ProtaStructure Design Guide

RC Beam Design to SNI 284:2019

Version 1.0 November 2023

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................... 3
Notations ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Bending Design ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Rectangular Section ............................................................................................................................. 7
Flanged Section.................................................................................................................................... 9
Flange in Tension .............................................................................................................................. 9
Flange in Compression ..................................................................................................................... 9
Limitation on Bending Reinforcement ............................................................................................... 11
Shear Design .......................................................................................................................................... 11
Minimum Shear Reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 12
Maximum spacing .......................................................................................................................... 12
Torsion Design ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement ................................................................................................ 15
Worked Examples .................................................................................................................................. 16
Example 1: Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section ............................................................................ 16
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 16
Shear Design ................................................................................................................................... 17
Torsion Design ................................................................................................................................ 18
Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement ............................................................................................. 19
Example 2: Double Reinforced Rectangular Section .......................................................................... 20
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 20
Example 3: Singly Reinforced Flanged Section................................................................................... 21
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 21
Shear Design ................................................................................................................................... 23
Maximum spacing .......................................................................................................................... 23
Torsion Design ................................................................................................................................ 24
Thank You… ........................................................................................................................................... 26
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Notations
𝑎 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

𝑎𝑓 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block within the flange depth

𝑏𝑤 Web width for T section or width of rectangular section

𝑏𝑒 Effective flange width

𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum Allowable Distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis

Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

𝑑 reinforcement

Minimum of half of the maximum depth of equivalent rectangular stress block and
𝑑𝑓 thickness of the flange

𝑑𝑠 Diameter of shear link

Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal compression

𝑑′ reinforcement

𝑓𝑐 ′ Specified compressive strength of concrete

𝑓𝑠 ′ Compressive stress in reinforcement under factored loads

𝑓𝑦 Specified yield strength for non-prestressed reinforcement

𝑓𝑦𝑡 Specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement

ℎ Overall thickness, height, or depth of the member

𝑠 The center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement

ℎ𝑓 Thickness of flange

𝑥0 Height of the section enclosed by the shear links

𝑦0 Width of the section enclosed by the shear links

𝐴𝑐𝑝 The area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the concrete cross-section

𝐴𝑙 The total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

𝐴𝑜 Gross area enclosed by torsional shear flow path

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The area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional
𝐴𝑜ℎ reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 Area of longitudinal tension reinforcement

𝐴𝑠1 Area of longitudinal single reinforced tension steel

𝐴𝑠2 Area of longitudinal double reinforced tension steel

𝐴𝑠3 Area of longitudinal double reinforced tension steel for T Section

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 The minimum area of flexural reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 The maximum area of flexural reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 ′ Area of longitudinal compression steel

𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠 The minimum area of one leg of a closed stirrup within spacing s for torsion

𝐴𝑣
𝑠 Area of shear reinforcement within spacing s

𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠 The minimum area of shear reinforcement within spacing s

𝐸𝑠 Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement and structural steel

𝑀𝑢 The factored moment in the section

𝑀𝑢𝑐 Factored moment resisted by the compressed concrete

𝑀𝑢𝑓 Factored moment resisted by the flange of the T section

𝑀𝑢𝑠 Factored moment resisted by the steel

𝑀𝑢𝑤 Factored moment resisted by the web of the T section

𝑇𝑐𝑟 Cracking torsional moment

𝑇𝑣+𝑛 Maximum allowable stress for the combination of shear and torsion stress

𝑇𝑡ℎ Threshold torsional moment

𝑇𝑢 Factored torsional moment at the section

𝑉𝑐 Nominal shear strength provided by concrete

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum allowable shear strength

𝑉𝑢 Factored shear force at section

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The factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of
𝛽1 neutral axis

𝜀𝑐𝑢 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber

Net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement at nominal
𝜀𝑡 strength, excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature

Value of net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement
𝜀𝑡𝑦 used to define a compression-controlled section

𝜑 Strength reduction factor

Modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete

𝜆 relative to normal-weight concrete of the same compressive strength

𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum allowable shear stress

𝜌𝑐𝑝 The perimeter of the rectangular or T section

The perimeter of the area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse
𝜌ℎ torsional reinforcement

The angle between the axis of the strut, compression diagonal, or compression field and
𝜃 the tension chord of the members
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Bending Design
The bending design process for a section is considered for rectangular and flanged sections separately.
According to the SNI 2847:2019, a simplified rectangular stress block is considered for both cases,
explained in detail in the related sections.

