TRANSFER,

PROBLEM SOLVING
AND CRITICAL
THINKING
Prepared by: Earl Christian B. Bonifacio, RPm
TRANSFER OF LEARNING
▪ It occurs when you learn in one situation affect how you learn in another situations.
▪ Generally refers to the influence of learning in one situation on learning in another
situation.
▪ It is concerned with how learning in a certain school subject affects
subsequent learning in the same or another subject or how school learning influences
achievements outside of school.
TRANSFER OF LEARNING TYPES
1. Positive Transfer - Occurs when learning in one situation facilitates learning or
performance on another situation.
2. Negative Transfer - Occurs when learning in one situation hinders learning or
performance on another situation.
3. Vertical Transfer - A learner acquires a new knowledge or skills by building on more
basic information or procedures.
4. Lateral Transfer - When knowledge in first topic is helpful but not essential in learning
a second one.
THEORIES OF TRANSFER
1. Formal Discipline theory – transfer happens when your intellect, will and volition are
practiced.
2. Thorndike`s Identical Elements – It assumes that elements present in the initial learning
situation must also be present in the new situations so transfer may occur.
3. Generalization Theory – Generalizations from past experiences guide behavior in new
situations.
4. Transposition Theory - Transfer starts in understanding the fact and perception of
similarity by the learner.
PROBLEM SOLVING
▪ It refers to a way of reaching a goal from a present condition, where the
present condition is either not directly moving toward the goal, is far from it, or
needs more complex logic in order to find steps toward the goal
THEORIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Trial and error learning – humans may discover that they can potentially solve a
problem in a variety of ways.
2. Insight and stages of problem solving – Solving a problem thru an insight.
3. Information processing theory - The model likens the thinking process to how a
computer works. Just like a computer, the human mind takes in information, organizes and
stores it to be retrieved at later time.
COGNITIVE FACTORS AFFECTING PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Working memory capacity
2. Encoding of the problem
3. Mental sets in encoding
4. Retrieval from long-term memory
5. Knowledge based
6. Metacognition
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES
1. Algorithm – Procedure that guarantee correct solutions.
2. Heuristics – is a mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make
judgments quickly and efficiently.
▪ Talking to oneself about the problem
▪ Brainstorming
▪ Means-ends analysis
▪ Working backward
▪ Using a visual imagery
▪ Drawing an analogy
▪ Using external representations of problem components
 FACILITATING TRANSFER AND PROBLEM SOLVING IN
INSTRUCTIONAL SETTINGS
1. Students should learn the information meaningfully
2. Students should also learn problem solving strategies in a meaningful manner
3. Discovery activities and expository instructions both play important roles in learning
problem solving skills.
4. Students should have a mental set for transfer
5. Some prerequisite skills should be practiced until they are learned automatically
6. Practice doesn’t necessarily make perfect but does increase the odds of successful
transfer and problem solving.
7. Students should learn strategies for defining ill-defined problem.
8. Digital technologies offer several good platforms for real worlds like problem solving
tasks
CRITICAL THINKING
▪ It is a way of thinking in which you don't simply accept all arguments and conclusions
you are exposed to but rather have an attitude involving questioning such arguments and
conclusions.