AL-smadi, K., Imran, M., Leite-Silva, V. R., & Mohammed, Y. (2023).

Vitiligo: A Review of Aetiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and

Psychosocial Impact. Cosmetics, 10(3), 84.
Bellei, B., Papaccio, F., & Picardo, M. (2022). Regenerative Medicine-
Based Treatment for Vitiligo: An Overview. Biomedicines, 10(11), 2744.
Bibeau, K., Pandya, A. G., Ezzedine, K., Jones, H., Gao, J., Lindley, A., &
Harris, J. E. (2022). Vitiligo Prevalence and Quality of Life Among Adults
in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Journal of the European Academy
of Dermatology and Venereology.
Bidaki, R., Majidi, N., Ahmadi, A. M., Bakhshi, H.,Mohammadi, R. S.,
Mostafavi, S. A., ... & Mirzaei, A. (2018).Vitiligo and social acceptance.
Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dermatology, 11, 383.
Erdős, C., Kelemen, O., Pócs, D., Horváth, E., Dudás, N., Papp, A., & Paulik,
E. (2023). Female Sexual Dysfunction in Association with Sexual History,
Sexual Abuse and Satisfaction: A Cross-Sectional Study in
Hungary. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(3), 1112.
Polland, A. R., Davis, M., Zeymo, A., & Iglesia, C. B. (2019). Association
between comorbidities and female sexual dysfunction: findings from the
third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-
3). International urogynecology journal, 30, 377-383.
Saleki, M., & Yazdanfar, A. (2015). Prevalence and frequency of depression in
patients with vitiligo. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, 4, 437-45.
Sawant, N. S., Vanjari, N. A., & Khopkar, U. (2019). Gender Differences in
Depression, Coping, Stigma, and Quality of Life in Patients of Vitiligo.
Dermatology research and practice, 2019.
Silpa-Archa, N., Pruksaeakanan, C., Angkoolpakdeekul, N., Chaiyabutr, C.,
Kulthanan, K., Ratta-Apha, W., & Wongpraparut, C. (2020). Relationship
between depression and quality of life among vitiligo patients: a self-
assessment questionnaire-based study. Clinical, cosmetic and
investigational dermatology, 511-520.
Sukan, M., & Maner, F. (2007). The problems in sexual functions of vitiligo
and chronic urticaria patients. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 33(1), 55-
64.
Abdel‐Malek, Z. A., Jordan, C., Ho, T., Upadhyay, P. R., Fleischer, A., &
Hamzavi, I. (2020). The enigma and challenges of vitiligo pathophysiology
and treatment. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 33(6), 778–787.
Agarwal, K., Podder, I., Kassir, M., Vojvodic, A., Schwartz, R. A., Wollina, U.,
 Valle, Y., Lotti, T., Rokni, G. R., & Grabbe, S. (2020). Therapeutic options
in vitiligo with special emphasis on immunomodulators: A comprehensive
update with review of literature. Dermatologic Therapy, 33(2), e13215.
Al-Refu, K. (2019). Dermoscopy is a new diagnostic tool in diagnosis of
common hypopigmented macular disease: A descriptive study.
Dermatology Reports, 11(1).
AlGhamdi, K. M., & Kumar, A. (2011). Depigmentation therapies for normal
skin in vitiligo universalis. Journal of the European Academy of
Dermatology and Venereology, 25(7), 749–757.
Anbar, T. S., Hegazy, R. A., Picardo, M., & Taieb, A. (2014). Beyond vitiligo
guidelines: combined stratified/personalized approaches for the vitiligo
patient. Experimental Dermatology, 23(4), 219–223.

Bae, J. M., & Lee, R. W. (2020). 365-nm narrowband Wood’s lamp for vitiligo
and hypopigmentation disorders. Journal of the American Academy of
Dermatology, 83(4), e283–e284.

Bae, J. M., Jung, H. M., Hong, B. Y., Lee, J. H., Choi, W. J., Lee, J. H., & Kim,
G. M. (2017). Phototherapy for vitiligo: a systematic review and meta-
analysis. JAMA Dermatology, 153(7), 666–674.
Benzekri, L, & Gauthier, Y. (2017). Clinical markers of vitiligo activity.
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 76(5), 856–862.

