Gen Phy 2

Internal Energy U – atomic view and

THERMODYNMAMICS
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
states that the change in internal
energy of a system equals the net
heat transfer into the system minus
the net work done by the system
∆U = Q – W
molecular view
Kinetic E + Potential E = mechanical E
Macroscopic Characteristics
• We define the change in internal
energy ΔU to be that given by the
first law of thermodynamics: ΔU =
Q− W

∆U - change in internal energy U of Ex.

the system
Q - net heat transferred into the
system
W – net work done by the system
Sign Conventions
• if Q is positive, then there is a net
heat transfer into the system
• if W is positive, then there is net
work done by the system
1. Suppose there is heat transfer of
40.00 J to a system, while the
system does 10.00 J of work. Later,
there is heat transfer of 25.00 J out
of the system while 4.00 J of work
is done on the system. What is the
net change in internal energy of
the system?

HEAT TRANSFER (Q) AND WORK (W)

BRINGING ENERGY INTO OR TAKING
ENERGY OUT OF A SYSTEM
HEAT TRANSFER (Q) - TEMPERATURE
DIFFERENCES
WORK (W) – INVOLVES MACROSCOPIC
FORCE EXERTED THROUGH A DISTANCE
GIVES IDENTITL RESULTS 2. What is the change in internal
BOTH ENERGY IN TRANSIT – NEITHER IS energy of a system when a total
STORED AS SUCH IN A SYSTEM of 150.00 J of heat transfer occurs
out of (from) the system and
Ex. 159.00 J of work is done on the
system?
Heat transfer into a system ~ sun
warms the air in a bicycle tire
 Gen Phy 2
Ex.

1. A gas in a system has constant

surroundings System pressure. The surroundings
around the system lose 62 J of
heat and does 474 J of work onto
boundary the system. What is the internal
energy of the system?
System - a quantity of matter or a
region in space chosen for study
Surroundings - mass or region
outside the system
Boundary - the real or imaginary
surface that separates the system
from its surroundings
∆U = Q – W
ELECTROSTATICS
∆U - change in internal energy Study of stationary electric charges
Q – heat added to the system
W – work done BY the system Electric Charge – measure in
coulombs (C). Positive and Negative
∆U = Q + W charges

∆U - change in internal energy PROPERTIES OF ELECTRIC CHARGE

Q – heat added to the system
W – work done TO the system • 2 kinds of charges occur in nature
- LIKE charges REPEL one another
Sign of Sign of while UNLIKE charge ATTRACT one
Process
Heat (Q) Work (W) another
Work done • Charge is conserved – neutral
by the N/A - object has no charge
system • Charge is quantized - charge has
value
Work done
onto the N/A + Conductor – electric charges can
system easily flow
Heat Insulator – electric charges do not
released move
from the
system Coulomb’s Law – give the magnitude
- N/A of the electrostatic force (F) between
(absorbed
by 2 charges
surroundin
gs) exothermic
 Gen Phy 2
3. Two small conducting and
identical spheres A and B have
charges – 25 nC and + 15 nC. They
𝐤𝐪𝟏 𝐪𝟐
𝐅= are separated by a distance of
𝐫𝟐 0.02 m (b) The spheres are then
𝐪𝟏 and 𝐪𝟐 - charges allowed to touch each other and
𝐫 - distance between them then separated. What is the
𝐤 – 9.0 x109 N · m2 /C2 (proportionality magnitude of the force between
constant) the two spheres? Is this repulsive
force or an attractive force?

Ex.

