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Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation System
Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generation System
Abstract—This study addresses a grid-connected photovoltaic power supplies (UPS), high-intensity discharge lamps for
(PV) generation system. In order to make the PV generation automobile headlamps, and the telecommunications industry
system more flexible and expandable, the backstage power circuit [8]–[11]. The conventional boost converters cannot provide
is composed of a high step-up converter and a pulsewidth-modu-
lation (PWM) inverter. In the dc–dc power conversion, the high such a high dc voltage gain, even for an extreme duty cycle.
step-up converter is introduced to improve the conversion effi- It also may result in serious reverse-recovery problems, and
ciency of conventional boost converters and to allow the parallel increase the rating of all devices. As a result, the conversion ef-
operation of low-voltage PV modules. Moreover, an adaptive total ficiency is degraded and the electromagnetic interference (EMI)
sliding-mode control system is designed for the current control of problem is severe under this situation [12]. In order to increase
the PWM inverter to maintain the output current with a higher
power factor and less variation under load changes. In addition, the conversion efficiency and voltage gain, many modified
an adaptive step-perturbation method is proposed to achieve the boost converter topologies have been investigated [13]–[17].
objective of maximum power point tracking, and an active sun Although voltage-clamped techniques are manipulated in the
tracking scheme without any light sensors is investigated to make converter design to overcome the severe reverse-recovery
PV plates face the sun directly in order to capture maximum problem of the output diode in high-level voltage applications,
irradiation and enhance system efficiency. Experimental results
are given to verify the validity of the high step-up converter, the there still exist switch over-voltage stresses, and the voltage
PWM inverter control, the ASP method, and the active sun tracker gain is limited by the turn-on time of the auxiliary switch [13],
for a grid-connected PV generation system. [14]. Wai and Duan [17] investigated a novel coupled-inductor
Index Terms—Active sun tracking scheme, adaptive step-pertur- converter strategy to increase the voltage gain of a conven-
bation (ASP) method, high step-up converter, photovoltaic (PV) tional boost converter with a single inductor, as well to deal
generation system, pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) inverter, total with the problem of the leakage inductor and demagnetization
sliding-mode control (TSMC). of the transformer in a conventional coupled-inductor-based
converter. In this study, the high step-up converter topology in
[17] is introduced to boost and stabilize the output dc voltage
I. INTRODUCTION of PV modules for the utilization of a dc–ac inverter.
Developments in microelectronics and power devices have
I N THE PAST century, global surface temperatures have
increased at a rate near 0.6 C/century because of the
global warming taking place due to effluent gas emissions
provided widespread applications of pulsewidth-modulation
(PWM) inverters to industries. A PWM inverter used for a
grid-connected scheme is controlled in order to produce an
and increasing CO [1], [2]. Problems with energy supplies
output current in phase with the utility voltage for obtaining a
and use are related not only to global warming but also to
unity power factor (PF). The performance is evaluated by the PF,
such environmental concerns as air pollution, acid precip-
the transient response, and the efficiency. Thus, much attention
itation, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and radioactive
has been paid to the closed-loop regulation of PWM inverters to
emissions. To prevent these effects, some potential solutions
achieve good dynamic response for the grid-connected scheme
have evolved including energy conservation through improved
in the past decade [18]–[21]. Variable structure control (VSC)
energy efficiency, a reduction in fossil fuel use and an increase
with sliding mode, or sliding-mode control (SMC), is one of the
in environmentally friendly energy supplies. Recently, energy
effective nonlinear robust control approaches since it provides
generated from clean, efficient and environmentally friendly
system dynamics with an invariance property to uncertainties
sources has become one of the major challenges for engineers
once the system dynamics are controlled in the sliding mode
and scientists. Among them, photovoltaic (PV) application
[22], [23]. The insensitivity of the controlled system to uncer-
has received a great attention in research because it appears
tainties exists in the sliding mode, but not during the reaching
to be one of the most efficient and effective solutions to this
phase, i.e., the system dynamic in the reaching phase is still
environmental problem [3]–[7].
