Module 1

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 1
MODULE-1
REVISION OF VECTOR CALCULUS
The term scalar refers to a quantity whose value may be represented by a single (positive or
negative) real number. Scalar quantities are mass, density, pressure (but not force), volume, volume
resistivity, and voltage.
A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space. Force, velocity, acceleration, and
a straight line from the positive to the negative terminal of a storage battery are examples of vectors. Each
quantity is characterized by both a magnitude and a direction.
The Rectangular Coordinate System(RCS) (x,y,z)
In RCS (x,y,z) are the components and ax , ay and az are the unit vectors respectively. All the
parameters are measured in meters. (−∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ +∞ , −∞ ≤ 𝑦 ≤ +∞ , −∞ ≤ 𝑧 ≤ +∞)
Differential length in RCS:
dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz
Differential Surface area:
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑎𝑥 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧(−𝑎𝑥) (𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘)

𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧𝑎𝑦 (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧(−𝑎𝑦) (𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑧 (𝑡𝑜𝑝) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦(−𝑎𝑧) (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
Differential Volume: dv=dxdydz
Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 1 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The Cylindrical Coordinate System(CCS) (𝛒, 𝛗, 𝐳)

0≤𝜌≤∞, 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋
−∞ ≤ 𝑧 ≤ +∞
Differential length in CCS:

dL = dρaρ + ρdφaφ + dzaz
𝑑𝑠 = dρ𝑑𝑧aφ (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 &𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘)
𝑑𝑠 = ρdφdzaρ (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 &𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑠 = ρdρdφaz (𝑡𝑜𝑝 &𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
Differential Volume:
𝑑𝑣 = ρdρdφdz
Relation between RCS and CCS:
CCS to RCS:
x = ρ cos φ
y = ρ sin φ
z=z
RCS to CCS:
𝜌 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑦
𝜑 = tan−1
𝑥
z=z

The Spherical Coordinate System(CCS) (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋)
0≤𝑟≤∞, 0≤𝜃≤𝜋, 0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 2𝜋
Differential length in SCS:
dL = drar + rdθaθ + r sin 𝜃 dφaφ
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟dr𝑑𝜃aφ (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 &𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘)
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃dφar (𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 &𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡)
𝑑𝑠 = r sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟dφaθ (𝑡𝑜𝑝 &𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
Differential Volume:
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑟 2 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃dφ
Relation between RCS and SCS:
SCS to RCS: RCS to SCS:

x = r sin θ cos φ 𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒛
𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏
y = r sin θ sin φ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
𝒚
z = r cos θ 𝝋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝒙
The Dot Product(Scalar Product)

Given two vectors A and B, the dot product, or scalar product, is defined as the product of the
magnitude of A, the magnitude of B, and the cosine of the smaller angle between them,
A · B = |A| |B| cos θAB
A·B=B·A
ax · ay = ay · ax = ax · az = az · ax = ay · az = az · ay=0
ax · ax = ay · ay = az · az = 1

The Cross Product(Vector Product)

A × B = aN |A| |B|sin θBA
The direction of A × B is in the direction of advance of a

right-handed screw as A is turned into B
B×A = −A×B
ax x ax = ay x ay = az x az = 0
ax x ay = az
ay x az=ax
az x ax =ay
ay x ax = -az
ax x az = -ay
az x ay= -ax
Dot product of unit vectors in cylindrical and rectangular coordinate systems

Consider distance vectror,
𝑅 = 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎𝑧
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜌 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝜌
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝜌 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝜌 = 0
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜑 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= −𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝜑
𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = 0
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑧 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= 0𝑎𝑥 + 0𝑎𝑦 + 1𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝑧 = 0 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝑧 = 0 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝑧 = 1
Dot product of unit vectors in spherical and rectangular coordinate systems

Consider distance vectror,
𝑅 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑎𝑧
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑟 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑟
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜃 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 − 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝜃
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑎𝑧 = 0
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜑 and equate to zero, we get

𝜕𝑅
= −𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝜑
𝑖. 𝑒, − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0
Therefore ,
𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝜑 = 0

COULOMB’S LAW, ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY AND FLUX DENSITY
Experimental law of Coulomb

Coulomb stated that the “force between two very small objects separated in a free space by
a distance which is large compared to their size is proportional to the charge on each and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them”.
Q1 R Q2
Figure 1.1
Consider two point charges Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance R as shown in Figure 1.1. Then as
per Coulomb’s law,
Q1 Q 2
F=k (1)
R2
Where,
Q1 and Q2 : Positive or negative quantities of charge
R: Separation between two charges
k: Proportionality constant
If the International System of Units(SI) is used , Q is measured in Coulombs(C) , R is meters(m)

and the force should be newtons(N). This will be achieved if the constant of proportionality k is written as
1
k=
4πε0
Where,
ε0 : Permittivity of free space
ε0= 8.854x10-12 F/m
Therefore Coulomb’s law is written as,
Q1 Q 2
F= (2)
4πε0 R2