1. Suppose that two point charges,

each with a charge of +1.00
Coulomb are separated by a
distance of 1.00 meter. Determine
the magnitude of the electrical
4. Two particles A and B are
force of repulsion between them.
released from rest, having equal
charges of -5 x 10-6 C and initially
separated from each other by
0.02 m. The masses of particles A
and B are 5.25 x 10-6 kg and 3.75 x
10-6 kg, respectively. Find the
magnitude of the initial
accelerations of particles A and B.
FORCE = WORK + DISTANCE

2. Two small conducting and

identical spheres A and B have
charges – 25 nC and + 15 nC. They 9 m/s^2
are separated by a distance of
0.02 m (a) What is the magnitude
of the electric force between the
two spheres? Is this force
m/s^2

attractive or repulsive?
 Gen Phy 2
STATIC ELECTRICITY
Study of phenomena that involve an
imbalance of electrical charge. Study
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS
of charge in motion called
& INSULATORS electromagnetism

PARTS OF A CIRCUIT Conduction

Conductors – charge can easily
1. Wires move through a material like metals
2. Motor Semiconductors – conductivity of
3. Bulb some materials is intermediate
4. Crocodile Clip between conductors and insulators
5. Battery (Cell) Insulators – charge cannot move
through a material like rubber
Insulators – “cushion” for conductors
Electron
Induction
Law of Conservation of Charge
Polarization
Proton

Electric – from Elektron (amber)

BODY is made up of atom and is

electrically neutral; PROTON AND
ELECTRON ARE BALANCE
ATOM is made up of subatomic
particle
HAIR STANDS BECAUSE OF ELETRICAL
IMBALANCE, ELECTRON LEAVES AWAY
FROM THE HAIR WHILE EXCESS PROTON
ELECTRONS ARE ATTRACTED TO STAYS – BUT NOT ALL LEAVES.
PROTONS REPULSION & ATTRACTION NEEDS
IF ELECTRICITY IS PRESENT, CONTACT
CONDUCTORS & INSULATOR ARE
PRESENT

QUARKS -> Nuclear

 Gen Phy 2
NET CHARGE OF THE SYSTEM BEFORE
THE INTERACTION = NET CHARGE AFTER
THE INTERACTION
SI UNIT FOR ELECTRIC CHARGE IS THE
COULOMB (C), NAMED AFTER FRENCH
PHYSICIST CHARLES AUGUSTIN DE
COULOMB-WHO STUDIED THE FORCE
BETWEEN CHARGED OBJJECTS

SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IS

REQUIRED TO MAKE -1.00 C OF
ELECTRIC CHARGE
UNIT OF CHARGE IS OFTEN AS, e;
PROTON IS e AND ELECTRON IS –e
INSULATOR, SEMICONDUCTOR, &
CONDUCTOR MATERIALS
e = +1.602x10^-19 C
e = -1.602x10^-19 C

Number n of Protons required to

make +1.00 C is

𝟏 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧
𝐧 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝐂 𝐱
𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝐂
= 𝟔. 𝟐𝟓𝐱𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐬

Ex.

1. -4.81X10^-19 C TRANSFER AND SEPARATION OF

-4.81X10^-19 C x 1 electron / - CHARGE
1.605x10^-19 C = 43.00 electrons
Conduction – charging by contact
Conservation of Energy – electrical
charge cannot be created nor COULOMB’S LAW FOLLOWS INVERSE-
destroyed. Keep track of small SQUARE LAW
charge. Net charge in a system is the
same before and after any
interaction within the system. must
ensure that no external charge
enters the system during the
interaction and that no internal
charge leaves the system.

Can be expressed as

𝐪𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 = 𝐪𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥
 Gen Phy 2
Magnetic Field – area surrounding a
magnet in which the effect of the
magnet can be felt. North and South
Pole of Magnet. These poles
experience attraction and repulsion
inside the magnetic field. It is
generated by a source like magnet

Magnetic Flux – ‘B’

Tesla (T) or Gauss (G)
Magnetometer – instrument
measuring the magnetic field

IT ONLY EXIST IN DIPOLE CONDITION-IN

2 POLES AND IN CLOSE LOOP

Electric Field – area around a charge

in which the effect of the charge can
be felt

Newton per Coulomb – equivalent to

volt per meter
Electrometer – measures electric
field lines

IT EXIST AS MONOPOLE, Electric Field

lines do not form a close loop, ONLY
IN STRAIGHT LINES

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
Electric circuits focus on electric
potential. Work must be done to
move a charge in an electric field
created by points charges or a
continuously distributed charge

