; sold.
ToY'MAJSf, n. one who deals in toys.

TreUen—to Draw ; to Pull.

Trail, a track left by anything

n. I Trail, v. to draw along the ground,
that has passed along. I

Trappen — to Tread.
Tramp, v, to walk with a heavy I Tramp'er, n. one who tramps.
tread. I
Tram ple, v. to tread under foot.

Trixypelen —to Trip.

Trip, t?. to strikefrom under the body. |
Trip, v. to run or step lightly.

Kwetteren —to Twitter.

Twit'ter, v. to make a succession of I Twit'ter, v. to feel a tremulous mo
small tremulous noises. I
tion of the nerves.

Wachten—to Watch ; to Wait ; to Stay.

Wait, ®. to stay in expectation ; to I Wait'er, n. one who waits,

remain. I

Wals— a Roller ; a Cylinder.

Waltz, n. a kind of whirling dance. |
Waltz, v. to dance a waits.

J'agten —to Hasten ; to Pursue Eagerly.

Yacht, n, a small vessel for pleasure.
 SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGIC.

GERMAN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES,

Bannen—to Banish.
Ban'ish, v. to compel to leave one's I Ban'ishment, n. act of banisliing.
country. I

Begehren—^to Desire.
Beg, v. to ask for with liumility. I Beg'gar, n. one who begs.
Beg, v. to assume without proof |
Beg'garly, ad. meanly poorly. ;

Beg'gary, n. great want.

Boll — Bowl
Bowl, n. a round mass or ball of Bohl'der, n. a large round stone.
wood. Bowl'ing-green, n. a level piece of
Bowl, v. to roll as a bowl. ground for bowling.
Bowl'er, n. one who plays at bowls.
Note —Bowl, a vessel to hold liquids ; the hollow part of anything; comes from
the A.-S. (bolla, a round vessel.)

jBrav— Bold; Honest.

Brave, a. courageous ; valiant. Brave'ly, ad. in a brave manner.
|

Bra'vert, n. courage heroism.;

Klatschen —to Clap.

Clash, to strike against
®. ; to act in I Clash'ing, n. opposition,
opposition. |

Botteren — to Tremble ; to Totter.

Dote, «. to have the mind impaired Dot'age, n. silly fondness.
by age or passion; to be over- Do'tard, n. one whose mind is im-
fond. paired by age.

I>ogge —Dog
Dog, n. a domestic animal. Dog's-ears, n. the corners of leaves
Dog, v. to follow in a sly manner. of books folded down.
Dog'ged, a. sullen sour morose.
; ; Dog'sleep, n. pretended sleep.
Dog'gerel, 71. irregular kind of verse Dog'trot, n. a gentle trot.
Note.— Dog prefixed to other words denotes meanness, degeneracy, or worthlessness,

Dut. Dan. and Sw. Baler. Ger. Tlialer, so called from the Ger, Tlial—^
Dale, a Valley, where they were First Coined.
Dol'lar, n. a coin of the United States ; 100 cents.
 GERMAN ROOTS AND DEEIVATIVES. 221

l^rec/t ^Impudent ; Bold.

Freak, a sudden and causeless
n. I Freak'ish, a. capricious,
change of mind. I

FUessen — to Flow.
Flush, v, to redden suddenly. IFlus'ter, v. to make hot and rosy
Flush, a. fresh full of vigor.
; | with confusion.
Flus'tered, a. heated and confused.

Futter —a Lining ; Fur Furring. :

Fur, n. the finer hair on animals. Fur'ring, of wood nailed to

n. strips
Fur'ry, a. consisting of fur. bring them to an even
joists, etc., to
Fur'rier, n. a dealer in furs. surface for lathing and plastering.

Glanzen — to Glisten ; to Shine.

Glance, to look with a rapid cast

v. I Glance, n. a quick view,
of the eye ; to fly oft* obliquely. |

Grollen — Growl.
Growl, «. to snarl like an angry dog. |
Growl, n. a deep snarl or murmur.

JETarsch —Harsh.
Harsh, a. rough to the touch, ear, or I Harsh'lt, <id. in a harsh manner,
taste. I
Harsh'ness, n. roughness severity. ;

Hast—Haste.
Haste, n. hurry ; speed. Has'ty, a. quick speedy.
I ;

Hast'en, v. to make haste. Hast'ily, ad. with haste.

|

Has'tings, n. early peas early fruit. ;

Jferold —Herald.
Heb'ald, n. a proclaimer. |
Her'aldry, n. the art of a herald.

Sucken—to Take on the Back.

Huck'ster, n. a retailer ; a pedlar. I Hawk, v. to offer for sale by crying
I
in the streets.

Hummen—^Hum.
Hum, «. to utter the sound of bees. |
Hum'ming, n. the sound of bees.
Hum'-drum, a. dull ; stupid.

Kind—a Child. Nap— ^to Steal.

Kid'nap, ®. to steal a human being. | Kid'napper, n. a man stealer.

Latte — Lath.
Lath, n. a thin slip of wood. |
Lat'tice, n. a network of laths.
222 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

LuUen—to Lull.
Lull, v. to quiet ; to become calm. | Lul'laby, n. a song to lull asleep.

Nass—Wet.
Nas'ty, a. disgustingly dirty. [
Nas'tily, ad. dirtily ; filthily.
Nas'toess, n. dirt ; filth.

Ode— Solitary.
Odd, not even strange.
a. ; Odd'ly, ad. not evenly strangely.
I
;

Odd'ity, n. singularity. Odd'ness, n. strangeness.

|

Odds, n. inequality advantage. ;

Flump —Rude; Coarse; Clumsy

Plump, a. full; round; d. to fall 1 Plump'ness, 7i. fullness ; roundness.
heavily.

Frangen—to Shine ; to Make a Show.

Prank, v. to dress ostentatiously. I Prance, v. to spring to bound. ;

Prank, n. a frolic ; a trick, | Pran'cing, n. the act of bounding.

Punsch —Punch.
Punch, n. a drink composed of spir- I Punch'bowl, n. a bowl to holrl
its, water and sugar. |
punch.
—
Note. Punch, to perforate by driving, comes from the Latin {pungo^ and Punch,
the buffoon of a puppet bhow, from the Italian {punchinello.)

Quaken—^to Quack.
Quack, v. to cry like a duck. |
Quack'ery, n. false pretenses to skill.

Heiben — ^to Rub.

Rub, v. to move along the surface I Rub'ber, n. one that rubs ; a major-
with pressure. I
ity of three games.
Rub'bish, n. anything worthless.
Note. —Rubbish, that which comes off by rubbing.
Humnieln —Rumble.
Rum'ble, v. to make a low, heavy I Rum'bling, n. a low continued noise,
continued noise. I

Schirmen —to Cover ; to Protect.

Screen, n. something that affords I Screen, v. to protect ; to hide,
shelter or concealment. I

—
Note. Screen, a kind of sieve, comes from the Latin {excerno, to separate,) through
the French (escran.)

Schlich —Trick; Cunning.

Sleiqht, n. an artful or adroit trick. |
Sleight'pul, a. artful ; cunning.
 WELSH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 223

Sclave — Slave.
Slave, n. one held in bondage ; a n. the state of being a slave,
I Slav'ery,
drudge. Slav'ish, a. servile mean.
I ;

Slav'ishness, n. servility meanness. ;

—
Note. Slave, in its present application, is from the Slavi or Sclavi, (Slavonians,)
reduced to servitude by the Germans.

Stor^rig — Sturdy.
Stur'dy, a. hardy ; stout ; strong. Stur'dily, ad. hardily
| ; obstinately.
Stur'deness, n. hardiness; stoutness.

Wirheln —to Whirl.

Wab'blb, v. to move from side to I War'ble, v. to sing with vibrations
side. I
of tone.
War'bler, n. a singer.

Watte— Wah.
Wad, a mass of a loose substance
n, I Wad'dinq, n. a soft stuff used for
pressed together. 1
quilting.

Wisch— a Wisp.
Whisk, n. a kind of brush or broom. Whisk'er, n. hair growing on the
Whisk, v. to sweep with a light rapid cheek.
motion. Whisk'ing, a. sweeping along lightly.

WELSH ROOTS AND DERIVATIYES.

Bicre —a Conflict ; to Peck like Birds.

Bick'er, v. to keep up a noisy alter- I Bick'ering, n. a quarrel ; a skir-
cation. | mish.

Bostio —to Boast ; to Vaunt.

Boast, v. to brag ; to exalt one's self Boast'er, n. one
]
who boasts.
Boast'ful, a. given to boasting.

Boch—the Cheek.
Box, a blow on the head or ear,
n. I Box'er, n. one who boxes,
given by the hand. • | Boxr'iNG, n. fighting with the fists.

—
Note. Box, an evergreen shrub whose wood is very useful, comes from the Greek,
through the Latin {buzus^ a box-tree,) and Box, a case made of wood, from the
A.-S. (box.)
 — ;

224 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Brol— Bragging.
Brawl, n. a noisy quarrel. |
BRAWL'mG,>. a. quarreling noisily.

Bonglera—^to Bungle,
Bun'glb, v. to perform clumsily. Bun'gler, n. a bad or clumsy work*
man.

Clog —a Large Stone.

Clog, v. to load with so as to hinder I Clog'ging, n. an obstruction ; a hin-
motion. I
derance.
Clog'gy, a. thick adhesive.
;

Clwpa—a Knob or Lump.

Club, n. a heavy stick. I Club'fisted, a. having a large fist.
Clubbed, a. collected into one sum. | Club'footed, a. having crooked feet.
Note.— Club, to combine for one purpose ; to contribute to a common expense
comes from the A.-S. {cleofan^ to divide.)

Darnio —to Piece.

Darn, v. to mend a rent or hole. |
Darn'ing, w.the act of mending holes.

Gtvn — a Contraction of Engine.

Gin, n. any machine. Gun'powder, n. the powder put in
Gun, n. a general name for firearms. guns.
Gun'ner, n. one who manages guns. Gun'shot, n. the distance a gun will
Gun'nery, n. the art of managing shoot.
artillery. Gun'smith, n. one who makes guns.
—
Note. Gin, a kind of ardent spirits distilled from rye and malted barley and fla-
vored with juniper berries, comes from the Latin {juniperus, the juniper tree junior^
—
younger, and pario, to produce; so called because it puts forth younger berries
;

while the others are ripening.) Minsheu.

Sap — Luck; Chance.

Hap, chance fortune accident.
n. ; ; Haphaz'ard, n. chance accident. ;

Hap'less, a. unhappy unfortunate. ; Mishap', n. ill luck misfortune.

;

Hap'ly, ad. perhaps by chance. ; Perhaps, ad. it may be.

Hap'pen, v. to come to pass. Unhap'py, a. miserable unfortunate. ;

Hap'py, a. lucky in a state of felicity.

; Unhap'pily, ad. unfortunately.
Hap'piness, n. good fortune felicity. ; Unhap'piness, n. misery ; misfortune.

Hivt —Hoot.
Hoot, t. to shout in contempt. | Hoot'ing, n. shouting ; clamor.

Cic —the Foot.

Kick, v. to strike with the foot. I Kick'er, n. one that kicks.
 WELSH EOOTS AND DEEIVATIVE8. 226

Llan Land. —
Lawn, n. a grassy plain.
NoTB.—Lawn, a sort of fine linen, comes from the Latin {linum.)

Leech— a Flat Stone.

League, n. a distance of three miles.
Note. —Leaoub, an alliance ; a combination ; comes from the Latin {ligo.)

Moel—EAi,T>\ Bare.
Moult, v. to shed or change the I Moult'ing, n. the act of changing
feathers. | feathers or hair.

l*erf— Pert.
Pert, a. lively ; saucy. |
Pert'ly, ad. briskly ; saucily.
Pert'ness, n. briskness ; sauciness.

Syth —Stiffening; Glue.

Size, v. to cover with glutinous mat- I Size, n. a glutinous substance,
ter. I

Note. —Size, bulk ; magnitude ; is an abbreviation of Assize, a court, or the sitting

of a court, from Latin {assideo, to sit by or near,) formerly anything reduced to cer-
tainty in respect to time, number, quantity, etc.

Swyf—Sw^ET.
Su'et, n. hard fat, |
Su'ett, a. resembling suet.

T«a^—Tall.
Tall, a. high in stature ; lofty. |
Tatj/ness, n. height of stature.

Twc—Tuck.
Tuck, n. a horizontal fold made in a Tuck, v. to gather into a narrow I

garment to shorten it. compass. I

Tuck'er, n. a small piece of linen over a woman's bosom.

Gwasg—Pressure ; Squeeze.
Waist, n. the middle part of the I Waist'band, n. the band which en-
body. I
circles the waist.
Waist'coat, n. a coat over the waist.

Chwim—Quick Motion
Whim, n. a sudden turn or start of I Whim'sical, a. full of whims,
the mind. I

Gwingo —to Wriggle ; to Twist.

WiNCB, V. to shrink ; to start back. | W!2TCH, n, a crank or handle to turn.
226 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF KTYMOLOaY.

DANISH ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Bark—Bark.
Bark, n. the rind or covering of a I Bark, v. to strip off bark,
tree, I

—
Note. Bark, the noise of a dog, comes from the A.-S. {beorcan, to bark,) and
Bark, a kind of ship, comes from the Dutch {bark.)

Plet — a Blot.
Blot, «. to spot ; to stain ; to blur. Blot, n. a spot or stain.
[

Blotch, n. a spot upon tbe skin.

Bolk —Bulk.
Bulk, n. size ; magnitude. Bulk'y, a. of great
|
size.
Bulk'head, n. a partition across a ship.

Kaste — Cast.
Cast, v. to throw ; to fling ; to com- I Cast, n. a throw a mould,
;

pute. ! Cast'er, n. one who casts.

Cast'away, n. an abandoned person.

Dingle —Dangle.
Dan'gle, ®. to hang loose and swing- 1 Dan'gler, n. one who hangs about
ing in the air. | women only to waste time.

Duun—Dow:n.
Down, 7i. the fine soft feathers of fowls. |
Down'y, a. covered with down ; soft.

Dvaeler —to Stay.

Dwell, v. to live in a place. Dwell'er, n. one who lives in a place.
|

Dwell 'ing, n. place of residence.

Myg— Soft; Pliable.

Meek, a. mild ; soft ;
gentle. |
Meek'ly, ad. mildly ;
gently.
Meek'ness, n. mildness ;
gentleness.

Skaane—to Spare.
Scant, v. to limit to stint. ; Scant'y, a. small not ample.
;

Scant, a. not plentiful scarce. ; Scant'ily, a. sparingly.

Scant'ness, n. smallness. Scant'iness, n. want of fullness.

Skrige — Screak.
IScBBAK, V. to make a shrill, loud noise. |
Screech, v. to cry out as in terror.
 GOTHIC BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 227

Sky — a Cloud.
Sky, the aerial region which sur-
n. Skt'lakk, n. a bird which mounts
rounds the earth. and sings.
Sky'ish, a. like the sky. Sky'light, n. a window in a roof.

Trives —to Increase.

Thrive, v. to increase ; to grow. I Thript'y, a. thriving by industry
Thriv'ing, n. prosperity growth. ;
and frugality.
Thrift, n. frugality gain
;

Vigre —a Twig. From Viger — to Yield.

Wick'er, a. made of twigs or I Wick'erwork, n. a texture of twigs
osiers. or osiers.

GOTHIC ROOTS AND DERIYATIVES.

Kuef—9. Catarrh. -Ko/— Suffocation.

Cough, n. a convulsion of the lungs. |
Cough'er, n. one who coughi.

Chreitan —to Cry,

Cry, v. to utter a loud noise. |
Cry'ing, n. clamor.

Daddjan—to Milk.
Dai'ry, n. a place where milk is I Dai'rymatd, n. a female servant in a
kept. I
dairy.

Thinsan — to Dance.
Dance, c. to move with regulated I Dan'cing, n. act of moving with reg-
steps. I
ulated steps.

Gruds—Loath.
Grudge, v. to grant with reluctance. |
Begrudge, «?. to envy the possession of.

Giutan— to Pour Out.

Gush, to flow
v. or rusll out with I Gust, n. a sudden violent blast, as of
violence. I
wind.
Note. —Gust, taste; relish; comes fram the Latin (gustus.)
228 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Hurra— ^to Dbive ; to Move Violently.

HuKL, V.throw with violence.
to Hur'ry, 'd. to hasten to drive. ;

Hur'ly-bur'ly, n. tumult a, tumul- ; Hur'ry-skur'ry, ad. confusedly.

tuous.

Mes—a Table.
Mess, n. a portion of food. I Mess'mate, n. one who eats at the
I same table.

Klander—Infamy.
Slan'der, n. false censure. |
Slan'derer, n one who slanders.
Slan'derous, a. uttering false reproach.

SWEDISH ROOTS AND DERIVATIYES.

Krok, kroka —to Curve ; to Bend.

Crook, n. a bend ; a curvature. |
Crook, v. to bend ; to curve.
Crook'ed, a. bent ; not straight.

JDaska —to Strike.

Dash, u. to strike or throw vio- i Dash, n. anything that comes witt
lently. | sudden violence.

I>rahha —to Hit.

Drub, «. to beat ; to thrash. |
Drub'bing, n. a beating.

Myra—^Marshy Ground.
Mire, n. soft, wet earth ; mud. |
Mi'ry, a. full of mire.

Slinta —to Slip.

Slant, a. sloping; inclined from a I Slant'ing, p. a. inclining from a
direct line. I
right line.

Vir —Wire.
Wire, n. a metallic thread,
 GAELIC BOOTS AUD DEEIVATIVBS. 229

GAELIC ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Apran—Apron.
A'PBON, n. a cloth to keep the dress clean.

Bog—Bog.
Bog, n. a soft, marshy place covered I Bog'qy, a. marshy ; swampy,
with grass. I

Bran—Bran.
Bran, n. the husks of wheat or other grain.

Brisg —Brisk.
Brisk, a. lively ; active. |
Brisk'lt, ad. actively.
Bbisk'ness, n. liveliness.

Brisgear —Gristle.
Bris'ket, n. the breast of an animal.

Craos —a Wide Mouth ; Revelry.

Carouse^, v. to drink freely and with I Carou'sal, n. a noisy drinking bout
jollity. I
Carous'er, n. one who carouses.

Clann —Clan.
Clan, ». a family ; a race; a tribe. | Clan'nish, a. disposed to unite in clans.

Craig —Crag.
Crag, w. a rough, steep rock. |
Crag'gy, a. rugged ; rocky ; rough.

Dud—a Rag.
Duds, ». old worn clothes. |
Dow'dy, n. an awkward, ill-dressed
woman.
230 smith's hand-book of etymology.

ITALIAN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Bozza —a Bunch.
Botch, n. a work ill finished. J
Botch, n. a clumsy workman.

—
Brezza Breeze.
Breeze, n. a gentle gale. |
Breeze'less, a. without a breeze.

Broccata —Brocade.
Brocade', n. embroidered silk. \
Brocad'ed, a. woven as brocade.

Buffone, buffo — Comic.

Buffoon', n. a low jester. |
Buffoon'ery, n. low jests.

Muffiano — a Pimp.
RuFP'iAN, n. a brutal fellow. [
Ruff'ianly, a. brutal ; violent.

Salvia, from L. Salvo — ;to Save.

Sage, n. a plant.
Note. —Sage, wise ;
prudent ; comes from the Latin {sagm.)

Scarso — Scarce.
Scarce, a. not plentiful rare. ; I Scarce'ly, ad. hardly ; with diffi-
ScARc'iTY, n, want of plenty. | culty.
Scarce'ness, n. want of plenty.

Scorare —to Dishearten.

Scare, v. to terrify suddenly. I Scare'crow, n. an image to frighten
I
birds.

Scherno — Scorn.
Scorn, v. to despise ; Scorn'er, n. one who scomg.
to disdain. I

Scorn, w, extreme contempt. Scorn'ful, a. disdainful.

|

Scorn'ing, 2)pr. treating with contempt.

 : ,;;

LATIN BOOTS AND DEBIVATIVK8. 231

lATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

PRONUNCIATION,
Latin words are usually pronounced in this country, in accordance with
the general principles of English pronunciation. It is important, however,
to bear in mind
1st. That every vowel or diphthong in a Latin word must be enunciated
i. €., word has as many syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs in
every
it. Thus, miles is pronounced mi-les ; mare^ ma/r-e.
2d. Words of two syllables have the accent always on the first syllable
as, a'cer^ a'go^ ar'lor.

3d. When a word of more than one syllable ends with a, that letter is
sounded as « in ah.
4th. That the diphthongs cb and ce are sounded as simple e would be in
the same place thus, fce'diis^ fe'dus poe'na, pe'na cem'ulus, em'ulus.
;
;
;

5th. That ch is always sounded like Tc.

6th. That e and g are hard before a, o, and u^ and soft before e, *, and y
thus, in the words m'Zo, co'lo and cu'ra^ the c has the sound of Ic; in ce'do
and ci'vis it has the sound of s. So ^, in the words li'go^ lon'gu% and gut'tOy
has the sound of gSn go; in the words ge'ro^ gig'no^ it has the sound of j.

A&idus—Sour.
Acm'iTT, n. sourness ; tartness. |
Acid'ulate, v. to make slightly sour.

A(fris — Sharp; Sour.

Ac'rid, a. biting to the taste. |
Ac'rimony, n. ill nature.

A^cu-o, acu^t-um —to Sharpen.

Acu'men, n. sharpness of intellect |
Acute', a. sharp ;
pointed.

A^gOf acftum —to Do ; to Perform ; to Drive.

A-CT, to do to perform.
in. ; Enact', «j. to perform to decree. ;

A-c'tion, n. a performance. Exact', id. to take by force.

A-GIl'ity, n. quickness of motion. Exact', a. accurate strict. ;

Ag'ile, a. moving easily. Ex'igency, n. pressing necessity.

A.c'tuate, '0. to put in action. PROD'iGAL,a. driving forth recklessly.
A'gent, n. a person acting fir another. Transact', «. to perform through.
Ag'itate, «. to put in motion. Navigate, v. to drive a ship to sail.
Co'gent, a. forcible powerful. ;
React', «. to act back.
Cog'itatb, v. to think.
232 bmith's hand-book of etymology.

Ag^ger —a Heap ; a Mound.

Exag'gbrate, v. to enlarge beyond the truth.

A'ger, a'gri —a Field.

Aoba'bian, a. relating to lands. I Ag'rtculture, n. the cultivation of
I
fields.

A^lius —Other; Another.

A'lien, n. a foreigner. I A'lienate, v. to transfer to another.
A'lias, ad. otherwise. I
Aliena'tion, n. estrangement.

7o, aWtum— ^to Feed ; to Nourish.

Al'iment, n. food. Al'moner,7i. one who distributes alms.
Al'imony, n. the allowance to a di Alms, n. gifts to the poor.
vorced woman. Coalesce, v. to grow together.
Coali'tion, n. union league.
;

Alter^nus — by Turns ; One After the Other.

Alter'nate, v. to do by turns. |
Alter'native, n. a choice of two
things.

AVtus — High; Lofty.

Al'titudb, n. height ; elevation. |
Exalt', <&. to raise up.

Am^hulo —to Walk ; to Pace.

Am'ble, «. to pace, as a horse, |

Peram'bulate, v. to walk through.

A^mo —to Love. Ainvcus — a Friend.

Am'atory, a. relating to love. Am'ity, n. friendship.
Amateur', n. a lover of the fine arts. En'mity, n. hatred.
A'miable, a. worthy of love. En'emy, n. a foe.
Am'orous, a. affected by love. Inim'ical, a. unfriendly ; opposed.
Am'ioable, a. friendly. Amour', n. a love affair.

Am'plus— Large; Extensive; Plentiful.

Am'ple, a. large full ; ; wide. I Am'plify, v. to enlarge.
Am'ply, ad. largely. I
Amplifica'tion, n. enlargement.
Am'plitude, n. largeness.

An^f/lia —England, A n'glicus—English.

An'glican, a. of England English. ; An'glo-Da'nish, a. belonging to tte
An'glo-Amer'ican, n. an American English Danes.
of English descent. An'glo-Sax'on, a. belonging to the
English Saxons.

Anfgo, anx^i —to Vex.

An'guish, n. intense pain. I Anxi'ety, n. solicitude.
An'gbr, n. wrath rage. ; | Anx'/ous, a. troubled in mind.
 LATIN EOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 23a

Anfgulus— a Corner ; an Angle.

Ai^-'GLB, n. a comer. Rect'angle, n. a right angled four-
An'ghlar, a. having comers. sided figure.
Multan'gular, a. many cornered. Septan'gular, a. having seven cor-
Pentan'gular, a. five cornered. ners.
Quad'rangle, n, a square. EQUiAN'GULAR,a. having equal angles.
Tri'angle, n. a three cornered figure.

AnHmus—Mind; Courage. An^nia—Wind Breath ; ; Lifb.

An^imal, n. a living creature. Unanim'ity, n. agreement.
Animal'cule, n. a minute animal. Unan'imous, a. of one mind.
An'imate, v. to make alive. Equanim'ity, n. evenness of mind.
Animadvert', v. to pass censure. Magnanim'ity, n. greatness of mind.
Inan'imate, a. lifeless. Magnan'imous, a. brave noble. ;

Anima'tion, n. liveliness. Pusillanim'ity, n. cowardice.

Animos'ity, n. violent hatred. Rean'imate, «. to restore to life.

An'nvLS'—B. Circle ; a Year.

An'nals, n. yearly records. Centen'nial, a. in every hundred
Anniver'sary, n. a stated day com- years.
ing once in every year. Octen'nial, a. in every eighth year.
An'nual, a. yearly. Peren'nial, a. perpetual.
Annu'ity, n. a yearly allowance. Septen'nial, a. in every seven years.
Bien'nial, a. in every two years. Trien'nial, a. in every third year.
Millen'nium, n. a thousand years. Superan'nuate, v. to impair by age.

AntVquus— Old or Ancient.

An'tiquary, n. one who studies an- An'tiquate, v. to make obsolete.

cient things. Antique', a. ancient.
Antiqua'rian, a. relating to anti- Antiq'uity, n. old times.
quity. An'cient, a. old.
An'tic, a. odd ; fanciful.

Ape^rio, aper'tum —to Open.

Ape'rient, a. gently purgative. |
Ap'erture, n. an opening ; a hole.

Ap'^tus —^Fit; Meet.

if Apt'ness, quickness of apprehen-
Adapt', «. to fit to adjust.
; n.
Apt, a. fit ready.
; sion.
Ap'titude, n. tendency.

A'^qua —^Water.
Aquat'ic, pertaining to water.
a. Terra'queous, a. composed of land
A'queduct, n. a channel for water and water.
A'QUEous, a. watery.

Ar^biter —an Umpire or Judge.

Ar'bitrate, v. to decide. Ar'bitrator, n. a decider; an um*
Ahbitra'tion, n. determination by pi re.
an arbitrator. Ar'bitrary, a. despotic.
234 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ar'^bor—Si Tree.
^
Ar'bor, n. a bower. |
Ar'borary, a. belonging to trees.

Ar^ceo — ^to Keep ; to Driye ; to Restrain.

Coerce, v. to restrain by force. |

Coer'cion, n. restraint.

Arc^us—a, Bow.
Abch, n. a curved structure. |
Arch'er,/i. he that shoots with a bow.

Ar^deOf ar^sum — to Burn.

Ar'dent, a. hot passionate. ;
I Ar'dor, n. passion zeal. ;

Ar'denct, n. eagerness heat. ; | Ar'son, n. the crime of house burning.

Ar^guo — to Argue.
Ar'gue, v. to reason ; to dispute. | Ar'gument, n. a reason oflFered.

A^^ma—Arms; Weapons.
Arm, v. to famish with arms. Ar'mistice, n. a cessation of hostil-
Arms, n. weapons. ities.
Arma'da, n. a fleet of war. Ar'mory, n. a place for arms.
Ar'mament, n. a naval warlike force. Ar'my, n. a number of armed men.
Ar'mor, n. defensive arms. Disarm', v. to deprive of weapons.

ArSf ar'tis—Art; Skill; Trick.

Art, n. skill ; cunning ; trade. Ar'tifice, n. trick fraud. ;

Art'ist, n. a professor of an art. Art'ful, a. cunning.

Art'isan, n. a workman. Art'less, a. unskillful ; without
Artifi'cial, a. made by art ; not gen fraud.
nine. Inert', a. dull; motionless.

Ar^tus —a Joint. Arti&ulws —a Little Joint.

Ar'ticle, n. a single thing. Artic'ulate, ®. to speak distinctly.
Artic'ular, a. belonging to the Artic'ulate, a. distinct jointed. ;

joints. Inartic'ulate, a. not distinct.

As^per —Rough; Harsh; Severe.

Asper'ity, n, roughness. |
Exas'perate, «. to enrage.

Alfrox, atro^cis —Cruel; Fiercb.

Atro'cious, a. extremely wicked. | Atroc'ity, n. great wickedness.

Au^dio, audVtum—^to Hear ; to Listen ; to Obey.

Au'dible, a. that can be heard. an assembly of hearers
Au'ditory, n.
Au'dience, n. the persons assembled Obey', v. to comply with commands.
to hear. Obe'dience, n. submission.
Au'dit, v. to examine an account. Obe'dient, a. obeying.
Au'ditor, 71. a hearer. Disobey', v. to break commanda
Inau'dzble, a. not to be heard.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. ii35

Au^deo— to Dabe. Au'daoc—Very Dakeno.

Auda'cious, a. bold and impudent. | Audac'ity, n, effrontery.

Au^geo, auc^tum — to Increase.

Augment', to increase.
v. Au'thor, n. an originator.
Auc'tion, n. a sale to the highest Au'thorize, t. to give authority.
bidder. Author'ity, n. legal power.
Auxil'iary, a. helping.

Augur—a Soothsayer.
Au'gur, «. to foretell to predict.
; Au'gury, n. prediction by omens.
Inau'gurate, v. to lead into oflSce Auspic'ious, a. favorable.
with suitable ceremonies. Inauspi'cious, a. unfortunate.

JBa&chus —in heathen mythology, the God of Wine.

Bacchana'lian, a. pertaining to I Debauch', v. to corrupt ; to ruin,
drunken revelry. I
Debauchee', n. a rake ; a drunkard.
Debauch'ery, n. intemperance.

Bar^harus—Rude; Savage; Crubl.

Bar'barous, a. rude uncivilized.
; Barbar'ic, a. foreign rude.
I ;

Barba'rian, n. a savage. Bar'barism, n. inhumanity.

I

Babbar'ity, n. brutality.

Sea^tus —Happy; Blessed.

Beat'ipy, v. to make happy. |
Beat'itude, n. blessedness.

BeVlum—^War.
Bellig'ebent, a. waging war. |
Reb'el, n. one who revolts.
Rebel'lion, n. insurrection.

Be^ne —Good ; Well.

Benedic'tion, n. a blessing. Benef'icent, a. kind doing good. ;

Benefac'tion, n. a blessing conferred. Benefi'cial, a. advantageous.

Benepac'tor, n. he who confers a Benev'olence, n. good will charity. ;

benefit. Ben'efit, n. advantage.

—
Benig^nus Kind; Liberal.
Benign/ a, kind ;
generous. |
Benig'nity, n. actual kindness.

BVbo—to Drink.
Bib'ber, n. a tippler. |
Bib'ulous, a. absorbing.
Imbibe', v. to drink in.

Blandus— Gentle; WmNiNG.

Bland, gentle mild.
a. ; I Blan'dishment, n. winning words oi
Bland'ish, v. to smooth ; to soften. | actions.
236 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Bis —Twice. BVni—Tyfo by Two.

Bi'furcated, a. having two prongs. Bisect', v. to cut into two ec^ual
Big 'amy, n. having two wives at once. parts.
Bi'nary, a. composed of two. Combine', v. to join or unite.
Bi'PED, n. an animal with two feet. Bien'nial, a. in every two years.
Bis'cuiT, n. a kind of bread, (twice baked.)

JBre^vis — Short; Brief.

Brief, a. short concise.; I Brev'iary, n. an abridgement,
Brey'ity, n. shortness. I
Abbre'viate, v. to shorten.
Abridge', v. to shorten.

Bru^tus —Brute ; Senseless.

Bru'tal, a. unfeeling. |
Bru'tish, a. like a brute.

Ca^do, ca^sum —to Fall ; to Happen.