Bending is checked for the top edge and bottom edge in a total of six regions:

1. Top-Left (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)

2. Top-Middle (worst case forces in mid-region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
3. Top-Right (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
4. Bottom-Left (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
5. Bottom-Middle (worst case forces in mid-region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
6. Bottom-Right (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)

For each zone, the maximum bending moment M along the entire length of the zone is determined. The
procedures below are followed to design each section separately depending on whether the section is
rectangular or flanged.

Rectangular Section
ProtaStructure considers the following stages for bending design of rectangular sections:

1. 𝑀 = |𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡|

𝜑 = 0.9 SNI 2847:2019, Table

2.
21.2.1

3. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003 SNI 2847:2019, Cl.21.2.2.1

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𝛽1 = 0.7 < 0.85 − 0.006(𝑓𝑐𝑘 − 25) < 0.85 SNI 2847:2019, Table
4.
22.2.2.4.3

𝑓𝑦
5. 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = SNI 2847:2019, R21.2.2.1
𝐸𝑠

6. 𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜀𝑡𝑦 SNI 2847:2019, R.21.2.2

𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑑
7. 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜀𝑡

8. 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥

2𝑀 SNI 2847:2019,
9. 𝑎 = 𝑑 − √𝑑2 − 𝜑 0.85 𝑓𝑢 ′ 𝑏
𝑐 𝑤 cl.21.2.2.4.1

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Single Reinforcement)

𝑀𝑢
a. 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑎
𝜑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

b. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0

c. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 > 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Double Reinforcement)

𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥
1. 𝑀𝑢𝑐 = 𝜑 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑢𝑐
2. 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2 )

3. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2

4. 𝑀𝑢𝑠 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑐

𝑑′
′ 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 (1 − )
5. 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑦

𝑀𝑢𝑠
6. 𝐴𝑠 ′ =
(𝑓𝑠 − 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ) (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
′

𝑀𝑢𝑠
7. 𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

8. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2
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Flanged Section

Flange in Tension
If the section is subjected to the negative moment (flange in tension), the flange part does not
contribute to the moment capacity of the section. Thus, the section is designed similar to the
rectangular section.

Flange in Compression
ProtaStructure considers the following stages for bending design of flanged sections:

1. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

2. 𝜑 = 0.9 ACI318-14, Table 21.2.1

3. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

0.85 17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≤ 28 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.05(𝑓𝑐 ′ −28) ACI318-14,Table
4. 𝛽1 = {0.85 − 28 < 𝑓𝑐 ′ < 55 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑎
7 22.2.2.4.3
0.65 𝑓𝑐 ′ ≥ 55 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑎

𝑓𝑦
5. 𝜀𝑡𝑦 =
𝐸𝑠 ACI318-14, R21.2.2.1

6. 𝜀𝑡 = 𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ACI318-14, R.21.2.2

𝜀𝑐𝑢 𝑑
7. 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ACI318-14, Cl.21.2.2.4.1
𝜀𝑐𝑢 + 𝜀𝑡

8. 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥

Case 1: 𝒂𝒇 ≤ 𝒕𝒇 (Neutral axis is within the flange)

The section is designed as a rectangular section. The only difference is that the term 𝑏𝑤 is
replaced 𝑏𝑓 .
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Case 2: 𝒂𝒇 > 𝒕𝒇 (Neutral axis is within the web)

𝑡𝑓
a. 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑎 ACI318-14, Cl.21.2.2.4.1
𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑑𝑓
b. 𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 𝜑 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑑𝑓 ( 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 ) (𝑑 − )
2
𝑀𝑢𝑓
c. 𝐴𝑠1 =
𝑑𝑓
𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 2 )

d. 𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑓

2 𝑀𝑢𝑤
e. 𝑎 = 𝑑 − √𝑑2 −
𝜑 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Single Reinforcement)