Benzekri, L, Gauthier, Y., Hamada, S., & Hassam, B. (2013). Clinical features
and histological findings are potential indicators of activity in lesions of
common vitiligo. British Journal of Dermatology, 168(2), 265–271.
Bergqvist, C., & Ezzedine, K. (2020). Vitiligo: a review. Dermatology, 236(6),
571–592.
Bergqvist, C., & Ezzedine, K. (2021). Vitiligo: A focus on pathogenesis and its
therapeutic implications. The Journal of Dermatology, 48(3), 252–270.
Bertolotti, A., Boniface, K., Vergier, B., Mossalayi, D., Taieb, A., Ezzedine, K.,
& Seneschal, J. (2014). Type I interferon signature in the initiation of the
immune response in vitiligo. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 27(3),
398–407.
Bibeau, K., Pandya, A. G., Ezzedine, K., Jones, H., Gao, J., Lindley, A., &
Harris, J. E. (2022). Vitiligo Prevalence and Quality of Life Among Adults
in Europe, Japan, and the United States. Journal of the European Academy
of Dermatology and Venereology.
Böhm, M., Schunter, J. A., Fritz, K., Salavastru, C., Dargatz, S., Augustin, M.,
& Tanew, A. (2022). S1 Guideline: Diagnosis and therapy of vitiligo.
JDDG: Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft,
20(3), 365–378.
Boniface, K., Seneschal, J., Picardo, M., & Taïeb, A. (2018). Vitiligo: focus on
clinical aspects, immunopathogenesis, and therapy. Clinical Reviews in
Allergy & Immunology, 54(1), 52–67.
Cavalli, G., Hayashi, M., Jin, Y., Yorgov, D., Santorico, S. A., Holcomb, C.,
Rastrou, M., Erlich, H., Tengesdal, I. W., & Dagna, L. (2016). MHC class
II super-enhancer increases surface expression of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ
and affects cytokine production in autoimmune vitiligo. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, 113(5), 1363–1368.
Chaudhary, A., Patel, M., & Singh, S. (2022). Current Debates on
Etiopathogenesis and Treatment Strategies for Vitiligo. Current Drug
Targets, 23(13), 1219–1238.
Czarnowicki, T., He, H., Leonard, A., Kim, H. J., Kameyama, N., Pavel, A. B.,
Li, R., Estrada, Y., Wen, H.-C., & Kimmel, G. W. (2019). Blood
endotyping distinguishes the profile of vitiligo from that of other
inflammatory and autoimmune skin diseases. Journal of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology, 143(6), 2095–2107.
D’Arino, A., Picardo, M., Truglio, M., Pacifico, A., & Iacovelli, P. (2021).
Metabolic Comorbidities in Vitiligo: A Brief Review and Report of New
Data from a Single-Center Experience. International Journal of Molecular
Sciences, 22(16), 8820.
Daniel, B. S., & Wittal, R. (2015). Vitiligo treatment update. Australasian
Journal of Dermatology, 56(2), 85–92.
Dellatorre, G., Antelo, D. A. P., Bedrikow, R. B., Cestari, T. F., Follador, I.,
Ramos, D. G., & Castro, C. C. S. de. (2021). Consensus on the treatment of
vitiligo–Brazilian Society of Dermatology. Anais Brasileiros de
Dermatologia, 95, 70–82.
Delmas, V., & Larue, L. (2019). Molecular and cellular basis of depigmentation
in vitiligo patients. Experimental Dermatology, 28(6), 662–666.
Dillon, A. B., Sideris, A., Hadi, A., & Elbuluk, N. (2017). Advances in vitiligo:
 an update on medical and surgical treatments. The Journal of Clinical and
Aesthetic Dermatology, 10(1), 15.
El Mofty, M., Essmat, S., Youssef, R., Sobeih, S., Mahgoub, D., Ossama, S.,
Saad, A., El Tawdy, A., Mashaly, H. M., & Saney, I. (2016). The role of
systemic steroids and phototherapy in the treatment of stable vitiligo: a
randomized controlled trial. Dermatologic Therapy, 29(6), 406–412.
Ezzedine, K., Lim, H. W., Suzuki, T., Katayama, I., Hamzavi, I., Lan, C. C. E.,
Goh, B. K., Anbar, T., Silva de Castro, C., & Lee, A. Y. (2012). Revised
classification/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo
Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research,
25(3), E1–E13.
Faria, A. R., Tarlé, R. G., Dellatorre, G., Mira, M. T., & Castro, C. C. S. de.
(2014). Vitiligo-Part 2-classification, histopathology and treatment. Felsten
LM, Alikhan A, Petronic-Rosic V. Vitiligo: A comprehensive overview
Part II: Treatment options and approach to treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol.
2011;65:493–514.
Frisoli, M. L., Essien, K., & Harris, J. E. (2020). Vitiligo: mechanisms of
pathogenesis and treatment. Annual Review of Immunology, 38, 621–648.
Fu, C., Chen, J., Lu, J., Yi, L., Tong, X., Kang, L., Pei, S., Ouyang, Y., Jiang,
L., & Ding, Y. (2020). Roles of inflammation factors in melanogenesis.
Molecular Medicine Reports, 21(3), 1421–1430.
Goh, B.-K., & Pandya, A. G. (2017). Presentations, signs of activity, and
differential diagnosis of vitiligo. Dermatologic Clinics, 35(2), 135–144.
Gudjonsson, J. E., Kabashima, K., & Eyerich, K. (2020). Mechanisms of skin
autoimmunity: Cellular and soluble immune components of the skin.
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 146(1), 8–16.
Hamzavi, I., Jain, H., McLean, D., Shapiro, J., Zeng, H., & Lui, H. (2004).
Parametric modeling of narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo using a
novel quantitative tool: the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index. Archives of
Dermatology, 140(6), 677–683.
Hann, S.-K., Kim, Y.-S., Yoo, J. H., & Chun, Y.-S. (2000). Clinical and
histopathologic characteristics of trichrome vitiligo. Journal of the
American Academy of Dermatology, 42(4), 589–596.
He, S., Xu, J., & Wu, J. (2022). The promising role of chemokines in vitiligo:
from oxidative stress to the autoimmune response. Oxidative Medicine and
Cellular Longevity, 2022.
Hlača, N., Žagar, T., Kaštelan, M., Brajac, I., & Prpić-Massari, L. (2022).
 Current Concepts of Vitiligo Immunopathogenesis. Biomedicines, 10(7),
1639.