Ca'dence, n. the fall of the voice. Cascade', n. waterfall.
Deca'dence, n. fall ; decay. Coincide', v. to agree.
Case, n. condition state. ; Coin'cidence, n. concurrence.
Cas'ual, a. accidental, Decay', v. to rot to fall away, ;

accident, Decid'uous, a. falling dying. ;

Ac'ciDENT, n that which happens In'cident, n. an event.

unforeseen. Occa'sion, 'd. to cause.
Oc'ciDENT, n. the west.

Cce^dOf cce^sum -to Cut ; to Kill.

Incis'ion, n. a cut into any thing. Frat'ricide, n. the murder of

Excis'iON, n. a cutting out. brother.
Excise, n. a tax on goods. Hom'icide, n. a manslayer.
Concise', a. short brief. ; Infan'ticide, the murder of an
Decide', v. to determine. infant.
Decis'ion, n. determination. Par'ricide, n. the murder of a
Deci'sive, a. conclusive; final. parent.
Precise', a. exact strict. ; Su'iciDE, n. self-murder.
Precis'ion, n. exactness. Reg'icide, n. the murder of a king.

CaVcuius—a Small Stone ; a Pebble.

Cal'culate, v. to compute. |
Cal'culus, n. a disease.

Caleo- to be Warm or Hot. Ca^lor — Heat.

Calefac'tion, n. the act of heating Calorif'ic, a. making hot.
Cal'dron, n. a pot a boiler. ; Incales'cence, n. warmth.
Calor'ic, n. the element of heat. Scald, «. to bum with a hot fluid.

Camp''ns- a Plain ; a Tented Field.

Camp, the ground on which an
n. Decamp, v. to change a camp; to
army pitches its tents. move off.
Campaign', n. a military year. Encamp', v. to pitch tents.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 237

Calufn^nia —Calumny.
Cal'umny, n. false accusation. |
Calum'nious, a. slanderous.
Calum'niate, v. to accuse falsely.

Canfdeo- to Glow with Heat ; to be Bright or White.

Can'dor, n. frankness sincerity. ; ExcANDEs'cENCE, n. white heat.
Can'did, a. fair open. ; Chandelier', n. a branch for candles.
Can'didate, n. one proposed for of- In'cense, n. perfume burnt.
fice. Incense', v. to enrage to provoke. ;

Can'dle, n. a light made of tallow. Incen'tive, n. a motive inducement ;

Incen'diary, n. one who sets on fire.

Ca'no, cart' turn,— io Sing ; to Sound.

Chant, a kind of sacred music.

n. Ac'cENT, a stress of voice.
n.
Can'ticle, n. a song. Enchant, to delight highly.
«.
Can'to, n. a section of a poem. Incanta'tion, n. the act of enchant-
Cant, n. affected manner of speech. ing by singing.
Descant', io. to discourse. Recant', ®. to recall to retract. ;

Ca^pio, cap^tuin — to Take ; to Take into the Mind.

Accept', to take ; to receive.
«. Except, v. to leave out.

Accept'able, a. pleasing. Incip'ient, a. commencing.

Antic'ipate, v. to take beforehand.
Ca'pable, a. able to do or take.
Capa'cious, a. wide large.
Capac'itate, ®. to qualify.
Capac'ity, n. power of holding.
Cap'tious, a. peevish caviling.
Intercept', v. to stop on the way.
Misconcep'tion, n. a false opinion.
; Occupa'tion, n. employment.
Oc'cuPY, V. to possess.
Partic'ipate, v. to share.
; Perceive', v. to notice to see. ;

Cap'tivate, v. to take prisoner to ; Pre'cept, n. a rule given.

charm. Prin'cipal, a. chief; capital.
Cap'tive, n. a prisoner. Prin'ciple, n. cause motive. ;

Cap'tor, n. he who takes prisoners. Receive', v. to take to admit. ;

Cap'ture, n. a seizure. Receipt', n. acknowledgment for

Conceit', n. fancy opinion.
Conceive', v. to think.
Concep'tion, n. notion idea.
Deceive', v. to cheat to mislead.
Deceit', n. a fraud; a cheat.
Decep'tion, n. act of deceiving.
Eman'cipate, v.
; money paid.
Recep'tacle, n. that which receives
;
or contains.
; Recep'tion, n. a receiving,
Rec'ipe, n. a medical prescription.
Recip'ient, n. one who receives.
to set at liberty. Suscep'tible, a. sensitive.

Cap'ut, capitis -the Head ; Life.

r.Cap, a covering for the head.
72-. Precip'itance, n. headlong hurry.
Cap'ital, a. chief; principal. Precip'itate, v. to tumble headlong.
Capita'tion, n. counting by heads. Precip'itate, a. headstrong Hasty. ;

Capit'ulate,??. to surrender by treaty. Precip'itate, n. a sediment.

Cape, n. a headland. Recapit'ulate, v. to repeat.
Cap'tain, n. a cliief comn^nder. Chief'tain, n. a headman.
Chapter, n. a division or nead. Oc'ciPUT, n. the hinder part of the
Decap'itate, v. to behead. head.
Precipice, n. a headlong steep.
 ;

•238 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Car^ho, carho^nis — a Coal.

Car'bon, n. the essential ingredient Cab'buncle, n, a little coal ; a gem
of coal. a tumor.
Cabbon'ic, a. containing carbon.

Ca'rOf caynis —Flesh,

Car'nage, n. slaughter. Car'nival, n. a feast before Lent.
Car'nal, a. fleshly lustful. ; Car'rion, n. putrid flesh.
Carniv'orous, a. feeding on flesh. Oar'cass, n. a dead body.
Incar'nate, a. clothed with flesh. j
Carnel'ian, n. a red stone.
Carna'tion, n. the natural flesh color.

Cas'tus —Chaste; Pure; Correct.

Chaste, a. pure ; uncorrupt. |
Chas'titt, n. purity.

Cav^us —Hollow.
Cav'brn, n. a deep, hollow place. Con'cave, a. hollow.
Cav'ity, n. a hollow place. Ex'cavate, v. to hollow out.

Cau^sa —a Cause ; a Reason.

Cause, n. that which produces an Accuse', v. to charge with a crime,

I

eflfect. Excuse', v. to pardon.

I

Because', con. for the reason that.

Ca^veOf cau'tuni —to Beware ; to Take Care.

Cau'tion, n. prudence in respect to i Ca'veat,
a warning, n.
danger. Incau'tious, a. heedless.
I

Precau'tion, n. previous care.

Ce'do, ces'sufn —to Yield ; to Go Away.

Cede, to yield or give up.
v. Excess', n. more than enough.
Ces'sion, n. the act of yielding. Inces'sant, a. without pause.
Cease, «). to stop ; to leave ofil Intercede', v. to go between.
Cessa'tion, n. a stop. Precede', v. to go before.
Accede', «. to assent to. Prec'edent, n. an example.
A-CCess', n. approach. Proceed', v. to go forward.
Acces'sion, n. an increase. Recede', v. to go back.
An'cestor, n. a forefather. Proc'ess, n. a method.
An'cestry, n. a series of ancestors. Proces'sion, n. a ceremonious marcli.
Antece'dent, a. going before. Recess', n. a place of retreat.
Concede', to yield
«. to grant. ; Secede', v. to withdraw from.
CoNCEs'siON, n. the act of granting. Seces'sion, n. a withdrawing from.
Decease', n. death. Succeed', v. to follow to prosper.
j
;

Exceed', v. to go beyond. Success', n. fortune prosperity,

'

SuccEs'srvE, a. following in order.

CeVla—B. Cell ; a Small, Close Room.

Cell, n. a small, close room. Cel'lar, n. a room under a house.
|

Cel'lular, a. having little cells.

 LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 239

Celfebris —Renowned ; Famous.

Cel'ebrate, n. to praise ; to extol. | Celeb'rity, n. fame ; renown.

Ce^ler — Swift.
Celeb 'iTT, n. swiftness ; speed. |
Accel'brate, tJ. to hasten.

CeVsus —High ; Lifted Up.

Excel', tJ. to outdo ; to surpass. |
Ex'cellent, a. surpassing.

Ce'lo —to Cover ; to Hide.

Conceal', v. to hide. 1
Conceal'ment, n. the act of hiding.

Cenfseo — to Think ; to Judge ;

to Blame.
Cen'sor, n. one who judges. I Cen'sus, n. a numbering of the peo-
Cen'sure, 71. blame reproach. ; |
pie.
Censo'rious, a. apt to censure.

Cenftrum — the Center.

Cen'ter, n. the middle point of any Concen'tric, a. having the same cenv
thing. ter.
Cen'tbal, a. relating to the center. Concen'trate, d. to bring together.
Eccen'tric, a. going from the center.

Cenftum —a Hundred.
Cent, n. the one-hundredth part of a Cen'tiped, n. an insect with many
dollar. feet.
Cen'tury, n. a hundred years. Centu'rion, n. an officer over a hun-
Centen'nial, a. occurring every hun- dred men.
dred years.

CVrch—Wax.
HP
Cere, u. to cover with wax. I Sincere', a. pure ; true.
Ce'rate, n, an ointment of wax, etc. | Sincer'ity, n. honesty ; purity.

Cer^no, cveftum — ^to Sift ; to Distinguish ; to Decree.

Concern', ta. to affect or disturb. Discrim'inate; ©. to distinguish.
Decree', 'c. to ordain or command. Discrimina'tion, n. distinction.
Discern', 'o. to see ; to distinguish. Indiscrim'inate, a. not making any
Discern'ment, n. judgment. distinction.
Discreet', a. discerning prudent. ;
Se'cret, a. hidden private. ;

Discre'tion, n. prudence. Secrete', ®. to hide or conceal.

Sec'retary, n. one who writes for another.
Note. —Secketart, so called from the secret affairs entrusted to liim.

Cer^to —to Contend; to Strive.

Concert', «. to contrive together. Disconcert', v. to disturb.

Con 'cert, n. a musical entertain- Preconcert'ed, a. contrived before-
ment. hand.
#
 240 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Cer'fi**— Certain ; Sure.

Cer'tain, a. 8ure undoubted. ; Certif'icate, n. a testimony in wiit-
Ascertain', «). to make certain. mg.
Cer'tify, id. to assure. Uncer'tain, doubtful.

Cho^rus —a Dance Accompanied with Song.

Choir, n. a band of singers. |
Cho'ral, a. belonging to a choir.
Cho'rus, n. a number of singers. | Chor'ister, n. a leader of a choir.

CinfgOf cin&tum —to Gird ; to Surround.

Pre'cinct, n. a district. I
Succinct', a. short ; compact.

Cir^cus — a Circle. Cir'culus —a Little Circle.

Cir'cle, n. a ring a round space. ; Cir'cuit, n. extent round about.
Cir'clet, n. a little circle. CiRCu'iTOUs, a. not direct.
Cir'cular, a. round, like a circle. Cir'cus, n. an open space for sports.
Cir'culate, v. to move in a circle. Encir'cle, v. to surround.

CVto —to Call or Summon ; to Stir Up.

Cite, «j. to summon to quote. ; Incite'ment, n. impulse.

Excite', ti. to stir up. Recite', v. to repeat to tell over. ;

Excite'ment, n. agitation. Recita'tion, n. a telling over of

Incite', v. to urge on. something: learned.
Resus'citate, v. to bring back to life.

^^ CVvis —a Citizen.
Civ'ic, a. relating to a city. Unciy'il, a. impolite rude. ;

Civ'iL, a. gentle well bred,

; Ciy'ilize, v. to reclaim from a savage
Cit'y, n. a large corporate town. state.
Cit'izen, n. an inhabitant of a city. Civil 'iTY, n. politeness.

Cla^tnOf clania^tum —to Cry Out ; to Shout.

Clam'or, n. outcry noise. ; Disclaim', disown to deny.

v. to ;

Clam'orous, a. noisy. Exclaim', v. to cry out.

Claim, v. to demand. Proclaim', v. to publish.
Claim'ant, n. one that demands. Reclaim', v. to recall to reform. ;

Claims— Clear.; Bright.

Clear, a. bright evident.
; Clar'ion, n. a shrill trumpet.
Clar'ify, v. to purify. Declare', v. to make known.

Clau^do, clau^sum —to Shut ; to Close ; to Finish.

Clause, n. a part of a sentence. Exclude', v. to shut out.

Close, v. to shut. Seclude', v. to shut apart.
Clos'et, n. a small private room. I'reclude', v. to shut before.
Conclude', ®. to finish. Include,' d. to shut in.
Disclose', «?. to reveal to ; tell. Seclu'sion, n. retirement.
Enclose', v. to shut in. Recluse', n. a solitary person.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DEBIVATIVES. 241

Cle^mens, clemen^tis —^Mild; Merciful.

Clem'bnt, a. merciful kind. ; I Clem'ency, n. mercy. _

Inclem'ent, a. severe rough. ; | Inclem'ency, n. severity.

Cli'no —to Bend ; to Lean.

Incline', v. to bend ; to lean. |
Decline', to lean downwards.
Recline', h. to lean back.

Co'lo, cul^ turn— to Till ; to Cultivate.

Col'ont, n. a settlement in a new

Cul'ture, n. cultivation.
country. Ag'riculture, n. cultivation of the
Cul'tivatb, v. to improve by labor. ground.
Hor'ticulture, n. gardening. .

Co'meSf comHtis—SL Companion.

Com'ity, kindness of manner.
n. I Count, n. the companion of a king.
Concom'itant, a. going with. | Coun'ty, under a count.
n. a district

ConciVio, concilia^ turn — ^to Unite ; to Make Friends.

Rec'oncile, v. to make friends again. |
Concil'iate, v. to win to friendship.

Cop'ula — Something that Joins Together.

Coup'lb, n. two things together. |
Coup'let, n. two verses.

Co' quo, co&tutn —^to Boil ; to Cook ; to Digest.

Concoct', v. to prepare by digesting. I Decoc'tion, n. a liquor in which
Cook, v. to prepare food by heat. | something has been boiled.

Cor, cor'dis —the Heart, Mind, or Courage.

Core, the heart or central part.
n. Cour'age,
n. the state of having
Cor'dial, a. warm hearty. ; heart; bravery.
Cor'dial, n. any thing that gladdens Dis'coRD, n. disagreement.
the heart. Record', v. to register.
Con'cord, n. agreement. Encour'age, v. to animate.
Discour'age, v. to depress to deter. ;

Co^rium —a Skin or Hide.

Cur'rieb, n. one who dresses hides. | Exco'riate, v. to take off the skin.

Cor'pus, cor'poris —a Body.

Cor'poral, n. an army officer. Cor'porate, a. united into a body.
Cor'poral, a. relating to the body. Cor'pulent, a. having a bulky body.
Corpo'real, a. having a body. Corps, n. a body of soldiers.
Corpse, n. a dead body.

Cras —To-morrow.
Procras'tinate, v. to put off.
I
Procras'tination, n. deferring.
242 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Cre'do, cred/itum —to Trust ; to Believb.

Cbeed, n. articles of belief. Cred'itor, n, a truster.

Cre'dence, n. belief; credit Cred'ulous, a. apt to believe,
Cred'it, n, belief; trust. Discred'it, 'g. to disbelieve.
Cred'ible, a. worthy of belief. Incred'lble, a. not to be believed.
Credu'lity, n. easiness of belief

Cre^o, crea'tum —to Create.

Create', «. to cause to exist. I Rec'reant, a. cowardly false, ;

Crea'turb, n. a thing created. | Recrea'tion, n. amusement.

Cres'co, cre^tum —to Grow ; to Increase.

CRBs'cEiirr, n. the increasing or new I Decrease', •». to grow less.

moon. Increase', v. to grow larger.
I

Recruit', v. to repair to supply.

;

CrVmen, crim'inis—an Accusation ; a Crime.

Crimb, n. a great fault. |
Crim'inal, guilty of a crime.
a.
Recrim'inate, v. to retort a charge.

Cru^dus —Raw; Unripe. Crude'^lis —Unfeeling; Cruel.

Crude, a. raw
unripe. ; I Cru'el, a. unfeeling.
Crudb'ness, n. unripeness. | Cru'elty, n. inhumanity.

Crus^ta —a Crust ; the Tough Shell op a Lobster.

Crust, n. an outer coat ; a case. |
Incrust', -». to cover with a crust.

Cu^hOf or cum'ho — ^to Lie Down

Cum'ber, d. to burden to hinder. ; Recum'bent, a. leaning.
Encum'ber, «. to burden. Cub, n. the young of a beast.
Incum'bent, a. resting upon. Succumb', «. to sink under a diflSculty.

CuVpa— a Fault ; Blame.

Cul'pable, a. worthy to be blamed. I Excul'pate, v. to clear from blame.
Cul'prit, n. an accused person. | Incul'pate, v. to put into blame.

Cu'tnulus —a Heap.
Aocu'mulatb, «. to heap up. |
Cu'mulative, a. heaping up.

Cu^ra —Care. Cu'ro —to Take Care Of ; to Heat.

Cure, «. to restore to health. Secure', a. free from care ; safe.
Cu'rable, a. that may be cured. Secu'rity, n. safety.
»;Ou'rate, n. a parish priest. In'secure, a. not safe.
Cu'racy, n. the office of a curate. Procure', d. to obtain.
Care, n. anxiety. Prox't, n. a substitute.
Cu'rious, a. prying inquisitive.
; Si'necure, n. an office of profit with-
Ac 'curate, a. exact correct.; out employment.
Ac 'curacy, n, exactness.
 LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 243

Cur^ro, cur^sum — ^to Run ; to Pass Swiftly.

Cur'rent, n. a running stream. Incub', v. to become liable to.
Cur'sory, a. hasty slight. ; Incur 'sign, inroad
n. ; invasion.
Career', n. a course a race. ; Occur', v. to happen.
Cou'rier, n, a messenger sent in haste. Occur'rence, n. an event.
Course, n. career progress. ;
Recur', v. to happen again; to re-
Concur', v. to agree. turn.
Con'course, n. a gathering. Precur'sor, n. a forerunner.
Discourse', n. conversation. Recourse', n. a running to some-
Excur'sion, n. a ramble thing for protection or aid.
Suo'coB, V. to help ; to relieve.

Cur^vus —Bent; WiNDma.

Curve, n, a bent line. Curv'ature, n. crookedness.
|

Cubvilin'ear, a. composed of curved lines.

Curtis —the Skin.

Cu'ticle, n. the thin outer skin. |
Cuta'neous, a. affecting the skin,

Dam'num—Loss; Hurt; Damage.

Dam' AGE, n, loss ; injury. I Indem'nify, v. to relieve from loss.
Condemn', v. to give sentence against. | Indem'nity, n. security from loss.

DebHlis —Weak.
Debil'ity, n. weakness ; languor. | Debil'itate, v. to weaken.

Deb^eo, debHtutn —to Owe.

Debt, n.that which is due. Debent'ure, n. a writing acknow^
Deb'it, v. to charge with debt. edging a debt.
Debt'or, n. one who is in debt. Due, a. that ought to be paid.
Du'ty, n. that which one ought to do.

D^cet—to be Becoming or Proper.

De'cent, a. becoming fit. ; Dec 'orate, v. to adorn.
De'cency, n. propriety of manner. Deco'rous, a. observing propriety.
Deco'rum, n. propriety. Indeco'rum, n. impropriety.

DelVcice —Pleasures; Delight; Niceness.

Deli'cious, a. pleasant to the taste. I Del'icate, a. nice fine soft ; ;

Delec'table, a. delightful. I
Delight', n. pleasure joy. ;

Den^sus —Thick; Close.

Condense', v. to thicken. |
Dense, a. close ; thick.

Dens, denftis —a Tooth.

Den'tal, pertaining to the teeth.
a. Indent', to impress, as with teeth.
v.

Den'tist, n. a tooth doctor. Indent a'tion, n, a notch.

Den'tiprice, n. tooth powder, Tri'dent, n. Neptune's scepter.
244 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

De'us — God. DVvus —a God.

De'ist, n. one who believes in God Divine', a. godlike ; heavenly.
but denies revelation. Divine', v. to predict.
De'ity, n. the Divine Being. Divina'tion, n. foretelling.
Divin'ity, n. the nature of God.

X>ed5'fer— Right-handed; Ready; Expebt.

Dbx'tekous, a. expert ; ready. |
Dexter'ity, n. readiness.

DVcOf dicta'tum— to Devote ; to Set or Put Apart.

Ded'icate, to devote.
-0. Pred'ica^te, «. to show before the
Ab'dicate, v. to give up right. people.
In'dicate, v. to point out.

I>Vco, di(ftuni —to Say ; to Speak ; to Tell.

Dic'tion, n. language style.
Dic'tionary, n. a word book.
Dic'tate, v. to give commands.
Addict', v. to devote to.
Benedic'tion, n. a blessing.
E'dict, n. a proclamation.
; Indict', to accuse in writing.
v.
Interdict', v. to prohibit.
Indite', v. to put into words.
Maledic'tion, n. a curse.
Predict', v. to foretell.
Ver'dict, 11. the decision of a jury.

DVes—a Day.
Di'art, n. a daily account. Diur'nal, a. daily.
Di'al, n. a plate upon which are Merid'ian, n. midday or noon.
marked the hours of the day. Dis'mal, a. sad gloomy. ;

Dig^nus—Worthy ; Deserving.
Dig'nity, n. true honor. Indig'nant, a. angry and disgusted.
Dig'nify, v. to make worthy. Indig'nity, n. unworthy treatment.
Deign, v. to condescend. Disdain', v. to despise to scorn. ;

Condign', a. suitable merited. ; iNDiGNA'TiONjTi. anger with contempt.

Dis^co —to Learn.

)isci'piiE, n. a follower. I
Dis'ciPLiNE, n. instruction.

DivHdo —to Divide

-3IVIDB', V. to separate into parts. n. the Div'iDEND, number divided;
')ivis'iON, n. a dividing. a shar€.
)ivi8'0R, n. the number to divide by Divis'ible, a. that may be divided.
Individ'ual, n. a single being.
Note.—A single person is indivisible.

Do, da'tum —to Give ; to Put or Place.

Add, «. to put to
to join to. ;
Ed 'it, to give forth to publish.
i\ ;

Addi'tion, n. the act of adding. Perdi'tion, n. destruction.

Condi'tion, n. quality; state. Ren'der, n. to give back.
Date, n, a point of time. Surren'der, v. to give up.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES- U^
I>o^ceo, doc' turn —to Teach.
Doc'tor, n. a teacher. Doc 'trine, n. that which is taught.
Doc'uMENT, n. a paper containing Doc'iLE, a. easily taught.
evidence. Docil'itt, n. aptness to be taught.

Do'leo— to Grieve.
Dole'ful, a. sorrowful. Condole', v. to lament with others.
Do'lorous, a. full of grief. In'dolence, n. laziness.

Dom%nus—Master; Lord.
Domin'ion, n. supreme power; ter Dom'inant, a. ruling.
ritory. Domain', n. empire estate. ;

Domina'tion, n. arbitrary power. Domineer', v. to rule with insolence.

Predom'enate, ®. to prevail over the rest.

Do'tnus —a House.
Dome, house a spherical roof
n. a ; 1 Domes'tic, a. belonging to the house
Domes'ticate, v. to tame. or family.
I

Dom'icil, n. a mansion or abode.

Do'nuni —a Gift. Do^no, dona' turn —to Give ; to Present.

Do'nor, n. a giver. I Don'ative, a. giving.
Dona'tion, n. a gift. | Donee', n. one who receives a gilt.

Dor'tniOf dormVtum — ^to Sleep.

Dor'mant, a. sleeping. |
Dor'mitory, n. a place to sleep in.

Dor'sum—the Back.
Dor'sal, a. relating to the back. | Endorse', v. to write on the back.

Du'bito —to Hesitate to Believe.

Doubt, v. to hesitate to believe. Doubt, n. uncertainty of mind.
Du'bious, a. doubtful.

-^ Dii'cOf ducftum —^to Lead ; to Bring ; to Carry

Duct, n. a little channel. Lf^DucE', v. by motivei.
to lead
Adduce', v. to bring forward. Induce'ment, a motive. n.
A'queduct, n. a tube for conveying Induct', v. to bring in.
water. Induc'tion, n. a leading in.
Conduct', v. to lead or guide. Introduce', v. to usher in.
Con'duct, n. behavior. Produce', v. to bring forth.
Conduce', v. to lead or tend. Produc'tive, a. capable of produo
Con'duit, n. a water pipe. ing.
Deduce', v. to draw from. Prod'uct, n. a thing produced.
Deduct', v. to substract.* Reduce', v. to bring down.
Duke, n. a leader ; a noble. Seduce', v. to entice to corrupt. ;

Educe', v. to bring out. Seduc'tive, a. fitted to entice.

Ed'ucate, «. to bring up ; to instruct. Traduce', «. to calumniate.
24:6 smith's hakd-book of etymology.

Duo— Two.
Djj'al, a. relating to two. Doub'le, a, consisting of two.
Du'el, n. a combat between two. DuPLi'cATE, a. double twofold. ;

Duet', n. a piece of music. DuPLic'iTY, n. double dealing. ;

—
Ductus Hard; Solid,
Du*iiABLE, a. lasting. Du'ring, prep, as long as.
Du'rance, n. imprisonment. Endure', v. to bear.
Dura'tion, n. continuance. Ob'durate, a. stubborn.

E^brius —Drunken.
Ebri'ety, n, drunkenness. |
Ine'briate, n. a drunkard.
, Sobri'ety, n. soberness.

JE'deSf ce^dis —a House or Building.

Ed'ifice, n. a building. |
Ed'ify, v. to instruct ; to improve.

E'go—1.
E'gotism, n. talking much of one's I E'gotist, n. one who talks much of
self. I
himself.

^ E'mo, emp'tum to Buy. —

Exempt', a. not liable. Prompt, a. ready quick. ;

Exempt', v. to free from. Pre-emp'tion, n. a right of buying

Exemp'tion, n. freedom from. before others.
Per'emptory, a. absolute. Redeem', to buy back to rescue. ti. ;

Redemp'tion, n. deliverance rescue. ;

EnSf enftis —Being. Es^se— To Be.

Ab'sent, a. not present. |
—
In'terest, -_ concern.
to J
«.
-.

Es'sENCE, n. the best part. Pres'ent, a. within sight ; near.

E^Of i^tum — ^to Go or Pass.

Ambi'tion, of honor.
n. desire Sedi'tion, n. a gomg aside.
Cir'cuit, n. extent round about. Tran'sient, a. passing quickly.
Ex 'it, n. a departure. Tran'sit, n. a passing over.
Per'isk, «. to die to decay.
; Transi'tion, n. change from one con-
Pret'erite, a. past gone by. ;
dition to another.

E^quus, for JE^quus —Even ; Equal ; Just.

E'qual, a. of the same size or im- E'quinox, n. the time of equal day
portance. and night.
E'qualize, v. to make equal. Eq'uity, n, justice.
E'quable, a. not varying. Iniq'uity, n. injustice.
Coe'qual, a. of the same rank. Equiv'alent, a. equal in value.
Ad'equate, a. equal to. Equiv'ocal, a. ambiguous.
Equanim'ity, n. evenness of mind. Equiv'ocate, «. to use words of
Equa'tion, n. making equal. doubtful meaning.
Equilib'rium, n. equal weight.
 LATEST ROOTS AlTD DERirATtVES. 247

E'quus —a Hokse.
Eqtjes'tbian, a. pertaining to horse- I E'queky, n. a stable for horses,
manship. I
Equip', v. to famish to dress. ;

Er^ro, erra^tum — ^to Wander ; to Err.

Err, v. to mistake. I
Err'ing, a. irregular ; vicious.
Er'ror, n. a mistake. I
Erroneous, a. wrong ;
incorrect.

jE^stimo —to Value.

Es'timate, v. to compute the value. I
Es'timable, a. worthy of esteem.
Estima'tion, n. computation. |
Es'teem, n. high regard.

^vum— Life ; Time.

Coe'val, a. of the same age. |
Longev'ity, n. length of life.
Prime'val, a. of the first age.

Exem'pluni — an Example; a Copy.

Exam'ple, n. model pattern. ;
Exem'plify, v. to show by example.
Exem'plar, n. a model a copy. ; Sam'ple, n. specimen.
Ex'emplary, a. worthy of imitation Sam'pler, n. a pattern of needlework,

Ex'terus — Outward; Foreign; Strange.

Exte'rior, n. the outside. Extreme', a. utmost last. ;

Exter'nal, a. relating to the outside. Extrem'ity, n. the utmost point.

Extra NEOus, a. not belonging to Extrin'sic, a. outward external. ;

the subject. Strange, a. foreign unusual. ;

Fah^rico, fahrica^tum — to Make ; to Frame.

I'ab'ric, n. something made. |
Fab'ricate, v. to make or form.

Fab^ula —a Feigned Story.

Fa'ble, n. a feigned story. |
Fab'ulous, a. fictitious.

Fancies —the Face.

Face, n. the surface of a thing. Sur'face,
the outside. n.
Deface', v. to disfigure. Fea'ture,
of the face. n. cast
Efface', «. to blot out. Fash'ion, n. form custom. ;

SuPERFi'ciAL, a. lying on the outside shallow. ;

Fa&ilis —Easy to Do.

Fac'ile, a. easily led yielding. ;
1 Facil'itate, v. to make easy.
Facil'ity, n. easiness. I
Dif'ficult, a. hard to be done.

FaVlp, fal'sutn — to Deceive.

False, not true.
a. Falla'cious, a. fitted to deceive.
Fal'sity, n. an untruth. Fal'lible, a. liable to error.
Fal'lacy, n. a deceitful argument. Fax'sify, v. to make false.
248 bmith'8 hand-book of etymolooy.

Fa'ciOf fa&tum—to Make ; to Do ; to Act.

Fact, n. a thing done a reality. ; Effec'tive, a. producing effect.

Affect', «. to act upon. Infect', v. to taint with disease.
Affec'tion, n. love kindness, ; Infec'tion, n. a tainting.
Affecta'tion, n. assumed feeling. Per'fect, a. complete pure. ;

Goun'terfeit, n. a forgery. Profi'cienct, n. a making forwards.

Defeat', v. to undo to overthrow. ; Profi'cient, n. one advanced in any
Defec'tion, n. desertion. pursuit.
Defect', n. a fault a blemish. ; Refec'tion, n. refreshment after fa-
Defi'cient, a. faulty wanting. ; tigue.
Effect', «. to bring to pass to do. ; Refec'tory, n. an eating room.
Effi'cient, a. active able. ; Suffice', v. to make enough.
Effect'ual, a. producing decisive Suffi'cient, a. making enough.
effect. Sur'feit, v. to feed to excess.

Fa' ma —^Fame; Renown; Reputation.

Fame, n. celebrity ; renown. Defama'tion, n. calumny.
Fa'mous, a. full of renown. In 'f AMY, 11. utter disgrace.
Defame', v. to slander. In'famous, a. openly censured.

Fa'uvies —Hunger ;
Scarcity of Food.
Fam'ine, n. scarcity of food. L Fam'ish, 'd. to starve.

FamiVia—a Family.
Fam'ily, n, the persons living in a I Famil'iar, a. affable ; well known,
house. I

Fa'num—a Temple ; a Holy Place.

Fane, n. a temple. Profane', ^. to pollute.
Fanat'ic, n. an enthusiast. Profane', a. irreverent ; common.

Fe'UoCf feWcis —Happy.

Felic'ity, n. happiness. I Felic'itate, v. to congratulate.
Felic'itous, a. happy fortunate. ; | Infelic'ity, n. misfortune.

Fefra —a Wild Beast.

Fero'cious, a. cruel ; savage. |
Fierce, a. savage ; furious.

Fe'vo, la' turn —to Bear ; to Carry ; to Bring.

Fer'tile, bearing plentifully.
a. In'ference, n. a conclusion.
Circum'ference, ri. a carrying round. Of'fer, d. to present for acceptanca.
Confer', v, to consult. Prefer', «. to like better.
Collate', T). to bring together. Prof'fer, id. to offer.
Defer', «. to put off. Refer', 'c. to give to another for de-
Dep'erence, n. regard respect. ; cision.
Dif'fer, «. to be unlike. Relate', v. to tell to pertain to. ;

Dil'atory, a. tardy slow. ; Suf'fer, n. to bear to allow. ;

Infer', v. to draw a conclusion. Transfer', to convey to remove. ;

 LATIN KOOTS AND DEfilVATIVES. 240

^ Fen' do, fen'sum— io Strike; to Ward.

Fend, «. to ward off. Defence', n. guard security. ;

Fence, n. a security. Offend', ®. to displease.

Defend', id. to protect. Offence', n. crime injury. ;

Fer'veo —to be Hot ; to Boil.

FbbVor, n. heat ; zeal. |

Feb' vent, a. hot ; ardent.

