List of Contents

Declaration i

Certificate ii

Acknowledgements iii

Preface v

List of Contents vii

Table of cases xvi

List of abbreviations xxv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1-20

1.1. Introduction
1.2. Need for Present Study
1.3. Review of Literature
1.4. Significance of Study
1.5. Statement of Problem
1.6. Objectives of study
1.7. Hypothesis
1.8. Research Methodology
1.9. Scheme of the work

CHAPTER 2: INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS FOR

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
21-95

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Sources Of International Environmental Law

2.2.1.Treaties, protocols and conventions

2.2.2.Customary International Law

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2.2.3 Judicial decisions at International Level

2.2.3.1. Trail Smelter Arbitration

2.2.3.2. France v. Spain (Lake Lanoux Arbitration)

2.3 Efforts of United Nation for Environmental Protection : Important

Conventions / Agreements/ Reports on Environmental Protection

2.3.1. United Nation Conference on Human Environment 1972 (Stockholm

Conference, 1972)

2.3.2. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982

2.3.3. World Charter for Nature, 1982

2.3.4.United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992

(Earth Summit: The Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development, 1992)

2.3.4.1. Agenda 21 (Earth Summit 1992)

2.3.5. United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992

2.3.6. World Summit on Sustainable Development (Rio Earth Summit +10)

2002

2.3.6.1 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development (26th

August to 6th September 2002, South Africa)

2.3.7. Sustainable Development Goal 2015

2.3.8. United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015

2.3.9. United Nations Climate Change Conference 2016 (COP 22)

2.3.10. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC) Conference COP 22: Paris Agreement 2016

2.3.11. COP 23 : UN Climate Change Conference 2017, Bonn

2.4 Historical Development of Water Law

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2.5 United Nation’s Initiatives For Environment Protection And Water

Protection

2.5.1. United Nations Water family at the 7th World Water Forum 2015

2.5.2 United Nations-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference

2015

2.5.3 1st meeting of the Core Group on Reporting under the UNECE Water
Convention

2.5.4 7th meeting of the Task Force on Water and Climate

2.5.5 Targeting water in the post-2015 development agenda

2.5.6 United Nations-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference

2014 (Preparing for World Water Day: Partnerships for improving
water and energy access, efficiency and sustainability)

2.5.7 Budapest Water Summit 2013: The Role of Water and Sanitation in
the Global Sustainable Development Agenda

2.5.8 49th session of UNESCO's International Hydrological Programme

(IHP) Bureau

2.5.9 Water at Rio+20(2012)

2.5.10 The United Nations Office to support the International Decade for
Action "Water for Life" 2005-2015

2.6 International Environmental and Water Law Cases

2.7 International Water Law Cases Decided by Permanent Court of

International Justice

2.8 Development of International water law principles up to Globalised Era

2.8.1 International Framework on Water Protection

2.8.2. The Eurocentric International Water Law

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2.8.3. International waters in the post-colonial era

2.8.4 Convergence and divergence in International law

2.8.5 How does globalization affect water policy?

2.8.6 Civil society versus global market forces

2.9 Conclusion

CHAPTER 3: CONSTITUTIONAL AND STATUTORY

PROVISIONS FOR ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
IN INDIA 96-159

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Environment Protection under Constitutional Framework of India

3.3. Constitution and Forty-Second Amendment of 1976

3.4. Environmental jurisprudence and protection of natural resources

3.5. Right to Pollution free Environment: A Fundamental Right

3.6. Right to Equality and Environment

3.7. Environmental Pollution and Control under Other Laws

3.7.1 Environmental Pollution as a Tort

3.7.1.1 Tort of nuisance and environmental pollution

3.7.1.2. Trespass

3.7.1.3. Negligence

3.7.1.4 Doctrine of "strict liability" and "absolute liability"

3.8. Provisions relating to Environment Protection under the Indian Penal

Code, 1860

3.9. Provisions relating to environment protection under the Criminal

Procedure Code, 1973 (Cr. PC)