Itoi, S., Tanemura, A., Kotobuki, Y., Wataya-Kaneda, M., Tsuruta, D., Ishii,
M., & Katayama, I. (2014). Coexistence of Langerhans cells activation and
immune cells infiltration in progressive nonsegmental vitiligo. Journal of
Dermatological Science, 73(1), 83–85.
Jadeja, S. D., Mayatra, J. M., Vaishnav, J., Shukla, N., & Begum, R. (2021). A
Concise Review on the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the
Development of Autoimmunity in Vitiligo Pathogenesis. Frontiers in
Immunology, 11, 3817.
Juntongjin, P., & Toncharoenphong, N. (2020). Effectiveness of a combined
308-nm excimer lamp and topical mid-potent steroid treatment for facial
vitiligo: a preliminary, randomized double-blinded controlled study. Lasers
in Medical Science, 35, 2023–2029.
Kaliyadan, F., Ashique, K. T., & Kumar, A. (2020). Cosmetic Camouflage in
Vitiligo. In Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo (pp. 129–133). CRC
Press.
Karagaiah, P., Valle, Y., Sigova, J., Zerbinati, N., Vojvodic, P., Parsad, D.,
Schwartz, R. A., Grabbe, S., Goldust, M., & Lotti, T. (2020). Emerging
drugs for the treatment of vitiligo. Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs,
25(1), 7–24.
Kim, D. S., Ju, H. J., Lee, H. N., Choi, I. H., Eun, S. H., Kim, J., & Bae, J. M.
(2020). Skin seeding technique with 0.5‐mm micropunch grafting for
vitiligo irrespective of the epidermal–dermal orientation: Animal and
clinical studies. The Journal of Dermatology, 47(7), 749–754.
Kim, Y. C., Kim, Y. J., Kang, H. Y., Sohn, S., & Lee, E.-S. (2008).
Histopathologic features in vitiligo. The American Journal of
Dermatopathology, 30(2), 112–116.
Kumar Jha, A., Sonthalia, S., Lallas, A., & Chaudhary, R. K. P. (2018).
Dermoscopy in vitiligo: diagnosis and beyond. International Journal of
Dermatology, 57(1), 50–54.
Lee, J., Chu, H., Lee, H., Kim, M., Kim, D. S., & Oh, S. H. (2016). A
retrospective study of methylprednisolone mini-pulse therapy combined
with narrow-band UVB in non-segmental vitiligo. Dermatology, 232(2),
224–229.
Lei, T.-C., & Hearing, V. J. (2020). Deciphering skin re-pigmentation patterns
in vitiligo: an update on the cellular and molecular events involved. Chinese
Medical Journal, 133(10), 1231.
Li, L., Liang, Y., Hong, J., Lan, L., Xiao, H., & Xie, Z. (2019). The
effectiveness of topical therapy combined with 308‐nm excimer laser on
vitiligo compared to excimer laser monotherapy in pediatric patients.
Pediatric Dermatology, 36(1), e53–e55.
Lotti T, Agarwal K, Podder I, Satolli F, Kassir M, Schwartz RA, Wollina U,
Grabbe S, Navarini AA, Mueller SM, Goldust M. Safety of the current drug
treatments for vitiligo. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19:499–511. doi:
10.1080/14740338.2020.1729737.
Marchioro, H. Z., Castro, C. C. S. de, Fava, V. M., Sakiyama, P. H., Dellatorre,
G., & Miot, H. A. (2022). Update on the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Anais
Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 97, 478–490.
Mehndiratta, V., & Yadav, A. (2020). Vitiligo and Associated Comorbidities. In
Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo (pp. 59–62). CRC Press.
Nicolaidou, E., & Katsambas, A. D. (2014). Pigmentation disorders:
hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation. Clinics in Dermatology, 32(1),
66–72.
Njoo, M. D., Das, P. K., Bos, J. D., et al (1999). Association of the Köbner
phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo
vulgaris. Archives of dermatology, 135(4), 407-413.
Passeron, T. (2020). First step in a new era for treatment of patients with
vitiligo. The Lancet, 396(10244), 74–75.
Patel, N. S., Paghdal, K. V, & Cohen, G. F. (2012). Advanced treatment
modalities for vitiligo. Dermatologic Surgery, 38(3), 381–391.
Picardo, M., & Dell’Anna, M. L. (2019). Oxidative stress and intrinsic defects.
In Vitiligo (pp. 277–283). Springer.
Radakovic-Fijan, S., Fürnsinn-Friedl, A. M., Hönigsmann, H., & Tanew, A.
(2001). Oral dexamethasone pulse treatment for vitiligo. Journal of the
American Academy of Dermatology, 44(5), 814–817.
Richmond, J. M., Bangari, D. S., Essien, K. I., Currimbhoy, S. D., Groom, J. R.,
Pandya, A. G., Youd, M. E., Luster, A. D., & Harris, J. E. (2017).
Keratinocyte-derived chemokines orchestrate T-cell positioning in the
epidermis during vitiligo and may serve as biomarkers of disease. Journal
of Investigative Dermatology, 137(2), 350–358.
Roberts, G. H. L., Santorico, S. A., & Spritz, R. A. (2020a). Deep genotype
imputation captures virtually all heritability of autoimmune vitiligo. Human
Molecular Genetics, 29(5), 859–863.
Roberts, G. H. L., Santorico, S. A., & Spritz, R. A. (2020b). The genetic
architecture of vitiligo. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 33(1), 8–15.
Rodrigues, M., Ezzedine, K., Hamzavi, I., Pandya, A. G., Harris, J. E., &
Group, V. W. (2017). Current and emerging treatments for vitiligo. Journal
of the American Academy of Dermatology, 77(1), 17–29.
Roohaninasab, M., Mansouri, P., Seirafianpour, F., Naeini, A. J., & Goodarzi,
A. (2021). Therapeutic options and hot topics in vitiligo with special focus
on pediatrics’ vitiligo: A comprehensive review study. Dermatologic
Therapy, 34(1), e14550.
Said‑Fernandez, S. L., Sanchez‑Domínguez, C. N., Salinas‑Santander, M. A.,
Martinez‑Rodriguez, H. G., Kubelis‑Lopez, D. E., Zapata‑Salazar, N. A.,
Vazquez‑Martinez, O. T., Wollina, U., Lotti, T., & Ocampo‑Candiani, J.
(2021). Novel immunological and genetic factors associated with vitiligo: A
review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(4), 1.
Sonthalia, S., Jha, A. K., & Tiwary, P. K. (2017). A dermoscopic diagnosis and
activity evaluation of frontal fibrosing alopecia in an Indian lady. Indian
Dermatol Online J, 8(2), 162–163.
Speeckaert, R., Dugardin, J., Lambert, J., Lapeere, H., Verhaeghe, E.,
Speeckaert, M. M., & van Geel, N. (2018). Critical appraisal of the
oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo: a systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 32(7),
1089–1098.

