DR.

RAM MANOHAR LOHIYA NATIONAL LAW

UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

(SESSION 2023-2028)

ENGLISH

PROJECT

TOPIC- REVIEW OF "THE MERCHANT OF VENICE" BY

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-

Soumya Shikhar Kamal Dr. Alka Singh

230101148 Professor

BA LLB (Hons.) (ENGLISH)

II Semester (Sec-‘B’) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya

National Law University

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University
for giving me this opportunity to do this project on a Review of "The Merchant of Venice" by
William Shakespeare.

I sincerely thank Dr. ALKA SINGH for their guidance and encouragement in carrying out this
project work. This could not have been possible without his assistance.

I also thank my friends, seniors and people who took the survey and gave good pieces of advice
and insights on this project.

THANK YOU

SOUMYA SHIKHAR KAMAL

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 DECLARATION
I hear by declare that the project Review of "The Merchant of Venice" by William Shakespeare
submitted by me to Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh, in partial fulfilment requirement for the award of the degree of B.A.LL. B (Hons.) is
a record of Bonafede project work carried out by me under the guidance of Dr. ALKA SINGH.

I further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be
submitted either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this institute
or any other University.

All the information and data that has been analyzed and used from various sources has been
duly cited and accredited.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Background of the Play .................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Overview of the Plot ........................................................................................................ 5
HISTORICAL CONTEXT ..................................................................................................... 7

ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERS ............................................................................................ 8

3.1 Bassanio ........................................................................................................................... 8

3.2 Antonio ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Shylock ............................................................................................................................. 8
3.4 Portia ................................................................................................................................ 9
THEMES EXPLORED ......................................................................................................... 10

4.1 The Complexity of Justice.............................................................................................. 10

4.2 The Destructiveness of Prejudice ................................................................................... 10
4.3 The Power of Love and Friendship ................................................................................ 10
4.4 The Limits of Wealth and Materialism .......................................................................... 10
INTERPRETATION AND CONTROVERSIES ................................................................ 11

5.1 Anti-Semitism Debate .................................................................................................... 11

5.2 Portrayal of Women ....................................................................................................... 11
5.3 Exploration of Human Nature ........................................................................................ 11
IMPACT AND LEGACY...................................................................................................... 12

6.1 Influence on Literature and Drama ................................................................................ 12

6.2 Relevance in Modern Society ........................................................................................ 12
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 13

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 14

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 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Play

William Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" stands as one of the most contentious and
compelling works in the canon of English literature. This is a tragic comedy play. Likely
composed between 1596 and 1599, this play belongs to the comedies in the First Folio but
displays a complexity that transcends simple categorisation. Set amidst the vibrant and bustling
city of Venice during the Renaissance, the play delves into themes of love, justice, prejudice,
and mercy. Understanding the historical context surrounding the play's creation is essential to
fully appreciate its intricacies. The late 16th century was marked by a tumultuous mixture of
cultural, religious, and political tensions, which Shakespeare artfully captures in his depiction
of Venetian society.

1.2 Overview of the Plot

"The Merchant of Venice" follows the intertwined fates of several characters whose lives
intersect in unexpected ways. At its heart is Antonio, a wealthy Venetian merchant renowned
for his generosity but plagued by melancholy. Antonio's close friend, Bassanio, seeks to woo
the wealthy heiress Portia but lacks the necessary funds. To aid Bassanio, Antonio borrows
money from the Jewish moneylender Shylock, setting in motion a series of events that
culminate in a dramatic trial scene. As tensions escalate, the characters grapple with questions
of loyalty, revenge, and forgiveness, ultimately revealing the complexities of human nature and
the limits of societal norms.

In the bustling city of Venice during the Renaissance, the play opens with Antonio, a wealthy
merchant, expressing his melancholy. His friend Bassanio seeks financial assistance from him
to pursue the beautiful and wealthy heiress, Portia. However, Antonio's wealth is tied up in
ships at sea, so he cannot provide the loan immediately. Instead, he agrees to borrow money on
Bassanio's behalf from the Jewish moneylender, Shylock.

Meanwhile, we learn about Portia, who resides in Belmont, where her late father has devised a
test to determine her suitors. They must choose the correct casket (gold, silver, or lead)
containing her portrait to win her hand in marriage.

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Back in Venice, Shylock agrees to lend Antonio 3,000 ducats without interest but stipulates that
if Antonio cannot repay the loan within three months, Shylock will be entitled to a pound of
Antonio's flesh. Despite warnings from his friends about the dangers of such an agreement,
Antonio agrees to the terms to help Bassanio.

Bassanio successfully chooses the lead casket and wins Portia's hand in marriage. However,
their joy is short-lived when news arrives that Antonio's ships have been lost at sea, leaving
him unable to repay the loan to Shylock. Shylock, intent on exacting his revenge on Antonio
for past slights, insists on claiming the pound of flesh as agreed.

As the situation escalates, Bassanio and his new wife Portia, disguised as a male lawyer named
Balthazar, come to Venice to defend Antonio in court. The trial becomes a battle of wits
between Shylock, who demands strict adherence to the law, and Portia, who cleverly argues for
mercy and justice.