Fes^tum—2. Feast.
Fes'tal, a. belonging to a feast. Fes'tival, n. a time of feasting.
I

Fes'tive, a. joyful gay. ; Festiv'ity, n. joyfulness.

|

Feast, n. a sumptuous entertainment.

FVdes—Faith: Trust.
Fidel'ity, n. faithfulness. Dif'fident, a. distrusting one's self.
Confide', «;. to trust in. In'fidel, n. an unbeliever.
Con'fidence, n. trust ; boldness. Per'fidy, n. treachery.
Defy', «. to challenge ; to dare. Affi'ance, id. to pledge faith to.

FVgo, fix^um—to Fix or Fasten ; to Pierce.

Fix, v. to make fast. Affix', v. to join to.

Fix'ture, n. anything fixed to a Prefix', v. to put before.
place or house. Suffix', «. to add to the end.
Transfix', v. to pierce through.

FVnis — the End Border ; ; Limit.

Fin'ish, v. to complete to end. ; Fi'nal, a. last conclusive. ;

Fi'nite, a. having an end. - Confine', v. to shut up to limit. ;

In'finite, a. unlimited. Indef'inite, a. not limited.

Define', «. to limit to explain. ; Refine', v. to improve to polish. ;

Def'inite, a. certain limited. ; Superfine', a. eminently fine.

Fir'nius — Strong.
Firm, a. hard strong. ; I Confirm', v. to establish.
Affirm', v. to declare positively. | Infirm', a. weak ; feeble.

Fis'cus —a Bag or Basket.

Fis'cAL, a. pertaining to the public I Confis'cate, v. to seize as a for.
treasury. I
feit.

Fla'gro —to Burn ; to Be in Flames.

Fla'grant, a. burning ; notorious. |
Conplagra'tion, n. an extensive fire.

Flaln'ma —a Flame ; a Fire.

Flame, a burning vapor.
n. I Flam'beau, n. a kind of torch.
Inflame', «. to set on fire. I
Inplam'mable, a. easily set on fire.
250 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Fla^tus —a Blast ; a Puff of Wind.

Flat'ulbnt, a. windy ; vain. |
Inflate', v. to puff up.

Fle&to, flex^um- •to Bend; to Tukn.

Crn'ouMFLEX, a. moving round. Inflex'ible, a. not to be bent.
Flex'ible, a. ductile pliant. ;
Reflect', v. to cast back to think. ;

Deflec'tion, n. turning from the Inflect', v. to bend.

true course. Inflec'tion, n. a bending inward.

FWgo, fLi&tum —to Beat ; to Dash.

Afflict', v. to pain to grieve. ; I Con'flict, n.contest ; struggle.
Afflic'tion, n. calamity. Inflict', i). to beat in or on.

FloSf flo'ris —a Flower.

Flo'ra, n. the goddess of flowers. Flor'id, a. flushed with red.
Flo'ral, a. relating to flowers. Flow'er, n. a blossom.
Flor'ist, n. a cultivator of flowers. Flow'er, v. to blossom.
Flour'ish, «. to thrive to grow. ;

Flu'o, fluQc^um — ^to Flow.

Flux, n. the act of moving,as a fluid. In'flux, n. a flowing in.
Fluid, n. anything that flows. Re'flux, n. backward course.
Flu'ent, a. flowing; voluble. In'fluence, n. power.
Flu'ency, n. readiness of speech. Influen'tial, a. exerting power.
Ef'flux, n. a flowing out. Super'fluous, a. overflowing.
Af'fldence, n. riches plenty. ;
SuPERFLu'iTY, 71. more than enough
Con'fluence, n. a flowing together. Fluc'tuate, t). to move as waves.
Fluctua'tion, n. wavering.

Fo'cus —a Hearth ; a Fire-Place.

Jro'cus, n. the place of fire. |
Fo'cal, a. belonging to the focus.
Note.—The place of heat when a burning glass is held in the sun.

Fo^lium —a Leaf ; a Sheet, (as of paper.)

Foil, n. a thin leaf of metal. Fo'lio, n. a large book.
Fo'liage, n. a growth of leaves. Portfo'lio, n. a case for loose leaves.

For^tna —a Form : Beauty.

Form, n. shape ; figure. Inform',
to instruct. v.
Form'al, a. ceremonious. Perform', to do or act. 'd.

Formal'ity, n. ceremony. Perform 'ance, n. action work. ;

Conform', «j. to make like to com- Reform', v. to grow better.

ply with. Transform', n. to change.
Deform', i). to disfigure. U'niform, a. even regular. ;

ForSf /or'iCis— Chance ; Luck.

For'tunb, n. chance wealth. ; Unfor'tunate, a. unlucky. I

For'tunate, a. successful. Misfor'tune, n. calamity. |

Fortu'itous, a. accidental.
 LATIN ROOTS AKD DT^RIVATlVES. 251

{f-
For^tis —Beave; Strong.
For'titude, n. courage
bravery. ; Force, v. to compel.
For'tipy, v. to strengthen. Com'fort, v. to cheer.
For'tress, n. a fortified place. Ep'fort, n. exertion.
Force, n. strength. Enforce', ^. to put in execution.

Fran^gOf fra&tum — to Break.

Frac'tion, a broken part.
n. Frail, broken.
a. easily
Frac'ture, n. a breaking. Frail 'ty, weakness.
n.
Frag'ment, n. a broken part. Infrac'tion, n. a violation.
Frag'ile, a. easily broken. Infringe', v. to break in upon.

Fra^ter, fra'tris —a Brother.

Frater'nal, a. brotherly. |
Frat'ricidb, n, the murder of a
brother.

Fraus, frau^dis —Deceit ; Cheat.

Fraud, n. deceit. Fraud'ulent, a. deceitful.
Defraud', v. to cheat. Frau'dulence, n. deceitfulness.

FrVgus, fri'goris— Cold.

Frig 'id, a. cold. I Refrig'erate, v. to cool.
Frigid'ity, n. coldness. I
Refrig'erator, n. a cooler.

Frons, fronftis —the Forehead ; the Face.

Front, n. the face the ; forepart. I Confront', ®. to meet face to face.
Affront', v. to offend. I
Effront'ery, n. impudence.

Fru'or, fru^itiis — ^to Enjoy.

Frui'tion, n. enjoyment. Fruc'tify, «. to make
]
fruitful.
Fruit, n. the produce of a tree or plant.

4^ Fu'giOf fu'giturn— to Fly or Flee.

Fu'gitive, running away.
a. Refugee', n. one who flies for pro»
Sub'terfuge, n. an evasion. tection.
Rep'uge, n. shelter. Ver'mifuge, n. a worm medicine.

Fu^mus— Smoke; Fume.

Fume, n. smoke ; vapor. Fu'ming, a. raging ; smoking.
Fu'migate, x. to smoke. Perfume', v. to scent.

Ftm^dOf fu^sum — ^to Pour Out ; to Melt.

Fuse, to melt.
v. Infuse', v. to pour in.
Fu'siON, n. the act of melting. Profuse', a. lavish.
Fu'sible, a. that may be melted. Profu'sion, n. abundance.
Confound', v. to mingle. Refund', «. to pour back.

Confuse', v. to confound to mix. ; Suffuse', v. to spread over.

Diffuse', v. to spread. Refuse', v. to deny to decline, ;

Effu'sion, n. a poyring out. Refu'sal, n, a denial.

 262 SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Fun^dus — a Bottom or Basis.

Found, ». to lay the basis of. Fdndamen'tal, a. lying at the base.

Foun'deby, n. a casting house. Profound', a. deep thorough. ;

Fotjnda'tion, n. basis. Profundity, n. depth.

Fu'ria —Madness.
Fu'rious, a. mad ; raging. |
Fu'ry, n. rage ; frenzy.
Infu'riate, X). to make furious.

Ge'lu —Frost; Ice.

Congeal', ??. to freeze. Gel'atine, n. an animal substance

Congela'tion, n. a freezing resembling jelly.
Gbl'id, a. extremely cold Jel'ly, n. a kind of sweetmeat.
Gelat'inous, a. like gelatine.

f Ge^mis, gen'eris —Birth Family: Race.

Con'genial, a agreeing in temper Genteel', a. elegant in manners.
and tastes. Gentil'ity, n. dignity of birth.
Degen'erate, v. to grow worse. Gen'tile, n. a pagan.
Engen'der, to produce.
1). Gen'tle, a. soft mild tame.; ;

Gen'der, n. kind sex. ; Gen'uine, a. pure real. ;

Gen'eral, a, public extensive. ; Inge'nious, a. witty skillful. ;

Gen'erate, v. to beget to produce. ; Ingen'uous, a. open frank. ;

Gen'erous, a. noble liberal. ; Ingenu'ity, n. wit acuteness. ;

Generos'ity, n. liberality. Progen'itor, n. a forefather.

Ge'nial, a. causing production. Prog'eny, n. oflFspring race. ;

Ge'nius, n. mental power. Regen'erate, «. to renew.

Ge^ro, ges'tum —to Bear^ to Carry.

Ges'ture, n. action. Conges'tion, n. a caiTying together.
Gestic'ulate, v. to use gestures. Indiges'tion, want of power to
Digest', v. to arrange ; to dissolve. digest food.
Suggest', v. to hint.

GWria—Glory; Honor.
Glo'rify, «. to give glory to. I
Glo'ry, n. praise ; renown.
Inglo'rious, a. shameful.

Gva^dior, gres^sus — to Go Step by Step.

Grade, rank degree.
n. ; E'gress, n. a going out.
Grad'ual, a. advancing by steps.
Grada'tion, n. regular progress.
Grad'uate, v. to mark degrees.
Degree', n. a step a rank.
Degrade', v. to put in a lower rank.
Degrada'tion, n. a low condition.
Digress', v. to turn aside.
In'gress, n. entrance.
Con'gress, n. a coming together.
Aggres'sion, n. an attack.
; DiGREs'siON, 71. a deviation.
Progress', v. to advance.
Progres'sive, a. advancing.
Ret'rograde, a. going backward,
Transgress', V. to violate.
 LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 253

Gill' tlo—to Gulp Down,

Glut, v. to overfill ; to stuff. Glut'ton, n. an excessive eater.
|

Degluti'tion, n. the act of swallowing.

Grau'dis- Great; Grand.

Grand, great high in power.
a. ; Grand'eur, n. state ,• splendor.
Grandee', n. a man of high rank. Ag'grandize, v. to make great.

Gra^num—a Grain op Corn.

Grain, n. a seed of com. Gran'ule, n. a small grain.
Gran'ary, n. a storehouse for grain. Gran'ulate, v. to form into grains.
Gran'ite, n. grain stone. Gran'ular, a. consisting of grains.

Gra'tus —Pleasing ; Thankful.

Grate'pul, a. thankful pleasing. ;
Grat'ify, v. to indulge ; to pl(
Grat'itude, n. thankfulness. Congratulate, n. to wish joy to.

In'grate, a. unthankful. Grace, n. favor; kindness.

In'grate, n. an ungrateful person. Gra'cious, a. merciful kind. ;

Grat'is, ad. for nothing. Disgrace', v. to dishonor.

Gratd iTous, a. given with out reward. Ingra'tiate, v. to put or wind into
Gratu'ity, n. a free gift. favor.

Gra'vis — Heavy ; Grievous.

Grave, a. weighty.
serious ;
i
Grieve, v. to mourn.
Grav'ity, n. weight seriousness. ; ;
Griev'ance, n. an injury.
Grief, r^. sorrow; trouble. j
Aggrieve', v. to vex; to trouble.
Griev'ous, a. mournful sad. ;
'

Ag'gravate, v. to make worse.

Greoc, gre^gis —a Herd or Flock.

Grega'rious, a. going in flocks Egre'gious, a. remarkably bad.
Con'gregate, v. to assemble. Ag 'GREG ate, «. to gather into a masa
Congrega'tion, n. an assembly. Ag'gregate, n. a mass.

CrTuSf gru'is — a Crane.

Con'gruous, a. going together Incon'gruous, a. unsuitable.
cranes in a flock. CoNGRu'iTY, n. agreement fitness. ;

Gus'tus —Taste; Relish.

Gust, n. tasie ; relish. |
Disgust', n. distaste ; dislike.

Note. —Gust, a blast of wind, comes from the Danish {gust.)

Ha'heo, hab'ituin —to Have to Hold.
1^ ;

Have, v. to possess. Habil'iment, n. a garment.

Hab'it, custom use.
n. ; Disa'ble, to deprive of force.
v.
Habita'tion, n. a dwelling. Ena'ble, v. to empow^er.
Habit' UAL, a. customary. « Exhib'it, v. to show to display. ;

Habit'uate, v. to accustom. Debil'itate, v. to enfeeble.

A'ble, a. having power. Inhab'it, v. to dwell in.
Abil'ity, n. power. Prohib'it, 'g. to forbid.
 254 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Hce^reOf hce'sum — ^to Stick Fast ; to Stop

Adhere', to stick to
v. Hes'itate, v. to delay ; to pause.
Cohb'sive, a. sticking. Cohe'rent, a. sticking together.
Cohe'sion, n. state of union. Incohe'rent, a. unconnected.
Inhe'rent, a. existing in.

Hce^res, hcere^dis—sm Heir.

Heir, n. one who inherits. Disinher'it, v. to cut off from suc-
Inher'it, v. to possess by descent. cession.
Coheir', n. an heir with another. Hered'itary, a. that has descended
Heritage, property inherited.
n. from an ancestor.
Inher'itance, n. patrimony. Heir'loom, n. any movable owned
by inheritance.

Ma^lo —to Breathe.

Exhale', v. to breathe out. |
Exhala'tion, n. vapor.
Inhale', v. to breathe in.

Hau^rio, hau^tujfi —to Draw, as water.

Exhaust', v. to draw out until noth- I Inexhaust'ible, a. that cannot be
ing is left. | exhausted.

HWaris—Cheerful; Merry.
Exhil'arate, v. to make cheerful. Hilar'ity, n. cheerfulness.

Ho^^no, hom^inis —a Man.

Hu'man, a. belonging to mankind. Human'ity, n. the nature of man.
Humane', a. kind tender. ; Inhu'man, a. barbarous cruel. ;

Hu'manize, v. to render humane. Hom'icide, n. manslaughter.

ILo'nor, hones^tiis — Honorable; Honest.

Hon'or, n. dignity respect. ; Dishon'or, n. disgrace; shame.
Hon'orary, a. done in honor. Hon'est, a. without fraud upright. ;

Hon'orable, a. worthy of honor. Hon'esty, n. justice truth. ;

Dishon'est, a. unjust wicked.;

Hos'pes, hos^pitis—a Host or Guest.

Hos'piTABLE, a. kind to strangers. Host, n. one who entertains another.
I

Hos'pital, n. a building for the sick. Hotel', 71. an inn. |

Host'ler, n. a man who takes care of horses.

•44_
Sos^tis—BXL Enemy.
Host, n. an army ; a multitude. Hos'tile, a. adverse
| ; opposite.
Hostil'ity, n. open war.

Hummus—the Ground. Hu^milis —of the Ground ;

Low Hcmble. ;

Inhume', «. to bury. I
Hum'ble, v. to crush ; to subdue.
Exhume', ®. to take out of the ground. Humil'ity, n. freedom from pride.
Hum'ble, a. modest ; submissive. ! Humilia'tion, n. abasement of pride.
 LATIiS^ BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 265

Fdem—the ^amk.
Iden'tity, n. sameness. Iden'tical, a. the very same.
|

Iden'tify, v. to prove to be the same.

\jr- Ig'nis —FiKE.

Ignite', v. to set on fire. Igni'tlble, pjpr. capable of being set
Ig'neous, a. containing fire. on tire.
Igni'tion, n. the state of red heat.

Inia^go, imag^inis —an Image

Im'age, n. a picture an idol. ; Imagina'tion, n. fancy idea. ;

Imag'ine, ©, to form an idea in the Imag'inary, a. existing only in fancy.

mind.

Im'pero, imper a' turn— to Command.

Em'peror, n. a commander a mon Em'pire, n. the dominion
; of an em-
arch. peror, or of a mighty nation.
Imper'ative, a. commanding. Impe'rial, a. royal regal. ;

Impe'rious, a. overbearing.

In^sula—an Island,
In'sular, a- belonging to an island. I'soLATED, a. placed by itself.
In'sulate, v. to detach from sur Penin'sula, n.land almost surrouded
rounding objects. by water.

In'teger —Whole; Entire; Unbroken.

In'teger, n. a whole number. I Integ'rity, n. honesty purity. :

In'tbgral, a. whole complete. ; | In'tegrate, ia. to make entire.

In^tus —Within.
Inte'rior, a. inner; inland. I In'timate, v. to hint.
Inter'nal, a. inward within. ; I In'timacy, n. close familiarity.
In'timate, a. inmost familiar. ; I Intrin'sic, a. internal ; real.

I^ra —Anger.
Ire, n. anger rage. ;
|
Ir'ritable, a. easily provoked.
Iras'ciblb, a. easily made angry. | Ir'ritate, v. to tease; to fret.

Ja^cio, jacftum — ^to Throw or Cast.

Ab'ject, a. thrown away mean. ;
I

I
Interjec'tion, n. an exclamation,
Ad'jective, n. a describing word. |
Object', v. to oppose,
Conjec'ture, to guess.
??. Ob'ject, n. purpose design. ;

Deject', v. to cast down. Pro'ject, n. scheme contrivance. ;

Dejec'tion, n. lowness of spirits. Project', 'c. to cast forward to plan. ;

Eject', to throw out.

'c. Pro JEC 'tile, n. a body thrown for-
Inject', ». to throw in. • ward.
Ejac'ulate, V, to utter abruptly. Reject', «j. to refuse.
Subject', v. to put under.
256 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Ja^ceo —to Lie.

Ja'cent, lying at length.
a. I Circumja'cent, a. lying round.
Adja'cent, a. lying next. | Interja'cent, a. lying between.

fTo^cus —a Joke ; Sport.

Jocose', a.merry waggish. ; I Joc'ular^ a. sportive merry. ;

Joke, n. a merry trick. I

Joc'und, a. gay; lively.

Jii^dico, judica^twm— to Judge ; to Decide.

JuDi'ciAL, a. pertaining to courts of Adjudge', v. to pass a sentence.
justice. Adju'dicate, v. to try and decide.
TuDi'ciARY, n. the system of courts Judge, v. to decide.
of justice. JuDi'cious, a. guided by judgment.
Prej'udice, n. a prejudgment.

tTu'gufti—d^ Yoke.
Con'jtigal, a. pertaining to marriage. Con'jugate, v. to join together.
|

Sub'jugate, -y. to put under the yoke.

Jun'go, junc^tum —to Join.

Junc'tion, n. union. Conjoin,' to unite to associate.
t. ;

Join, v. to unite to combine. ; Disjoin', to separate.

v.
Joint, n. a joining a connection ; al- Enjoin', v. to direct to order. ;

lowing motion. Injuno'tion, n. precept order. ;

Adjoin'ing, a. next contiguous. ; Subjoin', t. to add at the end.

Ad'junct, 71. something joined. SubJUNO 'tive, a. conditional.

tTu^ro —to Swear,

Abjure', v. to renounce upon oath. Con JURE, ». to practice secret arts.
Adjure', v. to charge solemnly. Ju'ry, n. a set of men sworn to give
Conjure', v. to summon in a solemn a true verdict.
manner. Ju'ror, n. a member of a jury.
Per'jury, n. false swearing.

Jus, ju^ris —Right ; Justice ; Law.

Just, a. equitable honest. ; Adjust', v. to set right.
Just'ice, n. right. In'jure, v. to treat unjustly.
Injust'ice, n. wrong. Inju'rious, a. hurtful.
Jus'tify, v. to clear from guilt. Jurisdic'tion, n. legal authority.

Ju'venis —Young.
Ju'vBNiLE, a. youthful. (
Ju'nior, n. one younger.

Ju'vOf ju^tum — ^to Help or Aid.

Ad'jtjtant, n. a major's aid. |
Coadju'tor, n. a fellow helper.

La'hor, lap^sus—to Fall ; to Slip ; to Glide.

Lapse, n. a slip ;a fault. I Elapse', v. to pass away.
Collapse', v. to fall inward. | Relapse', v. to fall back again.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 257

La^hor — Labob.
La'bok, n. work toil. ; I Lab'oratort, n. a chemist's work-
Labo'rious, a. fatiguing. room.
I

Elab'orate, a. much labored upon.

Lac, Idcftis —Milk.

Lac'teal, a. pertaining to milk. |
Lactif'erous, a. bearing milk.

lianfgueo —to Droop ; to Languish.

Law'guid, a. drooping weak. ; Lan'guish, v. to grow feeble.

|

Lan'guor, n. faintness weakness. ;

La^pis, lapHdis—a. Stone.

Lapidary, n. a worker in precious I Dilapida'tion, n. ruin ; decay,
stones. 1

La^ttLS — a Side.
Lat'eral, a. pertaining to the side. | Collat'eral, a. placed by the side.

La^tus —Wide; Broad.

Dilate', v. to widen apart. I
Lat'itude, n. breadth.

r. Laus, lau^dis —Praise.

Laud, v. to praise ; to extol. I Lau'dable, a. praiseworthy.
Lau'datory, a. oestowing praise.

La^vOf lo'tum —to Wash.

Lave, «. to wash ; to bathe. |
Lo'tion, n. a medicinal wash.

Laxftis —Loose; Slack.

Lax, a. loose ; dissolute. I Relax', v. to slacken ; to remit. •

Prolix', a. loosened out ; lengthy. | Relaxa'tion, ri. ease ; remission.

-4^ !-<''.*, lega'tuvfi —to Send as an Ambassador ;

to Bequeath.
Allege', to affirm.
«. Del'egate, ». to send on an embassy.
Allegation, n. affirmation. Leg'acy, n. a gift made by will.
Col'league, n. a partner. Leg' ATE, n. an ambassador of th«
Alle'giance, n. the duty of a subject. Pope.
Del'egate, n. a deputy.

Le^vis —Light; East.

Lev'ity, n. lightness ;
gayety. Leav'en, «. to make light, as bread.
Alle'viate, tJ. to make easy to. Le'ver, n. a mechanical power.
El'evate, id. to raise up. ^ Lev'y, to raise to collect.
«. ;

Leav'en, n. a substance to make Rel'evant, a. applicable.

bread light. Relieve', v. to ease to succor. ;

Relief', n, ease ; assistance.

 258 smith's hand-book of etymology.

f L^gOf le&tuni — to Gather ; to Read ; to Choose.

Collect', v. to gather together. Le'gend, n. a wild narrative.

Di'alect, n. subdivision of a lan- Leg'ible, a. that can ])e read.
guage. Le'gion, n. a body of soldiers.
Dil'igent, a. industrious. Neglect', v. to pass over carelessly.
Elec'tion, n. the act of choosing. Neglect', n. inattention slight. ;

El'igible, a. fit to be chosen. Neg'ligent, a. careless heedless. ;

In'tellect, n. understanding. Predilec'tion, n. a liking before

Intel 'ligent, a. able to understand. hand.
Intel'ligence, n. information. Recollect', v. to bring to mind.
Lec'tuke, n. a discourse. Select', «). to choose out.
Selec'tion, n. choice.

J/e'ms— Mild; Gentle.

Le'neent, a. mild ; soothing. |
Len'ity, n. mildness of temper.

LeXf le'gis—2i Law or Rule.

Le'gal, a. lawful. Leg'islature, n. the law making
Ille'gal, a. unlawful. power.
Legal'ity, n. lawfulness. Legit'imate, a. lawful genuine. ;

Le'galize, v. to make lawful. Legit 'iMACY, lawfulness of birth,

71.

Leg'islate, v. to make laws. Priv'ilege, n. a special advantage.

LVber, lib^ri —a Book.

Li'brary, n. an apartment for books. Libra'rian, n. oneI who has charge
Li'bel, n. a defamatory writing. of a library. |

Li'belous, a. defamatory.

LVber— Free.
Lib'eral, a. free;
generous. Lib'erate, v. to set free.
Lib'erty, n. freedom. Illib'eral, a. mean suspicious. ;

LVbra—a Pound ; a Balance.

Delib'eratb, v. to weigh mentally. | Equilib'rium, n. an equal balancing,

LVceo, li(fitum — to be Lawful or Permitted.

Illic'it, a. unlawful. Li'cense, v. to grant authority to.
Li'cense, n. permission. Licen'tious, a. unrestrained.

Li' go, liga'tufn — to Bind ; to Tib.

Alle'giance, n. the binding of a sub- Ob'ligate, v. to bind by contract.

ject to his government. Ob'ligatory, a. binding.
League, n. a binding or union. Oblige', v. to gratify to corapeL ;

Li' ABLE, a. bound responsible.

; Relig'ion, n. duty to God.

LVmen, limHnis— a Threshold.

Elim'inate, v. to put out of doors. | Prelim'inary, a. introductory.
 ;

LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 259

lA'nea — a Linen Thread. LVnuni -Flax.

Delin'eate, «. to describe. Lin'eament, n. feature outline. ;

Interline', v. to write between lines. Lin'eage, n. race progeny. ;

Line, n. a rank a row extension in

; ;
Lin'en, n. cloth made of flax.
length. Lin'seed, n. the seed of flax.
Lin'eal, a. descending in a line. Lint, n. down scraped from linen.

Litifgua —the Tongue ; a Language.

Lan'guage, n. a using the tongue Lin'go, n. corrupt language.

speech. Lm'GUiST, n. one skilled in languages.

Lin'quOf li&tum — to Leave ; to Forsake.

Delin'quent, a. failing in duty. Rel'ic, n. something left.
Delin'quent, n. an offender. Rel'ict, n. a widow.
Derelic'tion, n. a forsaking. Relin'quish, v. to forsake ; to quit.

LVqueo—to Melt ; to Flow, as water.

Liq'uefy, v. to make liquid. I Liq'uid, //. a fluid.

Liq'uor, n. a liquid substance. I
Liq'uid, a. flowing like water.
Liq'uir ATE, V. to clear away ; to pay.

LiSf Wtis — Stripe ; a Lawsuit.

Lit'igate, v. to contest in law. |
Litiga'tion, n. a suit at law.
Litig'ious, a. given to litigation. | Lit'igant,;^. one engaged in a lawsuit

lAtfera —a Letter.
Let'ter, n. a character representing Lit'erature, n. learning.
some sound an epistle.
; Litera'ti, n. men of learning.
Literal, a. exact to the letter. Illit'erate, a. unlearned.
Literary, a. relating to letters. Oblit'erate, ^. to rub out.

Lo'cus—2i Place.
Lo'cal, a. relating to place. Locomo'tion, n. the power of chang-
Lo'cate, t). to place to fix. ; ing place.
Local'ity, n. situation place. ;
Locomo'tive, n. a steam engine on
Col'locate, v. to place together. wheels.
Dis'locate, T). to put out of joint.

Lo'qifor, locu^tus —to Speak

Circumlocu'tion, n. a circuit of Elocu'tion, n. a speaking out.
words. Loquac'ity, n. talkativeness.
Col'loquy, n. a speaking together. Ob'loquy, n. blame slander. ;

Collo'quial, a. relating to conversa- Solil'oquy, n. a speech to one's sel£

tion. Ventril'oquism, n. the act of speak-
El'oquent, a. having the power of ing from the stomach.
•
oratory.
Note.— Ventriloquism is the art of modifying the natural voice so that it seems
to come from a greater or less distance, and from different directions,
260 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Lonfgus—Long.
Long, a. having length. Ob'long, a. longer than broad.
Long, to desire earnestly.
'd. Prolong', xi. to lengthen out.
Elon'gate, v. to lengthen. Lon'gitude, n. length distance east ;

LoNGEv'iTT, n. length of life. or west.

Lu^crum — Gain: Profit.

Lu'cRE, n. gam money. ; Lu'cRATiVE, a. profitable.

Lu^dOf lu^sum — to Play ; to Deceive ; to Cheat.

Allude', to refer to.
v. Elude', to escape by deception.
t).

Allu'sion, n. a reference to. Illu'sion, n. a deceptive appearance.

Collu'sion, n. dishonest agreement. Lu'dicrous, a. laughable.
Delude', v. to deceive to mislead. ; Prel ude, n. something introductory.
Delu'sive, a. deceptive. In'terlude, n, a play between.

Lu'minous, a, giving light. Lu'ciD, a. bright shining. ;

Lu'minary, n, anything that gives Lu'cifer, n. the morning star ; Satan.

light. Elu'cidate, d. to clear up.
Illumina'tion, n, a lighting up. Pellu'cid, a. clear.
Translu'cent, a. transparent.

Lu'na —^the Moon.

Lu'nar, a. relating to the moon. I Lu'nacy, n. madness.
Luna'tion, n. a month. | Lu'natic, n. a madman.
Sub'lunary, a. beneath the moon.

Lu^o, lu'tuTYi —to Wash.

Ablu'tion, n. a washing, Dilute', v. to make thin or weak.
Allu'vium, n. soil deposited by water- Dil'uent, a. that which dilutes.
Allu'vial, a. deposited by water. Pollute', 'o. to make unclean.

Lus'trOf lustra^ turn — to Purify : to Make Clean or Bright.

Lus'tre, n. brightness splendor, ; Illus'trate, d. to explain.
Illus'trious, a. very distinguished. Lustra'tion, n. a cleansing.

Luxu'^ria —Lux ury.

Lus'cious, a. sweet to excess. Luxu'riant, a. growing rank.
Luxury, n. a great or Luxu'rious, a. voluptuous.
excessive
pleasure. Luxuriate, v. to revel to wanton. ;

Luxu'riance, n. rank growth.

Magis^ter —a Master ; a Ruler.

Mag'istrate, n. a civil officer. Magisterial, a. having the air of
Mag'tstracy, n. the office of a mag- authority.
istrate. Mas'ter, n. one v;ho controls.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 261

Mag'neSf magne^tis—Loadstone.
Mag'net, n. the loadstone. |
Magnet'ic, a. attractive.
Mag'netism, n. the power of attraction.

Mag'fius — Great; Large; Grand.

Mag'nitude, n. size greatness. ; Ma'jor, n. a military officer.
Mag'nify, v. to make greater. Major'ity, n. the greater number.
Magnaist'imous, a. of noble mind. May'or, n. the chief magistrate of
Magnif'icence, n. grandeur. city.
Magnif'icejsit, a. splendid. Maj'esty, n. dignity.
Ma'jor, a. greater. Majes'tic, a. grand; stately.

Ma^gus — a Divine or Enchanter ; a Priest.

Ma'gi, n. a wise man. Mag'ic AL, a. produced by enchant-
Mag'ic, n. enchantment. ment.
Maqi'cian, n. a sorcerer.

3Ia'le —Badly; III.

Dis'mal, a. sorrowful ; gloomy. Malefac'tor, n. a criminal.

Maledic'tion, n. a curse. Malev'olence, n. ill will.

Jlalig^nus—ENYiovs Fatal to Life.

Malign, a. having malice and envy. Malig'nantly, ad. with ill intention.
Malig'nant, a. hostile to life. Mal'ice, n. desire to injure.
Malig'nity, ?i. violent hatred. Mali'cious, a. ill disposed.

MaVleus — a Hammer. MaVleo —to Beat.

Mall, n. a large wooden hammer ; a Mal'leable, a. that may be spread
beetle. by hammering.
Mal'let, n. a little mall.

Man^do, manda^tutn — ^to Commit ; to Command.

Man'date, n. a command.
Command', t?. to govern to order.
Commend', v. to praise.
Commenda'tion, n. praise.
Countermand', «j. to revoke a com-
mand.
Demand', v. to ask with authority.
; Demand', n. a call of authority.
Remand', v. to send back.
Recommend', v. to commend to an-
other.

Ma^neo, manfsum—to Stay to Abide.

t Man'sion, a house a residence.
n. ; I Remain',
;

«. to stay ; to continue,
Per'manent, a. durable ; lasting. | Rem'nant, n. that which is left.

Ma^re—the Sea.
Marine', a. belonging to^the sea. Submarine', a. under the sea.
Mar'iner, n. a seaman. Transmarine', a. across the sea.
HafJitime, a. near the sea. Ultramarine', a. across the sea.
Ultramarine', n. a very fine blue.
262 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Manifest tus — Cleab; Evident.

Man'ifest, a. plain ; open. |
Man'ipest, n. a list of a cargo.
Manipes'to, n. a declaration.

Ma'nus—^the Hand. Manip^ulus—a Handful.

Man'ual, a. performed by the hand. Eman'cipate, v. to set free.
Manufac'ture, n. anything made by Manumis'sion, n. giving liberty to
art. slaves.
Maintain', to support.
v. Manumit', v. to set free.
Man'acle, v. to handcuff. Manure', v. to fertilize.
Man'age, v. to conduct. Man'uscript, n. a writing.
Manip'ulate, v. to handle. Manceu'vre, n. a skillful movement.