influenced by uncertainties. Recently, some researchers have
Dc–dc converters with high voltage gain are required in many
adopted the idea of total SMC (TSMC) to get a sliding motion
industrial applications, such as front-end stages for clean-en-
through the entire state trajectory [24]–[26]. Since there is no
ergy sources, dc back-up energy systems for uninterruptible
reaching phase in TSMC, the motion of the controlled system
is never influenced by uncertainties. This study attempts to
Manuscript received January 5, 2006; revised April 27, 2007, June 26, 2007, extend an adaptive TSMC (ATSMC) from [25] to the current
and July 6, 2007. This work was supported in part by the National Science
Council of Taiwan, R.O.C. through Grant Number NSC 95-2221-E-155-070- control of a PWM inverter. Up to now, this is the first time to
MY3. This paper was recommended by Associate Editor D. Masimovic. investigate the application of TSMC to the power electronics
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Yuan Ze Uni- control.
versity, Chung Li 32003, Taiwan, R.O.C. (e-mail: rjwai@saturn.yzu.edu.tw;
s927104@mail.yzu.edu.tw). In general, PV modules have nonlinear voltage-current char-
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCSI.2008.919744 acteristics, and there is only one unique operating point for a PV
1549-8328/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
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954 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 3, APRIL 2008
generation system with a maximum output power under a par- II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
ticular environmental condition. However, the maximum power
point varies with irradiation and temperature, so that the max- In this study, the configuration of a grid-connected PV gen-
imum power point tracking (MPPT) at all atmospheric situa- eration system is depicted in Fig. 1. The system connected with
tions is a challenging problem. In the past decade, many MPPT a utility power is mainly composed of PV modules, an active
methods have been applied to PV generation systems for ex- sun tracker, a high step-up converter, a full-bridge inverter, and
acting maximum available powers from PV modules, e.g., in- a system controller. Due to the photo-voltaic effect, the voltage
cremental conductance method [4], perturbation and observa- of a PV cell is not very high. Because PV panels in a series
string are constrained to all conduct the same current, the least
tion (P&O) method [27]–[29], and voltage-and current-based
efficient cell sets this string current, which may spell failure
method [30], [31], etc. The P&O method, which measures the
when one cell of a string is inactive. The overall efficiency of
variations of power and voltage to judge the momentary re-
the PV array is reduced to the efficiency of this least efficient
gion and change the reference voltage for operating close to
cell. It means that PV panels in a series string must be given the
the maximum power point, is often used because of its simple
same orientation and be of identical size for obtaining a higher
structure and fewer measured parameters [28], [29]. Although
output voltage. Besides, the corresponding output voltage
the P&O method is easy to realize, the reference voltage still
is varied easily with respect to the variation of loads. In order to
varies periodically when the MPPT is reached, so that it may
satisfy the requirement of high-voltage demand, a dc–dc con-
cause oscillation phenomena around the maximum power point,
verter with high voltage gain is one of the essential mechanisms
causing extra power losses. For this reason, an adaptive step-per- in the grid-connected PV generation system. In this study, a high
turbation (ASP) method modified from the conventional P&O step-up converter [17] is implemented to reduce the series-con-
method is proposed to obtain faster tracking response and stable nected numbers of PV modules, to maintain a constant dc bus
operation by perturbing the voltage of PV modules with an adap- voltage for the inverter utilization, and to decouple and
tive voltage step. simplify the inverter control design.
According to different irradiations, the output power of a PV A unipolar PWM full-bridge inverter, including four power
module is substantially changed. For example in Taiwan, the semiconductors and an output inductor, is regarded as the
direction with maximum average irradiations during one year dc–ac power conversion circuit to meet the requirement of grid
is the South, and the corresponding angle of inclination is 23.5 connection. Since the PWM inverter is expected to produce an
so that many PV modules are installed in this posture. However, output current in phase with the utility voltage for obtaining
it could not capture maximum irradiations persistently by this a unity PF, an ATSMC system [25] is introduced by way of
method so that the performance of the PV generation system switching four power semiconductors in this inverter to main-
can not be improved effectively. Nowadays, many researchers tain an output current with a higher PF and less variation
have focused on sun tracking investigations [32]–[35]. Con- under load changes.
ventional sun tracking strategies have light sensors equipped PV modules exhibit nonlinear voltage-current characteris-
on the terminals of PV plates. When the feedback signals from tics, and the maximum power point varies with the irradiation
light sensors are equal, it means that the PV plate directly faces and temperature. At a particular environmental condition, only
the sun and has the maximum irradiation at the corresponding one unique operating point exists to provide the PV generation
position. Unfortunately, the initial proofreading and correcting system with maximum output power. In this study, an ASP
of light sensors are time consuming and the devices’ proper- method is proposed to inject an adaptive step perturbation
ties are easily varied under different operational conditions. In into the voltage of PV modules. Since the step perturbation is
order to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks, this study persistently adjusted in accordance with the variations of the
investigates an active sun tracking scheme without light sensors voltage and power of PV modules, the ASP method boosts the
via the property of open-circuit voltage of PV modules propor- MPPT speed and stability much higher than the conventional
tional to the corresponding irradiation, to follow the trail of the methods, to further reduce extra power losses in the tracking
sun. process.