Speeckaert, R., & van Geel, N. (2017). Vitiligo: an update on pathophysiology

and treatment options. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 18(6),
733–744.
Spritz, R. A., & Andersen, G. H. L. (2017). Genetics of Vitiligo. Dermatologic
 Clinics, 35(2), 245–255.
Stiegler, J., & Brickley, S. (2021). Vitiligo: A Comprehensive Overview.
Journal of the Dermatology Nurses’ Association, 13(1).
Taieb, A., Alomar, A., Böhm, M., Dell’Anna, M. L., De Pase, A.,
Eleftheriadou, V., Ezzedine, K., Gauthier, Y., Gawkrodger, D. J., & Jouary,
T. (2013). Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European
Dermatology Forum consensus. British Journal of Dermatology, 168(1), 5–
19.
Taïeb, A., Seneschal, J., & Mazereeuw-Hautier, J. (2017). Special
considerations in children with vitiligo. Dermatologic Clinics, 35(2), 229–
233.
Thami, G. P. (2018). Micropigmentation. Vitiligo: Medical and Surgical
Management, 451–457.
Thatte, S. S., & Khopkar, U. S. (2014). The utility of dermoscopy in the
diagnosis of evolving lesions of vitiligo. Indian Journal of Dermatology,
Venereology and Leprology, 80, 505.
van Geel, N., Speeckaert, R., Taieb, A., Picardo, M., Böhm, M., Gawkrodger,
D. J., Schallreuter, K., Bennett, D. C., van der Veen, W., & Whitton, M.
(2011). Koebner’s phenomenon in vitiligo: European position paper.
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, 24(3), 564–573.

van Geel, N., Grine, L., De Wispelaere, P., Mertens, D., Prinsen, C. A. C., &
Speeckaert, R. (2019). Clinical visible signs of disease activity in vitiligo: a
systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of the European Academy of
Dermatology and Venereology, 33(9), 1667–1675.
Wang, Y., Li, S., & Li, C. (2021). Clinical Features, Immunopathogenesis, and
Therapeutic Strategies in Vitiligo. Clinical Reviews in Allergy &
Immunology, 1–25.
Weiss, M. E. M. (2020). Vitiligo: To Biopsy or Not To Biopsy? Cutis, 105(4),
189–190.
Whitton, M. E., Pinart, M., Batchelor, J., Leonardi‐Bee, J., Gonzalez, U., Jiyad,
Z., Eleftheriadou, V., & Ezzedine, K. (2015). Interventions for vitiligo.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2.
Xuan, Y., Yang, Y., Xiang, L., & Zhang, C. (2022). The Role of Oxidative
Stress in the Pathogenesis of Vitiligo: A Culprit for Melanocyte Death.
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022.
Agénor, M., Geller, A. B., Crowley, J. S., & Boyer, C. B. (2023). The
importance of structural interventions for advancing sexual health and
health equity in the United States: a review of the evidence and
recommendations for action on sexually transmitted infections. Sexually
Transmitted Diseases, 50(1), 1-4.
Almeida, T., Comber, R., Wood, G., Saraf, D., & Balaam, M. (2016). On
looking at the vagina through labella. Proceedings of the 2016 CHI
Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1810–1821.
Andina, I. (2023). An Overview of the Female Reproductive System: A
Narrative Literature Review. Sriwijaya Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 1(1), 16-23.
Baskin, L., Shen, J., Sinclair, A., Cao, M., Liu, X., Liu, G., Isaacson, D.,
Overland, M., Li, Y., & Cunha, G. R. (2018). Development of the human
penis and clitoris. Differentiation, 103, 74–85.
Basson, R. (2000). The female sexual response: A different model. Journal of
Sex &Marital Therapy, 26(1), 51–65.
Bitzer, J. (2016). The female sexual response: Anatomy and physiology of
sexual desire, arousal, and orgasm in women. In Management of Sexual
Dysfunction in Men and Women: An Interdisciplinary Approach New
York, NY: Springer New York. (pp. 199-212).
Brauer, M. M., & Smith, P. G. (2015). Estrogen and female reproductive tract
innervation: cellular and molecular mechanisms of autonomic
neuroplasticity. Autonomic Neuroscience, 187, 1–17.
Cui, C., Xiao, Y., Lin, E., Luo, L., Sun, X., Zeng, J., ... & Cong, Q. (2022).
Precise measurement of the thickness of vaginal intraepithelial
neoplasia. Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease, 26(3), 245
Cohen Sacher, B. (2019). The Normal Vulva and Vagina. Vulvar Disease:
Breaking the Myths, 7-19.
De Landsheere, L., Munaut, C., Nusgens, B., Maillard, C., Rubod, C., Nisolle,
M., ... & Foidart, J. M. (2013). Histology of the vaginal wall in women with
pelvic organ prolapse: a literature review. International urogynecology
journal, 24, 2011-2020.
De Lucena, B. B., & Abdo, C. H. N. (2014). Personal factors that contribute to
or impair women’s ability to achieve orgasm. International journal of
impotence research, 26(5), 177-181.
Eserdağ, S. (2023). Ideal Vulva Concept and Anatomic Structures. In Aesthetic
and Functional Female Genital Surgery (pp. 29-47). Cham: Springer
International Publishing.
Farage, M. A., & Maibach, H. I. (Eds.). (2016). The vulva: anatomy,
physiology, and pathology. CRC Press.
Grafenberg, E. (1950). The role of the urethra in female orgasm. Int J Sexol,
3(2), 146.
Haylen, B. T., Vu, D., Wong, A., & Livingstone, S. (2022). Surgical anatomy of
the mid‐vagina. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 41(6), 1293–1304.
Jannini, E. A., Simonelli, C., & Lenzi, A. (2002). Disorders of ejaculation.
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 25(11), 1006–1019.
Joseph, J. T. (2023). Comprehensive Sexuality Education in The Indian
Context: Challenges and Opportunities. Indian Journal of Psychological
Medicine, 45(3), 292-296.
Kammerer-Doak, D., & Rogers, R. (2021). Female sexual dysfunction. Pelvic
Floor Disorders: A Multidisciplinary Textbook,springer 909-921.
Kelling, J. A., Erickson, C. R., Pin, J., & Pin, P. G. (2020). Anatomical
dissection of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris. Aesthetic Surgery Journal,
40(5), 541–547.

