Science 10

Quarter 3 - Module 1
Reproductive and Endocrine Systems

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Science- Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Reproductive and Endocrine Systems
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Randolph B. Tortola, CESO V

Development Team of the Module

Author/s : Crystal Jade S. Mongas

Content Editor : Loniel D. Barro, PhD
Language Editor : Maria Luisa M. Casiño
Reviewers : Ellen A. Azuelo, PhD, Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, PhD
Illustrator and Layout Artist : Crystal Jade S. Mongas

Management Team
Chairperson : Arturo B. Bayocot, PhD, CESO III
Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons : Victor G. De Gracia Jr., PhD, CESO V
Assistant Regional Director
: Randolph B. Tortola, PhD, CESO IV
Schools Division Superintendent
: Shambaeh A. Abantas-Usman, PhD
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
: Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

Members : Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS

Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM
Elbert R. Francisco, CID Chief
Ellen A. Azuelo, EPS-Science
Rejynne Mary L. Ruiz, LRMDS Manager
Jeny B. Timbal, PDO II
Shella O. Bolasco, Librarian II

Printed in the Philippines by

Department of Education – Division of Bukidnon
Office Address: Sumpong, Malaybalay City
Telephone: (088) 813-3634
E-mail Address: bukidnon@deped.gov.ph

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 What’s New

LET’S TRY THIS!

Direction: Observe the picture found at the center of the model. Connect your
observations to your prior knowledge and make your inferences. Put your
answers in each box.

Figure 1.1
Frayer’s Model

What Is It

You have learned that cells make up a tissue, then tissues make up an organ, and
organs make up a system. Let us now understand the organ system to know specifically
how the individual cells of the male reproductive system work. By the way, the reproductive
system of humans does not fully become active until an individual reaches puberty.
The male reproductive system performs the following functions:
1. secretion of the male sex hormones
2. production of sperm cells
3. transfer of sperm cells
The male reproductive
system includes the
structures seen in Figure
1.2. The male gonads are
the testes (singular:
testis) hanging in the
scrotum. Sperm
production requires a
slightly lower temperature
than the human body that
is why the scrotum hangs
loosely outside the body
cavity. However, when
the testis fails to descend,
Figure 1.2 Parts of the Male Reproductive System
Source: Science 10 Learner’s Material it leads to sterility
because of the inhibiting
effect of normal body temperature on sperm development.

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 To summarize, the male reproductive system consists of the following
important structures:

Part Function
Testis produces sperm cells
Scrotum a sac that holds the testis
Penis places sperm into the vagina during mating
Tube (vas deferens) carries sperm from the testes to the urethra
Urethra carries sperm out of the body
Gland provides liquid in which sperm can swim
a. seminal vesicle secretes one of the components of the semen
b. prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that is discharged into the urethra
as part of the semen
c. Cowper’s gland or a mucous secreting gland located at the base of the
Bulbourethral gland penis

In this section, each of the male reproductive parts is discussed.

Scrotum
The scrotum consists of skin. In cold temperatures, the scrotum becomes
firm and wrinkled, reducing the overall size of the scrotum.
Testes
The testes are organs within the scrotum each about 4-5 cm long and are
composed of cone-shaped lobules that contain seminiferous tubules, in which sperm
cells develop.
Epididymis
Epididymis is a tightly coiled series of thread-like tubules that form a comma-
shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes. The sperm cells continue to mature
along this tube.
Vas deferens
From the epididymis, the sperm moves to this tube up to the ampulla of the
ductus deferens. The wall of this tube is composed of smooth muscles. The vas
deferens emerges from the epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of the
testes to become associated with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the testes.
Ejaculatory Duct
The ejaculatory duct connects into the prostate gland and ends by joining the
urethra within the prostate gland.
Urethra
The urethra is a pathway for both urine and male reproductive fluids, but these
do not exit the urethra at the same time. Thus, there is no mixing. The male urethra
connects from the urinary bladder to the distal end of the penis. While seminal fluid
passes through the urethra, a reflex causes the urinary sphincter muscles to contract
tightly to keep urine from passing the urinary bladder through the urethra.
Penis
The penis is only an accessory organ for reproduction and not the reproductive
organ itself as most people think of. It is the organ for copulation and it functions in the
transfer of sperm cells from the male to the vagina of the female. It is composed of erectile
tissues and the engorgement of the erectile tissue with blood causes the penis to enlarge

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and become firm in a process called erection.