𝑀𝑢𝑤
a. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝑎
𝜑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2

b. 𝐴𝑠3 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0

c. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 + 𝐴𝑠3

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 > 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Double Reinforcement)

𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥
a. 𝑀𝑢𝑐 = 𝜑 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤 (𝑑 − )
2

𝑀𝑢𝑐
b. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝑎
𝜑 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 )

c. 𝑀𝑢𝑠 = 𝑀𝑢𝑤 − 𝑀𝑢𝑐

𝑑′
𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑐𝑢 (1 − )
d. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑓𝑦

𝑀𝑢𝑠
e. 𝐴𝑠 ′ =
𝜑 (𝑓𝑠 − 0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ ) (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
′

𝑀𝑢𝑠
f. 𝐴𝑠3 =
𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )

g. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 + 𝐴𝑠3

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Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

0.25√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
1. 𝐴𝑠 ≥ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 SNI 2847:2019, Cl.9.6.1.3
1.4
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
{ 𝑓𝑦

0.85 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑤
SNI 2847:2019,
2. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑓𝑦
Cl.18.6.3.1
0.025 𝑏𝑤 d

Shear Design
1. 𝑉𝑢 = Design Shear Force

𝜑 = 0.75 SNI 2847:2019, Table

2.
21.2.1

0.75 𝐴𝑙𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

SNI 2847:2019, Table
3. 𝜆 = {0.85 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
19.2.4.2
1.00 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝑁
0.17 (1 + 14 𝑢𝐴 ) 𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (𝑁𝑢 > 0 ) SNI 2847:2019,
𝑔 Cl.22.5.6.1
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 (1 + 𝑁𝑢
3.5 𝐴𝑔
) 𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (𝑁𝑢 < 0 ) SNI 2847:2019, Cl
4.
′
{ 0.17 𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 (𝑁𝑢 = 0 ) 22.5.7.1
SNI 2847:2019, Table
22.5.5.1

SNI 2847:2019, Cl
5. 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜑 0.66 √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
25.5.1.2

𝝋 𝑽𝒄
𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 ≤
𝟐
No shear reinforcement is required. However, minimum shear reinforcement is provided for
safety.

𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛
=
𝑠 𝑠

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:
 Page - 12

𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜑 𝑉𝑐
=
𝑠 𝜑 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 > 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙

The design process is failed. The section is not sufficient to resist the applied shear force. Resize
the section.

Limitation on Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

𝑏𝑤
0.062 √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑡 SNI 2847:2019, Table
≥ = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑠 𝑠 𝑏𝑤 9.6.3.3
0.35
{ 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Maximum spacing

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 − 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 √𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

𝑑
𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 2 SNI 2847:2019, Table
600 𝑚𝑚 9.7.6.2.2

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 − 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 √𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

𝑑
𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 4 SNI 2847:2019, Table
300 𝑚𝑚 9.7.6.2.2
 Page - 13

Torsion Design

The following stages are followed during the torsion design of the section.

1. 𝑇𝑢 = Design Torsional Moment

𝜑 = 0.75 SNI 2847:2019, Table

2.
21.2.1

3. Section’s torsional properties are evaluated according to the following table.

Section Rectangular T-Section L-Section

Parameters Section

𝒙𝟏 𝑏𝑤 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑤 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 𝑏𝑤 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠

𝒚𝟏 ℎ − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 ℎ − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 ℎ − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠

𝒃𝒇 - 𝑏𝑤 + min[ 2 (ℎ − 𝑡𝑓 ) ,8 𝑡𝑓 ] 𝑏𝑤 + min[( ℎ − 𝑡𝑓 ),4 𝑡𝑓 ]

𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝑏𝑤 ℎ 𝑏𝑤 ( ℎ − 𝑡𝑓 ) + 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 𝑏𝑤 ( ℎ − 𝑡𝑓 ) + 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓

𝝆𝒄𝒑 2 ( 𝑏𝑤 + ℎ ) 2 ( ℎ + 𝑏𝑓 ) 2 ( ℎ + 𝑏𝑓 )