Levin, R. J. (2011). The human female orgasm: A critical evaluation of its

proposed reproductive functions. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 26(4),
301–314.
Li, Y., Sudol, N. T., Miao, Y., Jing, J. C., Zhu, J., Lane, F., & Chen, Z. (2019).
1.7 micron optical coherence tomography for vaginal tissue
characterization in vivo. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 51(2), 120-126.

McAnulty Richard D., M. Michele Burnette. (2001): Exploring Human

Sexuality, pages 108-110.

Maruccia, S., & Maurizi, A. (2017). Anatomical and Physiological Description

of Women’s Sexuality. Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction,springer
7-25.
Masters WH,Johnson VE. 1966. Human Sexual Response. Boston, MA: Little
Brown. p 1– 366.

Nguyen, J. D., & Duong, H. (2019). Anatomy, abdomen and pelvis, female
external genitalia.
NIȚESCU, V. (2020). CAVERNOUS ERECTILE SYSTEM IN WOMEN
AND THE HYPEREROTICISM AREA (H AREA). Journal of Clinical
Sexology-Vol, 3(3), 121.
NIȚESCU, V. (2021). Masturbation-between normality and pathology. Journal
of Clinical Sexology-Vol, 4(3), 121.
O’CONNELL, H. E., Sanjeevan, K. V, & Hutson, J. M. (2005). Anatomy of the
clitoris. The Journal of Urology, 174(4), 1189–1195.
Ostrzenski, A. (2012). G‐spot anatomy: A new discovery. The Journal of Sexual
Medicine, 9(5), 1355–1359.
Pauls, R. N. (2015). Anatomy of the clitoris and the female sexual response.
Clinical Anatomy, 28(3), 376–384.
Peate, I. (2019). Reproductive disorders. Learning to Care: The Nursing
Associate, 429.
Puppo, V. (2013). Anatomy and physiology of the clitoris, vestibular bulbs, and
labia minora with a review of the female orgasm and the prevention of
female sexual dysfunction. Clinical Anatomy, 26(1), 134-152.
Puppo, V., & Puppo, G. (2016). Comprehensive review of the anatomy and
physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a
disease. Clinical anatomy, 29(1), 111-119.
Quaresma, C., & Sparzak, P. B. (2023). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis:
Bartholin Gland. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Rahimi, F., Lamyian, M., & Maasoumi, R. (2021). Female Orgasm Scale:
Translation and Psychometric Assessment of an Iranian Version. Health
Education and Health Promotion, 9(3), 251-256.
Rao, T. S. S., & Nagaraj, A. K. M. (2015). Female sexuality. Indian Journal of
Psychiatry, 57(Suppl 2), S296.
Rodriguez, F. D., Camacho, A., Bordes, S. J., Gardner, B., Levin, R. J., &
Tubbs, R. S. (2021). Female ejaculation: an update on anatomy, history,
and controversies. Clinical Anatomy, 34(1), 103-107.
Rowland, D., & Gutierrez, B. R. (2017). Phases of the
sexual response cycle.