Vector form of Coulomb’s law

Let the vector r1 locate charge Q1 while vector r2 locate charge Q2 . Then the vector
R12 = r2 – r1 represents the directed line segment from Q1 to Q2 as shown in Figure 1.2.
Figure 1.2
The vector force F2 is the force on Q2 by Q1 . According to Coulomb’s law , this vector force is
given by,
Q1 Q 2
F= a (3)
4πε0 R212 12
Where,
a12 is a unit vector in the direction of R12 , or

R12 r2 − r1
a12 = = (4)
|R12 | |r2 − r1|
The force expressed by Coulomb’s law is a mutual force i.e, F2 = -F1.
Electric field Intensity

Consider one charge Q1 fixed in position and move a second charge slowly around, we note that
there exists everywhere a force on this second charge, in other words this second charge is displaying the
existence of a force field. Call this second charge a test charge Qt . The force on it is given by Coulomb’s
law,
Q1 Q t
F= a (5)
4πε0 R21t 1t
Writing this force as a force per unit charge gives,

Ft Q1
= a (6)
Q t 4πε0 R21t 1t
The quantity on the RHS of equation (6) is a function only of Q1 and the directed line segment
from Q1 to the position of the test charge. This describes a vector field and is called the electric field
intensity (E).
“Electric field intensity is defined as the vector force on a unit positive test charge”.
The electric field intensity can be measured by the unit newtons per Coulomb – the force per unit
charge. The practical unit is Volts per meter(V/m). It can be represented by the letter ‘E’ .
Ft Q1
=E= a1t (7)
Qt 4πε0 R21t
In general electric field intensity can be expressed as,
Q
E= a (8)
4πε0 R2 R
If charge Q locates center of a spherical co-ordinate system, then the unit vector aR becomes radial unit
vector ar and R is ‘r’ .
Hence,
Q
E= a (9)
4πε0 r 2 r
Writing these expressions in rectangular co-ordinate

system, for a charge Q at the origin we have,
R = r = xax + yay + zaz
xax + yay + zaz

aR = ar = (10)
√x 2 + y 2 + z 2
Figure 1.3
Therefore,
Q x y z
E= ( ax + ay + az ) (11)
4πε0 (x 2 2 2
+ y + z ) √x + y + z
2 2 2 2 2
√x + y + z 2 √x + y 2 + z 2
2
For a charge Q located at source point r1 = x1ax + y1ay + z1az as showen in figure 1.4. The field
at general point r = xax + yay + zaz is given by
Q r − r′ Q(r − r′)
E= 2
= (12)
4πε0 |r − r′| |r − r′| 4πε0 |r − r′|3
Since the Coulomb’s force has linear , the electric field intensity due to two point charges Q1 at
r1 and Q2 at r2 is the sum of the forces on Qt caused by Q1 and Q2 acting alone.
i.e,
Figure 1.4
Q1 Q2
E= a1 + a (13)
4πε0 |r − r1 |2 4πε0 |r − r2 |2 2
Where a1 and a2 are the unit vectors in the direction of r – r1 and r – r2 respect ively. The vector
r, r1 , r2, r-r1, r-r2, a1 and a2 are shown in figure 1.5.
Figure 1.5
If we add more charges at other positions, the field due to ‘n’ point charges is,
Q1 Q2 Qn
E= a1 + a +⋯ + a (14)
4πε0 |r − r1 |2 4πε0 |r − r2 |2 2 4πε0 |r − rn |2 n
In general ,
𝐧
𝐐𝐦
𝐄(𝐫) = ∑ 𝐚 (𝟏𝟓)
𝟒𝛑𝛆𝟎 |𝐫 − 𝐫𝐦 |𝟐 𝐦
𝐦=𝟏

Field due to continuous volume charge distribution

When the number of charges is infinite in a space of finite dimensions, the distance of separation
between the individual charges tends to become zero. Then it amounts to continuous distribution of
charges.
If the charge distribution is such that the charges are distributed continuously in a volume , then it
is referred to as a volume charge distribution.
For a volume charge distribution the volume charge density ρv can be defined as the charge per
unit volume having the units of C/m3. The small amount of charge ∆Q is
∆Q = ρv ∆v (16)
i.e,
ΔQ
ρv = lim (17)
Δv→0 ΔV
The total charge with in some finite volume is obtained by integrating throught that volume. i.e,
Q = ∫ ΔQ = ∫ ρv ΔV (18)
vol vol
The incremental contribution to the electric field intensity at ‘r’ produced by an incremental
charge ∆Q at r1 (shown in figure 1.6)
Figure 1.6
ΔQ r − r′ ρv ΔV r − r′
ΔE(r) = = (19)
4πε0 |r − r ′ |2 |r − r ′ | 4πε0 |r − r ′ |2 |r − r ′ |
If we sum the contributions of all the volume charges in a given region and let the volume
element ∆v approaches zero as the number of these elements become infinite , the numerator becomes
an integral. i.e,
ρv (r′)dv′ r − r′
E(r) = ∫ ′ 2 ′
(20)
vol 4πε0 |r − r | |r − r |