The Formation of Sperm Cells

Each testis is partitioned into as many as 300 wedge-shaped lobes. Each contains
two to three highly coiled tubes, the seminiferous tubules, and this is where sperms develop.
Although a testis is only about 5 cm long, 125 meters of tubes are packed in it. When sperm
cells move out of the testis, they enter a long, coiled duct, the epididymis. They are not fully
developed at this time, but secretions from the duct walls help them mature. When they are
about to leave the body, they pass through a thick-walled tube called the vas deferens, and
then to the ejaculatory ducts, and finally, to the urethra where they are ejected. When a
male is sexually aroused, sperm cells begin their journey through the vas deferens and then
exit through the urethra. During this time, they collect fluid along the way.
The following glands contribute fluid to the traveling sperm cells: (a) the seminal
vesicles secrete a thick fluid that contains nutrients, (b) the prostate gland secretes a thick,
milky alkaline fluid to counteract the acidic vagina and the urethra and it activates the
sperms, and (c) the bulbourethral gland or Cowper’s gland produces the lubricating effect.
Altogether the sperm and the fluids make up the semen. During a male’s arousal, spongy,
erectile tissues in the penis are filled with blood, causing the penis to become hard, erect,
and enlarged. The semen is expelled during ejaculation passing through the urethral
opening when sexual arousal reaches its peak.
As previously mentioned, the urethra is a common passageway for urine and
semen. However, the nervous system prevents urine from mixing with the semen during
ejaculation. Finally, the penis is an external sex organ that allows the transfer of the semen
into the vagina of the female.

Figure 1.3 The human sperm and its parts (Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse)

Testosterone: The Male Sex Hormone

Testosterone is the main male sex hormone secreted by the testis. This hormone is
responsible for the normal development of the organs of the male reproductive system. It
also brings about the changes experienced during puberty.
The changes that appear at 10 to 14 years of age eventually distinguish the male
secondary characteristics. Secondary male characteristics among males include growth of
facial, underarm, chest, pubic and body hair, enlargement of the voice box, deepening of the
voice, development of the male musculature and increased secretion of sweat and oil.
Moreover, testosterone is responsible for a male’s muscular strength. That is why some
athletes take steroids that contain testosterone or other similar compounds. However, taking
steroids have been proven to produce harmful effects and it may even result to mental
problems.

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 What’s More

TELL ME THE TRUTH!

In this activity, you will describe the parts of the male reproductive system and their
functions.
Direction: Decide whether the description of each part of the male reproductive system is
true or not. Choose A if the statement is true; otherwise choose B if it is not.
1. In cold temperatures, the scrotum becomes firm and wrinkled, thus reducing the overall
size of the scrotum.
2. The penis is composed of epithelial tissues and the engorgement of the erectile tissue
with blood causes the penis to enlarge and become firm.
3. The vas deferens emerges from the epididymis and ascends along the posterior side of
the testes to become associated with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the
testes.
4. Testosterone brings about the changes experienced during puberty in males.
5. The ejaculatory duct extends into the prostate gland and ends by joining the urethra
within the prostate gland.
6. The penis is only an accessory organ for reproduction and not the reproductive organ
itself.
7. The urethra is a pathway for both urine and male reproductive fluids.
8. A man’s testes produce sperm cells which are ejected through ducts during ejaculation.
9. Each testis contains two to three highly coiled tubes, the seminiferous tubules, and this
is where sperms develop.
10. The sperm cells continue to mature along the epididymis.

What’s New

LET’S TRY THIS!

Direction: Observe the picture found at the center of the model. Connect your
observations to your prior knowledge and also make some inferences. Put
your answers in each box.

Figure 2.1 Frayer’s Model

Most organ systems of the body show a little difference for the male and female
organs except in the case of the reproductive system. There is a difference between the
male and the female reproductive systems, although they also share several similarities.
The male and female reproductive organs are developed from the same embryological
structures, and some hormones are the same for them both although they produce different

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responses. The female reproductive system has the following functions:
1. production of female sex cells
2. production of female sex hormones
3. reception of sperm cells from the male
4. nurturing the development of and providing nourishment for the new
individual