Mar'gOf mar'ginis — a Brink or Edge.

Mar'gin, n. the border ; the edge. | Mar'ginal, a. on the margin.

Master, mat'ris —a Mother ; a Matron.

Mater'nal, a. motherly. I Ma'tron, n. an elderly woman.
Mat'rimony, n. marriage. I
MAT'RiciDE,7i.the murder of a mother.

Matxi^rus —Ripe ; Mature.

Mature', a. ripe complete. ; I Immature', a. not ripe.
Matu'rity, n. ripeness. I
Premature', a. ripe too soon.

Me'deop — ^to Heal ; to Cure. Med'icus — a Physician.

Med'icine, n. any substance used in Med'ical, a. relating to medicine.
curing disease. Med'icated, a. tinctured with med'
Medic'inal, a. having the power of icine.
healing. Rem'edy, n. a cure.
Reme'dial, a. affording remedy.

—
Me^dins Middle Between. ; Medioc'ris —Middling.
Me'diuisi, n. the middle point. Imme'diate, a. instant direct. ;

Me'diate, «. to interpose. Interme'diate, a. coming between.

Me'diate, a. put between Medioc'rity, n. middle rate.
Mediterra'nean, a. between lands.

Med'itor, medita^tus—to Muse ; to Think Upon.

Medita'tion, n. deep thought. |
Premed'itate,^. to think beforehand

3Ie^ trior —Mindful ; Keeping in Mind.

Mem'ory, n. the faculty of recollect-
Memoir', n. a short account.
ing. Immemo'rial, a. beyond memory.
Mem'orable, a. worthy to be remem- Memen'to, 71. a memorial.
bered. Men'tion, v. to speak of
Memo'rial, n. something to keep in Remem'ber, v. to bear in mind.
memory. Reminis'cence, n. recollection.
Commem'orate, v. to hold in memory.
 ;

LATm ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 263

Mens, men'^tis — the Mind; Keason.

Men'tal, a. relating to the mind. Com'ment, n. note explanation. ;

Demen'tate, v. to make insane. Com'mentary, n. a writing to explain

Dement'ed, p. a. insane. another,
Ve'hemence, n force: ardor.

Mensu'ra —a Measure. Me^tior —to Meastjre.

Mete, v. to measure. Mensura'tion, n. the art of measur-
Me'ter, n. a measure. ing.
Meas'ure, ?;. to compute quantity by Dimen'sion, n. bulk extent. ;

a rule. Immense', a. very great vast. ;

Commen'surate, a. equal. Immen'sity, n. unlimited extent.

3£er^cor, nierca^tus —to Buy ; to Trade.

Com'merce, n. trade intercourse. ; Mer'cantile, a. relating to trade.
Commer'cial, a. relating to com- Mar'ket, n. a place of sale.
merce. Mer'cenary, n. one who is bought
Mer'chant, n. a trader. actuated by the hope of gain.
Mer'chandise, n. things bought and Mer'cer, n. a dealer in silks.
sold. Mer'cury, n. the god of commerce.
—
Note. Mebcury, an ancient heathen deity, the messenger of the gods, and the
god of eloquence, commerce, travelers, etc.

Mer^go, mer^sutn —to Plunge or Dep ; to Sink.

Merge, v. to swallow up to sink. ; Immer'sion, n. the act of putting be-

Emerge', v. to rise out of low the surface of a fluid.
Emer'gency, 71. sudden occasion. Submer'sion, n. the state of being
Immerse', v. to put under water. wholly covered by a fluid.
Submerge', v. to put under water.

Me'reOf mer^itum —to Earn ; to Deserve.

Bemer'it, n. fault; vice. Mer'it, v. to deserve.
|

Merito'rious, a. full of merit.

MVgrOf migra^tum—to Change One's Abode or Dwelling

Mi'grate, v. to remove from one Migra'tion, n. change of residence.
place to another. Im'migrate, v. to remove into {

Em'igrate, v. . to remove out of a country.

country. Em'igrant, n. one who removes.

MVleSf iniVitls — a Soldier.

Mil'itant, a. fighting. I
Mil'itate, v. to operate against.
Mil'itary, a. relating to soldiers. Mili'tia, n. citizen soldiers.

Minis^^er —a Servant ; a Helper.

Min'ister,^. a servant of the church. Admin'ister, v. to supply to; to
I

Min'istry, n. the body of ministers. manage or rule. |

Administra'tion, n. government.
264: smith's hand-book of etymology.

MVneo—to Jut Out; to Hang Oveb.

Em'inent, a. distinguished high. ; Prom'inence, n. distinction.
Im'minent, a. near at hand. ; Prom'inent, a. standing out.

MinfuOf ininu^tum —to Lessen or Diminish.

Dimin'ish, v. to lessen. Minor'ity, n. the less number.
Diminu'tion, n. a growing less. Min'uend, n. the number to be di-
Dimin'utive, a. small. minished.
Min'iature, n. a small portrait. :Mi'nus, a. diminished by.
JVIin'imum, n. the smallest quantity. Minute', a. very small.
Mi'nor, n. one under age. Min'ute, n. a portion of time.
Minu'tle, n. small particulars.

MVrus— Strange ; Wonderful.

Admire', v. to regard with wonder or AdMIRA'tION, 71. affection mingled
esteem. with wonder.
Mir'aclb, n. a supernatural event. MiRAc'uLous, a. supernatural.

Mis' ceo, mioo'tum —to Mix ; to Mingle.

Mix, «. to mingle. Mis'cELLANY, 71. a coUcction of va-
Mix'ture, n. a mixed mass. rious things.
Min'gle, v. to mix to join. ; Miscella'neous, a. of various kinds.
Commix', v. to mingle to blend. ; Promis'cuous, a. mingled indiscrim-
Intermix', v. to mingle together. inately.

Mit'to, mis'sum — to Send ; to Let Go or Come.

Admit', to suffer to enter.
v. Mis'siVE, a letter sent.
n.
Admit'tance, n. entrance. Mis'sn.E, n. that may be thrown.
Commit', v. to intrust. Mis'siON, n. a being sent by authority.
CoMMis'sioN, n. a trust; authority Mis'sionary, n. one sent to propa-
given, gate religion.
Commit'tee, n. persons selected to ex- Omit', v. to leave out.
amine or manage any matter. Omis'sion, n. neglect failure. ;

Com 'promise, n. an adjustment by Per'mit, n. a written permission.

concessions on each side. Permit', v. to grant permission,
Demise', n. death decease.
; PERMis'sroN, n. leave granted.
Demise', v. to grant at one's death. Premise', v. to state beforehand.
Dismiss', v. to send away. Prom'ise, v. to engage to do.
Dismis'sion, n. discharge. Prom'issory, a. containing a promise.
Em'issary, n. one sent out as a secret Remiss', a. slack careless. ;

agent. Remit', i). to relax to forgive. ;

Emis'sion, n. a sending out. Remis'sion, n. abatement pardon. ;

Emit', v. to send forth. Remit'tance, n. a sum sent back.

Intermis'sion, n. cessation for a time. Submit', v. to yield to authority.
Intermit'tent, a. ceasing at intervals. SuBMis'srvE, a. humble yielding. ;

Manumis'sion, n. sending away from Surmise', n. a suspicion.

bondage. Transmit', v. to send over.
Manumit', 'd. to release from slavery. Transmis'sion, n. a sending over.

Mo'lior, moWtus—to Heap; to Build,

Demol'ish, v. to destroy. |
Demoli'tion, n. destruction.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. £t>5

Mi'ser —Wretched.
AIis'ert, n. wretchedness. Mi'sERLY, a. very covetous.
Mi'sER, n. one who is wretched Mis'erable, a. unhappy.
through covetousness. Commis'erate, v. to pity.

Mo^dus— a Measure ; a Limit ; a Mode or Manner.

Mode, a manner or fashion.
n. Mod'icum, n. a small portion.
Mood, temper of mind.
n. Commo'dious, a. convenient,
Mod'el, n. a copy to be imitated. Commod'ity, n. an article of mer-
Mod'ify, v. to alter to soften. ;
chandise,
Mod'ulate, v. to vary sound. Accom'modate, v. to make conven-
Mod'erate, a. temperate; not do- ient to.
lent. Discommode', «. to put ':o trouble.
Mod'est, a. restrained by a sense of Incommode', v. to disturb to annoy. ;

propriety. Immod'erate, a. excessive.

Mod'esty, n. decency ; diflSdence. Immod'esv, a. wanting modesty,
Remod'el, «. to model anew.

MoVlis — Soft. MoVlio —to Soften.

Emol'lient, a. softening. I
Mol'lify, v. to assuage ; to soften.

Mo^neo, mon'itum — ^to Remind ; to Warn.

Mon'itor, n. one who warns Admonition, n. gentle reproof.
Mon'ument, n. a memorial. Premoit'itory, a. giving warning
Admon'ish, «. to warn to reprove.
; beforehand.
Sum'mon, «. to call by authority.

MonSf tnonftis —a Mountain ; a High Hill.

Mount, n. a hill. Prom'ontory, n. high land jutting
Moun'tain, very large hill.
n. a into the sea.
Mound, n. a heap or bank of earth. Remount', v. to mount again.
Amount', n. the sum. Surmount', v. to rise above.
Dismount', v. to alight from a horse. Tan'tamount, a. equal in value or
Par'amount, a. above all others. meaning.

Mon'strOf tnonstra^ turn— to Show ; to Declare.

Demon'strate, v. to show plainly, Remon'strate, v. to present reasons
Mon'ster, n. something unnatural. against.
Mon'strous, a. unnatural huge. ;

Mor'deo, tnor'sum —to Bite.

Mor'sel, n. a little bite. Mor'dant, n. any substance to hold
Remorse', n. a biting again ; sorrow colors in dyeing.
for a fault.

MorSf mor^tis—Death.
Mor'tal, a. subject to deajja, Mortal'ity, n. death,
Mor'tify, v. to lose vitality to Mur'der, tJ, to put to death.
;

shame or vex. Immor'tal, a. exempt from death,

Immor'talize, v. to make immortal.
 26d SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

MoSf mo'ris—Manner; Custom.

Mor'al, a. conformed to law and Mor'alize, v. to apply to moral sub
rectitude. jects.
Moral'ity, n. correctness of life Immoral, a. vicious.
Demor'alizb, v. to make immoral.

Mo^veOf mo^tutn —to Move.

Move, «. to put out of one place into Commo'tion, n. tumult.
another. Emo'tion, n. disturbance of mind.
Move'ment, n. change of place. Promote', v. to advance to exalt. ;

Mo'tion, n. change of place. Promo 'tion, n. advancement to high

Mo'tive, n, cause ; reason. er rank.
Mob, n. a disorderly multitude. Remote', a. at a distance.
Momen'tum, n. force of motion. Remove', «. to put from its place.

MuVtus- Many; Numerous; Much.

Multi'tude, n. a great number. Multifa'rious, a. having great vari-
Mul'tiply, v. to increase in number. ety.

Mu^fiuSf mu^neris —a Gift ; an Office.

Munif'icent, a. very liberal. Commu'nion, n. intercourse.
Commune', v. to talk together. Commu'nity, n. the commonwealth.
Commu'nicate, v. to impart. Immu'nitt, exemption. n.
Com'mon, a. shared by all. Remu'nerate, v. to reward.

Mu^rus—a Wall.
Mu'ral, a. pertaining to a wall. |
Immure', v. to imprison.

-to Change.
Mu'table, a. changeable. Mu'tiny, v. to rise against authorit}'.
Muta'tion, n. change. Permuta'tion, n. exchange.
Commute', to exchange.
i). Transmute', v. to change from on&
Mu'tual, a. reciprocal. nature into another.

Nas^cor, na^tus —to be Born ; to Spring Up ; to Grow.

Na'tal, a. relating to one's birth. Na'ture, n. original quality ; the
Na'tion, n. a distinct people. power which produces or causes
N a'tive, a. conferred by birth. things to grow.
Na'tive, n. one who is born in Innate', a. bom with us.
country. Nat'uralist, n. a student of nature.
Nativ'ity, n. birth. Nat'uralize, v. to intrust with the
Nat'ural, a, made by nature. rights of a native.
Supernat'ural, a. above nature.

-fr Na^vis —a Ship or Vessel.

Na'vy, n. the ships of war of a na Nau'tical, a. pertaining to sailors
tion. or sailing.
Na'val, a. relating to ships. Nau'sea, n. sea-sickness.
Naviga'tion, n. traveling by ships. Nau'seous, a. loathsome.
Nav'igable, a. passable by ships. Nau'tilus, n. tlie sailor-fish.
 LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 267

Neces'se —Necessary ; Inevitable.

Nec'essary, a. needful. Neces'sity,n. compulsion want. ;

Neces'sitate, v. to make necessary Nefa'rious, a. wicked.

Neces'bitous, a. needj. UimEc'EssARY, a. not needed.

NetftOf nexfum—to Tie or Bind ; to Kjnit.

Gonnect', v. to join together. |
Disconnect', v. to sever.
Connec'tion, n. a joining relation. ; | Annex', v. to unite at the end.

Nef(jo, nega'tUTYi—io Deny ; to Refuse.

Nega'tion, n. a denial. I Neg'ative, n. that which denies.
Neg'ative, a. denying. I
Deny', 'o. to contradict to refuse. ;

Neu^ter, neu^trum —Neither.

Neu'tral, a. of neither side or party. Neu'ter, a. neither one or the other.
Neu'tralize, v. to destroy the pecu- Neutral 'iTY, n. the state of being
liar properties of. neutral.

No^ceo —to Hurt; to Offend.

No'CENT, a. hurtful. Obnox'ious, a. hateful offensive. ;

Noxious, a. hurtful. In'nocence, n. purity simplicity. ;

Inno'cent, a. guiltless. Nui'sANCE, n. something offensive.

Nor'una —a Rule or Square.

Nor'mal, a. according to rule. |
Enor'mous,^. beyond rule or measure.

No'men, nornHnis—a Name.

Denom'inate, v. to name down. I
No'menclature, n. a system of
Denom'ination, n. a name a class. ; I
names.
Ig'nominy, n. disgrace shame. ; Nom'inate, «. to name to propose.
;

Name, n. the term by which we dis- Renowned', a. named again an6.

tinguish things. again.
Nom'inal, a. in name only.

Nos'co, no'tum —to Understand ; to Know. No'hilis —Noble.

No'ble, a. high in rank generous. ;
No'tify, v. to give notice to.
Nobil'ity, n. dignity rank. ; No'tion, n. thought ; idea.
Igno'ble, a. of low birth. Notorious, a. known or famous (in
No'tice, id. to observe. a bad sense.)
Rec'ognize, v. to know agaJn.

3ro't;«*s— New.
Nov'el, a. newunusual.; Nov'iCE, n. one new in the business.
N'ov'el, n. a tale a romance. ; Renew', v. to make again.
Xov'eltst, n. a writer of nojtels. Renova'tion, n. renewal.
Nov'elty, n. newness. In'novate, v. to introduce novelties
Novi'tiate, n. the time of learning or change.
rudiments.
^6S SMl'TH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY*

No^ta—B. Mabk.
Denote', v. to mark down. I No'tice, n. observatiorii
No'table, a. worthy to be noted. | No'tary, n. one who notes.

NodCf no&tis —Night.

Noctur'nal, a. nightly. I E'quinox, n. the time of equal day
Night, n. the time of darkness. |
and night.
Equlnoc'tial, a. pertaining to the equinox.

Nu^hOf nup^tuni — to Marry.

Connu'bial, a. pertaining to mar- I Nup'tial, a. pertaining to mar-
riage. I
riage.

Nu^dus—Naked; Bare.
Denude', v. to strip ; to make bare. | Nu'dity, n. nakedness.

NuVlus—None Null ; or Yoid.

Null, void of no force.
a. ; I Nul'lify, v. to make null or void.
Nul'lity, n. nothingness. I
Annul', v. to make void.

Num'ber, n. more than one thing,
Num'ber, v. to count to reckon.
Nu'merous, a. containing many.
Numera'tion, n. the art of number
ins.
Nu^merus—a Number.
Numer'ical, a. denoting number.
; Num'eral, a. relating to number.
Enu'merate, 'd. to reckon up singly.
Innu'merable, a. too many to be
counted.

Nun^ciOy nuncia'tuin —to Bring News ; to Tell.

Announce', v. to give notice. Pronounce', «. to tell or speak out.

Denounce', v. to declare against. Pronuncia'tion, n. mode of utter-
Denuncia'tion, n. public threat. ance.
Enun'ciate, v. to tell or speak out. Renounce', v. to disown.

Nu'triOf nu'tritum —to Nourish ; to Suckle.

Nour'ish, v. to support by food. Nu'triment, n. food.
Nurse, a person who has the care
n. Nutri'tion, n. the act of nourishing.
of infants or sick persons. Nutri'tious, a. nourishing.

O&ulus— an Eye ; a Bud.

Oc'uLAR, a. known by the eye ; evi BiNOc'uLAR, a. having two eyes.
dent. Inoo'ulate, v. to insert an eye or bud
Oc'uLiST, n. an eye doctor. of one tree in another.

O'leo, oritum —to Emit Odor ; to Grow.

Abol'ish, ». to do away with, Ob'solete, a. out of use.
Aboli'tion, n. a doing away. Olfac'tory, a. pertaining to smell.
Adult', n. one full grown. Red'olent, a. diflPusing odor.
 LATIN BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 26i?

O'di—to Hate.
O'dious, a. hateful. |
O'dium, n. hatred ; dislike.

O^merif omHnis— a Sign ; an Omen.

O'men, n. a sign a prognostic.; I Abom'inate, v. to loathe extremelj
Om'inous, a. foreboding evil. I
Abom'inable, a. hateful.

Oni^nis —All; Every.

Omnip'otent, a. having all power. Omnis'cient, a. knowing all things.
Omnipres'ent, a. present every- Om'nibus, n. a public coach.
where.

O^nuSf on^eris —a Burden or Load.

On'erous, a. burdensome. |
Exon'erate, «. to disburden.

Op'era —Work.
Op'erate, t). to work or act. Opera'tion, n. action effect. |
;

Coop'erate, «?. to work together, Operator, 71. one who works. |

Op'era, n. a dramatic work set to music.

OpVnor—to Think ; to Believe.

Opine', 'g. to think. |

Opin'ion, n. belief; judgment.

Op^to — ^to Wish; to Choose.

Op'tion, choice preference.
n. ;
I Adopt', v. to choose or take to one's
Op'tative, a. expressing desire. | self.
Adop'tion, n. the act of adopting.

Orchis —a Circle ; a Wheel ; an Orb.

Orb, a circle a globe.
n. ; Exor'bitant, a. going beyond the
Or'bit, n. the track or path of a regular path or limit enormous. ;

planet.

Or^dOf or^ dints — Order; Rank.

Or'der, n. regularity. Coor'dinate, a. holding the same
Ordain', «?. to appoint to decree. ; rank.
Or'dinal, a. noting order. Inor'dinate, a. excessive.
Or'dinance, n. a pubhc law. Extraor'dinary, a. beyond the usual
Or'dinary, a. common usual, ; course.
Subor'dinate, a. in a lower rank. Disor'der, v. to confuse.

Orior—^to Rise or Spring From.

O'rient, n. the east the rising sun. ;Or'igin, n. source I ; beginning.
O'riental, a. eastern. Orig'inal, a. first |
;
primary.
Orig'inate, v. to bring into being.

Or'no, otpna'tum —to Deck ; to Adorn,

Adorn', v. to decorate. Suborn', i). to induce a person to
Or'nament, n. that which adorns. swear falsely.
Or'nate, a. beaiy^iful.
270 smith's hand-book of etymology.

O^ro, or a^ turn —to Pray; to Beg.

Ora'tion, n. a formal speech. Adore', «?. to worship.
Or'ator, n. a public speaker. Adora'tion, n. worship.
Or'ison, n. a prayer. Or'ifice, n. an opening.
Or'acle, n. one famed for wisdom. Inex'orable, a. not to be moved bj
O'ral, a. delivered by mouth. entreaty.

Os, os^sis—a. Bone.

Os'seous, a. bony. |
Os'sify, 'v. to change into bone.

Ostium —Ease ; Repose ; Retirement from Business.

Ease, n. quiet ; facility. |
Nego'tiate, v. to transact business.
Disease', n. malady.

(Yvum— an Egg.
O'vAL, a. shaped like an egg. \
OVary, n. the seat of eggs.
Ovip'arous, a. producing eggs.

FaVleo —to be Pale.

Pal 'lid, a. pale ; not bright. |
Pal'lor, n. paleness.

JPaVlium —Mantle or Cloak ; a Covering.

Pall, a covering for the dead.
n. I Pal'liate, «. to put a cloak upon
Pallia'tion, n. mitigation. | to cover with excuse.

PaVpo—to Touch Gently ; to Feel.

Pal 'p ABLE, a. that may be felt. |
Pal'pitate, v. to beat ; to flutter.

Tanfdo, pan'sum— to Open ; to Spread.

Expand', 'd. to spread to open. ; Expan'sive, a. having power to ex-
Expan'sion, n. a spreading out. pand.
Expanse', n. a wide extent

Pa'nis — Bread.
Compan'ion, n. one who eats bread Pana'da, n. bread boiled and sweet-
with another an associate. ; ened.
Com'pany, n. a number of compan- Pan'try, n. the place where bread is
ions. kept.
Accom'pany, «. to go with.

Panfnus — Cloth ; a Patch or Piece of Cloth.

Pan'el, a patch or piece a piece
n. ; Impan'el, to enrol as jurors.
v.
of parchment on which the names Pane, piece of thin cloth used
n. a
of jurors were written a piece of ; in windows a piece or square of
;

board inserted into a frame. glass for windows.

iPa'riOf par" turn— to Bring Forth; to Generate; to Produce.

Pa'rent, n. that which produces ; a father or mother.
 ;

LATIN EOOTS AND DEEIVATIVES. 271

Far—Like; Equal.
Pair, n. two things like each other. Dispar'age, n. to cause disgrace.
Par'itt, n. likoness equality.
; Peer, n. an equal a nobleman. ;

Dispar'ity, n. inequality. Peer'less, a, without an equal.

Compare', v. to examine together. Peer'age, n. the rank of a peer.
Compeer', n. an equal.

Pa^reo, par^itum — ^to Become Visible ; to Appear.

Appear', v. to become visible to. Appari'tion, n. a spectre | ; a ghost.
Appar'ent, a. visible evident. ; Disappear', v. to become | invisible.
Transpa'rent, a. that can be seen through.

Pa^rOf para^tum — ^to Get Ready or Prepare.

Appara'tus, n. necessary instruments Irrep'arable, a. not to be repaired.
for any trade or art. Prepare', v. to make ready.
Apparel, n. dress; clothing. Repair', v. to mend ; to restore.
Sev'er, t. to separate. Parade', n. military preparation.
Dissey'er, v. to part in two. Prepara'tion, n. act of getting ready.
Insep'arable, a. not to be parted, Sep'arate, v. to divide to part. ;

Sey'eral, a. many ; distinct.

Pars, parous— a Part ; a Share.

Part, a portion a share.
n. ; Depart', v. to go away ; to leave.
Par'ticle, n. a little part. Depart 'URE, n. a going away.
Partic'ipate, v. to take part. Impart', v. to give.
Par'ty, n. a set of persons engaged Impar'tial, a. just; equitable.
in one design. Par'cel, n. a small package.
Par'tisan, n. a party man. Por'tion, n. a part a share. ;

Par'tial, a. inclined to favor one Partic'ular, a. pertaining to a part

party. exact.
Apart', ad. separately asunder. ; Propor'tion, n. the portion or meas-
Part'ner, n. a sharer. ure of one thing considered in com-
Copart'ner, n. a sharer. parison with some other thing.

Pas^sus —a Pace ; a Step.

Pass, v. to movein space to go. ; Pass'port, n. a permission of passage.

Pace, v. to measure by steps. Pas'time, n. amusement.
Com'pass, v. to go round to grasp. ; Surpass', «. to excel to exceed. ;

Encom'pass, v. to surround. Tres'pass, v. to pass beyond; to

Pas'sage, n. a way or channel. transgress.
Pas'senger, n. one who goes.

Palter, pa^tris — a Father.

Pater'nal, a. fatherly. Par'ricide, n. the murder of a par-
Pat'rimony, n. an inherited estate. ent.
Pa'triot, n. a lover of one's country. Patri'cian, n. a nobleman.
Compa'triot, n. a fellow countryman. Pa'triarch, n. the father and ruler
Expa'triate, v. to put out of one's of a family.
country. Pa'tron, n. a protector.
Pa'tronize, v. to protect ; to support.
 273 smith's hand-book of ETYMOLOaY.

Pas^cOf pas^tutn —to Feed ; to Eat.

Pas 'tor, n. a shepherd ; a clergyman. I Pas'ture, n. land on which cat>,ie
Pas'toral, a. relating to shepherds. graze. |

Repast', n. an eating again ; a meal.

Pa'tior, pas'sus —to Suffer ; to Endure.

Pa'tience, n. calm endurance. Pas'sive, a. suffering without resist-
Pa'tient, a. enduring without com- ance.
plaint. Pas'sion ATE, a. easily moved to an
Pa'tient, n. a sick person. ger.
Impa'tient, a. hasty fretful. ; CoMPAs'siON, n. pity sympathy. ;

Pas'sion, n. anger zeal. ; DisPAs'siONATE, a. Calm.

Tau'per— Poor.
Pau'per, n. a poor person. Pov'erty, n. indigence want. ;

Poor, a. indigent; lean. Impov'erish, 'd. to make poor.

JPax, panels —Peace.

*
Peace, n. quiet ; rest. I Pac'ify, v. to calm to quiet.;

Pacif'ic, a. mild ;
gentle. I
Appease', «.to quiet to still. ;

Pe&tus, pe&toris — the Breast ; the Chest.

Pec'toral, a. belonging to the breast. |
Expec'torate, v. to cough up.

PeVlo, piiVsuni- to Drive ; to Strike or Beat.

Pulse, n. the throbbing of the arte- Impel', id. to urge forward.
ries. Im'pulse, n. force given.
Pulsa'tion, n. a throbbing. Impul'sive, a. moved by sudden
Compel', ti. to force to drive. ; thought.
Compul'sory, a. forcing. Propel', -y. to drive forward.
Dispel', n. to drive away. Repel', 'o. to drive back.
Expel', 'o. to drive out. Repulse', n. a rejection.
Expul'sion, n. a driving out. Repul'sive, a. forbidding in manners.

-Peit'cieo— to Hang; to Lean. Perpendlc^ulum — a Plumb Line.

Pen'dent, a. hanging. Impend', v. to hang over.
Pen'dulum, n. a body to swing to Indepen'dent, a. free.
and fro. Propen'sity, n. inclination.
Pend'ing, a. remaining undecided. Suspend', i). to hang to delay. ;

Append', v. to hang or join to. Suspense', n. uncertainty.

Append'ix, n. something added at Suspen'sion, n. a hanging up ; a stop.
the end. Perpendic'ular, a. directly down-
Depend', v. to hang from ; to rely on. wards.
Depend'ence, n. trust.
A
Note.— Plumb Line is a line perpendicular to the horizon, or a line directed to
the center of gravity of the earth.

Penfna~2, Feather ; a Wing.

Pen, n. an instrument of writing. | Pen'nate, a. winged.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 273

Ten^do, penfsunt —to Weigh ; to Lay Out.

Compend'ium, n. an abridgment. Expend'iture, n. amount expended.
Com'pensate, «. to give an equiva- Expanse', n. cost charges. ;

lent. ExpEN'srvE, a. costly.

Dispense', i). to distribute. To dis- Pen'sive, a. thoughtful sad. ;

pense WITH, to do without. Pen'sion, n. annual allowance.

Expend', to spend to lay out.
t). ; Recompense, n. reward.
Sti'pend, n. wages ; stated pay.

—
Pc^na Punishment.
Pe'nal, a. enacting punishment. Pen'ance, n. voluntary suffering on
Pen'alty, n. suffering or loss in con- account of sin.
sequence of crime. Pen'itent, a. contrite for sin.
Peniten'tiary, n. a prison. Repent', v. to sorrow for sin.

Perpetfiius —Unceasing ; Perpetual.

Perpet'ual, a. never ceasing. |
Perpet'uate, v. to make perpetual.
Perpetu'ity, n. duration to all futurity.

JPerso^na —the Mask Worn by Players.

Per'son, n. a human being. I PERsoN'rFY, v. to make or regard as
Per'sonate, v. to represent by action. a person. |

Pbr'sonally, ad. in person.

Pes, pefdis — a Foot.

Ped'al, n. a key designed to be moved
by the foot.
Ped'estal, n. the foot of a column
or statue.
Pedes'trian, a. going on
Ped'igree, n. lineage.
Bi'PED,n. a two footed animal.
Quad'ruped, n. a four footed animal.
Expe'dient, a. facilitating or helping.
Expe'dient, n. contrivance.
Expedi'tion, n. a hastening; an en-
terprise on which one undertakes
foot. a journey.
Ex'pEDiTE, V. to hasten.
Expedi'tious, a. quick.
Impede', v. to hinder to retard. ;

Imped'iment, n. hindrance.

Pe^to, petVtunn — to Seek ; to Strive For ; to Ask.

Peti'tion, n. an asking. Com'petent, a. fit capable. ;

Ap'petitEjW. hunger; desire. Com'petence, n. sufficiency.

Compat'ible, a. suitable to. Incom'petent, a. nv)t capable.
Compete', io. to strive for together. Im'petus, n. force from motion.
Compet'itor, n. one who strives with Impet'uous, a. violent ; fierce.
another. Repeat', «. to do again.

Tinfgo, pic'tuTn —to Paint.

PiCT, n. a painted person. • 1 Pig'ment,
paint color. n. ;

Pic'ture, n. a painting. |
Depict',
to paint to describe*
v. ;

Picturesque', a. like a picture. Paint, v. to describe to color.

I ;

Picto'rial, a. containing pictures.

274 smith's hand-book of etymology.

PVo, pia'tutti —to Atone Fob.

Ex'piATB, «. to atone for. |
Ex'piatory, a. atoning.

JPis^cis — a Fish.
Piscato'rial, a. relating to fishermen. |
Pis'catory, a. relating to fishes.

Pla^ceo —to Please

Plac'id, a. pleasing to one's self ; se Displease', v. to make angry.
rene; gentle. Pleas'ant, a. gay agreeable. ;

Compla'cence, n. satisfaction. Pleas'antry, n. gayety mirth. ;

Com'plaisant, a. desirous to please. Pleas'ure, n. that which pleases or

Please, v. to delight to gratify. ; delights.

JPlan^go, plan&tum—to Beat ; to Bemoan.

Complain', ®. to murmur to lament. ; Plain'tiff, n. the one who begins a
Complaint', n. a lamentation. lawsuit.
Plaint, n. a lamentation. Plain'tive, n. lamenting.

Planfta —the Bottom op the Foot ; a Plant.

Plant, n. a vegetable. Implant', v. to set to insert. ;

Plant, v. to put into the ground to Supplant', v. to displace.

grow. v. to Transplant', move and plant
Displant', v. to pluck up. in another place.
Planta'tion, n. a place planted.

JP^a'nws— Smooth Plain; Evident. ;

Plane, i>..to make smooth. Explain', «. to make I plain or clear.

Plain, n^ a level region ; evident. | Explana'tion, n. act of explaining.

Plau'dOf plau^sum — to Praise by Clapping Hands.

Plau'dit, n. loud praise. Explode', i). to burst with a loud
Applaud', v. to praise to extol. ; report.
Applause', n. approbation. ExPLo'siON, n. violent bursting.
Plaus'ible, a. right in appearance. ExpLo'srvE, a. causing explosion.

Ple'o, ple^tuni— to Fill. Ple^nus —Full.

Ple'nary, a. full complete. ; Com'pliment, n. an act of civility.
Plen'ty, n. abundance. Ex'pletive, n. a word added to fill
Plen'itude, n. fullness. up.
Plen'teous, a. abundant. Im'plement, n. a tool a utensn. ;

Keplen'ish, v. to fill again. Incomplete', a. not finished.

Accom'plish, ti. to finish entirely. Deple'tion, n. an emptying.
Complete', a. full perfect. ;
Replete', a. completely full.
Com'plement, n. full quantity. Supply, v. to fill up to furnish. ;

Sup'pLEMENT, n. an addition.