The vector ‘r’ from the origin locates the field point where E is being determined , while the
vector r1 extends from the origin to the source point where ρv(r1)dv1 is located. The scalar distance
between the source point and the field point is r – r1 and the fraction is a unit vector directed
from he source point to the field point.
Field of a line charge
Figure 1.7
Let us assume a straight line charge extending along the z-axis in a cylindrical co-ordinate system
from -∞ to +∞ having density ρL C/m as shown in figure 1.7 . This will produce the electric field
intensity E at any and every point resulting from a uniform line charge density ρL.
Symmetry should always be considered first inorder to determine two specific factors.
1. With which co-ordinate the field doesnot vary.

2. Which components of the field are not present.
Referring to the above figure 1.7 , we realise that as we move around the line charge , varying ϕ ,
while keeping ρ and z constant , the line charge appears the same from every angle, in other words ,
azimuthal symmetry is present and no field component may vary with ϕ .
Again if we maintain ρ and ϕ while moving up and the line charge by changing z , the line
charge still receddes into infinite distance in both directions and the problem is unchanged. This is axial
symmetry and leads to fields which are not functions of z.
If we maintain ϕ and z contant and vary ρ, the problem changes and Coulomb’s law leads us
to the field to become weaker as ρ increases. Hence by a process of elimination we conclude that field
varies only with ρ.

Therefore no element of charge produces a ϕ component of electric field intensity i.e, Eϕ is zero.
However each element does produce an Eρ and Ez component but the contribution to Ez by elements of
charge which are equal distances above and below the point at which we are determining the field will
cancel. Hence electric filed intensity E contains only Eρ component and it varies only with ρ.
Let a point P(0 , y , 0) on the y-axis at which to detrmine the field . this is a perfectly general
point in view of the lack of variation of the field with ϕ and z as shown in figure 1.7.
The incrementalfield at P due to incremental dQ = ρLdz1 ,
ρLdz′ r − r′
dE = 2
(21)
4𝜋ε0 |𝑟 − 𝑟′| |𝑟 − 𝑟′|
ρL dz′(r − r′)
dE = (22)
4𝜋ε0 |𝑟 − 𝑟′|3
where r= yay = ρaρ
r1 = z1az
Therefore r – r1 = ρaρ - z1az
ρL dz ′ (ρaρ – z′az )
dE = 3/2
(23)
4𝜋ε0 ( ρ2 + 𝑧′2 )
Therefore only the Eρ component is present the above epression becomes,
ρL ρdz ′
dEρ = 3/2
(24)
4𝜋ε0 ( ρ2 + 𝑧′2 )
Therefore the total electric field intensity due to line charge is given by ,
+∞
ρL ρdz ′
Eρ = ∫ 3/2
(25)
−∞ 4𝜋ε0 ( ρ2 + 𝑧′2 )
Let z1 = ρ tanӨ
z′
Thererefore ρ = tanӨ
d z1 = ρ sec2Ө dӨ
Therefore
+𝛑/𝟐
ρL ρ
Eρ = ∫ ρsec 2 Ө dӨ (26)
4𝜋ε0 ( ρ2 + ρ2 tan2 Ө)3/2
−𝛑/𝟐

+𝛑/𝟐
ρL ρ2 sec 2 Ө
Eρ = ∫ dӨ (27)
4𝜋ε0 ρ3 sec 3 Ө
−𝛑/𝟐
+𝛑/𝟐
ρL ρL
Eρ = ∫ cosӨ dӨ = [2] (28)
4𝜋ε0 ρ 4𝜋𝜀˳ρ
−𝛑/𝟐
𝛒𝐋
𝐄𝛒 = .𝐚 (𝟐𝟗)
𝟐𝝅𝛆𝟎 𝛒 𝛒
Field due to sheet of charge
Consider a sheet of charge in the yz plane and

again consider symmetry (Figure 2.8). The field
cannot vary with y or with z, and the y and z
components arising from differential elements of
charge symmetrically located with respect to the point
at which we evaluate the field will cancel. Hence only
Ex is present, and this component is a function of x
alone. Let us use the field of the infinite line charge
by dividing the infinite sheet into differential-width
strips. One such strip is shown in Figure 2.8. The line
charge density, or charge per unit length , is
𝜌𝐿 = 𝜌𝑆 𝑑𝑦 ′ and the distance from this line charge to
general point P on the x axis is,
𝑅 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ′ 2
The contribution to Ex at P from this differential-
width strip is then
𝜌𝑆 𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
2 ′ 2
2𝜋𝜀0 √𝑥 + 𝑦
Where
𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒
√𝑥 2 + 𝑦′2
𝜌𝑆 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′
𝑑𝐸𝑥 =
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ′ 2
Adding the effects of all the strips,