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WAI AND WANG: GRID-CONNECTED PV GENERATION SYSTEM 955
Generally speaking, the output power of PV modules is sub- lated voltage gain is higher than that of other coupled-inductor-
stantially changed according to different irradiations. To further based converters. In addition, all devices in this scheme also
enhance the capability of the PV generation system, an active have voltage-clamped properties and their voltage stresses are
sun tracker actuated by a synchronous motor is investigated on relatively smaller than the output voltage. Thus, it can select
the basis of the open-circuit voltage of a PV module, for main- low-voltage low-conduction-loss devices, and there are no re-
taining the PV plate in the face of the sun in order to improve verse-recovery currents within the diodes in this circuit. Fur-
the generation efficiency of the fixed-installation PV module, thermore, the closed-loop control methodology is utilized to
and to lower the cost of conventional sun trackers with light sen- overcome the voltage drift problem of the power source under
sors. Incidentally, it is unnecessary to modify the original circuit the load variations. As a result, this converter topology can in-
framework of the grid-connected PV generation system because crease the voltage gain of a conventional boost converter with
of the sole requirement of the open-circuit voltage of PV mod- a single inductor, and deal with the problem of the leakage in-
ules in the active sun tracking scheme. ductor and demagnetization of the transformer for a coupled-in-
In this study, the PWM inverter control, the ASP method, and ductor-based converter.
the active sun tracking scheme are carried out using Turbo C lan- The major symbol representations are summarized as follows.
guage inserted into a system controller, i.e., a digital-signal-pro- and denote dc input voltage and current, and is an
cessor (DSP) development module. This development module input filter capacitor in the PV module input circuit. and
has: Texas Instruments TMS320LF2407A central processing represent individual inductors in the primary and secondary sides
unit with an evaluation module (EVM), 16 channel 10-bit of the coupled inductor , respectively. is a switch in the
analog-to-digital, 4 channel 12-bit digital-to-analog converters primary-side circuit; and are the output voltage command
and programmable I/O ports. The central processing unit has: a and the trigger signal in the feedback control mechanism, respec-
40MIPS 16-bit fixed point DSP core, 16 PWM channels, four tively. and denote a clamped capacitor, a clamped
general purpose timers and two encoder channels. The detailed diode and a rectifier diode in the passive regenerative snubber cir-
functions of the main components in the grid-connected PV cuit. is a high-voltage capacitor in the secondary-side circuit.
generation system are described in the following sections. and are the output diode and the filter capacitor in the
filter circuit, respectively. and describe dc output voltage
III. HIGH STEP-UP CONVERTER and current, respectively, in the dc output circuit.
The architecture of a high step-up converter introduced from The coupled inductor in Fig. 2 is modeled as an ideal trans-
[17] is depicted in Fig. 2, where it contains seven parts: a PV former, a magnetizing inductor , and a leakage inductor
module input circuit, a primary-side circuit, a secondary-side . The turns ratio and coupling coefficient of this
circuit, a passive regenerative snubber circuit, a filter circuit, ideal transformer are defined as
a dc output circuit, and a feedback control mechanism. In this
strategy, a coupled inductor with a lower-voltage-rated switch (1)
is used for raising the voltage gain whether the switch is turned (2)
on or turned off. Moreover, a passive regenerative snubber is
utilized for absorbing the energy of stray inductance so that the where and are the winding turns in the primary and sec-
switch duty cycle can be operated under a wide range; the re- ondary sides, respectively. The voltages across the switch, the
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956 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 3, APRIL 2008
(3)
(4)
B. ATSMC System
The objective of the PWM inverter control is to force the
system state to track a reference output current
, which is designed by the ASP method introduced later.