Plu'ma— a Feather ; a Plume.

Plume, n. a feather. I Plu'mage, n. feathers.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 275

JPlVco, plica^tunt —to Fold ; to Knit.

Accom'plice, n. one united with an- ExpLic'iT, a. unfolded plain. ;

other in a crime. Imply', v. to express indirectly.

Apply', v. to put one thing to an- Im'plicate, v. to involve.
other to seek or ask for.
;
lMPLic'iT,a. trusting without reserve.
Applicant, n. one who applies. Mul'tiply, v. to make many fold.
Applica'tion, n. the thing applied. MuLTiPLic'iTY, n. a great variety.
Com'plex, a. twined or knit together. Pekplex', v. to entangle to vex. ;

CoMPLEx'iON, n. the texture and color Pli'ant, a. yielding ; easily bent.

of the skin. Pli'able, a. flexible ;
pliant.
Com'plicate, v. to entangle. Ply, v. to keep busy.
Comply', v. to yield to. Reply', v. to answer.
Compli'ance, n. submission. Sim'ple, a. plain artless. ;

Display', t). to unfold to exhibit.

; Simplic'ity, n. innocence.
Doub'le, v. to make twice as much. Sim'plify, v. to make easier.
DuPLic'iTY, n. doubleness of inten- Sup'pLiCATE, V. to entreat.
tion. Suppliant, n. a petitioner.
Du'PLicATE, n. a second thing of the Triple, a. three-fold.
sort. Treb'le, v. to multiply by three.
Tkip'let, n. three together
Note. —Supplicate, to fold or bend the knees under
Plo^ro, plora^tutn —to Weep ; to Lament.
Deplore', v. to lament about. I Explore', v. to search out carefully.
Deplor'able, a. lamentable sad. ; | Implore', v. to weep or lament to.

Plum/huin — Lead.
Plumb, n. a piece of lead attached I Plum'met, n. a little plumb,
to a line. I
Plumba'go, n. black lead.
Plumb, a. perpendicular to the horizon.

Plus, plii^ris —More.

Plu'ral, a. containing more than one. Plural'ity, n. the greater number.
Sur'plus, n. that which remains over Non'plus, n. a situation in which no
the necessary quantity. more can be done.
Non'plus, v. to confound to puzzle.
;

Po^wiujii — an Apple.
Pom'ace, n. the substance of ground i Pomegran'ate, n. a fruit,
apples. I
Pom'mel, n. a knob or ball.
Note. —Pomegranate, an apple having many grains or seeds.
Pop'ulus —the People. Puh'licns — Common to All.
Peo'ple, n. persons a nation.
; Poput.ar'ity, n. favor of the people.
Popula'tion, n. the whole number Depop'ulate, v. to deprive of people.
of inhabitants. • Pub'li€, a. open to ail.
Pop'uLACE, n. the common people. Public 'ity, n. open to the knowledge
Pop'uLAR, a. liked by the people. of all.
Pop'uLOus, a, full of people. Pub'lish, v. to make known.
 ;

276 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ponfdus, ponfderis —a Weight ; a Pound.

Pound, a weight.
n. I Pon'der, v. to weigh in the mind,
Pon'derous, a. heavy. I
Prepon 'derate, «. to outweigh.
Poise, v. to weigh to balance.
;

Po^nOf posHiutn — to Put ; to Place.

Posi'tion, n. place ;
attitude. Impose', v. to put upon to cheat. ;

Pos'itiv'e, a. set ; certain. Imposi'tion, n. a cheat.

Post, n. a place office. ; Im'post, n. a tax on imported goods.
Postpone', v. to put off; to delay. Impos'tor, n. a deceiver.
Pos'ture, n. attitude condition. ; Impos'ture, ?i. a fraud a cheat. ;

Compose', v. to put together. Interpose', «. to put between.

CoMPOs'iTOR, n. one who sets types. Oppose', v. to act against.
Com'post, n. a putting together; a Oppo'nent, n. an adversary.
mixture. Op'posite, a. on the other sicle
Compo'sure, n. tranquillity. facing.
Decompose', v. to separate into orig- Propound', v. to offer for considera-
inal elements. tion.
Depo'nent, n. a witness on oath. Propose', «. to offer for consideration.
Depose', 'd. to put down. Propo'sal, n. an offer.
Depot', n. a place of deposit. Proposi'tion, n. a thing proposed.
Depos'it, n. to lay down to place. ; Pur'pose, n. intention design. ;

Discompose', v. to disorder to vex. ; Repose', v. to rest to place out of ;

Dispose', v. to place in order. the way.

Dispos'al, n. control. Repos'itory, n. a place for laying up
Disposi'tion, n. management; tem- things.
per of mind. Suppose', to imagine.
v.
Expose', v. to lay open. Transpose', v. to put each into the
Expos'iTOR, n. an explainer. place of the other.
Expound', v. to explain to clear. ;

JPons, ponftis —a Bridge.

Pon'tiff, n. a high priest ; the pope. Pontoon', n. a boat used for making
floating bridges.

Note. —The first bridge over the Tiber was constructed and consecrated by the
chief priest.

Possum, pot^ui —to be Able.

Pos'siBLE, a. that can be done. Impos'sible, a. that cannot be.
Po'tent, a. powerful. Pos'sE, n. aii armed power.
Im'potent, a. j)owerless. Po'tentate, n. one having great
Omnip'otent, a. having infinite j)ow- power.
er. Poten'tial, a. relating to power.

Pos^terus —After ; Coming After.

t*08rE'Ri0R, a. coming after. |
Post'ern, n. a back door or gate.
Poster'ity,w. succeeding generations. I
Prepos'terous, a. absurd.

JPo^tOf pota^ta^n — to Drink.

Po'tion, n. a draught ; a dose, |
Pota'tion, n. a drinking.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 277

For^to, porta'tum —to Carry ;

to Bear ; to Bring.
Por'ter, n. a carrier a doorkeeper. ; Deport 'ment, n. conduct.
Port'able, a. easily carried. Export', v. to carry out.
Port'ly, a. bulky corpulent.; Import', v. to bring in.
Por'tal, n. a gate a door. ; Impor'tant, a. weighty.
Por'tico, n. a covered walk. Importune', v. to solicit earnestly.
Portman'teau, n. a portable bag. Opportu'nity, n. fit time.
Port'hole, n. a gun liole in a ship. Opportune', a. well timed.
Port, n. a harbor. Report', n. a rumor.
Portfo'lio, n. a case for loose papers. Support', v. to bear to uphold. ;

Pur'port, n. meaning. Transport', v. to carry from place to

Comport', 'd. to suit to bear. ; place.

Pra'vt*«— Crooked Wicked. ;

Deprave', v. to make wicked. Deprav'ity, n. |

corruption.

I^re^ciutn — a Price, Value or Worth.

Appraise', ?j.to set a price upon. I Price, n. value ; rate.
Pre'cious, a. of great value. j Prize, v. to value highly,

Pre^cor, preca^tus —to Entreat ;

to Pray.
Dep'recate, v. to dread or regret. I Preca'rious, uncertain.
a.
Im'precate, v. to pray curses upon. | Preach, v. to proclaim.

Pre' da —Prey; Plunder.

Prey, n. plunder. Dep'redate, v. to rob to ; pillage.
Pred'atory, a. plundering. Dep'redator, n. a robber.

Prehen'dOf prehenfsum — to Take Hold Oi ; to Seize.

Apprehend', «. to seize ; to suspect Impreg'nable, a. not to be taken.

with fear. Incomprehen'sible, a. not to be un-
Apprshen'sion, n. seizure ; fear. derstood.
Apprise', v. to give notice. Pris'on, n. a place of confinement.
Appren'tice, n. one bound to learn Impris'on, v. to confine.
an art or trade. Misapprehend', v. to misunderstand.
Comprehend', v. to understand; to Prize, n. something taken or won.
include. Repri'sal, n. a seizure in retaliation.
Comprehen'sive, a. capacious full. ; Reprehend', «. to blame.
Comprise', v. to include. Reprehen'sible, a. blame- worthy.
En'terprise, n. an undertaking. Reprieve', v. to respite,
Surprise', v. to astonish.

JPre'mOf pres^sum—to Press.

Press, to squeeze to urge
v.
Impress', v. to imprint.
iiit.
Impression, n. a mark made
pressure.
Compress', v. to force togettier
Depress', v. to bear dow^n.
Depres'sion, n. dejection
; Express', v. to squeeze out ; to de-
clare.
by ExpREs'srvE, a. showing with force.
Print, v. to stamp with letters.
Imprint', v. to press on.
Repress', v. to force back.
Suppress', v. to subdue to conceal. ;

Oppress', v. to crush by severity.

 ; ;

278 smith's hand-book of etymology.

JPre^tiuni —Price ; Reward.

Price, n. the money asked or paid Appre'ciate, . to set a just vaU
for anything. ue on.
Pre'cious, a. valuable costly. ; Depre'ciate, i to undervalue.

Prl'mus — First. JPrin'ceps, prin^cipis —Original; Chief.

Prime, a. first rate ; highest. Prem'ier, n. a prime minister.
Prime, v. to apply a first coat of Prim, a. formal precise. ;

paint. Pri'mary, a. first chief. ;

Prim'br, n. a child's first book. Prin'ciple, n. original cause ele-

Prime'val, a. original. ment.
Prim'itive, a. original. Prin'cipal, a. chief; main,
Prince, n. a king's son. Pri'or, a. preceding in time.
Pri'mate, n. an archbishop. Prior'ity, n. state of being first.
Pris'tine, a. first ; original.

PrVvus—^mGJM Belonging ; to One's Self Alone.

Pri'vate, secret
a. belonging to Priv'ilege, n. a peculiar advantage.
one's self alone. Priv'y, a. sharing in a secret secret. ;

Pri'vacy, /I. secrecy. Priv'ily, ad. in a secret manner.

Priva'tion, n. loss absence ; Deprive', v. to take from.
Privateer', n. a private ship of war.

Pro'bo, pvoba'tu^n —to Prove ; to Try. Pro'hus —Honest.

Prob'ity, n. honestyintegrity.
; Approba'tion, n. the act of approv-
Probe, «, to search into. ing.
Prob'able, a. likely. Disprove', v. to show to be false.
Proba'tion, n. trial. Disapprove', v. to account deserving
Prove, v. to confirm by experiment. censure.
Proof, n. that which renders certain. Improve', to make better.
Approve', v. to like to be pleased ; Reprove', to blame to chide. :

with. Reprobate', a. lost to virtue.

Approval, n. the act of approving. Reproof', n. open censure.

Pro^pe —Near. JProxHmus— Nearest or Next.

Propin'quity, n. nearness. Proxim'ity, n. nearness.
Prox'imate, a. nearest next. ; Propi'tious, a. favorable.
Approx'imate, «j. to come near. Propitiate, v. to conciliate.
Approach', «. to draw near to. Reproach', v. to censure.

Pro'prius—O's^^s. Own ; Peculiar ; Fit.

Appro 'pRi ate, v. to take for one's Impropri'ety, n. unfitness.
own use. Propri'ety, n. fitness justness. ;

Appro'priate, a. peculiar; suitable. Prop'erty, n. that which is one's

Prop'er, a. suitable; tit. own.
Improp'er, a. unbecoming. Propri'etor, n. an owner.

Pug^nus—the Fist. Pug'no —to Fight or Contend.

Pu'gilist, n. one who fights with his IPugna'cious, a. quarrelsome,
fist, I
Impugn', «?. to attack to oppose. ;

Reptjg'nancb, n. opposition of mind.

 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 279

Tun'go, punc'tum—to Prick ; to Sting.

Pun'gent, a. pricking sharp. ; Poig'nant, a. severe intense. ;

Punct'ure, n. a hole pierced. Point, n. the sharp end of anything.

Punct'ual, a. exact; precise. Point, v. to aim to direct. ;

Punctil'ious, exact to excess.

a. Pon'iard, n. a dagger.
Compunc'tion, n. sting of conscience. Pounce, v. to fall on and seize.
Expunge', v. to rub out. Punch, v. to perforate.

Fu'niOf punVtufn —to Punish.

Pun'ish, v. to inflict pain for evil I Impu'nity, n. freedom from punish-
conduct. ment.

JPur'go —to Cleanse ; to Clear.

Purge, ». to make clear or pure. | Pur'gative, n. a purging medicine.
Expur'gate, v. to cleanse from.

JPu^'rus- -Clean; Pure.

PuRE, a. free from mixture. Pu'ritt, n. cleanness.

Pu'rify, v. to make pure. Impure', a. not pure ; unholy.

Ba'to, puta'tum —to Cut or Prune ; to Think to Reckon.

;

Account', n. a reckoning; a narra- Depute', v. to empower to act.

tive. Dis'couNT, ti. to count off; to deduct.
Am'putate, ®. to cut off. Dispute', t. to contend in argument.
Compute', v. to count or reckon. Repute', n. character name. ;

Count, «?. to number. Reputa'tion, n. character by report.

Dep'utt, n. one appointed to act for DisREp'uTABLE, a. dishonorable.
another. Impute', «. to charge upon.
Recount', v. to relate.

JPu'tris —^Rotten. Pu'treo —to be Rotten.

Pu'trid, a. rotten. Pu'trefy, v. to make rotten.
Putrid'ity, n. rottenness; Putres'cent, a. growing rotten.

Qua'lis —of What Sort ; Such As.

Qual'ity, n. degree of excellence. Qualifica'tion, n. fitness.
Qual'ify, ^. to render fit. Disqual'ify, 2). to render unfit.

Qua'tuor —Four. Qua(Vra —a Square.

Quad'rant, n. a quarter of a circle. Quart, n. one-fourth of a gallon.
Quadrille', n. a dance. Quar'ter, n. the fourth part.
Quadroon', n. a person quarter Squad'ron, n. part of a fleet.
blooded. Square, n. a figure of four equal
Quad'uuple, a. fourfold. sides and four right angles.
Quad'ruped, n. a fourfooted animal. Quar'antine, n. forty days.

Quefror, que^tus —to Complain.

Quar'rel, v. to contend angrily. | Quer'ulous, a. full of complaint.
2S0 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Quce^rOf qucesVtum —to Seek ; to Ask.

Quest, n. search inquiry. ;

Ex'quisite, a. excellent fine. ;

Qpe'ky, n. an inquiry, In'quest, n. a judicial inquiry.

Ques'tion, n. something asked. Inquire', v. to seek out.
Que'rist, n. an inquirer. Inquisi'tion, n. search trial. ;

Acquire', «. to obtain. !
Inquis'itive, a. curious prying, ;

Acquisi'tion, the thing acquired.

n. Per'quisite, n. a fee of office.
Con'quer, v. to gain by force Request', v. to ask to solicit. ;

Con'quest, n. victory Require', to demand ; to claim.

Req'uisite, a. necessary.

QuVeSy quie^fis — Rest ; Ease.

Qui'et, a. still ; calm. Acquiesce', v. to quietly assent.
I

Qui'etude, n. rest ; repose. Disqui'et, v. to make uneasy.

I

Re'quiem, n. a hymn for the dead. .

Quot —How Many ; So Many.

Al'iquot, a. measuring without a re- Quo'ta, n. a just part or share.
mainder. Quo'tient, n. the number which
Quo'rum, n. a competent number to shows how many times the divisor
do business. is contained in the dividend.

Ila'ilius — ^the Spoke of a Wheel ; a Beam or Ray op Light.

Ha'dius, n. the semi-diameter of a Ra'diate, v. to emit rays,
circle. Ra'diance, n. sparkling luster.
Ray, n. a line of light. Irra'diate, v. lo illumine.

JRa^diQCf rad^icis — a Root ; a Foundation.

Rad'ical, a. pertaining to the root. ] Erad'icate, v. to root out

Ma^do, ra^sum —to Shave ; to Scrape.

Abrade', to rub or wear off,
ti. to rub out.
I Erase', ».

Abra'sion, n. the act of rubbing off. | Raze,

to destroy utterly. v.
Ra'zor, n. a tool for shaving,

Ma^mus—a Bough or Branch.

Ram'ify, i). to branch out. |
RjsI^ifica'tion, n. a branoli*

Ran' ceo — to be Stale ; Strong Scented.

Ran'cid, a. having a rank smell. I Rank, a. strong to the taste.
Ran'cor, 71, spite ; malice. | Ran'kle, v. to fester.

Ka'piOf rap' turn,— to Snatch ; to Seize ; to Hurry Away.

Rap'ine, n. plunder. Rap'ture, n. extreme delight.
Rapa'cious, a. plundering ;
greedy. Enrap'ture, v. to delight highly.
Rav'enous, a. hungry to rage. a. hurrying away
Rap'id, ;'
swift.
Rapt, a. seized with rapture Rav'age, v. to lay waste.
Rav'ish, «. to take away by violence.
 LATllT ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 281

Ita^rus — Scattered; Scarce; Thin.

RAR'BFt, V. to make thin. Rar'ity, n. thinness.

Mefgo, re&tum—to Govern ; to Rule.

Re'gal, a. royal kingly. ; Rec'titude, n. uprightness virtue. ;

Correct', v. to make right. Re'gent, n. a governor.

Direct', v. to guide to order. ; Rec'tor, n. a minister of a pariah.
Direct', a. straight. Reg'icide, n. the murderer of a king.
Direct'ly, ad. immediately. Reg'imen, n. course of diet.
Direc'tion, n. aim order. ; Reg'ular, a. agreeable to rule.
Erect', a. upright. Reg 'UL ate, v. to adjust by rule.
Incor'rigible, a. bad beyond cor- Regular'ity, n. conformity to rule.
rection. Regula'tion, n. method rule. ;

Incorrect', a. not exact wrong. ; Reign, v. to rule, as a king.

Indirect', a. not direct. Right, a. just true not wrong.
; ;

Irreg'ular, a. not regular. Right, n. freedom from error justice ;

Rec'tify, v. to make right. Rule, v, to govern to control.;

Rega'lia, n. ensigns of royalty.

Me^or, vastus—to Think ; to Judge.

Rate, n. a fixed price. Ra'tional, a. agreeable to reason.
Rate, to appraise.
v. Ra'tion, n. a fixed allowance.
Rat'ift, v. to confirm. Ra'tio, n. proportion rate. ;

Ratifica'tion, n. confirmation. Rea'son, n. the faculty of judging.

Rea'son, v. to examine by arguments,

Me^pOf rep'tum— to Creep.

Rbp'ttle, n. a creeping animal.

B,es — a Thing.
Re'al, a. actually existing. I Re'alize, v. to feel strongly, or con.
Real'ity, n. actual existence. | sider as real.

Be'te- a Net.
Ret'icule, n. a small bag. Ret'ina. n. one of the coats of the
Ret'iform, a. having the form of a eye, like a net.
net.

RVdeOf rVsutn—to Laugh; to Smile.

Rid'icule, a. to make sport of. I Ris'ible, a. laughable.
RiDic'uLOUs, V. worthy of ridicule. | Deride', v. to laugh at ; to mock.
Deris'ion, n. contempt.

MVgeo—to be Cold or Stiff.

Rig'id, a. stiff; strict. I Rig'or, n. stiffness severity.
;

Rigid'ity, n. stifl&iess ; harsly;iess. | Rig'orous, a. severe exact. ;

Mo^bur, ro^boris —an Oak ; Strength.

Corrob'orate, v. to confirm. |
Robust', a. strong ; vigorous.
282 smith's hakd-book of etymology.

MVvus—a Stbeam or River.

Riv'er, n. a large stream. Derive', v. to deduce ; to draw.

Rrv'uLET, n. a little stream. Ri'vAL, n. a competitor.
Arrite', v. to come to. Ri'vAL, 1). to try to equal or excel.

Mo^do, ro^sum — ^to Gnaw ; to Eat Away.

Corrode', v. to eat away slowly. | Corro'sion, n. the act of corroding.

Ko^gOf roga'tu7n — to Ask ;

to Demand or Claim.

Ab'rogate, v. to repeal to annul.

; Derog'atory, a. tending to lessen.
Ar'rogate, v. to claim proudly. Inter'rogate, v. to question.
Ar'rogant, a. haughty conceited.
; Prerog'ative, n. an exclusive priv
Der'ogate, 1). to detract. ilege.
Prorogue', «. to put off.

Mo^ta — a Wheel ; a Circle.

Ro'tary, a. turning on its axis, as a Rota'tion, n. a turning round.
wheel. Rotund', a. round circular. ;

Rote, a. a mere repetition of words Rotund'ity, n. roundness.

without attending to the sense. Rotund'o, n. a round building.
Routine', n. a round of business.

Mu^dis —Rude; Unwrought; Untaught.

Rude, a. roughcoarse ; ; unfinished. I Erudi'tion, n. learning.
Er'udite, a. learned. |
Ru'diment, n. afirst principle.

Ru^ga— a Wrinkle.
Cor'rugate, v. to wrinkle. |
Cor'rugated, p. a. furrowed.

Mu'mfpo, rup^tum — to Break ; to Burst.

Rup'ture, n. a breaking. Corrup'tion, n. depravity.

Abrupt', a. broken off short. Erup'tive, a. a bursting forth.
Bank'rupt, n. one who cannot pay Erup'tion, n. a bursting out.
his debts. Irrup'tion, n. a bursting in.
Corrupt', «. to deprave. Interrupt', ». to stop to hinder. ;

Hus, rn'rls —the Country.

Ru'ral, relating to the country.
a. I Rustic'ity, n. want of refinement.
Rus'tic, a. plain ; rude. I
Rus'ticate, n. to reside in the country.

Saucer, sa^crl—BA.CRm) ; Holy.

Sa'cred, a. holy inviolable. ; Ex'ecrate, «. to make hateful.
Con'secrate, «. to make sacred. Sac'rament, n. the Lord's supper.
Des'ecrate, «. to pervert from a sa- Sac'ripice, a religious ofiering.
n,
cred purpose. Sac'ripice, to offer to heaven.
«.
Desecra'tion, n. a profaning. Sac'rilege, n. a violation of sacred
Sacerdo'tal, a. belonging to the things.
priesthood.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 283

Sa^gio — to Perceive Quickly ; to Foresee.

Sage, a. wise prudent ;
; solemn. Sagacious, discerning quickly.
a.
Sage, n. a wise man. Sagac'ity, n. quick discernment.
Presage', 'd. to foretell.

Sal —Salt; Seasoning; Wit.

Sal ad, n. raw herbs eaten as a relish Saline', a. like salt.
to other food. Sauce, n. something to give relish to
Sal'ary, n. yearly wages. food.

Sa^liOf sal^tum — to Leap ; to Jump ; to Spring.

Assail^, to attack.
v. Insult', to leap upon ; to abuse.
v.
Assault', ii. an attack. Result', v. to spring back.
Des'ultory, a. jumping from one Sal'ly, v. to issue out.
thing to another. Sa'lient, a. leaping projecting. ;

Exult', v. to leap for joy. Salm'on, n. a leaping tish.

Salta'tion, n. a leaping or jumping.

Sarins, salu'tis Safety; Health; Welfare.

Sal'utary, a. healthful. Saluta'tion, n. a greeting.
Safe, a. free from danger. Salva'tion, n. preservation from des-
Salu'brity, n. healthfulness. truction.
Salute', v. to wish health to. Sal'vo, n. an exception.
Sal'vage, n. an allowance for saving Salve, n. an ointment.
goods from a wreck. Save, v. to preserve to rescue. ;

Sav'iour, n. a deliverer,

Sa'n/cio, san&tum—^to Make Sacred ; to Confirm.

Saint, n. a holy person. Sanc'tion, n. confirmation.
Sanc'tify, v. to make holy. Sanc'tity, n. holiness.
Sanc'timony, n. holiness. Sanc'tuary, n. a sacred place.

San^guis, san^guinis — Blood.

San'guinary, a. bloody. |
Consanguin'ity, n. relationship.
San'guine, a. full of blood ; ardent. | Ensan'guine, v. to stain with blood.

Sa^nus — Sound; Healthy.

Sane, a. sound having reason.
; Insane', a. disordered in mind.
San'ity, n. soundness of mind. Insan'ity, n. madness.

Sa^pio —to Savor or have Taste ; to be Wise.

Sa'pient, a. wise knowing. ; Insip'id, a. tasteless.
Sa'pience, n. wisdom, Sa'vor, n. taste or oder.
Sap'id, a. having taste. Sa'vory, a. pleasing to the taste or
Saporif'ic, a. producing taste. smell.

Sca'ta —a Ladder ; a Stair.

Escalade', n. an assault of a fortress I Scale, «. to mount by a ladder,
by means of ladders. I
284 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Sa'tis —Enough ; Sufficient.

Sate, v. to give enough. Sati'ety, n. an excess of gratification,
Sa'tiate, v. to fill beyond natural de- i). to supply fully,
Sat'urate,
sire. Sat'isfy, v. to make or give enough.
Insa'tiable, a. not to be satisfied.

Scan' do, scan' sum —to Climb; to Mount.

Ascend', v. to climb or go up. Transcend', v. to rise beyond.
Ascent', n. an eminence. Scan, v. to examine nicely.
Descend', v. to go down. Condescen'sion, n. a voluntary stoop-
Descent, n. declivity. ing from dignity.
Condescend', v. to stoop.

Scin'dOf scis'sum —to Cut ; to Divide.

Scis'soBS, n, small shears. |

Rescind', v. to revoke.

Sci'o —to Know. Scien'tia — Knowledge.

Sci'ence, n. knowledge. Con'science, n. the knowledge of
Scientif'ic, a. relating to science. right and wrong.
Sci'oLiST, n. a smatterer. Conscien'tious, a. obedient to the
Con'scious, a. knowing, dictates of conscience.
Omnis'cient, a. all-knowing.

Scri'bOf scrip'tufu —to Write ; to Draw or Paint.

Scribe, n. a" writer; a secretary. Man'uscript, n. a paper written.
Scrib'ble, v. to write carelessly. Prescribe', v. to give a written di-
Script'ure, n. a writing the Bible. ; rection.
Scrip, n. a small writing. Prescription, n. a medical receipt.
Subscribe', v. to sign to attest.
; Proscribe', v. to censure and con-
Subscrip'tion, n. the act of sub- demn.
scribing. Transcribe', ti. to copy.
Ascribe', v. to attribute to. Tran'script, n. a copy.
Circumscribe', v. to limit. Superscrip'tion, n. a writing on the
Describe', v. to give an account of. outside.
Inscribe', v. to write upon. Post'script, n. something written af-
Inscrip'tion, n. an address. terwards.

Scru'tor, scruta'tus — to Search Closely.

Scru'tiny, n. close examination. |
Scru'tinize, v. to examine closely.
Inscru'table, a. unsearchable.

Scur'ra —a Scoffer ; a Buffoon.

Scurrel'ity, n. abusive language. | Scur'rilous, a. vulgar ; indecent.

Se'co, se&tufn- -to Cut ; to Divide or Separate.

Sec'tion, n. a part. Bisect', v. to divide into two equal
Sect, n. a division a party.
; parts.
Seg'ment, 71. a part cut off. In'sect, n. a small animal.
Sec'tary, 71. one of a sect. Intersect', v. to cut mutually.
Dissect', v. to cut in pieces. Venesec'tion, n. blood-letting.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 285

ScuVpo, sculp^tum — to Cakve.

Sculp'tob, n. a carver of wood or |
Sculp'ture, n. the art of carving,
stone.

Sefdeo, se^sum—^to Sit ; to Light or Settle.

Sed'entary, a. sitting inactive.
Ses'sion, n. a sitting.
Sedate', a. settled calm.
Sed'iment, n. that which settles.
Sed'ulous, a. diligent.
; Possess', v. to hold ; to own.
Preside', v. to direct or control.
; Reside'^ v. to live in a place.
Ees'idue, 71. that which is left.
Subside', v. to settle down to sink ;

Assid'uous, a. constant in applica- away.

tion. Subsid'iary, a. aiding.
Assess', v. to set a tax or duty. Sub'sidize, ?j. to hire with a subsidy.
Insid'ious, a. sly deceitful. ; Sub'sidy, n. aid in money.
Supersede', v. to take the place of

Seamen, semHnis — Seed.

Sem'inal, a. pertaining to seed. |
Sem'inary, n. a place of education.
Dissem'inate, v. to scatter apart, as seed.

Se^neoc, se^nis —an Old Person.

Se'nior, n. one older than another. Sen'ate, n. a body of senators.
Se'nile, a. pertaining to old age. Seign'ior, n. a nobleman.

Sen^tio, sen'sum — to Perceive ; to Feel ; to Think.

Sen'timent, n. thought opinion. ; Consent', to yield. v.
Sentimen'tal, a. reflective. Dissent', v. to differ in opinion.
Sense, n. perception meaning. ; Dissen'sion, n. strife quarrel. ;

Sens'ual, a. pleasing the senses. Present'iment, n, a perceiving be-

Sen'sitive, a. easily affected. forehand.
Sen'sible, a. intelligent. Resent', v. to be angry at.
Scent, v. to perceive by the smell.

Se^quoVf secu' tus —to Follow.

Se'quel, n. that which follows. Obse'quious, a. servilely obedient.
Se'quence, n. a following. Ob'sequies, n. funeral solemnities.
Sub'sequent, a. coming after. Per'secute, «. to pursue with hatred.
Consec'utive, a. following in regu- Pros'ecute, v. to follow with a view
lar order. to accomplish.
Con'sequent, a. following as an ef- Pursue', v. to follow to chase. ;

fect. Sue, v. to prosecute by law.

Ensue', d. to follow. Suit, n. a petition a set. ;

Ex'ecute, '0. to carry into effect. Suite, n. attendants following.

Se'rOf ser^tum- -to Knit ; to Join.

m
Se'ries, n. a succession of things. Desert', v. to forsake.
Ser'mon, n. a religious discourse. Disserta'tion, n. a treatise.
Assert', v. to declare to affirm. ; Insert', v. to set in or among.
286 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ser^po- -to Creep.

Ser'pent, n. a creeping animal. I
Ser'pentine, a. winding; spiral.

Sei'^vio, servi^tum —to Serve ; to Obey.

Serve, v. to assist ; to wait on. Ser'vile, a. meanly submissive.
Ser'vitude, n. slavery.
Serf, n. a kind of slave. Deserve', v. to be worthy of.
Subserve', v. to serve slightly.

Ser^vo, serva'tmn —to Keep ; to Save.

Conserve', v. to preserve entire. Preserve', v. to keep to save. ;

Con'serve, n. a sweetmeat. Reserve', v. to hold back.

Conserv'ative, a. opposing injury. Reservoir, n. a place where any-
Observe', v. to watch to keep. ; thing is stored.

Seve'rus —Severe.
Severe', a. sharp ; harsh. Sever'ity, n. harshness; strictness.
Persever'ance, n, constancy in a Persevere', «. to persist in an at-
pursuit. tempt.

Si^dus, sid'eris —a Stab.

Side'eeal, a. relating to the stars. | Desire', -zj.'to request ; to wish.
Consid'er, «. to think of. Desidera'tum, n. something needed.

Sig^nuin — a Mark or Sign.

Sign, n. a token a mark. ;
Sign, «. to mark with one's name.
Sig'nal, n. a sign to give notice.
Sig'nal, a. remarkable eminent.
Sig'nify, v. to express to mean.
Insignif'icant, a. unimportant.
Sig'nalize, v. to make eminent.
Significa'tion, n. meaning.
Sig'net, n. a seal.
Assign', v. to mark out.
; Assign'ment, n. a making over.
; Consign', v. to commit to another's
care.
Design', v. to purpose to plan. ;

Sig'nature, n. a sign or mark im- Des'ignate, v. to point out.

Resign', v. to give up to yield. ;

SifnHlis —Like
Sim'ilar, a. like resembling. ; Dissim'ilar, a. unlike.
Sim'ile, n. a comparison. Dissimula'tion, n. hypocrisy.
Assim'ilate, v. to make like to. Simil'itude, n. resemblance.
Dissem'ble, v. to hide under a false Fac sim'ile, n. an exact imitation.
appearance. Resem'ble, v. to be like.
Simula'tion, n. a counterfeiting.

Sis^to —to Stand ; to Stop.

Assist', v. to help. Consis'tent, a. agreeing together.

Consist', v. to be composed of. Insist', v. to stand upon to be un-
;

Desist', «. to cease from to stop ; yielding.

Exist', v. to have being. Persist', v. to stand to the end.
Resist', v. to make opposition.
 LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 287

SVnus—^the Bosom ; a Bend.

Si'nus, n. a bay. I
Insin'uate, v. to introduce slowly
SiNUOs'iTY, n. a bending in and out. |
and artfully.
Insinua'tion, n. a hint.