∞
𝜌𝑆 𝑥𝑑𝑦 ′ 𝜌𝑆 −1
𝑦′ ∞ 𝜌𝑆
𝐸𝑥 = ∫ = tan ] =
2𝜋𝜀0 −∞ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ′ 2 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑥 −∞ 2𝜀0
In general,
𝝆𝑺
𝑬= 𝒂 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝑵 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒕 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
𝟐𝜺𝟎 𝑵
Electric flux density(D)

If a unit test charge is placed near a point charge it experiences a force. The direction of this force
can be represented by the lines radially coming outward from a positive charge. This lines are called flux
lines. Thus the electric field due to a charge can be imagined to be present around it in terms of a quantity
called electric flux and it is denoted by ‘ψ’. The electric flux is nothing but the lines of force around
a charge. If the charge on a body ±Q Coulombs then the total number of lines originating or terminating
on it is also Q. But the total number of lines is nothing but a flux.
Therefore Electric flux ψ = Q Coulombs
This is according to SI units, the electic flux is also called displacement flux.
Figure 1.8
Consider an inner sphere of radius ‘a’ and an outer sphere of radius ‘b’ with charges of +Q and –
Q respectively as shown in figure 1.8. the paths of electric flux extending from the inner sphere to the
outer sphere are indicated by the symmetrically distributed stream lines dawn radially from one sphere to
the oteher.
At te surface of the inner sphere ‘ψ’ C of electric flux are produced by the charge ‘Q’ C,
distributed uniformly over a surface having an area of 4πa2 m2. The density of the electric flux at this
ψ Q
surface is 4𝜋𝑎 2
C/m2 or 4𝜋𝑎 2
C/m2 .

Electric flux density is measured in C/m2 , is given by the letter ‘D’ which was originally chosen
because of the alternate means of displacement flux density or displacement density.
The electric flux density ‘D’ is a vector field. The direction of ‘D’ at apoint is the direction of the
flux lines at tehat point and the magnitude is given by the number of the flux lines crossing a surface
normal to the lines devided by the surface area.
Referring to the figure 1.8 the electric flux density is in the radial direction and as a value of
Q
D|r=a = 4πa2 ar (Inner sphere)
Q
D|r=b = 4πab2 ar (Outer sphere)
Therefore at any radial distance electric flux density ‘D’ is given by,
𝐐
𝐃 = 𝟒𝛑𝐫 𝟐 𝐚𝐫 C/m2 (30)
Relationship between electric flux density (D) and electric field intensity (E)
Let the inner sphere become smaller and smaller while still retaining a charge of ‘Q’ , it becomes
a point charge , but the electric flux density at appoint ‘r’ meters from the point charge is still given by,
Q
D= a (31)
4πr 2 r
The radial electric field intensity of a point charge in free space is given by,
Q
E= ar (32)
4𝜋𝜀˳r 2
Comparing equation (28) and (29) , we have
D = 𝜺˳E (Free space only) (33)
SOLVED QUESTION PAPER AND EXERCISE PROBLEMS
1). A charge QA = -20µC is located at A(-6 , 4 , 7) , and a charge QB = 50µC is at B(5,8 , -2) in free space.
If distances are given in meters , find : (a) RAB (b) RAB . Determine the vector force exerted on QA by QB
10−9
if ε˳ = : (c) 36π
F/m (d) 80854x10-12F/m.
SOLUTION:
Figure P1.1

(a) The vector length RAB is,

RAB = (5-(-6))ax + (8-4)ay + (-2-7)az = 11ax + 4ay – 9az m
(b) The magnitude of RAB is,

RAB = √112 + 42 + (−9)2 = 14.76 m
10−9
(c) ε0 =
36π
Figure P1.2
According to Coulomb’s law , the force on QA by QB is given by,
QA QB
FA = a
4πε0 R2BA BA
We have,
RBA = (-6-5)ax + (4-8)ay + (7-(-2))az = -11ax -4ay + 9az m
RBA == 14.76 m
R BA −𝟏𝟏𝐚𝐱 − 𝟒𝐚𝐲 + 𝟗𝐚𝐳

aBA = =
|R BA | 𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟔
−20X10−6 x 50X10−6 −11ax − 4ay + 9az

FA = [ ]
10−9 2 14.76
4π x 36π X14.7
FA = 30.76ax + 11.18ay -25.16az mN
(d)ε0 = 8.854X10−12
−20 x 10−6 x 50 x 10−6 −11ax − 4ay + 9az

FA = [ ]
4π x 8.854 x 10−12 x 14.72 14.76
FA = 30.72ax + 11.169ay -25.13az mN
2). Two point charges Q1 and Q2 are located at (1,2,0) m and (2,0,0) m respectively. Find the relation
between the charges Q1 and Q2 such that the total force on a unit positive charge at (-1,1,0) have (i) no x-
component (ii) no y-component.
SOLUTION:

Force on a unit positive charge is nothing but electric field intensity E.
Therefore electric field intensity at (-1,1,0) is E=E1+E2
Figure P2.1
(i) No x-component
Q1 Q2
E = E1 + E2 = 2 a1 + a2 (P2.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R1 4𝜋ɛ0 R22
Where, R1 = (-1-1)ax + (1-2)ay + (0-0)az = -2ax - ay
|R1 | = √(−2)2 + (−1)2 = √5 m
R1 −2ax − ay
a1 = =
|R1 | √5
R2 = (-1-2)ax + (1-0)ay + (0-0)az = -3ax + ay
|R 2 | = √(−3)2 + (1)2 = √10 m
R2 −3ax + ay
a2 = =
|R 2 | √10
Substituting these in equation P2.1 gives,
Q1 −2ax − ay Q2 −3ax + ay
E= 2[ ]+ 2[ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 (√5) √5 4𝜋ɛ0 (√10) √10
Q1 Q2
E= 2
[−2ax − ay] + 2
[−3ax + ay] (P2.2)
4𝜋ɛ0 5(√5) 4𝜋ɛ0 10(√10)
Given no x-component,equation P2.2 becomes,

−2Q1 Q2
2 − 2 =0
4𝜋ɛ0 5(√5) 4𝜋ɛ0 10(√10)
Q1 3 x 5√5
=−
Q2 2 x 10√10
𝐐𝟏 𝟑
=−
𝐐𝟐 𝟒√𝟐
No y-component ,equation P2.2 becomes
−Q1 Q2
2 + 2 =0
4𝜋ɛ0 5(√5) 4𝜋ɛ0 10(√10)
𝐐𝟏 √𝟓
=
𝐐𝟐 𝟐√𝟏𝟎
3). Point charges of 50nC each are located at A (1,0,0) , B(-1,0,0) , C(0,1,0) and D(0,-1,0) , find the total
force on the charge at A and also find E at A.
SOLUTION:
According to Coulomb’s law, the force on the charge at A is,
FA= FB + FC + FD
QA QB QA QC QA QD
FA = 2 aB + 2 aC + aD
4πε0 R B 4πε0 R C 4πε0 R2D
Given, QA = QB = QC= QD=50nC
Figure P3.1

Q2 aB aC aD
FA = [ + + ] (P3.1)
4πε0 R2B R2C R2D
From the Figure P3.1 we have,
2ax
R B = 2ax , |R B | = 2, aB = = ax
2
ax − ay
R C = ax − ay , |R C | = √2, aC =
√2
ax + ay
R D = ax + ay , |R D | = √2, aD =
√2
Therefore equation P3.1 becomes,
(50x10−9 )2 ax ax − ay ax + ay
FA = [ + + ]
4πε0 4 2√2 2√2
𝐅𝐀 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓𝛍 𝐍 𝐚𝐱
The electric field intensity at point A is given by,
FA 21.5x10−6
EA = =
Q 50x10−9
𝐄𝐀 = 𝟒𝟑𝟎 𝐕/𝐦 𝐚𝐱
4). Two point charges Q1 = 100µC and Q2 = 10µC are located at points (-1,1,-3)m and (3,1,0)m
respectively. Find the x, y and z components of the force on Q1 . What is the magnitude of the total force?
SOLUTION:
According to Coulomb’s law the force between charge Q1 and Q2 is given by ,
Q1 Q 2
F1 = a (P4.1)
4πε0 R221 21
Figure P4.1
Where , R21 = (-1-3)ax + (1-1)ay + (3-0)az = -4ax - 3az

|R 21 | = 5 m

R21 −4ax − 3az

a21 = =
|R 21 | 5
Thereforeequation P4.1 becomes,
100 x 10−6 x10x10−6 −4ax − 3az

F1 = [ ] (P4.2)
4πε0 x52 5
From P4.2 , x-component of force is,
100 x 10−6 x10x10−6 −4

Fx = [ ]
4πε0 x52 5
𝐅𝐱 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕 𝐍
y-component of force is,
𝐅𝐲 = 𝟎 𝐍
z-component of force is,
100 x 10−6 x10x10−6 −3

Fz = [ ]
4πε0 x52 5
𝐅𝐳 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐍
Therefore the total force, F1= Fx + Fy + Fz
F1 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟕𝐚𝐱 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐚𝐳 𝐍
Magnitude of total force is,
|𝐅𝟏 | = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝐍
5). A charge of 1C is at (2,0,0) . What charge must be placed at (-2,0,0) which will make y-component
of total electric field intensity zero at the point (1,2,2).
SOLUTION:
Figure P5.1