In a dramatic climax, Portia delivers a stirring speech on mercy, arguing that Shylock is entitled
to the pound of flesh but not a drop of blood, as that was not part of the agreement. Unable to
proceed with his revenge without shedding blood, Shylock is thwarted, and his punishment is
reversed. He is forced to convert to Christianity, and his wealth is confiscated. Antonio's life is
spared, and Bassanio and Portia return to Belmont.

The play concludes with the resolution of various subplots: the marriages of Bassanio and
Portia, as well as their friends Lorenzo and Jessica, Shylock's daughter, and the reconciliation
between Antonio and Shylock's house. Despite the comedic resolutions, the play leaves
lingering questions about justice, mercy, and the nature of prejudice, ensuring its enduring
relevance and complexity.

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 HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Understanding the historical context in which "The Merchant of Venice" was written is crucial
to fully appreciating its themes and nuances. The late 16th century was marked by religious
and cultural tensions, particularly in Europe, where the Catholic Church's hegemony was
challenged by the Protestant Reformation. Venice, a cosmopolitan city at the crossroads of East
and West, was a melting pot of cultures, religions, and ideologies. The presence of a Jewish
minority in Venice added another layer of complexity to the social fabric, with Jews facing
discrimination and persecution from the Christian majority. Shakespeare's portrayal of Venetian
society reflects these tensions, offering a nuanced exploration of prejudice, identity, and
belonging.

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 ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERS

3.1 Bassanio

Bassanio is a charming and socially adept Venetian nobleman who forms the heart of William
Shakespeare's play "The Merchant of Venice." Despite lacking significant wealth, Bassanio is
ambitious and resourceful, particularly in his pursuit of the wealthy heiress Portia. He shares a
deep bond of friendship with Antonio, whom he considers a dear friend and mentor.
Throughout the play, Bassanio demonstrates growth and maturity, motivated by his sincere
love for Portia. He exhibits sensitivity and empathy towards others, particularly Antonio,
whose plight deeply affects him. Bassanio's journey is one of personal growth, redemption, and
genuine affection for his friends, making him a compelling and multi-dimensional character in
Shakespeare's exploration of themes such as friendship, love, and the complexities of human
nature.

3.2 Antonio

Antonio serves as the titular character and central figure of the play. Despite his affluence,
Antonio is portrayed as a melancholic and introspective individual, haunted by undefined
sadness. His willingness to lend money to Bassanio, even at the risk of his own life, underscores
his loyalty and generosity. However, Antonio's treatment of Shylock, the Jewish moneylender,
exposes his own prejudices and the pervasive anti-Semitic attitudes of Venetian society.
Antonio's character embodies the tension between virtue and flaw, inviting audiences to
contemplate the complexities of human nature.

3.3 Shylock

Shylock emerges as one of Shakespeare's most controversial and compelling creations. As a

Jewish moneylender living in a Christian society, Shylock faces constant discrimination and
scorn. His demand for a pound of Antonio's flesh as collateral for a loan reflects both his desire
for revenge and his longing for justice in a world that has marginalised him. While Shylock's
actions are often portrayed as villainous, his humanity shines through in moments of
vulnerability and despair. Shakespeare challenges audiences to confront their own biases and
preconceptions, urging empathy for a character who has been marginalised and maligned.

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3.4 Portia

Portia represents the epitome of Renaissance womanhood: beautiful, intelligent, and

resourceful. Despite being confined by societal expectations, Portia defies gender norms and
takes matters into her own hands. Disguised as a male lawyer, she delivers the famous speech
on mercy during the trial scene, showcasing her wit and wisdom. Portia's character challenges
the patriarchal structures of her time, offering a progressive portrayal of female agency and
empowerment. Her actions highlight the capacity of individuals to transcend societal
constraints and assert their autonomy.

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 THEMES EXPLORED

4.1 The Complexity of Justice

The play raises questions about the nature of justice and the tension between strict adherence
to the law and the exercise of mercy. While Shylock demands the pound of flesh as stipulated
in the contract, Portia argues for mercy, highlighting the importance of compassion and
forgiveness in the pursuit of true justice. The resolution of the trial scene suggests that justice
tempered with mercy is the highest moral ideal.

4.2 The Destructiveness of Prejudice

"The Merchant of Venice" confronts the destructive consequences of prejudice and

discrimination. Shylock's mistreatment at the hands of the Christian characters exposes the
bigotry and intolerance prevalent in Venetian society. The play challenges audiences to
confront their own biases and assumptions, urging empathy and understanding for those who
are marginalised and oppressed.

4.3 The Power of Love and Friendship

Love and friendship are central themes in the play, driving the characters' actions and
decisions. Antonio's willingness to sacrifice for Bassanio, Bassanio's pursuit of Portia, and the
bond between Portia and her maid Nerissa highlight the transformative power of love and
friendship amidst societal and personal conflicts. The enduring bonds forged between the
characters serve as a source of hope and solidarity in a world marked by division and discord.