^ So^cius — a Companion.
So'ciABLE, a. familiar friendly. ; I Soci'ety, n. a collection of persons.
So'ciAL, a. relating to society. I
Asso'ciate, v. to unite.

Sol —the Sun.

So'lar, a. belonging to the sun. j
Sol'stice, n. the tropical point.

Solic'itus —Uneasy; Anxious.

SoLic'iT, to ask with earnestness.
V. 1 Solic'itous, a. anxious.
Solicita'tion, n. entreaty. | Solic'itude, n. anxiety

Soridtis—BoijiD : Firm; Entire.

Sol 'id, a. hard ; firm ; not liquid. Solid'ify, v. to make solid.
Solid'ity, n. hardness firmness. ; Sol'der, v. to unite by metallic ce.
Consol'idate, v. to unite into a solid ment.
Sol'dier, n. a warrior.

So'lor, sola^tus —to Cheer ; to Comfort ; to Soothe.

Console', v. to comfort ; to cheer. | Sol 'ace, a comfort
n. ; ease.
Discon'solate, a. sad ; hopeless.

•^ So^lus —Alone.
Sole, a. single only. ; Sol'itude, n. a lonely place.
I

Sol'itary, a. alone lonely. ; Des'olate, a. without inhabitants.

I

Solil'oquy, n. a speech to one's self.

4^ SoVvo, solu'tum —to Loose ; to Free ; to Melt.

Solve, ». to explain. Insol'vent, a. unable to pay.
Solu'tion, n. explanation. Absolve', 'o. to acquit of a crime.
Soluble, a. capable of being dis- Ab'solute, a. unlimited.
solved. Absolu'tion, n. acquittal.
Sol'vency, n. ability to pay. Dissolve', «. to melt.
Sol'vent, a. able to pay all debts. Dis'solute, a. loose in morals.
Sol'vent, n. a fluid which dissolves Resolve', «. to determine.
a substance. Resolu'tion, n. determination.
Res'olute, a. fixed in purpose.

Som'mis— Sleep.
Somnam'bulist, n. one who walks in I Somnif'ic, a. causing sleep,
sleep. I
Som'nolency, n. drowsiness.

Sor^beOf sorp^tum — to Suck or Imbibe.

Absorb', v. to suck up. I
Absorp'tion, n. a sucking up.
288 SMITH'S HAJS^D-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

So'^nus— Si Sound.
Sound, a noise.
n. Dis 'sonant, a. discordant.
Sono'rous, a. loud sounding. Resound', v. to send back sound.
Con 'sonant, n. a letter. U'nison, n. agreement of sound.
Con'sonant, a. consistent. Res'onant, a. resounding.

Sors, sor^tis —a Lot ; a Kind or Sort.

Assort', v. to separate into classes. Consort', v. to associate.

Con'sort, n. a companion a wife or ; Resort', ^. to turn to.
husband. Sort, n. a kind a species.
;

Spar'go, spar'stiiri —to Scatter

Sparse, a. thinly spread. Asper'sion, n. calumny.
Asperse', v. to bespatter with cal- Disperse', i). to scatter.
umny. Intersperse', «. to scatter between.

Spa^tium —Space; Room.

Space, n. room ; extension. Spa'cious, a. roomy
I
; extensive,
Expa'tiate, to enlarge upon a subject.

Spe^cio, spe(ftum —to Look ; to See.

As'pECT, 11. look appearance.

; Disrespect', n. want of respect.
Cir'cumspect, a. watchful cautious. ; Respect'able, a. worthy of regard.
CoNSPic'uous, a. in full view. Respec'tive, a. particular.
Despise', v. to look down upon. Spe'cial, a. particular uncommon. ;

Des'picable, a. base mean. ; Spe'cies, n. a sort or kind.

Espe'cial, a. particular.
Expect', v. to look for.
Inspect', v. to look into.
Perspec'tive, n. a view through a
Specif'ic, a. naming the particular
properties.
Specif'ic, n. an unfailing agent.
Spec'ipy, v. to mention particulars.
;

prospect. Spec'imen, n. a sample.

Perspicu'ity, n. clearness. Spe'cious, a. apparently right.
Pros'pect, n. view within reach of Spec'tacle, n. a show a sight. ;

the eye. Specta'tor, n. a looker on.

Prospec'tive, a. looking forward. Spec'ter, n. an apparition.
Retrospec'tive, a. looking back. Spec'ulate, «. to meditate.
Respect', n. regard honor ; Suspect', t>, to mistrust.
Suspi'cioN, n. act of suspecting.

SpVrOf spira'turti —to Breathe.

Spir'it, n. the soul the life.
; Conspire', «. to combine for some
Spir'itual, a. belonging to the
spirit. evil purpose.
Sprite, n. a spirit. Dispir'it, to discourage.
v.
Spir'itualize, «. to refine. Expire', to die.
«.
Spir'acle, n. a breathing hole. Inspire', v. to breathe into.
Aspire', 'd. to aim at something ele- Inspir'it, v. to animate.
vated. Perspire', i). to emit by the pores.
As'piRANT, n. one who aspires. Respire', x. to breathe.
Aspira'tion, n. a breathing after. Transpire', ti. to pass out; to be-
Conspir'acy, n. a plot ; treason. come known.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 289

Spe^ro —to Hope.

Despair', n. hopelessness. Pros'per, V, to be successful.
Desperate, a. reckless ; hopeless. Prosper'ity, n. success fortune. ;

Despera'do, n. a reckless villain. Pros'perous, a. thriving.

SpVna —a Thorn ; the Spine or Back Bonk.

Spine, n. the back bone. I Spi'nal, a. pertaining to the back
Spi'nous, a. full of thorns. I
bone.

Splen'deo —to Shine.

Splbn'ded, a. shining ; showy. |
Splen'dor, n. luster ; elegance.
Resplen'dent, a. very bright.

Spo'liuiti — Spoil ; Booty.

Spoil, n. plunder; pillage. j
Despoil, v. to. rob; to strip.

Spon'deo, sx)on^suni —to Promise ; to Hope.

Spon'sor, n. one who promises for Correspond', to suit to answer.
??. ;

another. Despond', v. to lose courage.

Spon'sal, a. relaring to marriage. Despond'ent, a. not hoping.
Spouse, n. a husband or wife. Respond', v. to answer.
Espouse', «. to take to one's self. Response', n. a reply.
Respon'sible, a. answerable.

SteVla —a Star.
Constellation, n. a cluster of stars. |
Stel'lar, a. starry.
Stel'late, a. like a star.

Ster'Uis — Barren.
Ster'ile, a. barren ; unfruitful. |
Steril'ity, n. barrenness.

Ster^no, stra^tum —to Strew ; to Lay Flat.

Stra'tum, n. a layer, as of earth. Substratum, n. a lower layer.
Strat'ified, a. composed of layers. Prostrate, a. lying flat.
Strat'ify, v. to arrange in layers. Consternation, n. great terror.

StVgo — ^to Prick ; to Spur.

In'stigate, v. to stir up ; to urge. | Instiga'tion, n. a spurring on.

StiVlo, stilla'tufn — ^to Drop or Trickle Down.

Distill', v. to fall drop by drop. | Instill', «.to drop in; to teach slowly.

Stim^ulus — a Spur.
Stim'ulus, n. something tlftt excites. Stim'ulant, ]
n. something that ex-
Stim'ulate, ®. to spur to urge. cites.
;
i

Stim'ulative, a. exciting.
 290 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Stin'guOf stlnc' turn— to Mark ; to Thrust.

Distin'guish, t). to mark difference Extinct', a. put out destroyed.
;

to make eminent. Indistinct', a. not plain confused.

;

Distinct', a. separate clear. ; Extin'guish, v. to quench to destroy.

;

StVnOf stina'tum —to Fix; to Set.

Dbs'tinb, v. to fix unalterably. Ob'stinate, a. stubborn.
f
Dbstina'tion, n. a purpose or end. [ Predes'tine, «j. to foredoom.

StirpSf stir'pis — a Root or Stem.

Exter'pate, v. to take out the roots ; I Extirpa'tion, n. total destruction,
to destroy utterly. |

Sto, sta'^tufn —to Stand ; to Place ; to Set Up.

State, n. rank ; condi.tion. Destitu'tion, n. utter want.
Sta'tion, n. a standing place. Dis'tant, a. not near.
Sta'tionary, a. standing still. Dis'tance, n. space between two ob-
Stat'ure, n. the height of a person. jects.
Stat'ue, n. a standing image. Estab'lish, v. to settle firmly.
Sta'ble, a. able to stand. Exist', to be.
v.
Stabil'itt, n. firmness. Extant, a. now in being.
Ar'mistice, n. a short truce. Insist', v. to stand upon.
Arrest', v. to stop to seize. ; Instance, n. urgency; example.
Cir'cumstance, n. a fact or event at- In'stant, a. pressing urgent. ;

tending something else, In'stant, n. a moment.

Circumstan'tial, a. detailing all the Instanta'neous, a. done in an in-
circumstances. stant.
Con'stant, a. unvaried. In'stitute, v. to establish.
Con'stable, n. a police ofiicer. In'terstice, n. a space between.
Consist', v. to be composed of. Ob'stacle, n. something standing in
Con'stitute, v. to set or build to- the way.
gether. Persist', v. to persevere.
Constitu'tion, n. a building togeth- Resist', «. to withstand.
er the fundamental laws of a na-
; Pros'titute, v. to devote to a base
tion or society. purpose.
Contrast', xi. to set in opposition. Restitu'tion, n. a placing back.
Desist', v. to stand off; to stop. Sub'stance, n. being body. ;

Des TiTUTE, a. being in want. Substan'tial, a. real ; solid.

Supersti'tion, n. false religion.

Strin^gOf strict turn —to Bind ; to Draw Tight.

Strict, a. exact ; severe. Restrain', ^. to draw or hold back.
Astrin'gent, a. drawing together. Restraint', n. hinderance of the will.
Constrain', v. to bind or oblige. Restrict', v. to limit.
Constraint', n. compulsion. Restric'tion, n. limitation.
Distrain', v. to lay hold on. Strain, i). to extend with force.

Stu'deo — ^to Study.

Stu'dent, n. a person studying. Stud'y, v. to apply the mind.
Stu'pious, a, devoted to study. Stu'dio, n. the workshop of an artist.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVAITVES. 29i

Struma, stru&tuni —to Build ; to Place in Order.

Struc'ture, n. a building. In'strument, 11. a tool.
Construct', v. to build to form. ; Obstruct', d. to block up.
Con'strue, v. to interpret. Destroy', t). to put an end to.
Instruct', v. to teach ; to inform. Destruc'tion, n. waste ruin. ;

Stu'peo — to Be Dull or Senseless.

Stu'pid, dull senseless.
a. ; I Stupefac'tion, n. dullness.
Stu'pefy, v. to make stupid. | Stupen'dous, a. to be wondered at.

Sua^deo, sua^sum — to Advise.

Persuade', v. to advise strongly. I Persua'sive, a. having the power to
Dissuade', «. to advise against. |
persuade.

Sua^'vis — Sweet ; Pleasant.

SuAv'iTY, n. sweetness ; softness. |
Suav'ify, v. to render agreeable.

Su^do, suda^tum —to Sweat.

Exude', «. to sweat out. |
Sudorif'ic, a. causing sweat.

HiifgOf sufftum —to Suck or Draw In.

Suck, v. to draw into the mouth. 1 Suc'tion, the act of drawing in.
n.
Suck'le, v. to nurse at the breast. | Suc'culent, a. juicy moist. ;

SuH—of One's Self.

Su'iciDE, n. self-murder. (
Suici'dal, a. self-destroying.

Sum/ma—the Chief Part ; the Whole.

Consum'mate, a. complete finished. ; ISum'mary, n. an abridgment.
Sum, n. the whole the amount. ; |Sum'mary, a. short brief ;

Sum'mit, n. the utmost height.

Su^mOf sump^tuni —to Take ; to Spend or Consume

Assume', v. to take upon one's self Presume', v. to take for granted.
Asbump'tion, n. the act of taking Presump'tuous, a. too bold.
upon one's self. Resume', v. to begin again.
ConsuaxE', v. to use ; to waste. Sump'tuary, a. relating to expense.
Consump'tion, n. a using or wasting. Sump'tuous, a. costly magnificent. ;

Supper — Above; Over; High.

Supe'rior, a. higher in place or ex Su'perable, a. that may be over-
cellence. come.
Super'latiye, a. highesWin degree. Insu'perable, a. that cannot be over-
Supreme', a. highest greatest. ;
come.
Suprem'acy, n. highest power. Supercil'ious, a. haughty over- ;

Superb', a. grand magnificent. ; bearing.

292 smith's hand-book of etymology

Sur^ffOy surre&tum— to Rise.

SouKCE, n. origin first cause.
; Insurrec'tion, n. a rebellion.
Surge, n. a rising mass of water. Resurrec'tion, n. a rising again.
I]^sur'gent, n. a rebel. Surge'less, a. smooth calm. ;

Taher^na —a Shed or Shop ; an Inn.

Fab ERNACLE,?i. a temporary dwelling, j
Tav'ern, n. a drinking place.

Tab'ula —a Board ; a Gaming Table.

Ta'ble, n. a board for holding dish- I Tab'ular, a. in the form of a tabla
es, etc. I
Tab'let, n. a little table.

Ta'ceo, ta(fitu^n — to be Silent.

Tac'it, a. silent ; implied. |
Tac'iturn, n. habitually silent.

Tan' go, taciturn —to Touch.

Tan'gent, n. a line touching a curve. Contig'uous, a. touching.
Tan'gible, a. that may be touched. Contigu'ity, n. contact.
TACT,?i.peculiarskill;niceperception. Contin'gent, a, accidental.
Intact', a. untouched. Entire', a. whole unbroken. ;

Con'tact, n. touch close union.; In'teger, n. a whole number.

Conta'gion, n. communication of dis- In'tegral, a. whole.
ease by touch. Integ'rity, n. honesty purity. ;

Tar'dus — Slow.
Retard', v. to stay or keep back. ] Tar'dy, a. slow ; not swift.

Te^go, tec'tuin —to Cover.

Integ'ument, n. a covering. I Protect', v. to cover to defend. ;

Teg'ument, n. a natural covering. | Detect', «). to find out.

Detec'tion, n, discovery.

Tent/no, temp'tum —to Scorn.

Contemn', v. to despise ; to scorn. | Contempt', n. scorn ; disregard.

Tem'pero—to Temper ; to Regulate.

Tem'per, n. disposition. I
Tem'perate, a. moderate.
Tem'per, v. to moderate. I
Tem'perament, 71. constitution.
Tem'perance, n. moderation. I
Tem'perature, n. state as regards
Intemperance, n. excess. i
heat or cold.
Distem'per, n. disease.

Tem'piiSf teni'^por is— Time, ; Occasion.

Tem'poral, a. relating to time. Contem'porary, a. living at the same
Tem'porary, a. lasting only a time time.
Tem'porize, v. to comply with times Extem'pore, ad. without premedita-
and occasions. tion.
Extempora'neous, a. uttered without previous study.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 293

Ten^dOf tenfsuTtt, or teri^tiun —to Stretch ; to Go Towards.

Tend, v. to move towards to watch. ; Osten'sible, a. seeming plausible. ;

Tend'ency, n. direction towards. Ostenta'tion, n. vain show.

Attend', v. to listen to regard.
Atten'tion, n. regard care.
Contend', v. to strive.
Conten'tion, n. strife.
Distend', v. to expand.
Extend', v. to spread to enlarge.
Extent', n. size compass. ;
Exten'sive, a. large wide spread.
Intend', v. to mean to design.
Inten'tion, n. design.
Intent', «. eager in pursuing.
Intense', a. strained ardent.
Inten'sity, n. ardor ; violence.
; Portend', v. to foreshow.
; Portentous, a. foretokening ilL
Portent', n. an omen of ill.
Pretend', v. to feign.
Pretense', n. a feigning.
; Preten'sion, n. a claim.
Subtend', v. to extend under.
; Superintend', v. to have the direc-
; tion of
Ten'don, n. a sinew.
Tense, a. stretched to stiffness.
; Ten'sion, n. tightness.
Tent, n. a portable dwelling.

-ft- Te^neOf ten' turn — ^to Hold ; to Keep.

Abstain', v. to keep from.
Ab'stinence, n. the act of keeping
from.
Abste'mious, a. temperate sober.
Appertain', v. to belong to.
Contain', v. to hold to comprise.
Content', a. satisfied.
Pertain', t). to belong to.
Per'tinent, a. to the purpose.
Imper'tinent, a. not pertinent; ill
; mannered.
Pertina'cious, a. obstinate.
; Pertinac'ity, n. obstinacy.
Retain', «. to keep to hold. ;

Contin'ue, v. to remain to last. ; Reten'tive, a. having the power tc

Continual, a. uninterrupted. retain.
CoNTiNu'iTY, n. unbroken connection. Sustain',v. to hold up to support. ;

Coun'tenance, n. features ; look. Sus'tenance, n. support.

Detain', v. to keep back. Ten'ant, n, an occupier.
Deten'tion, n. a detaining. Ten'dril, n. the clasper of a vine.
Entertain', v. to receive into one's Tena'cious, a. holding fast.
house. Ten'ement, n. a dwelling.
Maintain', v. to support ; to persist Ten'et, n. an opinion a principle. ;

in. Ten'ure, n. a holding.

Obtain', v. to gain ; to get. Ten'ob, n. continued course; meaning.

Ten' to, tenta'tum, —to Try,

Attempt', n. a trial ; an effort. ]
Tempt, v. to solicit to an evil act.
Ten'tative, a. trying.

Ten'uis —Thin; Fine.

Ten'uous, a. thin
small. ; I Atten'uate, v. to make thin.
Tenu'ity, n. thinness. I
Exten'uate, v, to lessen ; to palliate.

Te^ro, trr turn— to Wear by Rubbing.

Trite, a. worn out by use* Con'trite, a. bruised in spirit.
Attri'tion, n. a wearing away by Det'riment, n. loss ; damage.
rubbing. Detri'tus, n. matter worn off.
Trit'urate, v. to grind to a powder.
294 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Ter^minus —an End ; a Limit or BouiroART.

Term, an end or limit.
n. I Deter'mine, v. to fix to decide. ;

Ter'minate, v. to put an end to. | Exter'minate, v. to destroy utterly.

Inter'minable, a. having no end.

Ter'ra —the Earth or Ground.

Inter', «. to bury in the earth. Mediterra'nean, a. encircled with
Disinter', v. to unbury. land.
Ter'race, n. a platform of earth. Subterra'nean, a. beneath the sur-
Terres'trial, a. earthly. face of the earth.
Ter'ritory, n. a tract of land. Terrier, n. a dog that hunts under
Terra'queous, a. composed of land ground.
and water.

Ter^reo —to Make Afraid ; to Frighten.

Deter', ». to stop by fear. 1 Ter'rible, a. frightful.
Ter'ror, n. extreme fear. I
Ter'ripy, v. to frighten.
Terrif'ic, a. causing fear.

Tes^tis—a Witness.
Attest', v. to bear witness. Intes'tate, a. not having made a
Contest', ??. to dispute to struggle.
; will.
Detest', v. to abhor. Protest', v. to declare against.
Detesta'tion, n. abhorrence. Prot'estant, n. one who protests.
Testa'tor, n. one who makes a will. Testimo'nial, n. a certificate.
Tes'tament, n. a will. Tes'tify, 'd. to bear witness.
Tes'timony, n. evidence.

TexfOf tex^tum —to Weave ; to Knit.

Context', a. knit or woven together. Pre'text, I n. pretence.

Con'text, n. the connected passages. Text, n. a passage of Scriptur«.
|

Text'ure, n. the thing woven.

Tifti^eo—to Fear.
Tim'id, a. fearful. |
Tim'orous, a. cowardly.
Intim'idate, v. to make fearful.

Tin^gOf tin&tum —to Dip or Steep ; to Dye ; to Stain.

Tinge, v. to color slightly. Tinc'ture, n. a steeping or dyeing.

Tint, n. a slight coloring. Attaint', v. to fix a stain upon.
Taint, n. a stain or blemish. Attain'der, n. a putting a stain
Taint, v. to corrupt to infect.
; upon.

ToVerOf tolera^tum— to Bear With or Suffer

Tol'erate, v. to bear with that which Intol'erable, a. that can not be
is not approved. borne.
Toleration, n. allowance of that Intol'erant, a. that can not toler-
"
which is not approved. ate.
 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 295

TWulus—a Title ; an Inscription.

Ti'tle, n. a name a claim of right.
; I Tit'ular, a. relating to a title.
Enti'tle, t>. to give a claim to. j Unti'tled, a. having no title.

Tor'peo- -to Be Numb or Torpid.

Tor'pid, a. inactive ; numbed. Tor'pitude, n. sluggishness.

I

Tor'por, n. numbness. I
Torpe'do, n. an electric fish.

Tor^reo —to Parch ; to Roast ; to Boil.

Tor'rid, a. dried by heat. |

Tor'refy, v. to dry by a fire.
Tor'rent, n. a rapid stream.

Tor'queOf tor^tum —to Twist ; to Writhe.

Contor'tion, a twisting.
w. Retort', v. to throw back a charge
Distort', v. to twist out of shape. or argument.
Extort', v. to wrest from one. Tor'ment, 71. extreme pain.
Extor'tion, n. illegal exaction. Tort'ure, n. extreme pain.
Retort', n. a severe reply. Tort'uous, a. twisted winding. ;

Tortus— the Whole All. ;

To'tal, a. whole entire ; full.

;
•
|
Facto'tum, n. a person for all kinds
To'tally, ad. wholly ; entirely. I
of work.
Surtout', n. an overcoat.

Tra'JiOf tracftum —to Draw ; to Take.

Abstract', to draw from.
'd. Por'trait, n. a likeness.
Ab'stract, a. existing in the mind Protract', «?. to draw out or length-
only. en in time.
Abstrac'tion, n. absence of mind. Retract', ?j. to draw back.
Attract', id. to draw to to allure. ; Subtract', «. to take a part from the
Attrac'tfve, a. having power to at- rest.
tract. Trace, n. a mark left.
Contract', id. to draw together. Track, n. a footprint a path. ;

Detract', v. to take from. Tract, n. a region a treatise. •

Distract', «. to draw apart. Tract'able, a. docile.

Distrac'tion, n. derangement of Tract'ile, a. ductile.
reason. j
Trail, v. to draw along the ground.
Extract', v. to draw out. I
Trait, n. a feature a line. ;

Portray', «. to draw forth or exhibit. Treat, t. to use : to discuss.

Treat'y, n. a contract or league.

Tre^mo —to Shake ; to Tremble.

Trem'ble, t). to quake to quiver. Tremen'dous, a. to be trembled
; I at
Tre'mor, n. a trembling. or feared. I

Trem'ulous, a. shaking quivering. ;

TrepHdus —Agitated Trembling. ;

Intrep'id, a. not trembling ; fearless. |

Trepida'tion, n. fear ; tremor.
 SMITH S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Tres, trVa —Thbee.

Tbeb'le, a. threefold. Tri'pod, n. a three legged stool.
Trip'le, a. threefold. Tri'dent, n. an instrument haring
Tri'ad, n. the union of three. three prongs.
Tri'angle, n. a figure with three an- Trin'ity, n. a union of three in one.
gles. Triv'iai,, a. unimportant.
Tri'une, n. three in one. Trisect', «. to divide into three parta
Tri'o, n. three united.

TrWuOf trihu'tum—to Give ; to Pay.

Trib'ute, n. a tax paid to a con- Contrib'ute, v. to give with others.

queror. Distrib'ute, v. to deal out.
Trib'utary, a. paying tribute. Distribu'tion, n. a giving to severaL
At'hrib'ute, v. to ascribe. Retrib'utive, a. repaying.
Retribu'tion, n. a paying back.

TrVbus— a Tribe.
Tribe, n. a distinct body of people. |
Trib'une,n. a Roman officer.
Tribu'nal, n. a court of justice.
Note.— Tribus, originally a third part of the Roman people, afterwards a tribe;
Tres, three. Tribune, an officer chosen by the common people to protect them
from the oppression of the nobles.

Tru^dOf tru^sum —to Thrust ; to Push.

Abstruse', a. difficult to be under- Intru'sion, n. the act of intruding.

stood. Obtrude', v. to thrust on.
Detrude', v. to thrust down. Obtru'sion, n. act of obtruding.
Intrude', v. to thrust in. Obtkusive, a. bold; coming unin-
ExTRu'siON, n. the act of thrusting vited.
out. Intru'sive, a. entering without right.
Protrude', «. to thrust forward.

Tu^her —a Swelling.
Tu'ber, n. a knob in roots. Protu'berance, n. a swelling out.
Tu'bercle, n. a small tumor. Tu'berous, a. having tubes.
—
Note. Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, having eyes
or buds, as a potato.

Tu^eor, tuVtus —to Watch ; to Guard.

Tui'tion, n. instruction. Intu'itive, a. having the power to
Intui'tion, n. immediate perception discover things untaught.
of truth. Tu'telar, a. protecting.
Tu'telage, n. guardianship. Tu'tor, n. a teacher a guardian. ;

u^meo —to Swell.

Tu'mid, a. swollen ;
pompous. Con'tumacy, n. contempt of author-
Tu'mor, n. swelling. ity.
Tu'mult, n. a commotion. Contuma'cious, a. stubborn.
Tumult'uary, a. disorderly. Tomb, n. a grave a burial place.
;

Con'tumely, n. haughty behavior. Entomb', v. to put m a tomb.

 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 297

TunfdOf tu^sutn— to Beat ; to Bruise.

CoNTu'siON, n. a bruise. |
Obtuse', a. dulled or blunted.

Tur^ba —a Crowd : Confusion.

Disturb', to disquiet.
v. Troub'le, n. perplexity.
Disturb'Ance, n. confusion. Tdr'bid, a. muddy ; not clear.
Perturba'tion, n. agitation of mind. Tur'bulent, a. full of confusion.
Tur'bulence, n. violence.

Tur^geo —to Swell ; to be Inflated.

Tur'gid, a. bloated ; swollen. |
Tur'gent, a. swelling ; tumid,

Wher—Fruitful; Plentiful.
Exu'berant, a. very plentiful. |
U'berty, n. fruitfulness.

Ulte^rior —Further. Ul^timus — Furthest or Last.

Ulte'rior, a. further. I Ul'timately, ad. in the end.
Ul'timate, a. furthest ; final ; last. I
Ultima'tum, n. a final proposition.

TJmfhra —a Shadow or Shade.

Um'brage, n. suspicion of injury; Umbrel'la, n. a shade or screen car-
offence. ried in the hands.
Umbra'geous, a. shady.

Unfda— a Wave.
Un'dulate, v. to move like waves. Abun'dance, n. more than enough.
Un'dulating, a. rising and falling. Inun'date, «. to flow upon.
Un'dulatory, a. moving like waves. Inunda'tion, n. a flood.
Abound', to be in great plenty.
t). Redound', ^. to be sent back, as k
Abun'dant, a, plentiful. wave to result. ;

Redun'dant, a. full to overflowing.

TJWguO) urnftum — ^to Anoint.

Unc'tion, n. an anointing. I Un'guent, n. ointment.
Unc'tuous, a. oily greasy. ;
|
Oint'ment, n. a salve.

TTnus— One ; Alone.

TJ'nit, n.a single thing. U'niform, a. even regular. ;

U'nity, n. oneness. U'nion, n. concord agreement. ;

Unite', v. to make one to join. ; Unique', a. the only one of its kind.
Disunite', v. to separate. U'nison, n. concord of sounds.
Reunite', v. to unite again. U'niverse, n. the whole system of
Unanim'ity, n. agreement in opinion. things.
Unan'imous, a. of one mind. i
Univer'sal, a. pertaining to all.

Note.—Union, the upper,^niicr corner of a flag, the rest being called the^?/. The
union of the U. S. flag is a blue field with white stars, representing the confederation
of the States, one for each State, and the fly is composed of thirteen alternate white
and red stripes, representing the original thirteen states.
 ^^ SMITHES HAIfD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY

"^h JJrbs, ur^his — a City.

Uk'ban, a. pertaining to a city. I TJrban'ity, n. politeness.
Urbane', a. civil polite ;
; refined. | Sub'urbs, n. the out part of a city.

Wtor, u^sus —to Use.

Use, v. to employ. Misuse', v. to treat ill.
Use'ful, a. serviceable. Util'ity, n. usefulness.
U'suAL, a. customary, Inutil'ity, n. uselessness.
U'sAGE, n. established custom. Peruke', v. to read.
Abuse', v. to use improperly. U'suRY, n, illegal interest.
Disuse', v. to cease to use. Usurp', v. to seize without right.
Uten'sil, n. that which is used.

Va^cOf vaca'tutn —to Be Empty ; to Be at Leisure.

Va'cant, a. empty. I Vac'uum, n. an empty space.
Vaca'tion, n. being at leisure ; recess. | Evac'uate, «. to make empty.

Va'do, va'sum, —to Go.

Evade', d. to go from or shun, Invade', -». to enter, as an enemy.
I

Eva'sion, n. an artifice to elude. Inva'sion, n. a hostile entrance.

j

Pervade', ti. to pass through.

Va'gus —Wandering,
Va'grant, n. an idle wanderer, Vag'abond, n. a worthless person.
Va'grant, a. wandering unsettled. ; Extrav'agant, a. wasteful exces- ;

Vague, a. indefinite ; uncertain. sive.

Vaga'ry, n. a whim ; a caprice Extrav'agance, n. excess.

Va^leo — ^to Be "Well or Strong ; to Be Worth.

Avail', v. to take advantage of; to Prev'alence, 71, general existence.
be of use to. Valedic'tion, n. a farewell.
In'valid, n. a sick person. Val'iant, a. brave strong, ;

Inval'id, a. of no force, Val'id, a. of full force; good in

Inval'idate, v. to make weak or null. law.
CoNVALEs'cENT, a. recovering health Yalid'ity, n. soundness ; strength.
and strength, Val'or, n. bravery.
Equiv'alent, a. equal in value. Yal'ue, n. worth price, ;

Prevail', v. to overcome; to have Inval'uable, a. precious above esti-

effect. mation.
Prev'alent, a. widely existing.

Vacuus —Vain; Empty.

Vain, a. empty ; worthless. Van'ish, v. to disappear.
Van'ity, 71. petty or empty pride. EvANEs'cENT, a. fleeting.

Va^rius —Changeable; Diverse; Different.

Va'ry, T). to make different. Va'riegate, v. to diversify.
Va'riance, n. disagreement. Vari'ety, a. change diversity. ;
 LATIN KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 299

Va^por — Steam; Fume.

Va'pob, n. fume , steam ; mist ; fog. | Evap'orate, v. to pass away in vapor.

Vas^tus —Yery Large; Desert.

Vast, a. very large great. ;
Devasta'tion, n. waste havoc. ;

Devas'tate, «. to lay waste. Waste, n. a desolate country.

Ve^ho, ve&tutn—to Carry ; to Bear.

Convey', v. to carry. Inveigh', v. to carry or bring charges
Convey'ance, n. that which conveys. against.
Invec'tivb, n. angry abuse. Ve'hemence, n. ardor; violence.
Ve'hicle, n. a carnage.

VeVlo, vuVsum—to Pull ; to Pluck.

Convulse',??, to give violent motion to. |
Revul'sion, n. a drawing back.

Ve^lo —to Cover; to Conceal

Veil, to hide to cover.
v. ; Envel'op, t. to wrap up.
Veil, n. a curtain. Reveal', h. to draw back the veil ; to
Devel'op, v. to unfold ; to unclose. make known.
Devel'opment, n. an unfolding. Revel a'tion, n. discovery.

Ven^do—to Sell.
Vend, v. to sell. Vendue', n. an auction.
Vender, n. one who sells. Ve'nal, a. that may be bought or sold.

Vene^num —Poison; Venom.

Ven'om, n. poison. I
Ven'omous, a. poisonous.
Enven'om, v. to poison.

Ve^niOf ven^tum —to Come ; to Go.

Ad'vent, a coming.
n. Event', n. that which happens.
Advent'ure, n. a hazard or risk. Event'ual, a. happening as a result.
Adventi'tious, a. accidental. Event'ually, ad. in the event.
Av'enue, n. a passage. Event'uate, v. to terminate.
Circumvent', v. to come round. Intervene', v. to come between.
Contravene', v. to hinder. Invent', v. to devise.
Convene', v. to assemble. Prevent', v. to hinder.
Conven'tion, n. a coming together. Rev'enue, n. the income of a state.
Conve'nient, a. fit suitable. ; Ven'ture, v. to run a hazard; to
Conven'tional, a. customary. dare.
Cov'enant, n. a mutual agreement. Ven'turous, a. daring ; bold.