Figure 2.2 shows the parts

of the female reproductive
system. The female
reproductive system
performs female sexual
and child-bearing
functions. It consists of a
pair of gonads or the
ovaries, fallopian tube or
oviduct, the uterus, the
vagina, and the external
Figure 2.2 The parts of the female reproductive system genitalia or the vulva. Each
Source: Science 10 Learner’s Material organ performs related
functions such as to
produce eggs, to produce hormones, to receive the sperm cells that will fertilize the
eggs, and to provide for the development of the embryo.
The following describes the function of each part:

Part Function
Ovary produces egg cells
Fallopian Tube or The passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus
Oviduct and the same place where the egg is fertilized
Uterus develops the fertilized egg
Vagina receives the penis of the male during mating

The Ovaries
There are two ovaries each comparable to the size of an almond nut in every
female. It is suspended in the pelvic cavity by a ligament. The ligament extends from each
ovary to the lateral body wall, and the ovarian ligament. The ovary contains an ovarian
follicle, which contains an oocyte or the female germ cell. When follicles mature, they
expand and rupture to release the egg. This process is called ovulation. After ovulation, the
remaining cells of the ruptured follicle transform into a glandular structure known as the
corpus luteum.
Fallopian Tubes
The fallopian tubes extend from the area of the ovaries to the uterus. The long and
thin processes called fimbriae surround the opening of each uterine tube. Fertilization
usually occurs in the part of the uterine tube near the ovary.
Uterus
The uterus is as big as a medium-sized pear. Internally, the uterine cavity continues
through the cervix as the cervical canal, which opens into the vagina. The larger rounded
part is directed superiorly. The part of the uterus superior to the entrance of the uterine
tubes is called the fundus. The main part is called the body, and the narrower part is the
cervix, directed inferiorly.

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Vagina
The vagina is the female organ for copulation, and it functions to receive the penis
during intercourse. It also allows menstrual flow and childbirth. This extends from the uterus
to the outside of the body. In young females, the vaginal opening is covered by a thin
mucous membrane called the hymen. The hymen can completely close the vaginal opening,
in which case it must be removed to allow menstrual flow. This can be torn at some earlier
time in a young female’s life during a variety of activities which may include strenuous
exercise. The condition of the hymen is therefore not a reliable indicator of virginity.
External Genitalia
Figure 2.3 shows the female
external genitalia. The female external
genitalia contain the vestibule and its
surrounding structures. Vestibule is the
space into which the vagina and
urethra open. A pair of thin, longitudinal
skin folds called the labia minora
borders the vestibule. A small erectile
structure called the clitoris is located in
the anterior margin of the vestibule.
The two labium minus unite over the
clitoris to form a fold of skin called the
prepuce skin.
A woman’s ovaries contain
follicles that nurture eggs and produce
Figure 2.3 The female external genitalia sex hormones. Oviducts convey eggs
Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse
to the uterus where a fertilized egg
develops. The uterus opens into the
vagina, which receives the penis during intercourse and serves as the birth canal. The pair
of ovaries, lying on the right and left depressions of the upper pelvic cavity, produces the
mature egg cell. This mature egg cell is swept by the tiny finger-like projections of the
oviducts or fallopian tubes. The egg moves along this tube with the help of the tiny hair or
cilia that line the fallopian tubes. These tubes extend until the uterus. The uterus, an
inverted pear-shaped muscular organ, is where the embryo attaches, specifically on its inner
wall, the endometrium. A female is considered pregnant when successful implantation
happens. The cervix, an important reproductive part during birthing, is the neck of the uterus
leading to the vaginal canal. It dilates or opens before the delivery of a female. The vagina,
on the other hand, is a long, elastic, muscular canal where menstrual blood and tissues are
expelled from the body. The walls of the vagina provide lubrication and it receives the penis
during copulation. This organ also expands during intercourse and childbirth.

What’s More

YOU COMPLETE ME!

In this activity, you will identify the parts of the female reproductive system and their
functions.

Direction: Complete the following.

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 Part Function

1.

2.

3.

4.