The electric field intensity at (1,2,2) due charge Q1 and Q2 is,
Q1 Q2
E = E1 + E2 = 2 a1 + a (P5.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R1 4𝜋ɛ0 R22 2
Where , R1 = (1-2)ax + (2-0)ay + (2-0)az = -ax + 2ay + 2az
|R1 | = 3m
−ax + 2ay + 2az

a1 =
3
R2 = 3ax + 2ay + 2az
.|R 2 | = √17m
3ax + 2ay + 2az

a2 =
√17
Thereforeequation P5.1 becomes,
Q1 −ax + 2ay + 2az Q2 3ax + 2ay + 2az

E= 2 [ ]+ 2 [ ] (P5.2)
4𝜋ɛ0 3 3 4𝜋ɛ0 √17 √17
Given that at point (1,2,2 ), y-component of E is zero, therefore from P5.2 ,
Q1 2ay Q2 2ay
[ ]+ 2[ ]=0
4𝜋ɛ0 32 3 4𝜋ɛ √17 √17
0
1 2ay Q2 2ay
2 [ ]=− 2 [ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 3 3 4𝜋ɛ √17 √17
0
Q2= -2.59 C
6). Two point charges of magnitudes 2mC and -7mC are located at places P1(4,7,-5) and P2(-3,2,-9)
respectively in free space , evaluate the vector force on charge at P2.
SOLUTION:
Figure P6.1
According to Coulomb’s law,
Q1 Q 2
FP2 = a (P6.1)
4πε0 R2P1P2 P1P2

RP1P2 = (-3-4)ax + (2-7)ay + (-9+5)az = -7ax -5ay – 4az
|R P1P2 | = 9.486 m
−7ax − 5ay – 4az

aP1P2 =
9.486
2x10−3 x−7x10−3 −7ax − 5ay – 4az

FP2 = [ ]
4πε0 9.4862 9.486
𝐅𝐏𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟑𝟐𝐚𝐱 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟕𝐚𝐲 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒𝐚𝐳 𝐤𝐍
7). A point charge Q1 = 25nC is located at P1(4,-2,7) and a charge Q2 = 60nC is at P2(-3,4-2) in free space.
Find electric filed E at P3(1,2,3). Also find direction of electric field.
SOLUTION:
Figure P7.1
The electric field intensity at point P3 is given by,
Q1 Q2
E = E1 + E2 = 2 a1 + a (P7.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R1 4𝜋ɛ0 R22 2
Where , R1 = -3ax + 4ay -4az
|R1 | = √41 m
−3ax + 4ay − 4az

a1 =
√41
R2 = 4ax - 2ay + 5az
. |R 2 | = √45 m

4ax − 2ay + 5az

a2 =
√45
Therefore equation equation P7.1 becomes,
25x10−9 −3ax + 4ay − 4az 60x10−9 4ax − 2ay + 5az

E= 2[ ]+ 2[ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 √41 √41 4𝜋ɛ0 √45 √45
𝐄 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝐚𝐱 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝐚𝐲 + 𝟓. 𝟓𝟎𝟖𝐚𝐳 𝐕/𝐦
Direction of E is
E
aE = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝐚𝐱 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝐚𝐲 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝐚𝐳
|E|
Magnitude is
|𝐄| = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟔𝟑 𝐕/𝐦
8). Two point charges 20nC and -20nC are situated at (1,0,0)m and (0,1,0)m in free space. Determine
electric field intensity at (0,0,1)m.
SOLUTION:
The electric filed intensity at (0,0,1) is,
Q1 Q2
E = Ex + Ey = ax + a (P8.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R x2 4𝜋ɛ0 R2y y
Where , Rx = -ax + az
|R x | = √2 m
−ax + az
ax =
√2
Figure P8.1

Ry = - ay + az
. |R y | = √2 m
− ay + az
ay =
√2
20x10−9 −ax + az −20x10−9 − ay + az

E= 2 [ ] + 2 [ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 √2 √2 4𝜋ɛ0 √2 √2
𝐄 = −𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝐚𝐱 + 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟓𝐚𝐲 𝐕/𝐦
9). A charge of -0.3µC is located at A(25,-30,15)cm , and a second charge of 0.5µC at B(-10,18,12)cm.
Find E at (i) the origin (ii)P(15,20,50)cm.
SOLUTION:
(i)The electric filed intensity at the origin is given by,
QA QB
E = EA + EB = 2 aA + a (P9.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R A 4𝜋ɛ0 R2B B
Where , RA = -0.25ax +0.3 ay -0.15aZ
|R A | = 0.418m
−0.25ax + 0.3 ay − 0.15aZ

