Final Control Element

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 Typical Control Valve
• The control valve
regulates the rate of
fluid flow as the
position of the valve
plug or disk is
changed by force
from the actuator.

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Pneumatic valves :(a) fail open (air to close)/Direct acting
(b) fail closed (air to open)/Reverse acting 3
Types of plugs for pneumatic valves
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• Inherent flow characteristic refers to the
characteristic observed with a constant
pressure drop across the valve.
• Installed flow characteristic means the one
obtained in service, where the pressure drop
varies with flow and other changes in the
system.
• Valve Gain is the ratio of the change in flow
through the valve to the change in valve travel
under conditions of constant pressure drop.

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Flow capacity Characteristics for various valves (Inherent Characteristics)

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Transfer Function of Control Valve

Pneumatic Valve
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 Frictional force
Force exerted by the compressed air at
exerted upward and
the top of the diaphragm; pressure p is
resulting from the
the signal that opens or closes the
close contact of the
valve and A is the area of the
stem with valve
diaphragm; this force acts downward
packing; C is the
friction coefficient
between stem and
packing

Force exerted by the spring attached to the stem and the

diaphragm; K is the Hook’s constant for the spring and x is
the displacement; it acts upward.

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9
LPG Vaporizer

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Level Control

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