Tutorial Sheet-6

Physics-2 (15B11PH211)
(Even Semester, 2023-24)
Assignment 3: Reflection, Refraction Oblique incidence– s polarisation

1. Explain the following terms:

(a) Stimulated Emission (b) population inversion, and (c) optical pumping [CO1]
2. Why it is impossible to achieve laser action from a two-level energy system? [CO2]
3. A s-polarized wave is incident at an angle 30° from air to Teflon, εr = 2.1. Calculate reflectance (R)
and transmittance (T). Also prove that R + T = 1. [CO2]
4. The half-space region x > 0 and x < 0 are filled with dielectric media of dielectric constants ε1 and
ε2 respectively. There is a uniform electric field in each part. In the right half, the electric field
makes an angle θ1 to the interface. Proof that the corresponding angle θ2 in the left half satisfies the
equation ε1 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡θ1 = ε2 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡θ2 . [CO3]
𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 −𝑅𝑅𝑝𝑝
5. Calculate the degree of polarization of the ordinary wave reflected from the air-glass interface
𝑅𝑅 +𝑅𝑅
𝑛𝑛 𝑝𝑝
(nglass = 1.5) at an angle of incidence 45°. R = 28.1°, Rn = 0.0923 Rp = 0.00851 so D = 0.833 =
83% [CO3]
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6. A ruby laser emits light of wavelength 694.4 nm. If a laser pulse is emitted for 1.2 x 10 s and the
energy released per pulse is 0.15 J (i) what is the length of the pulse? and (ii) how many photons
are there in each pulse? [CO3]
7. A 10 mW continuous laser has an efficiency of 1%. Assume that all input energy is utilized in
pumping atoms to excited states 20 eV above the ground state. Find how many atoms are promoted
to the excited state in one second. [CO3]
8. Estimate the possibility of stimulated emission at 300K and λ = 600 nm. Explain why laser action
is not possible under such circumstances. [CO3]
9. Imagine yourself lying on the floor of a pool filled with water (n = 1.33), looking straight upwards.
How large a plane angle does the field of view beyond the pool subtend? [CO2]

Extra Questions:
1. State what happens to reflected and transmitted waves if the incidence angle is (a) equal to the
critical angle. (b) greater than the critical angle. [CO4]
2. Discuss various pumping methods used in the Lasers for obtaining population inversion. [CO2]
3. Differentiate between spontaneous and stimulated emissions. [CO2]
4. What is the ratio of the stimulated emission to spontaneous emission at a temperature of 300 K
for emission wavelength λ = 590 nm. [CO3]
5. Why does a three-level laser normally provide pulsed output? [CO1]
6. Can we obtain light amplification in the absence of stimulated emission? [CO4]
7. For a two-level system, the population of atoms in the upper and lower levels are 3×1018 and
0.7×1018, respectively. If the coefficient of stimulated emission is 3.0×105 m3/W-s3 and the energy
density is 9.0 J/m3-Hz. Find the rate of stimulated emission. [CO3]