CONDITIONING

Behavioral process whereby a response becomes more frequent or more predictable in a given environment

TYPES THEORY

FORWARD CONDITIONING BACKWARD

CONDITION
SIMULTANEOUS CONDITIONING ING

SECOND-ORDER & HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING

TEMPORAL CONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Unconditioned stimuli (eg dog food) are paired
Behaviour being taught is followed
with a neutral stimulus (a bell) so that the neutral
by reinforcement or punishment
stimulus eventually becomes the conditioned
to either strengthen or weaken it.
stimulus and bring out the conditioned response
Result is behavioural modification
(salivation)
VERSUS or adoption of desired behaviour.

An involuntary response is linked with a stimulus. The link is made between a voluntary
response and the result of it.

Passive. Learning is an unconscious process. The

learner plays np active role in the adoption of Active. The learner changes their
TYPE OF behaviour depending on the
behaviour. The dogs weren’t trying to learn
LEARNING reinforcement or punishment they
anything, and were not aware that learning was
taking place. receive.

Ratio dependent. The reward

Response occurs immediately after the stimulus
TIMING OF THE depends on the ratio and the
has been presented
STIMULUS interval of the behavior

Voluntary. The subject chooses

Reflexive / involuntary/ automatic. The
their response depending on the
dogs” drooling was a natural response that Nature of the response
reinforcement or punishment they
they didn’t control
BOTH receive.

Forms of associative learning. Involve acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination. Are
influenced by biology and cognitive processes.

Other theory: In Bandura’s BOBO DOLL experiment positive reward result in continuation of action and negative punishment

Educational psychology theory: The conditioning theory of learning describes a form of learning where
learning occurs as a result of associating a condition or stimulus with a particular reaction or response.
Human behavior is shaped by habits we pick up in response to certain situations in life and is the outcome
of learning