Ver^bum —a Word.
Verb, a part of speecl^
n. Verbose', a. full of words.
Ver'bal, a. uttered by the mouth.
Ver'biage, n. an unnecessary profu ^d'verb, n. a part of speech.
aion of words. Verba'tim, ad. word for word.
300 SMITHES HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Venftus —the WmD.

Vent, an air hole.
n. Ven'tilate, 1). to cause a circulation
Ven'tiduct, n. a passage for air. of air.

Ve'reor —to Fear ; to Stand in Awe Of.

Revere', v. to respect greatly, Reveren'tial, a. expressing rever«
Rev'erence, n. great respect awe. ; ehce.
Rev'erend, a. worthy of reverence.

Ver'go— to Turn or Tend Towards.

Verge, n. brink border edge.
; ; Converge', v. to tend to one point.
Verge, v. to bend towards. Diverg'ent, a. going apart.

Ver^mis -a Worm.
Ver'min, n. noxious animal. Vermic'ular, u. resembling a worm.
Ver'mifuge, n. a medicine to destroy Vermicel'li, n. a paste in the form
worms. of worms.

Ver^to, ver^sum — ^to Turn.

Advert', i). to turn to. Pervert', v. to turn to a wrong use.
Inadver'tence, n. heedlessness. Perverse', a. obstinately wrong.
Ad'verse, a. opposed hostile. ; Perver'sion, n. a wrong use.
Ad'verstty, n. misfortune. Revert', v. to turn back.
Ad'versary, n. an enemy. Reverse', v. to turn the front part
Advertise', v. to publish a notice. back.
Animadver'sion, n. censure. Rever'sion, n. a turning or falling
Avert', v. to turn away. back.
Aver'sion, n. dislike. Subvert', v. to overthrow.
Controvert', v. to dispute. Subver'sive, a. tending to over-
Con'troversy, n. disputation. throw.
Convert', d. to change from one con- Transverse', a. lying across.
dition to another. Trav'erse, d. to pass over.
Converse', «. to discourse with. Ver'satile, a. easily turning to a
Con'verse, n. an opposite proposi- new task.
tion. Verse, n. a line of poetry.
Divert', v. to turn off; to amuse. Ver'sify, v. to make verse.
Diver'sion, n. amusement. Ver'sion, 71. a translation.
Di'vERS, a. several more than one.
; Ver 'terra, n. a joint of the spine.
Di'vERSE, a. varied unlike. ; Ver'tex, n. the top.
Diver'sity, n. variety difference. ; Ver'tical, a. overhead.
Diver'sify, v. to vary. Ver'tigo, n. giddiness. !

Invert', v. to turn upside down. Vor'tex, n. a whirlpool. ;

Vefrus —True.
Ver'ity, n. truth. Ver'dict, n. the report of a jury.
Verac'ity, n. habitual observance of Ver'ify, t. to prove true.
truth. Ver'ily, ad. in truth.
Vera'cious, a. observant of truth. Ver'itable, a. true genuine. ;

Aver', 'g. to declare positively.

 LATIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 301

VestVgitini — a Footstep ; a Tkack or Trace.

Ves'tige, n. a track ; a trace. |
Inves'tigate, v. to search into.

Ves'^tis a Garment : Clothing.

Invest', v. to clothe m. Divest', v. to strip ; to deprive.
Vest, n. an outer garment. Ves'try, n. a room in a church :or
Veb'ture, n. a garment a robe. ; the sacred garments, etc.

Ve'tus, vetf er is— OijD.

Vet'eran, n. an old soldier. Invet'erate, a. fixed by long con-
tinuance.

rva- a Way.
De'viate, t). to turn aside. Ob'viate, v. to remove.
De'vious, a. wandering. Ob'vious, a. plain to be seen.
En'voy, n. a public messenger. Pre'vious, a. antecedent.
Per'vious, a. penetrable. Vi'aduct, n. a structure supporting
Imper'vious, a. not admitting a pas- a passage way.
sage through.

Weis— a Change ; in Stead.

Vic'ar, a substitute.
n. Vice ROY, n. a king's deputy gov- I

Vicege'rent, n. a deputy. ernor.

Vicis'siTUDE, n. change.

VVdeo, Wsurn —to See.

Vis'iON, n. sight. Prov'ident, a. providing for.
Vis'iBLE, a. that can be seen. Prov'ender, n. food for cattle.
Vis'ioNARY, a. not real. Prov'idence, 11. forethought.
Vis'it, v. to go to see. Provis'ion, n. victuals food. ;

Vis'uAL, a. pertaining to sight. Provi'so, n. something that provides

Vi'soR, n. a mask. against.
Vis'ta, n. a view a prospect. ;
Pru'dent, a. cautious; wise.
Vis' AGE, n. the countenance. Pur'vey, v. to provide.
View, n. a seeing or sight. Purvey'or, n. a provider.
Ev'iDENT, a. plain apparent. ;
Revise', to examine again.
t>.

Invis'ible, a. not to be seen. Review', n. a critical examination.

Provide', v. to see to beforehand. Supervise', v. to overlook.
Survey', v. to view carefully.

VVdiio —to Deprive Of : to Part.

Avoid', v. to keep clear from. Divide', v. to separate.
Devoid', v. destitute of. Div'idend, n. a share.
Void, a. empty. Individ'ual, n. a single person.

^ Vig^or — Strength.
Vig'or, n. strength energy. ; I Invig 'orate, v. to strengthen.
Vig'orous, a. full of strength. ] Vig'orously, ad, with force.
303 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

VigHlo —to Watch ; to Keep Awake.

Vig'il, n. a watching. |
Vig'ilant, a. watchful.

Vi'lis —of LiTTLB "Worth ; Cheap Vile. ;

Vile, a. base mean wicked.

; ; I Vil'ify, to defame ; to abuse.
v.
Vile'ly, ad. basely meanly. ; | Revile', v. to vilify again and again.

Vin^co, vi&tum —to Conquer ; to Overcome.

Convince', v. to satisfy by evidence. Invin'cible, a. unconquerable.
Convict', v. to prove guilty. Prov'ince,
a subject country; a n.
Con'vict, n. one found guilty. division of a country.
Convic'tion, n. the state of being Van'quish, 1). to conquer.
convicted or convinced belief. ; Vic'tor, 11. a conqueror.
Evince . d. to show clearly Vic'tory, 71. conquest.
Vic'tim, n. a living being sacrificed.

Vin^deXf vin^dicis —a Defender or Avenger.

Vin'dicate, v. to defend to justify. ; Revenge', v. to return an injury.
I

Vindic'tive, a. revengeful. I
Avenge', v. to punish for an injury.
Ven'geance, n. recompense of evil.
Vi^nurn —Wine.
Vine, n. the plant which produces Vin'egar, n. sour wine.
grapes. Vin'tage, n. the crop of grapes.
Vinous, a. having the qualities of Vine'yard, n. a plantation of grape
wine. vines.

Vir —a Man.
Vi'rile, a. masculine. |
Vira'go, n. a turbulent woman.

VVrus—Poison.
Vir'ulence, n. malignity. |
Vir'ulent, a. full of poison.

VVtium—B. Vice ; a Fault.

Vice, n. a fault ; a blemish. j
Vi'cious, a. wicked ; sinful.
Vi'tiate, XI. to deprave ; to spoil.

V¥to — to Shun ; to Escape.

Inev'itable,«. that cannot be avoided. |
Inev'itably. ad. certainly.

Vifrum—Glass.
Vit'reous, a. resembling glass. |
Vit'rify, ®. to change into glasg.

Wvo, vie" turn —to Live.

CoNviv'iAL, a. gay jovial. ;
Vict'uals, n. food provisions. ;

Revive', v. to live again. Vi'tal, a. necessary to life.

Survive', i). to outlive. ViVAc'iTY, n. liveliness.
Vi'and, n. an article of food. Viv'iD, a. active ; bright.
Vrv'iFY, V. to animate.
 ;

LA.TIN ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 3oa

Vo^cOf voca^tuni— to Call.

Ad'vocate, n. a pleader. Invoke', v. to implore.
Avoca'tion, n. a calling or employ- Revoke', v. to call back.
ment. Irrev'ocable, a. not to be recalled.
Convoca'tion, n. an assembly. Provoke', v. to irritate.
Convoke', v. to call together. Provoca'tion, n. a cause of anger.
EQUiv'ocAii, a. doubtful. Vocab'ulary, n. a list of words.
Equiv'ocate, V, to use doubtful ex- Vo'cAL, a. relating to the voice.
pressions. Vocif'erate, v. to cry out loudly.
Evoke', v. to call forth. Voca'tion, n. a business.
Invoca'tion, n. a solemn address or Voice, n. sound from the mouth.
prayer. Vouch, v. to attest ; to affirm.
Vow'el, n. a simple sound.

Vo'lo, vola'tum— to Fly.

Vol'atile, a. easily evaporated ;
gay Vol'ley, n. a flight of shot.
fickle.

yo'lo, volVtU7n — to Will ; to Wish.

Benev'olence, n. good will. Vol'untary, a. acting from choice.
Malev'olence, n. ill will. Volunteer', n. a voluntary soldier.
Voli'tion, n. the power of willing. Invol'untary, a. not willing.
Volup^tas- -Pleasure.
Volup'tuous, a. full of pleasure. Volup'tuart, n. one given up to
pleasure.

VoVvOf volu^tuin —to Roll.

Circumvolu'tion, n. a rolling round. -Revolt',v. to throw off subjection.

Devolve', v. to deliver over. Revolve', v. to roll in a circle.

EvoLVi!}', V. to unroll ; to unfold. Revolu'tion, n. an entire change.
Evolu'tion, n. act of unfolding. Vol'uble, a. rolling fluent. ;

Involve', v. to envelop. Vol'ume, n. a roll a book. ;

Volu'minous, a. great size ; bulky.

Vo^ro, vora'tum — ^to Eat Greedily.

Devour', v. greedily.
to eat up I Carniv'orous, a. eating flesh.
Vorac'ity, n. greediness of appetite. Omniv'orous, a. eating all things,
Vora'cious, a. eating very greedily, i Ossrv'oROUS, a. eating bones.
Piscrv'oRous, a. eating fish.

Vo'tum —a Vow ; a Wish.

Avow', «. to declare openly.
Devote', v. to set apart.
Devo'tion, n. piety
Devout', a. earnest
Volca'no, n. a burning
Vo'tary, n. one who has vowed.
Vote, n. a wish expressed.
; affection. Vo'tive, a. given by vow.
; sincere. Vow, n. a solemn promise.
Vulca'nus —the God of Fire.
mountam I
Volca'nic, a. relating to a volcano,

VuVgus the Common People.

Divulge', n. to make public. Vulgar'ity, n. coarseness meanness. ;

Vul'gar, a. common; unrefined. Vul'gate, n. an ancient Latin version

Vul'garism, n. a vulgar expression of the Bible.
 — —
304 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES.

Acadefmia^ {uKadrjula^) — a Grove near Athens, where Plato Taught

Philosophy.
Acad'emy, n. a place of instruction. | Academ'ic, a. relating to an academy.

Al^mef (uKjuff,) —the Summit.

Ac'me, n. the top ; the highest point.

Acou'^Of (uKovo),) — to Hear.

Acous'tic, a. relating to hearing. | Acous'tics, n. the science of sounds.

Ac^ron, (uKpov,) — Summit ; Extremity.

AcROp'oLis, n. the summit of a city ; I Acros'tic, n. a kind of poem,
a citadel. |

A^er, (dr/p.) —the Air.

Ae'rial, a. consisting of air. |
A'erolite, n. a meteoric stone.
A'eronaut, n. one who sails in the air.

A^gOf (a/w,) —to Lead.

Dem'agogue, n. a factious or sedi- I Ped'agogue, n. a schoolmaster,
tious leader. | Syn'agogue, n. a Jewish church.

A^gon, (dyuv,) —a Combat ; a Contest.

Ag'ony, n. struggle under severe I Ag'onize, v. to afflict with agony,
pain. I
Antag'onist, n. an opponent.

AVgos, (aAyof,)— Pain.

Ceph'alalgy, n. the headache. |
Ondontal'gia, n. the toothache.

Alle^lorif (dAAj/Awv,) One Another Each Other. ;

Par'allel, a. equidistant at all points. |

Unpar'alleled, a. unequaled.

AVlos, (aAAof,) Another.

Al'legory, n. a figurative narration. |
Allegor'ical, a. not literal.

Al'pha, {d2,<pa,) —the First Letter in the Greek Alphabet.

Al'phabet, n. the letters of a Ian- I Alphabet'ical, a. in the order of
guage. I
the alphabet.
 —
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 305

Ang'eloSf {ayyeTM^^ — a Messenger ; a Bring er of Tidings.

An'gel, a spiritual messenger.
n. Evan'gelist, n. a preacher of tin
Archan'gel, n. a chief angel. gospel.
Ev an'gel, n. good tidings the gos- ; EvANGEL'icAii, a. Contained in the
pel of Christ. gospel.
Evan'gelize, v. to teach the gospel to.

An^thos, (dv^of,)— a Flower.

Anthol'ogy, n. a discourse on flow- I Polyan'thus, n. a plant with many
ers. flowers.
I

Helian'thus, n. the sun-flower.

Anthro^pos, {dvdpuTroc,) — a Man ; a Human Being.

Mis'anthrope, n. one who hates the Philan'thropist, n. one who loves
human race. inankind.
Misan'thropy, n. hatred of the hu- Philan'thropy, n. love of the hu-
man race. man race.

Ar^c/ie, (dpxvd —the Beginning ;

Government.
An'arch, n. an author of confusion. Ar'chitect, n. one skilled in the art
An'archy, n. want of government. of building.
Arch, «. chief principal; shrewd.
;
Ar 'chives, n. records.
Archbishop, n. the chief bishop. Mon'arch, n. a sovereign a king. ;

Archduke', n. a chief prince. Pa'triarch, n. the head of a family.

Ar'chetype, n. the original.

Ar&tos, (dpKTog,) —a Bear ; the North.

Arc'tic, a. northern. |
Antarc'tic, a. southern.
Note.—Literally relating to the constellation of the Bear.

Ar'gos, (dpybf,) Sluggish; Inactive.

Leth'argy, n. morbid sleepiness. | Lethar'gic, a. dull ; sluggish.

Aris^tos, (dpioTog,) —Noblest; Blest.

Aristoc'racy, n. the government of I Aris'tocrat, n. one who favors an
the nobles. I aristocracy.

ArithfmoSf (dpidfio^,) a Number. —

Arith'metic, n. the science ofnum- Arithmeti'cian, n. a master
I of aritb-
bers. I metic.

Aro^ma, (dpufiay) —any Seasoning ; Spice ; Sweet Herb.

Aro'ma, a pleasant odor.
n. I Aromat'ic, a. spicy fragrant. ;

Aromat'ics, n. fragrant spices. | Aro'matize, v. to scent with spiceai

AlfmoSf (dT/ioc) —Vapor; Air.

At'mosphere, n. the air, etc., above I Atmospher'ic, a. relating to the at
us I
mosphere.
306 SMITH'gi HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Ath^loSf (ad?i,og,) —a Combat.

Ath'lete, 71. a wrestler. |
Athlet'ic, a. strong of body.

Ar^trofif (doTpov,) —a Star.

As'terisk, n. a mark, lik'' a star. Astron'omy, n. the science of th«
As'tral, a. star-like. stars.
Astrol'ogy, n. the science of foretell- Disas'ter, n. a bad or evil star; mis-
ing by the stars. fortune.

Au^los, (uilog,) — a Pipe.

Hydrau'lic, a. relating to water I Hydrau'lics, n. the science of the
pipes. I
motion and force of fluids.

Authei^'teo, {dvdevreo),) — ^to Have Authority.

Authen'tic, a. genuire; true. |
Authentic'ity, n. genuineness.

Au^tos, ((ivrof,)— One's Self.

Au'tocrat, n. a sole ruler. Autom'aton, i n. a self-moving ma-
Au'tograph, n. one's handwriting. chine. |

Au'topsy, n. ocular evidence.

SaVsamum, (jSaTiaafiov,) — a Fragrant Resin ; an Ointment.

Balm, n. a fragrant ointment. |
Bal'sam, n. a soothing ointment.

Bap' to, (/3a7rrw,)— to Dip; to Wash.

Baptize', v. to immerse. j
Bap'tism, n. a Christian sacrament.

Ba'sis, (jSaaic) —the Base or Foundation.

Base, n. the bottom. Base, a. mean
|
; vile.
Debase', v. to degrade to lower. ;

Blh'loSf ((3c(3Xoc,)—a Book.

Bi'ble, n. the Holy Scriptures. |
Bib'lical, a. pertaining to the Bibla

BVos, (l3ioc,)
—Life.
Amphib'ious, a. living in two ele- I Biog'raphy, n. an account of one's
ments. | life.

Blap'tO, (/3Aa7rrw,)— to INJURE.

Blaspheme', v. to speak impiously. | Blas'phemy, n. impiety of speech

Bo'leOf (Ba?i?io),) —to Shoot ; to Throw,

Em'blem, n. a picture. Par'able, n. a similitude.
Emblemat'ic, a. using emblems. Prob'lem, 71. a question proposed
Hyper'bole, n. an exaggeration. Problemat'ical, a. uncertain.
Sym'bol, n. a sign an emblem. ;
 —
GREEK ROOTS AND DERXVATIVES. 30t

Hotfane, (JSoTavij,) — an Herb ; a Plant.

Bot'any, n. the science of plants. | Botan'ical, a. relating to plants.

Bron^chos, (JSpovxog,) —the Wind-Pipe.

Bron'chial, a. belonging to the I Bronchi'tis, n. inflammation of the
wind-pipe. I
wind-pipe.

Cannon, (Kavuv,) — a Rule.

Can'on, n. a rule ; a law. |
Can'onize, v. to declare one a saint.

Car^dia, (Kapdia,) — the Heart.

Car'diac, a. relating to the heart. I Pericar'dium, n, a membrane encloa-
Cardial'gia, n. the heartburn. | ing the heart.

Cau^ticuSf (KavoTiKog,) —Burning.

Caus'tic, a. burning ; corroding. | Cau'tery, n. a burning or searing.

Cen^trum, (KevTfyw,) —the Center.

Cen'ter, n. the exact middle. Concen'tric, a. having a common
i

Cen'tral, a. relating to the center. center. 1

EccENTRic'iTY, 71. irregularity. Concen'trate, v. to bring together.

I

Eccen'tric, a. irregular.

Cephfale, {Kti^aT^rj,) —the Head.

CsPHAii'ic, a. pertaining to the head. I Hydrocephalus, n. dropsy of the
I . head.

Cha'os, Ot^of,) Confusion.

Cha'os, n. a confused mass. |
Chaot'ic, a. confused ; without order,

Ch(ira&ter, (xapaKr^p,) —Distinctive Mark.

Char'acter, n. reputation quality.
;
Characteris'tic, n. a distinctive
Characte^is'tic, a. indicating char- mark.
acter. Char'acterize, v. to give a character.

Cha^ris, {xapi^^ — Grace; Joy.

Char'ity, n. good afiection ; alms. |

Char'itable, a. kind ; bountiful.
Eu'cHARiST, n. the Lord's Supper.
Note. —Eucharist, literall}^ the act of giving thanks.

Chimce^ra, (xcf^aipa,) — a Fabulous Monster.

Chime'ra, n. an absurd notion. |
Chimer'ical, a. wild ; fanciful.

Cheir, (x^ip,) —the Hand.

IJhirog'raphy, n. handwriting. |
Chirur'geon, ??. a surgeon.
308 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

Cho^le, {xo'kn^ —Bile; Anger.

Chol'era, n. a disease. I Chol'eric, a. irascible.
Chol'er, n. anger rage. ; I
Col'ic, n. a pain in the bowels.
Mel'ancholy, n. sadness ;
gloom.

CJior'day (xop^v,) —a Gut ;

a String.

Jhord, the string of a musical in-

n. I Cord, n. a small rope,
strument. 1 Cord'age, n. a quantity of cords.
Accord', v. to correspond in sound.

Chris" tos, (Xpioro^,) —the " Anointed."

Christ, n. the Messiah. -''
I Christ'mas, n. the festival of Christ's
Christ'en, v. to baptize and name. nativity,
Chris'tian, n. a disciple of Christ. I CHRiSTiAN'iTY,?i.thereligionofChrist

Chro^ma, {xpufia^ —Color.

Chromat'ic, a. relating to colors. | Achromatic, a. destitute of color.

Chron'os, (xpovog,) —Time.

Chron'ic, a. of long duration. I Chronol'ogy, n. the science of time.
Chron'icle, n. a record. I
Chronom'eter, n. a time piece.
Anach'ronism, n. an error in dates.

Chy^mos, (xwog,)—si Juice a Liquid. ;

Chem'ist, n. one who is versed in Chem'istry, n. the I science of the na-

chemistry. ture and properties of bodies.
|

Chem'ical, a. concerning chemistry.

Cle^roSf (K?irjpoc,) —a Lot ; a Portion.

Cler'gy, n. the body of divines. I Cler'ical, a. relating to a writer.
Cler'ical, a. relating to the clergy. | Clerk, n. a secretaiy or bookkeeper.

Cosmos, (Kufiog,) —a Jovial Meeting.

Com'edy, n. an amusing dramatic I Com'ic, a. raising mirth,
piece. I Encomium, n. praise.

Cos'nios, (koo/lloc) —Order ; Ornament ; the World.

Cosmet'ic, a. beautifying. Cos'mical, relating to the world.
a.
Cosmet'ic, n. a wash to beautify the Cosmop 'olite, n. a citizen of the world.
skin. Mi'cROCOSM, n. a little world.

CrVteSf {KpiTTjc,) —a Judge.

Crit'ic, n. a judge in literature or Hypercrit'ical, a. critical beyond
art. reason.
Crite'rion, n. something to judge Hypocrit'ical, a. like a hypocrite.
by. Hyp'ocrite, ?i. one who falsely as-
Cri'sis, n. the deciding point. sumes the appearance of virtue or
Crit'icise, v. to judge; to censure. piety.
 GREEK BOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 309

Cra'nium, (Kpaviov,) —the Skttll.

Cra'nium, the skull.

n, I Pericra'nium, n. the membraikj
Craniol'ogy, n. the science of skulls. | which covers the skull.

CrystaVluSf {KpvaraXkbg,) — CONGEALED LIKE Ice ; Transparent.

Crystal, n, a hard transparent sub- I Crys'talllne, a. bright; clear.
stance. I
Crys'tallize, v. to form into crystals

Cy^cluSf (KVKXog,) — a Circle.

Cy'cle, n. a circle or period of time. Encyclope dia, n. the circle of sci-
Cy'cloid, n. a curve. ences.
Cyclopedia, n. the circle of sciences. Encyc'lical, a. in a circle.

CylinfcLrus, {KvXcvdpoc) -a Roller.

Ctl'inder, n. a roller. |
Cylin'drical, a. like a cylinder.

Cj/on, (kvuv,) —a Dog.

Cyn'ic, n. a surly person; a snarler. I Cyn'ical, a. like a dog; snarling.
Cyn'ic, a. snarling; satirical. | Cyn'osure, n. the dog's tail.
Note.;—Cynosure, figuratively, signifies anything that attracts general notice o»
admiration.

jye'ca, (SeKtt,) —Ten.

Dec'ade, n. the number ten. Dec'agon, n. a figure with ten angles.
Decalogue, n. the ten command- Dec'imal, a. numbered by ten.
ments. Dec 'iM ATE, V. to take the tenth.
Decem'ber, n. the twelfth month.

Note.— Among .--...

the ancient Komans, March was taken as ,,the first month, conse-
lently September would be seventh, October the eighth, November the ninth,and
.
quently b the
'

ecember the tenth month.

De^mos, (Swoc,) —the People.

Democracy, n. a popular govern Dem'ocrat, n. one who favors democ-
ment. racy.
Endem'ic, a. peculiar to a place. Epidem'ic, n. a prevailing disease.

Despo^teSf (dEanoTTjg,) —a Master or Lord.

Des'pot, n. a tyrant ; an absolute I Des'potism, n. unlimited monarchy,
ruler. |

Didas^cOf (didaoKcj,) —to Teach.

Didac'tic, a. instructive. |
Didac'tics, n. the art of teaching.

^ Dis, (Sig,)— Two.

Dilem'ma, n. a difficult or doubtful |

Diph'thong,
n. a union of two vow-
choice. I
one sound.
els in
Dissev'er, v. to part in two.
 310 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOaY.

Box' a, ((Jo^a,)—an Openion Glory, ;

Het'erodox, a. holding erroneous Doxol'ogy, n. words of glory to God.

opinions. Par'adox, n. something apparently
Orthodox, a. correct in opinion. absurd but actually true.

Dra^fna, (dpafxa,) —an Action ; a Play.

Ora'ma, n, a poem written for the 1 Dramat'ic, a. relating to plays,
s^^g^- I Dram'atist, n. a writer of plays.

nyn'amis, ((5wa//if,)— Power Force. ;

Dtnam'ics, n. the science of forces. Dynam'ic, a. pertaining to power.

|

Dy'nasty, n. power or government.

Dys, (dvf,)—Difficulty ; Pain.

Dys'entery, n. a disease. |
Dys'pepsy, n. difficulty of digestion.

Elecftrwm, (jyAe/crpoj',)— Amber.

Electric, a. of or like amber. 1 ELECTRic'iTY,n. a subtile fluid evolved
Electrify, to make electric.
ij.
| by friction, first observed in amber.

E(feo, (olKEOi.from oUog, a House; a Household ;)—to Dwell.

Di'ocESE, n. a bishop's jurisdiction. Econom'tcal, a. frugal.
Di'ocESAN, a. pertaining to a diocese. Par'ish, ??. an ecclesiastical district.
Econ'omy, n. frugality. Paro'chial, a. 23ertaining to a parish-

ElegVa, {kleyeia^ — a Mournful Poem.

El'egy, n. a funeral song. |
Elegi'ac, a. mournful.

E^meo, ((?//£w,)—to Vomit.

EatET'ic, a. causing to vomit. |
Emet'ic, n, a medicine.

Epicu^ruSf (EmKovpoc) —a Sensual Philosopher.

Ep'icure, n. one given to luxury. |
Epicure'an, a. luxurious.

Ep^oSf (knoc) —a Word ; a Speech ; a Poem.

Ep'ic, a. narrative ; heroic. |
Ortho'epy, n. correct pronunciation.

—
Er^emos, (kprjfiog^ Lonely; Alone.
Er'emite, n. one who lives in seclu- Her'mit, n. one who
I lives in seclu-
sion. I
sion.

Er^gon, (ipyov,) — a Work.

En'ergy, n. action or activity with- I Met'allurgy, n. the art of extract-
in, I
ing metals from their'ores.
Eth^oSf (edoc) — a Custom.
Eth'ics, n. the science of morals. | Eth'ical, a. relating to morals.
 GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 311

EtNnoSf (kdvoc) — a People.

Eth'nical, a. relating to the races of I Ethnol'ogt, n, a description of
mankind. I
races.

Elfynion, (krv/iov,) —the True Meaning of a Word.

Et'tmon, n. a primitive word. |
Etymol'ogy, n. the derivation oi
I
words.

Bu, (h,) —Well.

Eu'logy, n. praise. I Eulo'gium, n. praise.
Eu'logize, v. to commend ; to praise. I
Eu'phony, n. agreeable sound.

Ga'^lax, (yu?ia^,) —Milk.

Gal'axy, n. the milky way ; a splendid assemblage.

Ga^^neOf (jafieo),) — to Marry.

Amal'gamate, to mix metals.
v. I Big'amy, n. the crime of having two
Polyg'amy, n. plurality of wives. | wives at once.

Gas'ter, {yaar^p^ — the Belly ; the Stomach.

Gas'tric, a. belonging to the stom- I Gastron'omy, n. the art of good liv-
ach. I
ing.

Ge, (yr),) —the Earth.

Geog'raphy, n. a description of the Geopon'ics, n. agriculture.
earth's surface. Ap'ogee, n. greatest distance from
Geol'ogy, n. the science of the struc- the earth.
ture of the earth. Peri'gee, n. nearest approach to the
Geom'etry, n. the science of magni- earth.
tude.

Ge'nea, (yevea,) —Birth; Origin.

Geneal'ogy, n. an account of one's I Gen'esis, n. origin ; creation,
descent. |

Glos^sa, iyluaaa,) —the ToNGUE.

Epiglot'tis, n. a cartilage near the I Gloss'ary, n. a limited dictionary,
root of the tongue. | Pol'yglot, a. having many languages.

Gh/phOf {y?iv<po),) —to Curve or Engrave.

Glyph, n. a kind of ornament in I Hi'eroglyph, n. a mystical charac-
sculpture. I
ter or symbol.

Go^niaf (yuvia,) —a Corner ; an Angle.

Diag'onal, n. a line from angle to Pen'tagon, 71. a figure having five
angle. • angles.
Dec'agon, n. a figure having tei. an- Pol'ygon, n, a figure of many angles.
gles. Trigonom'ktki', 'n. the measuring of
triangles.
312 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Gno^inon, (yvwyuwv,)— Something that Makes Known; a Pointer,

Gnome, n. an imaginary being. I Physiog'nomy, 71. countenance.
Gno'mon, n. the hand of a sun-dial. | Prognostic, n. that which foreshows.

Graph' o, (ypactx^,) — ^to Write. Gram'ma, (jpaju/ia,) —a Writing.

Au'tograph, n. one's own handwrit- Par'agraph, n. a distinct part of a
ing. discourse.
Di'agram, n. a figure a drawing. ; Stenog'raphy, n. short-hand.
Engrave', v. to mark or scratch in. Tel'egraph, n. a machine for con-
Ep'igram, n. a short, witty poem. veying intelligence by signals.
Gram'mar, n. the science of language. Tel'egram, n. intelligence by tele-
Graph'ic, a. well delineated. graph.
Graph'ite, n. plumbago. Topog'raphy, n. a description of a
Lithog'raphy, n. the art of drawing place.
on and printing from stone. Typog'raphy, n. the art of printing.

Gyni'noSf (yvjuvoc,) —Naked.

Gymna'sium, n. a place for athletic I Gymnas'tic, a. pertaining to athletic
exercises. I
exercises.

Gy'riiSf (yvpog,) — a Circle.

Gyra'tion, n. a whirling round. |
Gy'ral, a. whirling,

Harmo'tiia, {dp/uovia,) — Harmony.

HAR'M0NY,7i. musical concord agree ; I Harmon 'ic, musical,
a.
ment. I
Har'monize, to cause to agree.
v.

Harmo'nious, a. musical ;
peaceful.

He'lioSf (n^ioc) —the Sun,

Aphe'lion, n. the point farthest from Pariie'lion, n. a mock sun.
the sun. He'liotrope, n. a plant that turns
Perihe'lion, n. the point nearest the to the sun.
sun.

He^m^a, (a/^a,)— Blood.

Hem'orrhage, n. a flow of blood. | Hem'orrhoids, n. bleeding tumors.

He'm,era, (wepa,) —a Day.

Ephem'eral, a. lasting but a day. | Ephem'eris, n. a kind of almanac.

Hem^Hsus, (v/uiavc) —Half.

Hem'isphere, n. half a globe. |
Hem'icycle, n. a half circle.

Hep'ta, (iTTTa,) — Seven.

Hep'tagon, n. a figure having seven I Hep'tarchy, n. a government by
angles. I
seven persons.

Her'esis, (alpeaig,) — an Opinion.

Her'esy, n, false doctrine. |
Her'etic, n. one guilty of heresy.
 GREEK KOOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 313

HeVeroSf (krepoc) — Other; Different; Contrary.

Het'eeodox, a. heretical. |
Heteroge neous, a. unlike each othei.

Hex, {i^,)—Six.
Hexam'etek, n. a verse of six met- I Hex'agon, n. a figure of six angles,
rical feet. | Hexag'onal, a. having six angles.

HVeras, (lepog,) — Sacred.

Hi'erarchy, n. ecclesiastical govern- I Hieroglyph ic, n. a sacred character
ment. I
or symbol.

Hip^poSf (iTTTroc) —a Horse.

Hippopot'amus, n. the river horse. | Hip'podrome, n. a circus.

Hollos, (6Aof ,) —the Whole ; All.

Cath'olic, a. relating to the whole. I Cathol'icism, n. adherence to the
I
Catholic church.

HomfoSf (ofioc) —United ; Like.