An ATSMC system, as shown in Fig. 5, is introduced for the
current control of the PWM inverter, where the control error is
chosen as . Define a sliding surface [25]
as
(18)
kHz
Coupled inductor:
H
H
Capacitor:
F V
F V
F V
F V
Switch:
Diode:
(21)
Fig. 14. Experimental results of grid-connected PV generation system with Fig. 15. Experimental results of grid-connected PV generation system with
conventional P&O method (0.3V-step). (a) Tracking response. (b) Transient ASP method. (a) Tracking response. (b) Transient V–P and V–I curve. (c) Steady
V–P and V–I curve. (c) Steady V–P and V–I curve. V–P and V–I curve.
VIII. CONCLUSION
This study has successfully developed a grid-connected PV
generation system. The effectiveness of the high step-up con-
verter, the PWM inverter control, the ASP method, and the ac-
tive sun tracker for a grid-connected PV generation system was
verified by realistic experimentations. According to the experi-
mental results, the conversion efficiency of the high step-up con-
verter at rated power is over 95%, and the overall efficiency in-
cluding the inverter and losses in the sun tracker is over 85%.
Moreover, the output current of the PWM inverter can almost be
maintained in phase with the utility voltage. The corresponding
PF under different loads are higher than 0.98, satisfying the PF
standards in industrial applications. In addition, the realization Fig. 16. Experimental results of grid-connected PV generation system with ac-
of the ASP method provides faster tracking response with 3 s tive sun tracker. (a) Nominal condition. (b) Shading condition.
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WAI AND WANG: GRID-CONNECTED PV GENERATION SYSTEM 963
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with isolated active snubber,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 35, no. 2, born in Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 1974. He received
pp. 496–502, Mar. 1999. his B.S. degree in electrical engineering and the
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[18] P. G. Barbosa, L. G. B. Rolim, E. H. Watanabe, and R. Hanitsch, “Con- eration Energy (Tsang-Hai Press, 2004). He has authored numerous published
trol strategy for grid-connected dc–ac converters with load power factor journal papers in the field of control system applications. His research interests
correction,” Proc. IEE Gen. Trans. and Distri.b, vol. 145, no. 5, pp. include power electronics, motor servo drives, mechatronics, energy technology,
487–491, 1998. and control theory applications.
[19] T. Erika and D. G. Holmes, “Grid current regulation of a three-phase Dr. Wai received the Excellent Research Award in 2000, and the Wu Ta-You
voltage source inverter with an LCL input filter,” IEEE Trans. Power Medal and Young Researcher Award in 2003 from the National Science
Electron., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 888–895, Mar. 2003. Council, R.O.C. In addition, he was the recipient of the Outstanding Research
[20] S. B. Kjaer, J. K. Pedersen, and F. Blaabjerg, “A review of single-phase Award in 2003 and 2007 from the Yuan Ze University, R.O.C.; the Excellent
grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Young Electrical Engineering Award in 2004 from the Chinese Electrical
Appl., vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1292–1306, Sep. 2005. Engineering Society, R.O.C; the Outstanding Professor Award in 2004 and
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964 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS—I: REGULAR PAPERS, VOL. 55, NO. 3, APRIL 2008
2008 from the Far Eastern Y. Z. Hsu-Science and Technology Memorial Wen-Hung Wang was born in Taichung, Taiwan,
Foundation, R.O.C.; the International Professional of the Year Award in 2005 R.O.C., in 1981. He received his B.S. and M.S.
from the International Biographical Centre, U.K., the Young Automatic Control degrees in electrical engineering from Yuan Ze
Engineering Award in 2005 from the Chinese Automatic Control Society, University, Chung Li, Taiwan, R.O.C., in 2003 and
R.O.C., and the Yuan-Ze Lecture Award in 2007 from the Far Eastern Y. Z. 2006, respectively.
Hsu-Science and Technology Memorial Foundation, R.O.C.His biography His research interests include photovoltaic genera-
was listed in Marquis Who’s Who in Science and Engineering in 2004–2009, tion system, power electronics, and adaptive control.
Marquis Who’s Who in 2004–2007, and Leading Scientists of the World (Inter-
national Biographical Centre) in 2005, Marquis Who’s Who in Asia, Marquis
Who’s Who of Emerging Leaders in 2006–2009, and Asia/Pacific Who’s Who
(Rifacimento International) in Vol. VII and VIII.
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