Shoja, M. M., Sharma, A., Mirzayan, N., Groat, C., Watanabe, K., Loukas, M.,
& Shane Tubbs, R. (2013). Neuroanatomy of the female abdominopelvic
region: a review with application to pelvic pain syndromes. Clinical
Anatomy, 26(1), 66-76.
Simetinger, G. (2023). Relevant Sexual Anatomy, Physiology and
Endocrinology. In Midwifery and Sexuality (pp. 15-28). Cham: Springer
International Publishing.
Stojanovic, B., & Djordjevic, M. L. (2015). Anatomy of the clitoris and its
impact on neophalloplasty (metoidioplasty) in female transgenders. Clinical
Anatomy, 28(3), 368–375.
Subhashree, K. (2020). A Comparative study of Sexual Dysfunction in
Remitted Patients Taking Antipsychotics Versus Antidepressants (Doctoral
dissertation, Madras Medical College, Chennai).
Van Anders, S. M., Herbenick, D., Brotto, L. A., Harris, E. A., & Chadwick, S.
B. (2022). The heteronormativity theory of low sexual desire in women
partnered with men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(1), 391-415.
Vieira-Baptista, P., Lima-Silva, J., Preti, M., Xavier, J., Vendeira, P., &
Stockdale, C. K. (2021). G-spot: fact or fiction?: a systematic
review. Sexual medicine, 9(5), 100435.
Wiesner, D. (2019). Conceiving with Love: A Whole-body Approach to
Creating Intimacy, Reigniting Passion, and Increasing Fertility. Shambhala
Publications.
Wheeler, L. J., & Guntupalli, S. R. (2020). Female sexual dysfunction:
pharmacologic and therapeutic interventions. Obstetrics & Gynecology,
136(1), 174–186.
Abd Elazeem, S. M., & Gaber, M. A. (2021). Psoriasis and sexual dysfunction
in women. Menoufia Medical Journal, 34(3), 914.
Ahmed, H. E. D. H., GamalEl Din, S. F., Oraby, M. I., Elhameed, H. M. A., &
Ahmed, A. R. (2021). Drug-naïve Egyptian females with migraine are more
prone to sexual dysfunction than those with tension-type headache: a cross-
sectional comparative study. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 121, 1745-1753.
Ahmed, I., Ahmed, S., & Nasreen, S. (2007). Frequency and pattern of
psychiatric disorders in patients with vitiligo. Journal of Ayub Medical
College Abbottabad, 19(3), 19–21.
Akinkugbe, A. O., Balogun, M. R., & AYANLOWO, O. (2022). The effect of
skin diseases on quality of life in adults attending the Dermatology Clinic
of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria. NIGERIAN
JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, 12(1).

Aktaş Karabay, E., Karşıyakalı, N., & Karabay, E. (2020). Evaluation of sexual
functions in female rosacea patients: a prospective, case-control
study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 32(6), 628-634.
Al‐Mazeedi, K., El‐Shazly, M., & Al‐Ajmi, H. S. (2006). Impact of psoriasis on
quality of life in Kuwait. International Journal of Dermatology, 45(4),
418–424.
Alhetheli, G. I. (2021). The Impact of Vitiligo on Patients’ Psychological Status
and Sexual Function: Cross-Sectional Questionnaire-Based Study. The
Open Dermatology Journal, 15(1) :23–30.
American Psychiatric Association Division of Research. (2013). Highlights of
changes from dsm-iv to dsm-5: Somatic symptom and related disorders.
Focus, 11(4), 525-527.
Anis TH, Aboul Gheit S, Awad HH et al. (2012): Effects of Female Genital
Cutting on the Sexual Function of Egyptian Women.A Cross‐Sectional
Study.The journal of sexual medicine. 1; 9(10):2682-92.
Anis TH, Gheit SA, Saied HS et al. (2011): Arabic translation of female sexual
function index and validation in an Egyptian population. J Sex Med,
8:3370–8.

Aslan E, Fynes M. (2008): Female sexual dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic

Floor Dysfunct, 19:293–305.
Baid, R., & Agarwal, R. (2018). Flibanserin: A controversial drug for female
hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Industrial psychiatry journal, 27(1), 154.
Balon, R. (2017). Evaluation and treatment of substance/medication-induced
sexual dysfunction. The Textbook of Clinical Sexual Medicine, 347-358.
Barger, D. (2022). Sexual Function and Quality of Life: Assessing Existing
Tools and Considerations for New Technologies. In Quantifying Quality of
Life: Incorporating Daily Life into Medicine (pp. 395-427). Cham: Springer
International Publishing.
Barisone, M., Bagnasco, A., Hayter, M., Rossi, S., Aleo, G., Zanini, M., ... &
Sasso, L. (2020). Dermatological diseases, sexuality and intimate
relationships: A qualitative meta‐synthesis. Journal of clinical
 nursing, 29(17-18), 3136-3153.
Basson, R., Berman, J., Burnett, A., Derogatis, L., Ferguson, D., Fourcroy, J.,
... & Whipple, B. (2000). Report of the international consensus
development conference on female sexual dysfunction: definitions and
classifications. The Journal of urology, 163(3), 888-893.
Basson, R. (2000). The female sexual response: A different model. Journal of
Sex &Marital Therapy, 26(1), 51-65.
Basson, R., Leiblum, S., Brotto, L., Derogatis, L., Fourcroy, J., Fugl‐Meyer, K.,
Graziottin, A., Heiman, J. R., Laan, E., & Meston, C. (2004). Revised
definitions of women’s sexual dysfunction. The Journal of Sexual
Medicine, 1(1), 40–48.
Basson R, Wierman ME, van Lankveld JJDM et al. (2010): Summary of the
Recommendations on Sexual Dysfunctions in Women. J Sex Med, 7:314-
326.
Berman JR, Berman LA, Lin H et al. (2001): Effect of sildenafil on subjective
and physiologic parameters of the female sexual response in women with
sexual arousal disorder. Journal of Sex Marital Therapy, 27:411–20.
Bitzer J, Giraldi A, Pfaus J (2013): Sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire
disorder in women. Introduction and overview.Standard operating
procedure (SOP Part 1). J Sex Med, 10:36–49.
Boa R. (2014): Female sexual dysfunction. SAMJ: South African Medical
Journal, 104(6), 445-446.
Bond D, Wing R, Vithiananthan S et al. (2011): Significant resolution of female
sexual dysfunction after bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 7(1):1–7.
Brotto L, Basson R, Luria M. (2008): A mindfulness-based group
psychoeducational intervention targeting sexual arousal disorder in women.
J Sex Med, 5:1646-1659.
Brotto LA, Erskine Y, Carey M. (2012): A brief mindfulness-based cognitive
behavioural intervention improves sexual functioning versus wait-list
control in women treated for gynaecological cancer. Gynecol Oncol,
125:320- 325.
Carroll F, Blough B, Mascarella S. (2014): Bupropion and bupropion analogs as
treatments for CNS disorders. Adv Pharmacol, 69:177-216.
Chaliha, C., Dalton, C., Elneil, S., & Kessler, T. (2010). Evaluation and
management of neurogenic sexual dysfunction. In C. Fowler, J. Panicker, &
A. Emmanuel (Eds.), Pelvic Organ Dysfunction in Neurological Disease:
Clinical Management and Rehabilitation (pp. 153-166). Cambridge:
 Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511762611.012.
Chedraui, P., Perez-Lopez, F. R., San Miguel, G., & Avila, C. (2009).
Assessment of sexuality among middle-aged women using the Female
Sexual Function Index. Climacteric, 12(3), 213-221.
Chivers ML , Rosen RC. (2010): Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and
female sexual response: faulty protocols or paradigms? J Sex Med, 7(2 pt
2):858- 872.
Clayton AH, Goldfischer ER, Goldstein I et al. (2009): Validation of the
decreased sexual desire screener (DSDS): A brief diagnostic instrument for
generalized acquired female hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). J
Sex Med, 6:730–8.
Collins A, Landgren BM (1994): Reproductive health, use of estrogen and
experience of symptoms in perimenopausal women: a population-based
study. Maturitas, 20:101–11.
Dąbrowska-Galas, M., Dąbrowska, J., & Michalski, B. (2019). Sexual
dysfunction in menopausal women. Sexual Medicine, 7(4), 472-479.

Dalgard, F. J., Gieler, U., Tomas-Aragones, L., Lien, L., Poot, F., Jemec, G. B.
E., Misery, L., Szabo, C., Linder, D., & Sampogna, F. (2015). The
psychological burden of skin diseases: a cross-sectional multicenter study
among dermatological out-patients in 13 European countries. Journal of
Investigative Dermatology, 135(4), 984–991.
Davis S. (2010): Should women receive androgen replacement therapy, and if
so, how? Clin Endocrinol 72(2):149–150.
Dhikav V, Karmarker G, Gupta R. (2010): Yoga in female sexual
dysfunctions.J Sex Med 2010 dimensions and practical applications. Health
Qual Life Outcomes, 1:20. Dysfunction. Int J STD AIDS 20(10):671–674.
DeRogatis L, Clayton A, Lewis-D'Agostino D et al. (2008): Validation of the
female sexual distress scale-revised for assessing distress in women with
hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Med, 5:357–64.
DeRogatis LR. (1997): The Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning
(DISF/DISF-SR): An introductory report. J Sex Marital Ther; 23:291–304.
Dhillon, S., & Keam, S. J. (2019). Bremelanotide: first approval. Drugs, 79(14),
1599-1606.
Di Donato, V., D’oria, O., Kontopantelis, E., Simoncini, T., Muzii, L., & Panici,
P. B. (2019). Ospemifene for the treatment of vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a
meta-analysis of randomized trials. Part I: evaluation of
efficacy. Maturitas, 121, 86-92.
Edinoff, A. N., Sanders, N. M., Lewis, K. B., Apgar, T. L., Cornett, E. M.,
Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2022). Bremelanotide for Treatment of
Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire. Neurology International, 14(1), 75–88.
https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint14010006
Ermertcan, A. T. (2009). Sexual dysfunction in dermatological diseases.
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 23(9),
999–1007.
Escobar, C., & Rosenblum, N. (2021). Vaginal estrogen—what a urologist
should know. Urology, 151, 37-43.
Esposito K, Giugliano D. (2011): Lifestyle/dietary recommendations for erectile
dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction. Urol Clin N Am, 38(3):293–
301.
Frank FE, Mistretta PM, Will J. (2008): Diagnosis and treatment of female
sexual dysfunction. Am Fam Phys, 77:635–42.
Franchini L, Ciracì M, Redaelli C et al. (2012): Sexual dysfunction during
long-term treatment with antidepressants in unipolar disorder: clinical and
management aspects. J Psycopathol, 18:131– 137.
Fourcroy JL. (2003): Female sexual dysfunction: potential for pharmacotherapy.
Drugs, 63:1445–57.
Fugl-Meyer KS, Bohm-Starke N, Damsted Petersen C. (2013): Standard
operating procedures for female genital sexual pain. J Sex Med, 10:83–93.
Goldstein, A. T., Pukall, C. F., Brown, C., Bergeron, S., Stein, A., & Kellogg-
Spadt, S. (2016). Vulvodynia: assessment and treatment. The journal of
sexual medicine, 13(4), 572-590.
Goldstein I, Qinping L, Damaj B. (2013): Phase 3 clinical trial results with
Femprox treatment in FSAD patients show correlation of arousal with both
lubrication and orgasm but not with desire. J Sex Med. 10(1):58-73.
Gomes, T. B. S., Brasil, C. A., Barreto, A. P. P., Ferreira, R. S., Berghmans, B.,
& Lordelo, P. (2019). Female genital image: is there a relationship with
body image? Turkish Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 16(2), 84.
Handy, A. B., McMahon, L. N., & Meston, C. M. (2022). Local Responses to
Genital Arousal—Mechanisms of Lubrication. Current Sexual Health
Reports, 14(4), 247-253.
Hatzichristou, D., Kirana, P. S., Banner, L., Althof, S. E., Lonnee-Hoffmann, R.
A., Dennerstein, L., & Rosen, R. C. (2016). Diagnosing sexual dysfunction
in men and women: sexual history taking and the role of symptom scales
and questionnaires. The journal of sexual medicine, 13(8), 1166-1182.
Hayslett RL, Nykamp D. (2015): Sexual Dysfunction in Women.US Pharm.
40(9):46-49.
Herbenick D, Reece M. (2010): Development and validation of the female
genital self-image scale. J Sex Med, 7:1822–30.
Hor, M., Baradeiya, A. M., Qasim, H., Nasr, M., & Mohammad, A. (2022).
Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Associated With the
Use of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors: A Literature
Review. Cureus, 14(8).

