Comparative Models in Policing

Globalization

The process of interaction and integration among people, companies and

governments of different nations, process driven by international trade and investment.

Transnational Crimes

Transnational crimes are violations of international law that involve more than one
country in their planning, execution, or impact.

Transnational crimes may be committed by one person or by group (Transnational

Organized Crime)

In 2000 the United Nation Convention on Transnational Organized Crime defined

an offence as transnational if it met one of these four conditions:

• If it is committed in more than one state;

• If it is committed in one state but a substantial part of its preparation, planning,
direction, or control takes place in another state;
• If it is committed in one state but involves an organized criminal group that engages
in criminal activities in more than one state;
• If it is committed in one state but has substantial effects in another state.

Categories of Transnational Crimes

• Illegal goods

o Drug Trafficking – Illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global black

market consisting of the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of
illegal controlled drugs

o Trafficking in stolen cultural properties - is a global illicit trade involving the

stolen cultural property for one county to another.

o Theft or Dealing of Cultural Heritage - No cultural property shall be sold or

taken out of the country without first securing a clearance from the cultural
agency concerned.

o Weapons trafficking - is a global illicit trade involving the weapon, including

devices can be used in combat, bombs and the like.
 • Illegal services

o Trafficking in Persons – Transportation or harboring of people through

force, fraud or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit.

ex. Prostitution, Labor, Human Organ

Smuggling – is the facilitation of illegal entry of a person or contraband from one

country to another.

- it places people in situations of vulnerability that can trigger a trafficking

process.

• Infiltration of business and government

o Money Laundering – Money from illegal activities manipulated in such a

manner to make them look as it were derived from legitimate sources.

o Counterfeiting – imitation of original works, design, money utilized in illegal

trade or any illegal activities.

o Corruption - bribery of public officials, government employee to accomplish

the transnational crime.

Terrorism

UN definition of terrorism

A UN panel, on March 17, 2005, described terrorism as any act "intended to cause
death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to
do or abstain from doing any act.”

Philippines Definition

Terrorism is a crime under the Human Security Act of 2007 which describes such
acts as causing "widespread and extraordinary fear and panic among the populace".

Cyber Crimes – Generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the
source, tool, target, or place of a crime.

Computer-related Identity Theft

Cybersex
Child Pornography
Libel