Homogb'neous, a. of the same kind. I Homol'ogous, a. proportional to each
I
other.

Ho^ra, (uga,) —an Hour.

Ho'ral, a. relating to an hour. Horol'oqy, n. the art of making
Hor'ologue, 7). an instrument that time-pieces.
marks the hour. Hor'oscope, n. aspect of the plants
at the hour of birth.

HorVzOf {bpii^cd)—to Bound ; to Fix a Limit.

Hori'zon, n. the line bounding the Horizon'tal, a. parallel to the hori
view. zon.
Aph'orism, n. a maxim ; a precept. Aph'orist, n. a writer of aphorisms.

Hy'dor, (iidwp,)— Water.

Hy'dra, n. a water snake. Hy'drogen, n. a gas which combined

Hy'drant, n. a. pipe for discharging with oxygen produces water.
water. Hydrophobia, n. a dread of water.
Hydrau'lics, 71. the science of the Hydrostat'ics, n. the science of the
motion and force of fluids. weight and equilibrium of fluids.
Hydroceph'alus, 71. water in the Drop'sy, n. a disease.
head. Clepsy'dra, 71. a water clock.

Ide^a, (Idea,) — a Mental Image.

*
Ide'a, 71. an image of the mind.
" *
Ide'alize, «. to form ideas.
Ide'al, a. pertaining to an image of Idol'atry, 71. the worship of images.
the mind; imaginary. I'dolize, v. to love to excess.
 —
314 smith's hand-book of etymologv.

Id^ios, (Miof,) Peivate; Peculiar.

Id'iom, n. a peculiarity of speech. I Id'iot, n. a fool.
Id'iocy, n. want of understanding. Idiomat'ical, a. containing an idiom.
|

Idiosyn'crasy, n. peculiar temperament.

Iro^nia, (eipuveia,) —Irony.

Crony, n. a mode of speech in which I Iron'ical, a. derisive ; mocking,
the meaning is contrary to the words. | Iron'ic, a. derisive.

La^os, Q^aoQ,) —the People,

La'ity, the people as distinguished
n. Lay'man, n. one who is not a cierg^^
from the clergy. man.
Lay, a. not clerical.
Lep^ra, (lenpa,) —Leprosy.
Lep'er, n. one who has the leprosy. Lep'rous, a. full of leprosy.
|

Leprosy, n. a disease of the skin.

Le^the, QlvOtj,) —Forgetftjlness ; Oblivton.

Lbthe'an, a. inducing forgetfulness, Leth'argy, n. morbid
| sleepinest^.
Lethar'gic, a. sleepy by disease

LVthos, (Tiidoc) — a Stone.

A'erolite, n. a meteoric stone. I Lithog'raphy, n. drawing on and
Lith'arge, n. the scum of lead. |
printing from stone.
Chrys'olite, n. a precious stone.

Lo^gos, (Tioyoc) — a Speech, Account, or Description.

Anal'ogy, n. agreement throughout. Doxol'ogy, 71. words of glory to God.
Apol'ogy, n. a warding off by words. Eulo'gium, n. praise.
Cat'alogue, n. a list. Eu'logize, v. to commend.
Chronol'ogy, n. the science of dates. Ep'ilogue, n. the speech at the end
Conchol'ogy, n. the science of shells. of a play.
Di'alogue, n. a conversation. Log'ic, n. the art of reasoning.
Pec'alogue, n. the ten command- Pro'logue, n. a preface to a play.
ments. Syl'logism, n. a form of reasoning.
—
Note. The termination or suflix log7j, which is found in many words, is from 2,6yog^
and denotes art^ science, description, etc.

Ly'siSf (Ivmc) —a Loosing or Dissolving.

Anal'ysis, n. an entire separation of Pal'sy, n. a privation of motion.
a body into its elemental parts. Paral'ysis, j2. palsy.
An'alyze, «. to make an analysis. Paralyt'ic, n one affected with palsy.
Par'alyze, v. to affect as with palsy

Ma'niaf (jxavia,) —Madness ; Insanity.

Ma'niac, n. an insane person. |
Ma'nia, n. madness.

Mar'tyr, {jiapTvp,)—& Witness ; a Martyr.

Mar'tyr, n. one put to death for ad- I Mar'tyrdom, n the death of a mar
herence to a cause. j tyr.
 GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 315

Mathe'ma, {jiadnfia^ —Learning ; Science.

JUathemat'ics, 71. the science of quan- I Mathematical, a. relating to math-
tity. I
ematics.

Mechan^aOf (jxT/xavau,) —to Contrive ; to Invent.

Machine', n. a contrivance. j
Mech'anism, a the construction of a
Machina'tion, n. a contriving. machine.
lVlECHAN'ic8,?i.the science of machines. I

Mel, tneVlis, (fie?u,) —Honey.

Mellif'i:rods, a. yielding honey. I Ox'ymel, n. a mixture of vinegar
Mellip'luent* a. sweetly flowing |
and honey.

MeVoSf (ji£?iog,) —a Song or Poem.

Melo'dious, a. agreeable to the ear. I Mel'odrame, n. a drama containing
Mel'ody, n. sweetness of sound. | songs.

MetaVlum, (jneraV.ov,) —a Metal.

Met'al, n. a hard fossil substance. Metalliferous, «. producing metals.
Met'alloid, n. a substance resem- Met'allurgy, n. the art of working
bling metal. metals.

Meteo'rrif (jiereupa,) —Flytng Luminous Bodies in the Air.

Me'teor, n. a shooting star. I Meteorol'ogy, n. the science of me-
Meteor'ic, a. bright and transient. | teors.

Metier, (jit/tvp^) me^tros — a Mother.

Metrop'olis, 11, the largest or chief I Metropol'itan, a. of, or pertaining
city of any country. | to, a metropolis.

Met' rum, {fierpov,) —a Measure

Me'ter, n. a measurer. Met'rical, pertaining to meter.
a.
Me'ter, 71. measure as applied to Chronom'eter, n. a time measurer.
verse. Diam'eter, 71. measure through.
Barom'eter, n. an instrument to Gasom'eter, 71. a gas measurer.
measure the weight of the atmos- Thermom'eter, n. a heat measurer.
phere. Sym'metry,«. due proportion of parts.

Mic^ros, {fiiKpog,) — Little; Small.

Mi'crocosm, Wc the little world. |
Mi'croscope, n. an instrument for
viewing the smallest objects.

Mon^oSf {fcovoc) — One; Alone.

Mon'ad, n. an atom. • Monk, n. one living in a monastery
Mon'arch, n. a sole ruler. Monopolize, v. to engross the whole
MoN 'aster Y, a convent.
7i. Monotony, n. sameness of sound.
Monas'tic, a. pertaining to monks Monot'onous, a. wanting variety.
 B16 SMITH'S HAND-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

MVsos, (jxi(7oc,)—I1at-rkt); Enmity.

Misan'thropy, n. hatred of mankind. [
Mis'anthrope, n. a hater of mankind.

Mor'phe, (juop<prj,)—FonM ; Shape.

Amor'phous, a. without form. I
Metamor'phose, «. to change the
I
form of.

Mu'sa, (jiovaa,) —a Song or Poem.

Amuse', v. to divert. I
Mu'sic, n. harmony ; melody.
Muse, v. to meditate deeply. | Muse'um, n. a collection of curiosities.

Mys^teSf (uvaTric) — Hidden; Secret.

Mys'tery, n. something secret. j Mys'tic, a. obscure ; secret.
Myste'rious, a. full of mystery.

My'thos, (jivdoc,)—a Word ; a Fable.

Myth, n. a work of fiction. I Mythol'ogy, n. a system of fables,
Myth'ic, a. fabulous. | respecting heathen deities.

Nar'ce, {yapKTj) —Numbness; Stupor,

Narcis'sus, n. the daffodil. Narco'sis, n. stupefaction.
j

Narcot'ic, a. soporific ; causing sleep.

Ned" tar, (veKrap,) —the Drink of the Gods ; Honey.

Kec'tar, n, the feigned drink of the i Nec'tary, n. the place where the
gods. I
honey is secreted in a flower.

Ne^os, (veof,)— New.

Neol'ogy, n. new science or philoso- I Neophyte, n. a new convert; a nov-

phy. I
ice.

Neutron, (vevpov,) — a Nerve ; a Sinew.

Nerve, an organ of sensation.
n. I Neural gia, n. a diseased state of
En'ervate, v. to weaken. 1 the nerves.

No'inoSf (voiuog,)—a Law ; a Regulation.

Anom aly, n. deviation from rule. I Econom'ical, a. using economy.
Econ'omy, n. good management. { Econ'omize, 'V. to practise economy.

(yde, (oj6T],)—an Ode ; a Hymn.

Ode, n. a short poem or song. Rhapsody, n. a rambling composi
Mel'ody, n. sweerness of sound. tion.
Com'edy, n. an amusing drama. Rhap'sodist, n. one who writes rhap-
Pal'inode, a recantation.
n. sodies.
Parody, n. a humorous imitation. Psalm'ody, n. the singing of sacreo
Pros'ody, n. the laws of versification. gongs.
 —
GREEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES 317

O^doSf {66og^ —a Road or Way.

Ex'oDUS, n. a departure. Ep'isode, n. an incidental narrative.
I

Meth'od, n. a manner a way.

; Pe'riod, n. a circuit.
!

Syn'od, n. a church assembly.

—
Note. Exodus, {e^odoc, a going out,) particularly, the departure of the Israelites
from Egypt.
Synod, from aw, together, and 6db^,away; and signifies a journeying or coming to meet
one another.

On^oma, (6vojua,)—a Name.

Anon'ymous, a. without name. Syn'onym, n. a word of the same
Meton'omy, n. a change of names. meaning with another.
Patronym'ic, n. a name derived from Synonymous, a. conveying the same
a father. idea.

Op^tOf (onTcj,) —to See ; to Look.

Op 'tics, the science of seeing.
n. Synop'sis, n. a viewing together.
Op'tical, a. pertaining to sight. Synop'tical, a. affording a general
Opti'cian, 71. one skilled in optics view.
Au'topsy, n. ocular evidence. Thanatop'sis, n. a view of death.

Ora'tna, {opafia,) — a Sight ; a Spectacle.

Dioba'ma, n. an optical machine. | Panora'ma, n. a complete view.

Os^teon, (ooTeov,)— Si Bone.

Osteol'ogy, n. the science of the I Perios'teum, n. a fibrous substance
bones. I
which invests the bones.

Ox'ys, (o|yf,) Sharp; Sour; Acid.

Oxal'ic, pertaining to sorrel.
a. Ox 'IDE,n. a substance combined
Ox'ygen, n. the gas which generates with oxygen.
acids. Paroxysm, n. temporary violence of
Ox'ydize, v. to combine with oxygen. a disease.

Pa'pas, (TraTTOf,)— a Father.

Pa'pacy, n. the office of the pope. |
Pope, n. the head of the Roman
Pa'pal, a. pertaining to the pope. | Catholic Church.
Pope'dom, n. papal jurisdiction.

Pas, (TTflf ,) or, P(ui —All ; the Whole.

Panace'a, n. a universal medicine. Pan'theon, n. a temple dedicated to
Panegyr'ic, n. a eulogy. all the gods.
Pan'oply, n. complete armor. Pan'tomime, n. an imitation of all
Pan'theism^ n. the doctrine that the kinds of action, etc., without speak-
universe is God. ing.

Pen^te, (Treure,) —FrvE.

Pen'tagow, n. a figure having five I PenVateuch, n. the five books of
angles. j
Moses.
 318 smith's hand-book of etymology.

Pa'^ter, {ttuttjp,) —a Father.

Compa'triot, n. a fellow countryman. Pa'triarch, n. the father and ruler
Expa'triate, v. to banish from one's of a family.
country. Pat'rimony, n. an inherited estate.
Par'ricide, n. the murder of a parent. Pa'triot, a lover of his country.
n.
Pater'jstal, a. fatherly.' Pa'tron, n. a supporter.
Patri'cian, n. a nobleman. Pat'ronize, v. to support.

Pa'thos, (Tra^of,)— Feeling ; Affection ; Disease.

Antip'atht, n. aversion. Pa'thos, n. passion warmth. ;

Ap'athy, n. want of feeling. Pathet'ic, a. exciting emotion.

Apathet'ic, a. without feeling Pathol'ogt, n. the science of diseases.
Sym'pathy, n. fellow feeling.

Pep^tOf (TTeTrro),)— to BoiL ; to CoNCOCT.

Dyspep'sy, n. bad digestion. I Eufjp'sy, n. good digestion.
Dyspep'tic, a. having bad digestion. | Eupep'tic, a. having good digestion.

Pet^alorif (nsTaTiov,) — a Flower Leaf.

Pet'al, n. a flower leaf. |
Pet'aled, a. having petals.
Apet'alous, a. without petals.

Pe^tra, (neTpa,) — a Rock ; a Stone.

Pe'ter, n. a man's name. 1 Petrifac'tion,/!. the process of turn
Petres'cent, a. turning to stone. j ing to stone.
Pet'rify, v. to convert into stone. I Saltpe'ter, n. a mineral salt.

JPha^nOf {(jyaivo), a ^aco,) —to ENLIGHTEN ; to Say or Tell.

Blas'phemy, n. impious language. Phan'tasm, n. a fancied appearance.

Em'phasis, n. stress laid upon a word. Phase, n. an appearance.
Emphat'ic, a. forcible. Phenom'enon, n. an appearance.
Epiph'any, n. the manifestation. Proph'ecy, n. a foretelling.
Phan'tom, n. an apparition. Proph'et, n. a foreteller.
Syc'ophant, n. a low flatterer.
Note.—Epii^h'any, the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles

JPhar^macon, ((papjuaKov,) — a Medicine or Drug.

Phar'macy, n. the art of preparing I Pharmaceo'tic, n. relating to pbor-
medicines. I
macy.

JPhe^ro, ((p€pu,) —to Carry ; to Bring.

Met'aphor, n. a short similitude. Phos'phorus, n. a luminous sub-

Metaphor'ical, a. figurative. stance.
Periph'ery, n. circumference. Phosphores'cent, a. shining.

JPho^nCf {(puvfj,) — a Sound.

Eu'PHONY, n. agreeable sound. |
Euphon'ic, a. agreeable in sound.
Sym 'phony, n. harmony of sounds.
 GEEEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 3l9

PhVloSf ((pi^-og,) — a Friend or Lover.

Philadel'phia, n. brotherly love. Philol'ogist, n. a student of lan-
Philan'thropist, n. one who loves guage.
mankind Philos'ophy, n, the study of general
laws.
Note. —Philos'ophy, literally, the love of wisdom.
Phra^siSf ((ppaaig,) —a Saying ; a Speech.
Phrase, a short sentence.
n. Phraseology, n. expression in
Per'iphrase, n. a speaking round. words.
Par'aphrase, n. a more clear and am- Periphras'tic, a. expressing by inore
ple explanation. words than are necessary.

Phren, {(t>pvv,) — the Mind.

Phrenol'oqy, the science of the
n. I Fren'zy, n. madness ; delirium,
mind as connected with the brain. | Fran 'tic, a. violently delirious.

Phys^ls, (<pvaig,)—ai Bringing Forth; Nature.

Phys'ics, the science of nature.
n. Phys'ical, a. natural bodily. ;

Physiol'ogy, n. the science of ani- Metaphys'ics, 71. the science of the

mals and plants. mind.
Physi'cian, n. a doctor.

JPla^ne, {irlavi]^ — a Wandering About.

Plan'et, n. a wandering star. I Plan'etary, a. pertaining to the
I
planets.

JPlas^so, {TrTiaaao),) — to MouLD or Shape ; to Smear.

Plas'tic, a. capable of being mould- I Cat'aplasm, n. a poultice,
ed ; soft. 1 Plas'ter, n. lime to cover walls.

Pneu'nia, (nvevfia,) — a Breath ; a Blast.

Pneumat'ics, n. the science which Pneumo'nia, n. inflammation of the
treats of the air. lungs.
Pneumat'ic, a. pertaining to air. Pneumon'ic, a. relating to the lungs.

JPo^leOf (TTwAew,) —to Sell.

MoNOp'oLY, n. exclusive sale. |
Monop'olize, v. to engross the whole.

Po^ly, (7roAi;,)~MANY.
Pol'yglot, n. having many lan- Polyne'sia, n. a division of the earth
guages. consisting of many islands.
Pol'ygon, n. a figure having many Pol'ypus, n. an insect having many
angles. feet.

Po''ros^(iropog,) — a Passage or Way.

Pore, n. a small passage in the skin. Porous, a. having poreg.
]

Poros'ity, n. porousness.
320 SMITHES HAKD-BOOK OF ETYMOLOGY.

ro'lis, (TToAtf ,)— a City ; a Town.

Metrop'olis, n. the chief city. Polit'ical, a. relating to politics.
Police', n. the governmeut of a city. Pol'icy, n. management of public af-
Pol'ity, n. the form of government. fairs.
Pol'itic, a. prudent wise. ; Pol'ish, v. to smooth to brighten. ;

Pol'itics, n. the science of govern- Polite', a. refined genteel. ;

ment. Impolite', a. rude uncivil. ;

POUS, poUlUSf (rcovg,) —a FoOT.

Aktip'odes, n. those who stand feet |
Tri'pod, n. a seat with three feet.
to feet.

Prac^tos, (TvpaKToc) —Done. JPrag'nia, {npaym^ — a Deed.

Prac'tice, habit use.
n. ; Imprac'ticable, that cannot be
a.
Pr AC 'tic ABLE, a. that may be done done.
Pragiviat'ical, a. meddling. Prax'is, n. a form to teach practice.

Pro'tos, (TtpcjTog,) —First.

Pro'tocol, a record or registry.
n. |
Pro'totype, n. a model.
Prothon'otary, n. a register. Protox'yd, n. the first oxyd.

Psaltn^df {ipalfxa,) —a Sacred Song.

Psalm, a sacred song.
n. I Psal'tery,
n. a harp.
Psal'ter, n. the book of psalms. Psalm'ist, n. a writer of psalms.
|

Psalm'ody, n. a singing of psalms.

Psi/^che, {ipvKT],) —the Breath ; the Soul.

Metempsycho'sis, n. the transmigra- I Psychol'ogy, 7i. the science of the
tion of souls. nature of the soul.

PyVf (nvp,) Py^ros —Fire.

Empyr'eal, formed of pure fire.
a. Pyrotech'nics, n. the I art of making
Pyre, n. a funeral fire. fireworks. |

Pyrolig'neous, a. produced from smoke.

Rhe^o, {^EG),) —to Flow ; to Speak.

Catarrh', n. a discharge of mucus Hem'orrhage, n. a flow of blood.

from the nose. Rheum, n. a thin, watery humor.
Diarrhe'a, n. a flux a purging. ; Rheu'matism, n. a painful disease.

Sarx, ipap^, aapKog,) —Flesh.

Sar'casm, n. a keen reproach. |
Sarcas'tic, a. keen ; severe.

Note. —Sak'casm, literally, a cutting or tearing of the flesh.

Scep^toniai, {aKeTrrofiai,) — to Look About ; to Doubt.

Skep'tio, n. one who doubts. |
Skep'tical, a. doubting.
Skep'ticism, n. a state of doubting.
 GKEEK ROOTS AKB DERIVATIVES. 821

Sce'naf (aKjfvjf,)—the Stage ; a Representation.

Scene, n. an appearance. |
Scenery, n. a collection of scenes.

Schis'tnaf (axiajua,) —a Splitting ; a Division in the Church.

Schism, n. a division in the cliurcli. | Schismat'ic, a. promoting schism.

Scho'la^ {axo^y) — Leisure ; a School.

School, n. a place of instruction. I Scholas'tic, a. pertaining to the
Scho'lar, n. a man of learning. |
schools.
Scho'liast, 71. a commentator.

Sco'peo, (oKOTreo),)—to Watch ; to Observe Narrowly.

Epis'copal, a. governed by bishops Tel'escope, n. a glass for viewing
Epis'copate, n. a bishopric. distant objects.
Scope, n. view design space.
; ;

Si'toSf (cr/roc,)— Wheat ; Food.

Par'asite, n. one who earns his wel- I Parasit'ical, a. fawning for bread
come by flattery. | or favors.

So'phia, (ffo^m,)— Wisdom.

Philosophy, n. the love of wisdom. Unsophis'ticated, a. not acquainted
Soph'ism, n. a fallacious argument. with evil pure. ;

Soph'istry, n. fallacious reasoning.

Hpas'tKia^ {airaaua,) —a CONVULSION.

Spasm, n. a violent contraction. |
Spasmod'ic, a. convulsive.

Sta'sis, (araaig,) — a Standing ; a Weighing.

Apos'tasy, n. a departure from one's Hydrostat'ics, n. the science of the
religion. weight, motion, and equilibrium
Ecstasy, n. excessive joy. of fluids.
Ecstat'ic, a. rapturous. Sys'tem, n. regular method.

SteVlo, (areA/w,) —to Send.

.^pos'tle, n. a messenger. |
Epis'tle, n. a letter sent,

Sten'os, (arevog,) — SnORT.

Stbnog'raphy, n. the art of writing I Stenog'rapher, n. a shorthand wri-
in shorthand. | ter.

Stichos, (anxog,) —a Line ; a Row.

Acros'tic, a kind of poem. ^ |
Dis'tich, n. a couplet.

Stig'tna, (aTiyjua,)—si Mark of Infamy.

Stig'ma, n. a blot^ a reproach. |
Stig'matize.^. to disgrace; to censure.
 —

SMITH'S HANthBOOK OF ErTMOLOGY.

Stro^pJie, {aTpo<p7],) —a Turning Round,

Ajos'tbophe, n. a figure of speech. I Catas'trophe, n. aii unfortunate ac
I
cident ; a final event.

Ta&tos, (raKToc,) —Put in Order.

Syn'tax, n. the construction of sen I Tac'tics, n. the art of directing move-
tences. I
ments.

Tii^phos, (racpoc) —a Tomb.

Cbn'Otaph, n. a monument for one I Ep'itaph, n. an inscription upon %
buried elsewhere. tomb.

Tech'ne, {rexvr}) —Art ;

Srrr^L.

Tech'nical, belonging to an art.

a. Polytech'nic, a. embracing many
Technol'ogy, n. a discourse upon arts.
the arts. Pyr'otechny, n. the art of making
fireworks.

Te&ton, {reKTuv,) —an Artist ; a Builder

Ar'chitecturb, n, the science of I Ar'chitect, n. a builder. !

building. |

TheTos, (0eof,)— God.

A'theist, one who denies the ex- Theoc'racy, n. government directed
n. I

istence of a God. by God. I

Theol'ogy, n. the science of God and divine things.

The^sis, {6eaic,)^a. Placing or Putting.

Anath'ema, n. an ecclesiastical curse. Syn'thesis,n. a putting together.
Antith'esis, n. opposition of words. Synthet'ical, a. relating to synthesis.
Ep'ithet, n. a descriptive word. Theme, n. a subject.
Hypoth'esis, n. a supposition. The'sis, 71. a position :

KoTE. ^Ep'ithet, something placed upon. Hypoth'esis, a placing under,

To^tnos, (rofioc,) —a Cutting.

Anat'omy, n. the art of dissecting. I Epit'ome, n. an abridgement.
At'om, n. an indivisible particle. | Tome, n. a volume.
Note.—Anat'omt, literally, a cutting up. Tomb, a section or part cut off.

To^nos, (twoc,) —a Stretching ; a Sound.

Aston'ish, to surpnse.
v. Intona'tion, n. manner of sounding
Astound', 'd. to strike dumb. Tone, n. vigor sound. ;

Attune', v. to put in tune. Ton'ic, a. giving tone.

Dbt'onate, v. to explode. Tune, n. sound ; harmony.

Top'^oSf (roTTOf ,)— a Place ; a Tract of Country.

Top'ic, n. a subject of discourse. I Topog'raphy, n. a descriptkm oi 3
Top'iCAL, a. local. I place.
 GEEEK ROOTS AND DERIVATIVES. 323

Trop^os, (Tponoc,)—ai Turning*

Tbope, n. a figure of speech. Trop'ic,n. the point at which the sun
Tro'phy, n. a monument of victory. appears to turn again towards the
equator.

Tj/pus, (rvTrof,)— a Type; a Mark.

Type, n. an emblem; the model or Typ'ify,v. to represent by figure.

form of a letter. Typog'raphy, n. the art of printing

Typ'ical, a. symbolical. Ste'reotype, n. solid type.

Zo'on, (Cwov,) —an Animal.

Zool'ogy, n. the science of animals. Zo'opHYTE, n. a body which partakes
Zo'diac, n. a broad circle in the of the nature of both an animal
heavens. and a vegetable.

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from one who is himself a master. The work
rounded out by four is

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history and conditions of our literature as a whole and there is at the ;

end of the book a complete chronology of the best American literature

from the beginning down to 1896.
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some cases of both. They accompanied by each author's
are also
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excellent portraits of many other authors famous in American literature.

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 Webster's School Dictionaries
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WEBSTER'S PRIMARY SCHOOL DICTIONARY ...

Containing over 20,000 words and meanings, with over 400 illustrations.
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WEBSTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY $1.50

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 Pupils' Outline Studies
IN THE

HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES

BY

FRANCIS H.WHITE, A.M.

Paper, Square Octavo, 128 pages • - Price, 30 cents

This IS a book of Outline Studies, Maps and Blanks,

intended for use in connection with the study of United
States History. It contains an original and systematic

combination of devices consisting of outline maps, graphic

charts,and blanks for historical tables and summaries, for
the reproduction of pictures, for biographical sketches, for
studies in civil government, etc. It also contains valuable
suggestions to teachers and pupils, and carefully selected
lists of historical books and authorities for collateral reading
and reference.
Its use will encourage the pupil to observe closely, to
select the leading and salient facts of history, to classify his
knowledge, to investigate for himself, and to carry his inves-
tigations up to recognized authorities and even to original
sources. It also furnishes opportunity and material for the
best exercises and training in English Composition.
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 An Advanced English Grammar
FOR THE USE OF

HIGH SCHOOL, ACADEMY AND COLLEGE CLASSES

BY

W. M. BASKERVILL
Professor of tht English Language and Literature in Vanderhilt Universityy
Nashville^ Tenn,

J. W. SEWELL

Of the Fogg High School, Nashville^ Tenn, ,_

....
.

Cloth, 12mo, 349 pages 90 cents

This new Grammar is designed for advanced students who desire

to extend their studies in English beyond the course ordinarily pursued
in Common or Grammar Schools. In this work, grammar is treated as
a science based on facts and principles derived from the actual use of
the language and not from technical rules and traditions.
Its aim is to lead the pupil to deduce for himself grammatical rules
from the best examples of construction and style to be found in English
literature and to acquire skill in their use. For this purpose abundant
and apposite quotations from standard authors are given to illustrate
each grammatical relation and construction and to show the student that
he is dealing with the facts of the language and not with the theories of
the grammarians.
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 :

Halleck's Psychology and

Psychic Culture

By REUBEN POST HALLECK, M.A. (Yale)

Cloth, 12mo, 368 pages. Illustrated . . . . Price, $1.25

This new text-bookin Psychology and Psychic Culture

is High School, Academy and College

suitable for use in
classes, being simple and elementary enough for beginners
and at the same time complete and comprehensive enough
for advanced classes in the study. It is also well suited
for private studentsand general readers, the subjects being
treated in such an attractive manner and relieved by so
many apt illustrations and examples as to fix the attention
and deeply impress the mind.
The work includes a full statement and clear exposition
of the coordinate branches of the study physiological and —
introspective psychology. The physical basis of Psychol-
ogy is fully recognized. Special attention is given to the
cultivation of the mental faculties, making the work
practically useful for self-improvement. The treatment
throughout is singularly clear and plain and in harmony
with its aims and purpose.

*'
Halleck's Psychology pleases me very much. It is short, clear,

interesting, and full of common sense and originality of illustration,

I can sincerely recommend it."

WILLIAM JAMES,
Professor of Psychology, Harvard University.

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 Fisher's Brief History of the Nations
AND OF THEIR PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION

By GEORGE PARK FISHER, LL.D.

Professor in Yale University

Cloth, 12mo, 613 pages, with numerous Illustrations, Maps, Tables, and
Reproductions of Bas-reliefs, Portraits, and Paintings. Price, $1 .50

This an entirely new work written expressly to meet

is
the demand for a compact and acceptable text-book on
General History for high schools, academies, and private
schools. Some of the distinctive qualities which will com-
mend this book to teachers and students are as follows:
It narrates in fresh, vigorous, and attractive style the
most important facts of history in their due order and
connection.
It explains the nature of historical evidence, and records
only well established judgments respecting persons and
events.
It delineates the progress of peoples and nations in
civilization as well as the rise and succession of dynasties.
It connects, in a single chain of narration, events related
to each other in the contemporary history of different
nations and countries.
It gives special prominence to the history of the
Mediaeval and Modern Periods, —
the eras of greatest
import to modern students.
It is written from the standpoint of the present, and
incorporates the latest discoveries of historical explorers
and writers.
It is illustrated by numerous colored maps, genealog-
ical tables, and artistic reproductions
of architecture,
sculpture, painting, and
portraits of celebrated men,
representing every period of the world's history.

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•
Handbook of Greek and Roman History
BY

GEORGES CASTEGNIER, B.S., B.L.

Flexible Cloth, 12mo, 110 pages. - . Price, 50 cents

The purpose of this little handbook is to assist the

student of Greek and Roman History in reviewing subjects

already studied in the regular text-books and in preparing
for examinations. It will also be found useful for general
readers who wish to refresh their minds in regard to the
leading persons and salient facts of ancient history.
It is in two parts, one devoted to Greek, and the other
to Roman history. The names and titles have been
selected with rare skill, and represent the whole range of
classical history. They are arranged alphabetically, and

are printed in full-face type, making them easy to find.

The treatment of each is concise and gives just the in-
formation in regard to the important persons, places, and
events of classical history which every scholar ought to
know and remember, or have at ready command.
Its convenient form and systematic arrangement
especially adapt it for use as an accessory and reference
manual for students, or as a brief classical cyclopedia for

general readers.

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 Milne's Elements of Algebra

A COURSE FOR BEGINNERS

By William J. Milne, Ph.D., LL.D.

President of New York State Normal College

Cloth, 12mo, 199 pages - • Price, 60 cents

This book has been prepared to meet the demand for a

text-book sufficiently elementary for pupils commencing
the study of Algebra in Intermediate or Grammar Schools,
as well as in High Schools. It is intended to thoroughly
instruct the student in the fundamental principles of the
science and to lay a sound foundation for more advanced
work in the study.
Some of the distinctive qualities and features which
particularly adapt this book for beginners are:
The natural arrangement and simple treatment of the
elementary facts of the science.
The easy and natural transition from arithmetical to
algebraic processes, —
the early steps being exceedingly
simple, clear, and progressive.
The large number and judicious selection of examples
for practice, insuring a thorough understanding of each
principle as presented complex problems and mere puzzles
;

being carefully excluded.

The early introduction and practical use of the equa-
tion, — which is made the keynote of the book.
The use of the same methods of presentation, exem-
plified in the other books of Milne's Mathematical Series,
which have met with such general approval by the teachers.

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 Important New School Books
READING
Baldwin's School Readings by Grades.
First Year
Second Year
.

.
$0.25
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Sixth Year
Seventh Year
.... $0.50
50
Third Year . .45 Eighth Year 50
Fourth Year . .45 Combined Fourth and Fifth Years . .70
Fifth Year . . .45 Combined Sixth and Seventh Years .80

SPELLING
Patterson's American Word Book . . . . . .25

ARITHMETIC
Baird's Graded Work in Arithmetic Four Books.
Milne's Mental Arithmetic 35

GEOGRAPHY
Natural Elementary Geography . . , , , , .60
Natural Advanced Geography
ENGLISH
Metcalf and Bright's Language Lessons. Part I. . . .35
The Same. Part II 55
Metcalf s Elementary English 40
Metcalf s English Grammar for Common Schools . , .€0

HISTORY
McMaster's School History of the United States . . LOO
PENMANSHIP
Spencerian Penmanship, Vertical Edition.
Shorter Course, Nos. i to 7 . . . . Perdoz., .72
Common School Course, Nos. i to 6 . . " .96
Curtiss's Vertical Copy Books, 6 numbers . . " .96
Ward's Graded Lessons
Small Numbers,
Large Numbers,
I
i
in
to 6
to 6
....
Penmanship and

....
Spelling.
P«rdoz.,
'*
.72
.96
MUSIC
Natural Advanced Music Reader 1-00
Betz's Gems of School Songs 70

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MAR - 2 1981

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 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
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