𝑨𝒐𝒉 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑥1 𝑦1

𝑨𝒐 0.85 𝐴𝑜ℎ 0.85 𝐴𝑜ℎ 0.85 𝐴𝑜ℎ

𝝆𝒉 2 ( 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ) 2 ( 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ) 2 ( 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 )

0.75 𝐴𝑙𝑙 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

SNI 2847:2019, Table
4. 𝜆 = {0.85 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
19.2.4.2
1.00 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 Page - 14

𝐴𝑐𝑝 2 SNI 2847:2019, Cl

5. 𝑇𝑡ℎ = 0.083 𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′ ( )
𝜌𝑐𝑝 22.7.4.1(a)(c)

𝐴𝑐𝑝 2 SNI 2847:2019, Cl

6. 𝑇𝑐𝑟 = 0.33 𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′ ( )
𝜌𝑐𝑝 22.7.5.1(c)

𝑉𝑐
7. 𝑇𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 𝜑 ( + 0.66 √𝑓𝑐 ′ ) SNI 2847:2019, Table
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
22.7.7.1(a)

𝑉𝑢 2 𝑇 𝜌 SNI 2847:2019, Table

8. 𝑇𝑣+𝑛 = √(𝑏 ) + (1.7𝑢𝐴 ℎ 2 )2
𝑤𝑑 𝑜ℎ 22.7.7.1(a)

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 > 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

The beam design process is terminated as section size is insufficient to withstand the applied
shear and torsion. Section Dimension needs to be modified.

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

The section is adequate. ProtaStructure continues the torsion design process, considering the
following steps.

Case: 𝑻𝒖 < 𝝋 𝑻𝒕𝒉

No additional transverse reinforcement is required according to the provision of SNI 2847:2019.

𝐴𝑣
=0 SNI 2847:2019, Cl 22.7.1.1
𝑠

Case: 𝝋 𝑻𝒕𝒉 < 𝑻𝒖 < 𝝋 𝑻𝒄𝒓

The required closed stirrup due to torsion for one leg is:

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
= SNI 2847:2019, Cl 9.6.4
𝑠 𝑠

Additional longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion is:

𝐴𝑙 = 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 SNI 2847:2019, Cl

9.6.4.3(a)(b)
 Page - 15

Case: 𝑻𝒖 > 𝝋 𝑻𝒄𝒓

The required closed stirrup due to torsion for one leg is:

𝐴𝑡 𝑇𝑢 ⁄𝜑
= SNI 2847:2019, Cl 22.7.6.1(a)
𝑠 2 𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦𝑡 cot 𝜃

Additional longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion is:

𝑇𝑢 ⁄𝜑 𝜌ℎ
𝐴𝑙 = SNI 2847:2019, Cl 22.7.6.1(b)
2 𝐴𝑜 𝑓𝑦 cot 𝜃

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

Compression strut angle ( 𝜽 ): According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.22.7.6.2(a)), θ shall not
be taken less than 30 degrees nor greater than 60 degrees. The program uses a default value of 45
degrees.

30° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 60° SNI 2847:2019, Cl

22.7.6.1.2(a)

Minimum transverse reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.3), minimum
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.175 𝑏𝑤
≥ = SNI 2847:2019, Cl.9.6.4.3
𝑠 𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡

Minimum longitudinal reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.3) minimum
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.42√𝑓𝑐 ′ − 𝜌ℎ
𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑙 ≥ 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 SNI 2847:2019, Cl.9.6.4.3
𝐴𝑐𝑝 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.42√𝑓𝑐 ′ − 𝜌ℎ
{ 𝑓𝑦 𝑠 𝑓𝑦

Total transverse reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.2), minimum
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

𝑏𝑤
0.062 √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
+ 2 ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 SNI 2847:2019,Cl.9.6.4.2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑏𝑤
0.35
{ 𝑓𝑦𝑡
 Page - 16

Worked Examples

Example 1: Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

Design a rectangular beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 220 kN.m, a shear force
of 80 kN, and a torsional moment of 30 kN.m, with the properties shown below:

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒇𝒄 ′ 30

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒚 400

𝒅 469 𝒇𝒚𝒕 240

𝒅′ 36 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀𝑢 = 220 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 220 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝜑 = 0.9

3. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

400
4. 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = = 0.002
200000

5. 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 + 0.002 = 0.005

0.003 × 469
6. 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 174 𝑚𝑚
0.003 + 0.005

0.05 × (30 − 28)

7. 𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.836
7

8. 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.836 × 174 = 146 𝑚𝑚

2 ×220×106
9. 𝑎 = 469 − √4692 − 0.9×0.85 ×30× 250 = 92𝑚𝑚
 Page - 17

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Single Reinforcement)

220 × 106
𝐴𝑠1 = = 1460 𝑚𝑚2
a. 92
0.9 × 400 × (469 − 2 )

b. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0

c. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 1460 + 0 = 1460 𝑚𝑚2

Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

0.25√30
× 250 × 469
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 = 406 𝑚𝑚2
a. 1.4
{ 400 × 250 × 469

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025 × 250 × 469 = 2903 𝑚𝑚2

b.
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ✔
c.

Shear Design

1. 𝑉𝑢 = 90 𝑘𝑁 = 90000 𝑁

2. 𝜑 = 0.75

3. 𝜆 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

4. 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 × 1.0 × √30 × 250 × 469 = 108.13 𝑘𝑁

5. 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.66 × √30 × 250 × 469) = 314.84 𝑘𝑁

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:

𝐴𝑣 90 − 0.75 × 108.13
= = 0.11 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠 0.75 × 240 × 469
 Page - 18

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

250
𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.062 × √30 ×
< = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 240 = 0.36 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚𝑚 Minimum is provided
𝑠 𝑠 250
0.35 ×
240

Maximum spacing

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 − 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 > 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 √𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

469
𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 2 = 232 𝑚𝑚
600

Torsion Design

1. 𝑇𝑢 = 30 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 30 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝜑 = 0.75

3. Section’s torsional properties are evaluated according to the following table.

Section Rectangular
Values Units
Parameters Section

𝒙𝟏 𝑏𝑤 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 250 − 2 ∗ 15 − 8 = 212 𝑚𝑚

𝒚𝟏 ℎ − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 500 − 2 ∗ 15 − 8 = 462 𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝑏𝑤 ℎ 250 ∗ 500 = 125000 𝑚𝑚2

𝝆𝒄𝒑 2 ( 𝑏𝑤 + ℎ ) 2 ∗ (250 + 500 ) = 1500 𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒐𝒉 𝑥1 𝑦1 212 ∗ 462 = 97944 𝑚𝑚2

𝑨𝒐 0.85 𝐴𝑜ℎ 0.85 ∗ 97944 = 83252.4 𝑚𝑚2

𝝆𝒉 2 ( 𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ) 2 ∗ ( 212 + 462 ) = 1348 𝑚𝑚

 Page - 19

4. 𝜆=1

1250002
5. 𝑇𝑡ℎ = 0.083 × 1 × √30 × ( ) = 4735517.9 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
1500

1250002
6. 𝑇𝑐𝑟 = 0.33 × 1 × √30 ( ) = 18827962.9 𝑁. 𝑚
1500

108.13
7. 𝑇𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 0.75 ∗ (250∗469 + 0.66 √30) = 3.41 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

90000 2 30×106 ∗ 1348 2

8. 𝑇𝑣+𝑛 = √( ) +( ) = 2.59 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250∗469 1.7 ∗97944 2

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

The section is adequate. ProtaStructure continues the torsion design process, considering the
following steps.

Case: 𝑻𝒖 > 𝝋 𝑻𝒄𝒓

The required closed stirrup due to torsion for one leg is:

𝐴𝑡 30 × 106 ⁄0.75 𝑚𝑚2

= = 1.0
𝑠 2 ∗ 83252.4 ∗ 240 ∗ cot 45 𝑚𝑚

Additional longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion is:

30 × 106 ⁄0.75 ∗ 1348

𝐴𝑙 = = 810 𝑚𝑚2
2 ∗ 83252.4 ∗ 400 ∗ cot 45

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.175 ∗ 250

≥ = = 0.182 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠 𝑠 240

Minimum longitudinal reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.3),

minimum transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

125000 240
𝐴𝑙 ≥ 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.42√30 × − 0.182 × 1348 × = 571 𝑚𝑚2
400 400

