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The Pentateuch is a collective name for the first books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis,

Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) that have significant historical and religious

relevance for Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. These first five books, also known as the Torah,

document the foundational narrative of the supernatural power that established the earth and the

laws that formed the foundational narrative of the present practice of faith and religion. There are

two outstanding covenants in the Pentateuch; the Mosaic Covenant and the Abrahamic

Covenant. Though the Pentateuch expresses the hope of fulfillment of these two religious

covenants, this compressive analysis of the first five Hebrew bible books offers readers the

Abrahamic Covenant's fulfillment more than it expresses the Mosaic Covenant's fulfillment.

Therefore, this essay aims to demonstrate that the Torah is more of the Covenant between

Abraham and God than the covenant between Moses and God.

Torah is structured and documented concisely to express God's supernatural qualities and

features, His forms, the nature of God's relation with the universe, and most importantly, his

faithfulness to fulfill His promises. The faith of Christians is refreshed and strengthened by how

He resolved his Covenants with Abraham and Moses in the Torah. Therefore, the Pentateuch

gives readers an honest understanding of God and His covenants. However, despite the

chronology of God's fulfillment of His promises, the Torah often sparks anxiety and skepticism

among believers about God's fulfillment of His Covenants with Abraham through Moses. It

began with God's promises to Abraham (the patriarch), as recorded in Genesis 12:2-4. God made

a covenant with Abraham and promised him land, a larger family, and a personal relationship to

reward Abraham's obedience and faithfulness to God's commands. God's covenant with

Abraham is richly expanded and reiterated in the Pentateuch, reviving an oasis of hope to readers

and Christians on the faithfulness of God in His covenantal promises.

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The Roman Catholics, the Jewish, the Protestant Conical, and the Eastern Orthodox

churches believe that Moses documented the first five books of the Bible (Old Testament) with

the guidance of the Lord (God) Himself. While documenting the Torah, God's covenant with

Moses, in several instances, give readers the refreshing hope of the Lord's presence and love for

humanity. However, when it comes to the hopes of the fulfillment of covenants, the case of

Abraham with God is more elaborate, clear, and outstanding than the covenant between Moses

and God. In the chronology of events, the Abrahamic Covenant occurred first before the Mosaic

Covenant, and it's believed that through the fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant that the

Mosaic existed, therefore the Pentatuach bestows readers with immense hope of the fulfillment

of the Abrahamic Covenant. The divine promises and blessings of the human race through

Abraham are crucial in the Pentateuch as the first five books of the Bible document the

fulfillment of the divine favor, land, and maltitude descendants. The accounts of the fulfilled

Abrahamic Covenant give readers hope that God's promises, particularly the second redemption

of the human race and eternal life, will surely be fulfilled.

The covenant of the Promised Land was made to Abraham by God in Genesis (Genesis

12:2) to his descendants. The fulfillment of this Abrahamic covenant is documented in the book

of Exodus, narrating how God rescued the Israelites from bondage in Egypt through Moses to a

better land (land of milk and honey) promised to Abraham in Genesis. Though Moses didn't

make it to the promised land, God fulfilled His promise through Enock and Joshua despite the

hurdles, setbacks, and challenges encountered in the wilderness. Pentateuch books offer readers

hope of the Abrahamic covenant's fulfillment due to the obedience of Israelites to the

agreements. When Abraham was asked to leave his hometown, relatives, country, and family, we

assumed the Abrahamic covenant had been fulfilled. However, the fulfillment of this promise is
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elaborated in the Pentateuch by the conquest of Vargin Canaan, the promised land, as the

fulfillment of the promise given to Abraham. These accounts give readers hope for fulfilling

God's promises to Abraham.

At first, the marriage between Abraham and Sarah worries readers, considering God's

promise of many descendants to Abraham. How could this promise be fulfiled if Abraham and

Sarah were getting older yet they did not have a child. Certainly, even Sarah was worried that

she recommended Abraham to sire children with his servant Hagar as the only way to fulfil

God's promise of many descendants. As documented in the Torah, the relationship between

Hagar and Abraham was not without consequences; for instance, the Bible documents that

tension erupted between Sarah and Hagar after her pregnancy resulting in chaos, mistreatment,

and conflict. The Pentateuch account of Abraham's relationship with Hagar is relevant,

particularly in the Abrahamic traditions of Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. In Christianity,

Ishmael (Hagar's child) is documented as a great nation; in Islam religion, Ismael is considered

the greatest prophet in the lineage of prophet Muhammad. Abraham, Hagar, and Ismael's story

highlight the consequences and complexity of human efforts to fulfill God's promises rather than

waiting on God's provision and timing.

The messianic promise is another important fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant

documented in the Pentateuch that gives readers beacons of hope. Traditional Judaism and

Christianity show that Jesus, the promised Messiah who sacrificed his life for the atonement of

Human sins, was the descendant of Abraham through Sarah and Isaac. On the other hand, Islam

believes that Prophet Mohammad was a descendant of Abraham through Hagar and Ishmael.

Through Mohammad and Jesus, Islams and Christians find it fulfilling that God blessed the

descendants of Abraham through Jesus Christ, whom Christians believe is the Messiah. The
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Torah, particularly in the books of Genesis and Leviticus, documents prophecies on the coming

of the Messiah, giving readers hope that the blessings of Abraham's descendants would come

through salvation.

The fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant becomes more imminent and clear through

Jocob's story (Genesis 29-50). Pentateuch records that God blessed Jacod with 13 children, one

daughter and six sons with Leah, while Zilpah, Bilhah, and Rachel each had two sons. It became

clear that Abraham would be a father of a great nation with a multitude of descendants through

Jacob. Another realization in the reader's mind is that Jacob's name was changed to Israel,

signifying the Nation Promised Nations, which was the start of the Abrahamic covenant's

fulfillment. Just as God used Isaac, the only child to Sarah, God used Joseph, Rechel's son, to

play an important role in realizing and fulfilling other Abrahamic Covenant. The Israelite's stay

in Egypt led to the development of the Mosaic Covenant; this creates a notion in the reader's

mind that Mosaic Covenant was made to strengthen or reinforce the commitments made by

Abraham during Abrahamic Covenant. After the liberation of the Israelites from Egypt, Moses

led them to Mount Sinai to reaffirm their commitment to God while in bondage (Exodus 19:1-5).

In conclusion, the chronology of events in the Torah or Pentateuch offers readers hope

that God will truly fulfill His covenant with Abraham. The according to the first five books of

the Hebrew Bible, it's evident that Abrahamic Covenant came first before Mosaic Covenant. The

book of Exodus particularly mentioned that God led Moses to Mount Sinai to make a covenant

with the Israelites after their liberation from bondage in Egypt. This happened after key elements

of the Abrahamic Covenant, such as the father of nations, land, big family, and blessing, had

been fulfilled; thus, in readers' minds, it's an assurance that all other promises would be fulfilled

at God's timing and provision.

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