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3.9.1. Section 133 Cr.P.C. is independent and different from other pollution
laws

3.9.2 Condition precedent to apply Section 133

3.10. Factories Act 1948

3.11. Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

3.12. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)

3.13. National Green Tribunal (NGT), 2010

3.14. Environmental Pollution and Disaster Management

3.15. The Pre-colonial History of Water Law

3.15.1. Historical Context

3.15.2 Water Law in Ancient India

3.15.3 Water Law in Medieval India

3.15.4 Water Law in Colonial India

3.15.5 Water Law and Policies in Independent India

3.16. The Constitution and Union Legislation

3.17. Provisions under Different Laws Relating To Water Protection

3.18. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

3.18.1. Summary of Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act (1974)

of India

3.19. Conclusion

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CHAPTER 4: NATIONAL PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES FOR

PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER

160-211

4.1 Introduction

4.2 National Water Policy and Programmes – An Analitical Evaluation

4.2.1. Need for a National Water Policy

4.2.2.Historical evolution of the drinking water supply programmes and

policies

4.3 Evolution of National Water Policies

4.4. National Water Mission

4.5. Water Conservation

4.5.1. Inter Linking of Rivers

4.5.1.1. Achievements of Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) Programme

4.5.1.2. Special Committee for ILR

4.5.1.3. Important decisions taken during meetings of Special Committee

4.5.1.4. Task Force for ILR

4.5.1.5. Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

4.5.1.6. Clean Ganga Mission

4.5.1.7. Group on Intra-state River Links

4.5.1.8. Ken – Betwa Link Project

4.5.1.9. Damanganga – Pinjal Link Project and Par – Tapi – Narmada Link
Project

4.5.1.10. Par – Tapi – Narmada Link Project

4.5.1.11. Mahanadi – Godavari Link Project

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4.5.1.12. Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga link

4.6. India Water Week – 2015

4.7. India Water Week – 2016

4.8. Jal Manthan-1

4.8.1. Jal Manthan-2

4.9. Intra-State Links

4.9.1. Benefit from Interlinking of Rivers (Inter basin water transfer)

4.10. Jal Kranti Abhiyan

4.10.1. The objectives of Jal Kranti Abhiyan

4.11 The India Water Week - 2017

4.12 Concluding Remarks

CHAPTER 5: THE ROLE OF JUDICIARY ON ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AND WATER POLLUTION IN INDIA
212-253

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Environment Protection and the Judiciary

5.2.1 Doctrines and Principles Evolved By Courts

5.2.1.1 Public Trust Doctrine

5.2.1.2 Doctrine of Sustainable Development

5.2.1.3. Polluter Pays Principle

5.2.1.4. Precautionary Principle

5.2.1.5. Precautionary Principle and Sustainable Development

5.3 Contribution of Doctrines to Environmental Jurisprudence

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5.3.1. Judicial Activism

5.3.2. Public Interest Litigation

5.3.3. Tanneries and Discharge of Effluents

5.4. Environmental Ethics

5.5. Conclusion
CHAPTER 6: WATER AS HUMAN RIGHTS: THE CHALLENGES IN
GLOBALIZED ERA 254-286

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Human rights to water under international law

6.2.1 Right to Water

6.2.2 Right to Water and the Supreme Court of India

6.2.3 Right to Water and the High Courts of various States

6.3 Global environmental instruments

6.4 Regional arrangements

6.5 Customary international law

6.6 Judicial decisions

6.7 The human rights to water is not yet explicitly recognized

6.8 Relationship between Water with Human Rights

6.9 Globalization Trends

6.10 Impacts on the Environment and Water Resources

6.11 Comodification and Privatisation of Water

6.12 Water is A Important Subject of World Attention

6.13 Concluding remarks

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CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 287-302

7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Suggestions

BIBLIOGRAPHY xxxii-l

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