aA =
0.418
Figure P9.1
RB = 0.1ax -0.08ay -0.12aZ

.
|R B | = 0.175 m
0.1ax − 0.08ay − 0.12az

aB =
0.175
−0.3x10−6 −0.25ax + 0.3 ay − 0.15aZ 0.5x10−6 0.1ax − 0.08ay − 0.12aZ

E= [ ] + [ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 0.4182 0.418 4𝜋ɛ0 0.1752 0.175
𝐄 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝐚𝐱 − 𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝐚𝐲 − 𝟗𝟒. 𝟐𝐚𝐳 𝐤 𝐕/𝐦
(ii)The electric field intensity at P(15,20,50)cm
QA QB
E = EA + EB = 2 aA + a (P9.2)
4𝜋ɛ0 R A 4𝜋ɛ0 R2B B
Where , RA = -0.1ax +0.5 ay +0.35aZ
|R A | = 0.618m
−0.1ax + 0.5 ay + 0.35z

aA =
0.618
RB = 0.25ax +0.12ay +0.38aZ
. |R B | = 0.47 m
0.25ax + 0.12ay + 0.38az

aB =
0.47
Figure P9.2

−0.3x10−6 −0.1ax + 0.5 ay + 0.35az 0.5x10−6 0.25ax + 0.12ay + 0.38az

E= [ ] + [ ]
4𝜋ɛ0 0.6182 0.618 4𝜋ɛ0 0.472 0.47
𝐄 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝐚𝐱 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝐚𝐲 + 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝐚𝐳 𝐤 𝐕/𝐦
10). Infinite uniform line charges of 5nC/m lie along the (positive and negative) x and y axes in free
space. Find E at (a) PA(0,0,4) (b) PB(0,3,4).
SOLUTION:
Figure P10.1
Given ρL =5nC/m
The electric filed intensity due to line charge is given by,

ρL
E= a
2πɛ0 ρ ρ
(a)Therefore E at PA(0,0,4) is
ρL ρL
E = Ex + E y = aρx + a (P10.1)
2πɛ0 ρx 2πɛ0 ρy ρy
4az
ρx = 4az , |ρx | = 4 , aρx = = az
4
4az
ρy = 4az , |ρy | = 4 , aρy = = az
4
5x10−9 5x10−9
E= [az ] + [a ]
2πɛ0 x4 2πɛ0 x4 z

𝐄 = 𝟒𝟓𝐚𝐳 𝐕/𝐦
(b) E at PB(0,3,4) is
Figure P10.2
3ay + 4az
ρx = 3ay + 4az , |ρx | = 5 , aρx =
5
4az
ρy = 4az , |ρy | = 4 , aρy = = az
4
5x10−9 3ay + 4az 5x10−9

E= [ ]+ [a ]
2πɛ0 x5 5 2πɛ0 x4 z
𝐄 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖𝐚𝐲 + 𝟑𝟔. 𝟗𝐚𝐳 𝐕/𝐦
11). A line charge of 2nC/m lies along y-axis while surface charge densities of 0.1nC/m2 and -0.1 nC/m2
exist on the plane z=3m and z= -4m respectively. Find the E at P(1,7,-2).
SOLUTION:
Given ρL=2nC/m , ρS1=0.1nC/m2 , ρS2= -0.1nC/m2
Electric field intensity at P is given by,

ρL ρS1 ρS2
E = EρL + EρS1 + EρS2 = aρ + aN1 + a (P11.1)
2πɛ0 ρ 2ɛ0 2ɛ0 N2
From the figure P11.1 we have,
ρ= (1-0)ax + (7-7)ay +(-2-0)az = ax – 2az

Figure P11.1
ax – 2az
|ρ| = √5 , aρ =
√5
aN1 = -az , aN2 = +az
2x10−9 ax – 2az 0.1x10−9 −0.1x10−9

E= [ ]+ [−az ] + [+az ]
2πɛ0 x√5 √5 2ɛ0 2ɛ0
𝐄 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝐚𝐱 − 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝐚𝐳 𝐕/𝐦
12). A uniform line charge of infinite length with ρL = 40nC/m, lies along the z-axis . Find E at (-2,2,8) in
air.
SOLUTION:
The electric field intensity E at (-2,2,8) is ,

ρL
E= a
2πɛ0 ρ ρ
Where,
ρ= -2ax + 2ay
−2ax + 2ay
|ρ| = √8 , aρ =
√8

Figure P12.1
Therefore ,
40x10−9 −2ax + 2ay

E= [ ]
2πɛ0 x√8 √8
𝐄 = −𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝐚𝐱 + 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟕𝟓𝐚𝐲 𝐕/𝐦
13).Two uniform line charges of density 4nC/m and 6nC/m lie in x=0 plane at y= +5m and y= -6m
respectively. Find E at (4,0,5)m.
SOLUTION:
Figure P13.1

The E at (4,0,5) is given by,

ρL1 ρL2
E = E1 + E2 = a1 + a (P13.1)
2πɛ0 ρ1 2πɛ0 ρ2 2
Where ,
4ax − 5ay
ρ1 = 4ax − 5ay , |ρ1 | = √41 , a1 =
√41
4ax + 6ay
ρ2 = 4ax + 6ay , |ρ2 | = √52 , a2 =
√52
4x10−9 4ax − 5ay 6x10−9 4ax + 6ay