4.4 The Limits of Wealth and Materialism

Despite the prominence of wealth and materialism in Venetian society, the play suggests that
true happiness and fulfilment cannot be attained through riches alone. Characters like Shylock,
who prioritise material wealth above all else, ultimately suffer spiritual and moral
impoverishment. In contrast, characters like Antonio and Bassanio find meaning and purpose
through their relationships and moral integrity, highlighting the limitations of material wealth
as a measure of human worth.

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 INTERPRETATION AND CONTROVERSIES

5.1 Anti-Semitism Debate

"The Merchant of Venice" has long been the subject of controversy and debate, particularly
regarding its portrayal of Jews. Critics have accused Shakespeare of perpetuating anti-Semitic
stereotypes through the character of Shylock, whose vengeful pursuit of Antonio has been
interpreted as symbolic of Jewish greed and malice. However, others argue that Shakespeare's
portrayal of Shylock is more nuanced, inviting empathy and understanding for a character who
has been marginalised and oppressed. The play's ambiguous treatment of anti-Semitism
continues to provoke discussion and reflection, prompting audiences to confront their own
prejudices and assumptions.

5.2 Portrayal of Women

Portia's character has also been a source of contention among scholars and critics. While
praised for her intelligence and resourcefulness, Portia ultimately conforms to patriarchal
norms by submitting to her husband's will. Some interpret Portia's actions as a reflection of the
limitations faced by women in Renaissance society, while others view her as a feminist icon
challenging gender norms. The complexity of Portia's character invites multiple interpretations,
highlighting the tension between agency and constraint in the lives of Renaissance women.

5.3 Exploration of Human Nature

"The Merchant of Venice" offers a profound exploration of human nature, revealing the
complexities of desire, fear, and prejudice that shape individual behaviour. The characters'
actions and motivations reflect the depths of their humanity, challenging audiences to confront
their own moral compasses and assumptions about others. Through its portrayal of flawed yet
sympathetic characters, the play invites reflection on the universal aspects of human experience
and the enduring struggle for justice and compassion in a world marked by conflict and
division.

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 IMPACT AND LEGACY

6.1 Influence on Literature and Drama

"The Merchant of Venice" has left an indelible mark on literature and drama, inspiring
countless adaptations, reinterpretations, and scholarly analyses. Its exploration of timeless
themes continues to resonate with audiences and scholars alike, cementing its status as a literary
classic. The play's rich tapestry of characters, intricate plot, and thought-provoking themes have
captivated audiences for centuries, contributing to its enduring popularity and cultural
significance.

6.2 Relevance in Modern Society

Despite being set in the Renaissance era, "The Merchant of Venice" remains remarkably
relevant in modern society. Its exploration of prejudice, justice, and mercy continues to
resonate with contemporary audiences, prompting reflection on pressing social issues. The
enduring relevance of the play is a testament to Shakespeare's insight into the human condition
and his ability to capture the complexities of human experience.

In a world still plagued by discrimination and bigotry, the themes of prejudice and
discrimination in "The Merchant of Venice" offer a poignant reminder of the dangers of
intolerance and hatred. Shylock's mistreatment at the hands of the Christian characters serves
as a powerful critique of systemic oppression and the dehumanisation of marginalised groups.
By confronting the legacy of anti-Semitism and other forms of discrimination, the play
challenges audiences to confront their own biases and strive for a more just and equitable
society.

Similarly, the play's exploration of mercy and justice raises profound questions about the nature
of moral responsibility and the limits of human compassion. In an age marked by social and
political polarisation, the need for empathy and forgiveness has never been more pressing. "The
Merchant of Venice" reminds us of the importance of extending grace to others, even in the
face of injustice and adversity.

Moreover, the play's portrayal of love and friendship offers a message of hope and solidarity
in a world often characterised by division and discord. The bonds forged between the characters

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transcend social barriers and remind us of the transformative power of human connection. In
an era defined by technological isolation and social fragmentation, the themes of love and
friendship in "The Merchant of Venice" serve as a poignant reminder of the importance of
community and belonging.

CONCLUSION

"The Merchant of Venice" stands as a timeless masterpiece that continues to captivate

audiences with its rich tapestry of characters, intricate plot, and thought-provoking themes.
Through its exploration of prejudice, justice, and mercy, the play challenges audiences to
confront their own biases and assumptions, prompting reflection on pressing social issues.
Despite being set in the Renaissance era, the play's themes remain remarkably relevant in
modern society, offering insights into the complexities of the human condition and the enduring
struggle for justice and compassion. As a literary classic, "The Merchant of Venice" serves as
a poignant reminder of the power of literature to provoke thought, spark dialogue, and inspire
change.

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 REFERENCES

1. Bevington, D. (2024, March 29). The Merchant of Venice. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Merchant-of-Venice
2. Shakespeare, W. (n.d.) Much Ado About Nothing (B. Mowat, P. Werstine, M. Poston,
and R. Niles, eds.). The Folger Shakespeare. https://folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-
works/much-ado-about-nothing/
3. Shakespeare, W. (2018). The Merchant of Venice. Fingerprint Publications.
4. The Merchant of Venice. (2024, March 21). In Wikipedia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice

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