GE VERNOVA

Grid Solutions
GE Grid Solutions Pte. Ltd.
31 Kaki Bukit Rd. 3, #02-05 Techlink
Singapore 417818, (65) 6749-0777

April 2nd, 2024

To: The High Tech Company

Address: No 07, LK14A, Van Phu, Phu La Ward, Ha Dong District, Hanoi City, Viet Nam

Subject: Operation of Fault Location on The P546 Line Differential Protection

With regards to case GS-03114222 on MiCOM P546 at 500KV Nghi Son substation, we have received
the fault report that the relay showed fault location around 680 Km while the actual location was around
141km.
Line parameter setting on the relay:

Disturbance record:

Several reasons may result in big inaccuracy in fault location.

1. Nature and type of fault i.e., high resistive
2. Infeed/Outfeed Conditions
3. Relay fault trigger point and samples used for fault calculation
The suboptimal performance of the fault location algorithm can be attributed to the presence of high fault
resistance. In instances of high-impedance faults, commonly known as high-z faults, the algorithm's
accuracy is compromised as it amplifies errors induced by remote infeed. Furthermore, high-z faults
introduce distortion to the fault current, a phenomenon evident in the phase A current recorded in the
COMTRADE file. These factors collectively exert a substantial impact on the accuracy of fault location
estimation.
As the disturbance record indication, this fault type was high impedance. Therefore, the fault location
algorithm also known as Takagi algorithm which applied in many relay brands in the market, encounters
big error in this case. This is limitation of fault location based on impedance method, it is not the relay
fault.
As the relay indicated correct measurement, so it would work well for protection functions and fault
location. We would like to confirm that the relay has been working properly. The fault location function
on the P546 and the Micom P40 relays have been proven working well in many electrical networks in the
globe.
Most recently, the fault location method using travelling wave fault location (TWFL) technology can
achieve high accuracy in case of high impedance fault and other fault types. Currently, GE also provide
the fault recorder namely RPV311 which applies TWFL technology for high accuracy location in case of
high impedance, and other complex fault types.

Should you need any further clarification, please contact us.

Your sincerely,

Võ Đăng Thoảng
Lead Technical Application Manager,
Grid Solutions - Grid Automation, Asia Pacific