Conservative Forces – any force like

gravitational force. Potential or
stored energy can also be a LINES STARTS ON POSTIVE CHARGE
conservative force AND ENDS ON NEGATIVE CHARGE
THE CLOSER TOGETHER THE FIELD LINES,
Gravitational force involves work THE STRONGER THE FIELD
where it is acted upon FORCE IS GOING OUT
 Gen Phy 2
𝑃𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Electric Potential = 𝑄
∆𝑃𝐸
∆ V= 𝑄
∆ PE = q ∆ V

Volt (V), defined as 1 joule per

coulomb

Example:

Electric Dipole – consists 2 charges of

equal magnitude but opposite sign.
Separated always by small distance

FIELD LINES ORIGINATED ON THE

POSITIVE CHARGE AND ENDS IN
NEGATIVE CHARGE

Potential Energy – stored energy. It

can be converted to kinetic energy
due to presence of gravity or
unknown force.

Electric Potential – potential energy

per unit of a charge in an electric
field
Charge Density – the point of charge,
responsible for voltage of battery
 Gen Phy 2
RELATIONSHIP OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
AND ELECTRIC FIELD IS VALID ONLY FOR
A UNIFORM IFELD
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC
ENERGY IS CLOSELY RELATED BUT ARE
NOT THE SAME
Electric Potential – positive charge is
moving towards the increasing
electric potential, therefore electric
potential also increases
Example:
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
Circuit – a closed or complete path
Incomplete / Open circuit – bulb and
battery only touches slightly
Complete circuit – wire does not
pass through the bulb, would
produce spark but bulb will not light
up
Complete / Closed Circuit – runs
from the bottom of a battery to side
and tip of the bulb
COMPLETE CIRCUIT IS CURRENT
BATTERY, WHICH IS A POTENTIAL
ENERGY, WILL ONLY BE TRIGGERED BY A
CHEMICAL REACTION. IN THIS PROCESS,
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CHARGE WILL
SEPARATE WHERE WORK IS PRESENT;
THERE IS AN INCREASE IN ELECTRIC
POTENTIAL GIVING VOLTAGE
DIFFERENCE
Electric Current – flow of electric
charge, follows the positive charge
Ampere - Standard unit for electric
current defined as 1 A = 1 C/s
Example:
FLOW OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
 Gen Phy 2

ELECTRIC CURRENT IS THE SAME

DIRECTION AS THE MOTION OF THE
CHARGE IT CARRIES

SHORT CIRCUIT IN BULBS

Alternating Current – vacuum

cleaner, power tools, hair dryer.
Pagsaksak sa socket, the energy in
socket pushes back and forth to the
item producing a current

In its filament, the first point is

connected to metal, and the other is
connected to the center base. Each
bulb has certain voltage which is
their capacity. If mataas masyado
ang voltage, kayang magflow pero
saglit lang because filament cannot
carry higher voltage, causing bulb to
burst.
Direct current – laptop, flashlight.
Flow of current is in 1 direction.
Provides specific potential electric
current
• Transformer – converts
alternating current potential
to direct current potential

CONVERTER, NOT CHARGER

Hydroelectric Facility – where

potential energy is stored
 Gen Phy 2
In the 19th century, the German
physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1787–
1854) found experimentally that
current through a conductor is
proportional to the voltage drop
across a current-carrying conductor.

OHM’S LAW CAN BE EXPERIMENTED

Ohmic – good conductors

Non-Ohmic – poor conductor, if
resistance is high, Ohm’s law will not
be applied

In letter a.), since the charge is very

large compared to time, it will take
time to reach all parts of the truck
In letter b.), since the charge is small,
it will reach parts of the calculator in
a split second

Resistance & Ohm’s Law

ELECTRIC CURRENT IN A WIRE CAN BE

SLOWED DUE TO IMPURITIES
IF I INCREASE, VOLTAGE INCREASE