What’s New

WHO AM I?
Direction: Read each of the following riddles and decide which part of the endocrine system
is being described. Choose the CAPITAL LETTER of the correct answer.
A. Pituitary gland E. Adrenal gland
B. Thyroid gland F. Pancreas
C. Parathyroid gland G. Testes
D. Thymus gland H. Ovaries
1. I secrete a hormone which helps to stimulate the lymphoid cells to produce T-cells. I am
the vanishing gland. You need me most during your early childhood years and I begin to
disappear when you reach puberty. I am a member of the endocrine system and
lymphatic system. Who am I?
2. I am a good friend of the sympathetic nervous system and I play a role in preparing your
body to handle emergencies. There are two of me in your body and I help you decide
whether to fight or flight. Who am I?
3. You can thank me for all the muscles you have and your deep voice. I am also the
reason why you shave every day. I play a role in reproduction by allowing you to produce
sperm cells. Who am I?
4. I control your mood. I control how sweet you are. I keep your blood sugar within the
normal limits. If your blood sugar is too high, I produce insulin and if it is too low, I
produce glucagon. I also play a role in your digestion. Who am I?

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5. I am very tiny but I do a lot of tasks in your endocrine system. I help you grow and
develop. I provide milk for nursing moms. The back part of me helps maintain the
balance of water in your body. Moreover, when I release my hormone oxytocin, it will
cause the uterus to contract so a new life can be born. Who am I?
6. Many people say I am shaped like a butterfly. I increase metabolism. Mental and
physical activities are also influenced by me. Who am I?

What Is It

As you go through this lesson, you will be able to understand the role of hormones in
the body. In addition, you should be able to identify the major endocrine glands in the body
and their key functions.
Many endocrine glands make up your endocrine system. One function of this system
is to regulate reproduction and other closely associated phenomena. This system also helps
you to cope with the changes in the environment. In addition, the endocrine system is
responsible for many reactions such as influencing how your heart beats, how your bones and
tissues develop, and even your capacity to have a baby. It plays an essential role in the
occurrence of disorders such as diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and/or sexual
dysfunction. Your endocrine glands also secrete chemicals, called hormones, into the
bloodstream which carries them throughout the body. When a hormone in the blood reaches
the target organ, it produces a significant effect. Moreover, the endocrine system sends
signals all over the body, much like the nervous system. However, unlike the instant
responses activated by the nervous system, the effects can take a few hours or even weeks.

Figure 3.1 The parts of the endocrine system

Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse

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Functions of the Hormones
Hormones help regulate body processes such as growth, development,
metabolism, and response to stimuli. They are like chemical messengers that transport a
signal from one cell to another. Since they circulate all throughout the body, they can
affect many body parts even those situated distance away from the cells that secrete
them. Some processes in the body are coordinated by hormones which regulate and
balance the working of organs, tissues, and cells. Both men and women produce
hormones in the same areas with one exception, the reproductive glands. Extra male
hormones are produced in the testes while female hormones are produced in the ovaries.
In terms of their body effects, they can also vary. Some hormones have short-term effects
while other hormones have influence even in the long term such as those that control our
growth and the changes at the onset of puberty.
During puberty, there are many hormonal changes that happen in your body. One
moment you are laughing, and then suddenly, you feel like crying. Sudden mood swings
are relatively caused by the increasing number of hormones in the body at this stage. It is
therefore important to maintain a positive outlook in life and remember that these changes
are only temporary and will stabilize with time.
Another significant fact about hormones is that they act in very small amounts. If
the organ and hormones do not produce the regulated amount of chemicals to your body, it
may result to an abnormality. This condition is called hormonal imbalance. An increase or
decrease in the hormonal amount may have a significant effect to the body.
Table I. Major Glands in the body, with their functions, locations, and the hormones that
they release.
Gland Location Hormones Released Function
Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Growth
Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (ACTH),
at the base of the Prolactin, Luteinizing Hormone, stimulates growth; controls
brain Follicle Stimulating Hormone the functions of other glands
Pituitary
(FSH)
regulates body metabolism;
below the voice
Thyroid Thyroxin, Calcitonin causes storage of calcium in
box
the bones
controls the calcium levels
Parathyroid in the neck Parathyromone
in your body; normalizes
bone growth

in front of the heart enables the body to

Thymus Thymosin
produce certain
antibodies
prepares the body for
on top of the kidneys
action; controls the heart
Adrenal Adrenaline
rate and breathing in
times of emergency
between the kidneys Insulin, Glucagon regulates blood sugar
Pancreas
levels

Reproductive lower abdomen Androgen, Testosterone control maturation and

male characteristics
Testes
(Male)
influence female traits;
Ovaries lower abdomen Estrogen, Progesterone support reproductive
(Female) function