E= [ ]+ [ ]
2πɛ0 x√41 √41 2πɛ0 x√52 √52
𝐄 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑𝟏𝐚𝐱 + 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝐚𝐲 𝐕/𝐦
14).Calculate ‘D’ rectangular co-ordinates at point P(2,-3,6) produced by:
(a) a point charge QA=55mC at Q(-2,3,-6)
(b)a uniform line charge ρLB = 20mC/m on the x-axis
(c)a uniform surface charge density ρSC =120μC/m2 on the plane z=-5m.
SOLUTION:
(a) The electric field intensity at P is given by,
Figure P14.1

QA
E = EA + EB = a (P14.1)
4𝜋ɛ0 R2 R
Where ,
R=4ax – 6ay + 12az
4ax – 6ay + 12az
|R| = 14 , aR = 14
We have ,
D = 𝜺˳E
Therefore,
QA 55x10−3 4ax – 6ay + 12az

D= a = [ ]
4𝜋R2 R 4𝜋142 14
𝐃 = 𝟔. 𝟑𝟖𝐚𝐱 − 𝟗. 𝟓𝟕𝐚𝐲 + 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝐚𝐳 𝐂/𝐦𝟐
(b)Electric field due to line charge.
Figure P14.2
E is given by,
ρL
E= a
2πɛ0 ρ ρ
But D = 𝜺˳E
Therefore
ρL
D= a
2πρ ρ

From the figure P14.2 we have,

−3ay +6az
ρ = −3ay + 6az , |ρ| = √45 , aρ =
√45
Therefore
20x10−3 −3ay + 6az

D= [ ]
2πx√45 √45
𝐃 = −𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝐚𝐲 + 𝟒𝟐𝟒. 𝟒𝐚𝐳 𝛍 𝐂/𝐦𝟐
(c)Field due to surface charge,

ρSC
E= a
2ɛ0 N
Figure P14.3
But D = 𝜺˳E
ρSC
Therefore , D = 2 N
a
120x10−6
D= [az ]
2
𝐃 = 𝟔𝟎𝐚𝐳 𝛍 𝐂/𝐦𝟐

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES(18EC55)-V SEM EC MODULE 1

The Rectangular Coordinate System(RCS) (x,y,z)

Differential length in RCS:

dL = dxax + dyay + dzaz

Differential Surface area:

𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑎𝑥 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧(−𝑎𝑥) (𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘)

Differential Volume: dv=dxdydz

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 1 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The Cylindrical Coordinate System(CCS) (𝛒, 𝛗, 𝐳)

Differential length in CCS:

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 2 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The Spherical Coordinate System(CCS) (𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋)

SCS to RCS: RCS to SCS:

The Dot Product(Scalar Product)

A · B = |A| |B| cos θAB

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 3 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The Cross Product(Vector Product)

The direction of A × B is in the direction of advance of a

Dot product of unit vectors in cylindrical and rectangular coordinate systems

𝑅 = 𝜌𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎𝑧

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜌 and equate to zero, we get

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜑 and equate to zero, we get

𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑧 and equate to zero, we get

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 4 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Dot product of unit vectors in spherical and rectangular coordinate systems

𝑅 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑎𝑧

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝑟 and equate to zero, we get

𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜃 and equate to zero, we get

𝑎𝑥 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑 , 𝑎𝑦 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 , 𝑎𝑧 ∙ 𝑎𝜃 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Differentiate w.r.t. 𝜑 and equate to zero, we get

𝑖. 𝑒, − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑎𝑦 + 0𝑎𝑧 = 0

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 5 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

COULOMB’S LAW, ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY AND FLUX DENSITY

Experimental law of Coulomb

Q1 and Q2 : Positive or negative quantities of charge

R: Separation between two charges

If the International System of Units(SI) is used , Q is measured in Coulombs(C) , R is meters(m)

ε0 : Permittivity of free space

ε0= 8.854x10-12 F/m

Therefore Coulomb’s law is written as,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 6 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Vector form of Coulomb’s law

a12 is a unit vector in the direction of R12 , or

The force expressed by Coulomb’s law is a mutual force i.e, F2 = -F1.

Electric field Intensity

Writing this force as a force per unit charge gives,

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 7 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

In general electric field intensity can be expressed as,

Writing these expressions in rectangular co-ordinate

R = r = xax + yay + zaz

xax + yay + zaz

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 9 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Field due to continuous volume charge distribution

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 10 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

Field of a line charge

1. With which co-ordinate the field doesnot vary.

Mr.JAGADEESH M, ASST . PROFESSOR 11 DEPT. 0F EC, KVGCE SULLIA

The incrementalfield at P due to incremental dQ = ρLdz1 ,

where r= yay = ρaρ

Therefore r – r1 = ρaρ - z1az

Therefore only the Eρ component is present the above epression becomes,