Total transverse reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.2), minimum
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

Av At
+ 2 = 0.36 + 2 ∗ 1 = 2.36 mm2 /mm
s s
 Page - 20

Example 2: Double Reinforced Rectangular Section

Design a rectangular beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 350 kN.m with the
properties shown below:

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒇𝒄 ′ 30

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒚 400

𝒅 465 𝒇𝒚𝒕 240

𝒅′ 31 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀𝑢 = 350 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 350 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝜑 = 0.9

3. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

400
4. 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = = 0.002
200000

5. 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 + 0.002 = 0.005

0.003 × 465
6. 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 174 𝑚𝑚
0.003 + 0.005

0.05 × (30 − 28)

7. 𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.836
7

8. 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.836 × 174 = 146 𝑚𝑚

9. 2 × 350 × 106
𝑎 = 465 − √4652 − = 158 𝑚𝑚
0.9 × 0.85 × 30 × 250

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 > 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Double Reinforcement)

146
1. 𝑀𝑢𝑐 = 0.9 × 0.85 × 30 × 146 × 250 (465 − ) = 328368600 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2

328368600
2. 𝐴𝑠1 = = 2327 𝑚𝑚2
146
0.9 × 400 (465 − )
2
 Page - 21

3. 𝑀𝑢𝑠 = 350 × 106 − 328368600 = 21631400 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

31
4. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {200000 × 0.003 × (1 − 174) = 400 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
400

21631400
5. 𝐴𝑠 ′ = = 148 𝑚𝑚2
0.9 × (400 − 0.85 ∗ 30) × (465 − 31)

21631400
6. 𝐴𝑠2 = = 139 𝑚𝑚2
0.9 × 400 × (465 − 31)

7. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 2327 + 139 = 2466 𝑚𝑚2

Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

0.25 × √30
× 250 × 465
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 = 407 𝑚𝑚2
1. 1.4
{ × 250 × 465
400

2. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025 × 250 × 465 = 2906 𝑚𝑚2 ✔

Example 3: Singly Reinforced Flanged Section

Design a flanged beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 650 kN.m and a transverse
shear force of 70 kN, and a torsional moment of 30 kN.m with the properties shown below:

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒉𝒇 120

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒄 ′ 30

𝒅 465 𝒇𝒚 400

𝒅′ 36 𝒇𝒚𝒕 240

𝒃𝒇 560 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀𝑢 = 650 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 650 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

 Page - 22

2. 𝜑 = 0.9

3. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.003

0.05 × (30 − 28)

4. 𝛽1 = 0.85 − = 0.836
7

420
5. 𝜀𝑡𝑦 = = 0.002
200000

6. 𝜀𝑡 = 0.003 + 0.002 = 0.005

0.003 × 465
7. 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 174 𝑚𝑚
0.003 + 0.005

8. 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.836 × 174 = 146 𝑚𝑚

2 × 650 × 106
9. 𝑎𝑓 = 465 − √4652 − = 126 𝑚𝑚
0.9 × 0.85 × 30 × 560

Case: 𝒂𝒇 > 𝒕𝒇 (Neutral axis is within the web)

𝑡𝑓
a. 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑎 = 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑥

120
𝑀𝑢𝑓 = 0.9 × 0.85 × 30 × 120 × ( 560 − 250) (465 − )
b. 2
= 345764700 N. mm

345764700
c. 𝐴𝑠1 = = 2134.35 𝑚𝑚2
120
400 × (465 − 2 )

d. 𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 650 × 106 − 345764700 = 304235300 N. mm

2 × 304235300
e. 𝑎 = 465 − √4652 − = 133 mm
0.9 × 0.85 × 30 × 250

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝒂 ≤ 𝒂𝒎𝒂𝒙 (Single Reinforcement)

304235300
a. 𝐴𝑠2 = = 2121 𝑚𝑚2
133
0.9 × 400 × (465 − 2 )

b. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 2134.35 + 2121 = 4256 𝑚𝑚2

 Page - 23

Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

0.25 × √30
× 250 × 465
1. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 400 = 407 𝑚𝑚2
1.4
{ × 250 × 465
400

2. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025 × 250 × 465 = 2906 𝑚𝑚2

3. 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠1 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 ✔

Shear Design

1. 𝑉𝑢 = 90 𝑘𝑁 = 90000 𝑁

2. 𝜑 = 0.75

3. 𝜆 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡)

4. 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17 × 1.0 × √30 × 250 × 465 = 108243.67 𝑁

5. 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 (0.66 × √30 × 250 × 465 ) = 315180 𝑁

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝑽𝒖 ≤ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:

𝐴𝑣 90000 − 0.75 × 108243.67

= = 0.105 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚𝑚
𝑠 0.75 × 240 × 465

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

250
𝐴𝑣 𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.062 × √30 ×
< = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 240 = 0.365 𝑚𝑚2 ⁄𝑚𝑚 Provide Minimum
𝑠 𝑠 250
0.35 ×
240

Maximum spacing

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝑽𝒖 − 𝝋 𝑽𝒄 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 √𝒇𝒄 ′ 𝒃𝒘 𝒅

465
𝑠 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 2 = 232 𝑚𝑚
600 𝑚𝑚
 Page - 24

Torsion Design

1. 𝑇𝑢 = 30 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 = 30 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝜑 = 0.75

3. Section’s torsional properties are evaluated according to the following table.

Section
Rectangular Section Values Units
Parameters

𝒙𝟏 𝑏𝑤 − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 250 − 2 ∗ 15 − 8 = 212 𝑚𝑚

𝒚𝟏 ℎ − 2𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 500 − 2 ∗ 15 − 8 = 462 𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝑏𝑤 (ℎ − ℎ𝑓 ) + ( 𝑏𝑒 × ℎ 𝑓 ) 250 (500 − 120) + (560 × 120) = 162200 𝑚𝑚2

𝝆𝒄𝒑 2 ( 𝑏𝑒 + ℎ ) 2 × (560 + 500 ) = 2120 𝑚𝑚

𝑨𝒐𝒉 𝑥0 𝑦0 212 ∗ 462 = 97944 𝑚𝑚2

𝑨𝒐 0.85 𝐴𝑜ℎ 0.85 ∗ 97944 = 83252.4 𝑚𝑚2

𝝆𝒉 2 ( 𝑥0 + 𝑦0 ) 2( 212 + 462 ) = 1348 𝑚𝑚

4. 𝜆=1

1622002
5. 𝑇𝑡ℎ = 0.083 × 1 × √30 × ( ) = 5641629.46 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
2120

1622002
6. 𝑇𝑐𝑟 = 0.33 × 1 × √30 × ( ) = 22430574.9 𝑁. 𝑚
2120

108243.67
7. 𝑇𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 0.75 ∗ ( 250∗465
+ 0.66 √30) = 3.41 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

8. 90000 2 30 × 106 ∗ 1348 2

𝑇𝑣+𝑛 = √( ) +( ) = 2.60 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250 ∗ 465 1.7 ∗ 979442

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

The section is adequate. ProtaStructure continues the torsion design process, considering the
following steps.

Case: 𝑻𝒖 > 𝝋 𝑻𝒄𝒓

The required closed stirrup due to torsion for one leg is:
 Page - 25

𝐴𝑡 30 × 106 ⁄0.75
= = 1.621 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠 2 ∗ 83252.4 ∗ 240 ∗ cot 45

Additional longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion is:

30 × 106 ⁄0.75 ∗ 1348

𝐴𝑙 = = 1311.34 𝑚𝑚2
2 ∗ 83252.4 ∗ 400 ∗ cot 45

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.175 ∗ 250

≥ = = 0.182 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚 ✔
𝑠 𝑠 240

Minimum longitudinal reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.3),

minimum transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

162200 240
𝐴𝑙 ≥ 𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.42 × √30 × − 0.182 × 1348 × = 785.62 𝑚𝑚2 ✔
400 400

Total transverse reinforcement: According to the provision of SNI 2847:2019 (Cl.9.6.4.2), minimum
transverse reinforcement shall not be less than the limit provided below:

Av At
+ 2 = 0.365 + 2 × 1.621 = 3.607 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
s s
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