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 During an emergency, can you still recall how the ambulance driver coped with the
situation by driving efficiently? What do you think is the hormone responsible for this?
Adrenalin is the emergency hormone which helps the driver respond quickly and
accordingly.
The pituitary gland is called the
master gland because it regulates many
body processes. The body needs
certain hormones in different types of
situations. In other words, your
endocrine glands do not release
hormones continuously. Some signals
within your body tell each gland when to
secrete hormones. There are also
signals that tell the gland to stop.
A good example of a gland that
signals other glands to function is the
Figure 3.2 The pituitary and pineal glands pituitary gland. For most living
Source: www.google.com Labeled for Reuse
organisms, reproduction is basically a
normal process controlled by hormones. Even though human reproduction is also
controlled by hormones, the process is more complicated. Unlike other species such as
plants and animals, you can make decisions about reproduction. What can influence these
decisions are your values, emotions, expectations, and goals. However, like any other
living things, humans depend on reproduction for the survival of the species. If people stop
to reproduce, the human species will become extinct.

What’s More

ARE YOU CONTROLLING ME?

In this activity, identify the major endocrine glands in the body and their functions
Direction: Study each picture in the table that depicts the involvement of a certain gland in
the endocrine system. Complete the table by choosing the CAPITAL LETTER of the
endocrine part or gland and explain its effect in the appropriate column. Finally,
answer more guide questions to deepen your mastery on the topic.
A. Pancreas D. Adrenal Gland
B. Thymus Gland E. Ovaries
C. Pituitary Gland

Activity Illustration Part/Gland & the Effect

A kid eating
candies

An ill person
in bed

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 A boy growing
taller

An
ambulance
driver beating
the time

Burning
calories
during
exercise

Guide Questions
A. Fill in the blanks to make the statements correct.
1. The ______________ gland controls the output of the other glands in the body.
2. The ______________ gland is located below the voice box.
3. The ______________ gland is located on the thyroid glands and produces
parathormone that increases blood calcium levels and normalizes bone
growth.
4. The ______________ gland produces parathormone that increases blood
calcium levels and normalizes bone growth.
5. The ______________ is involved when blood sugar level becomes unstable.
6. The ______________ gland enables the body to produce T- cells that help in fighting
infections and diseases.
7. A person born without a ______________ gland will not develop an adaptive
immune system and may eventually die.
8. The ______________gland produces adrenaline that enables the body to
have the energy in doing spontaneous work during emergency situations.
9. The ______________ pills contain hormones that control the functioning of the
ovaries and the uterus.
10. The ______________ and ______________ hormones enable milk production which
provides the needed nourishment of a baby.

Assessment

Multiple Choice. Select the correct answer. Write the CAPITAL LETTER only.
1. When does the reproductive system among humans become active? When an individual
A. grows taller. C. is in college.
B. is in high school D. reaches puberty.
2. Which of the following structures is responsible in producing sperm cells?
A. penis B. prostate gland C. scrotum D. testis

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3. How can a sperm be ejected?
A. through ejaculation C. urination
B. when taking a bath D. blood circulation
4. It carries the sperm from the testes to the urethra.
A. scrotum B. testis C. seminal vesicle D. vas deferens
5. What is the process that causes the penis to enlarge and become firm?
A. ejaculation B. erection C. urination D. gestation
6. Which of the following is the neck of the uterus leading to the vaginal canal?
A. oviduct B. cervix C. endometrium D. hymen
7. A thin mucous membrane which covers the vaginal opening is called ___________.
A. endometrium B. ovary C. oviduct D. hymen
8. It contains the external genitalia.
A. urethra C. vagina
B. vestibule D. mammary glands
9. Which of the following describes an egg cell?
A. gamete B. gonads C. chromosome D. zygote
10. What is the female organ for copulation?
A. ovary B. oviduct C. uterus D. vagina
11. This is known as the emergency hormone.
A. adrenalin B. androgen C. estrogen D. progesterone
12. Which of the following regulates the blood sugar level?
A. pancreas B. parathyroid C. pituitary D. thyroid
13. Which of the following enables the body to produce certain antibodies?
A. pituitary B. parathyroid C. thyroid D. thymus
14. It controls the calcium levels in the body and normalizes the bone growth.
A. pituitary B. parathyroid C. thyroid D. thymus
15. Which system contains a group of glands that release hormones in the body?
A. Circulatory System C. Nervous System
B. Endocrine System D. Respiratory System

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