Jobling, R. G. (1976). Psoriasis—a preliminary questionnaire study of sufferers’

subjective experience. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 1(3), 233–
236.
Kammerer-Doak, D., & Rogers, R. (2021). Female sexual dysfunction. In
Pelvic floor disorders (pp. 909–921). Springer.
Kaplan, H. S. (1974). The new sex therapy New York: Brunner. Maxel,
Publishers.
Kershaw, V., & Jha, S. (2022). Female sexual dysfunction. The Obstetrician &
Gynaecologist, 24(1), 12-23.
Khajehei, M., Doherty, M., & Tilley, P. M. (2015). An update on sexual
function and dysfunction in women. Archives of women's mental health, 18,
423-433.
Kuhle, C. L., Zhang, X., & Kapoor, E. (2021, April). Misconceptions about
sexual health in older women: why we need to talk about it. In Mayo Clinic
Proceedings (Vol. 96, No. 4, pp. 866-869). Elsevier.
Kershaw, V., & Jha, S. (2022). Female sexual dysfunction. The Obstetrician &
Gynaecologist, 24(1), 12-23.
Kingsberg S, Woodard T. (2015): Female sexual dysfunction: focus on low
desire. Obstet Gynecol. 125(2):477-486.
Kling, J. M., & Thomas, H. N. (2020). Female sexual function and dysfunction.
Sex-and Gender-Based Women's Health: A Practical Guide for Primary
Care, 127-139.
Komarnicky, T., Skakoon-Sparling, S., Milhausen, R. R., & Breuer, R. (2019).
 Genital self-image: Associations with other domains of body image and
sexual response. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 45(6), 524-537.
Korman, N. J. (2020). Management of psoriasis as a systemic disease: what is
the evidence?. British Journal of Dermatology, 182(4), 840-848.
Latif EZ, Diamond MP. (2013): Arriving at the diagnosis of female sexual
dysfunction. Fertility and sterility, 100(4), 898-904.
Leiblum S, Symonds T, Moore J et al. (2006): A methodology study to develop
and validate a screener for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in
postmenopausal women. J Sex Med; 3:455–64.

Lodise NM. (2012): Chapter 8.Vaginal and vulvovaginal disorders. In: Krinsky
DL, Berardi RB, Ferreri SP, et al, eds. Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs.
17th ed. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association.
Maamri, A., & Badri, T. (2021). Sexual disorders in patients with vitiligo. La
Tunisie Medicale, 99(5), 504.
Martins, F. E., Cassim, F., Yatsina, O., & Adlam, J. (2023). Female Sexual
Dysfunction. In Female Genitourinary and Pelvic Floor Reconstruction (pp.
1-35). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). Human sexual response, Boston
(Little, Brown and Company) 1966.
McCabe, M. P., Sharlip, I. D., Atalla, E., Balon, R., Fisher, A. D., Laumann, E.,
Lee, S. W., Lewis, R., & Segraves, R. T. (2016). Definitions of sexual
dysfunctions in women and men: a consensus statement from the Fourth
International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. The Journal of Sexual
Medicine, 13(2), 135–143.
Meston, C. M., Freihart, B. K., Handy, A. B., Kilimnik, C. D., & Rosen, R. C.
(2020). Scoring and interpretation of the FSFI: what can be learned from 20
years of use?. The journal of sexual medicine, 17(1), 17-25.
Meston CM, Rellini AH, McCall K. (2010): The sensitivity of continuous
laboratory measures of physiological and subjective sexual arousal for
diagnosing women with sexual arousal disorder. J Sex Med, 7:938–50.
Mustafa, A. I., El Esawy, F. M., & Fawzy, I. (2019). Female sexual dysfunction
among married women from the Nile Delta of Egypt. International Journal
of Sexual Health, 31(2), 131-141.
Nappi R, Cucinella L. (2015): Advances in pharmacotherapy for treating female
 sexual dysfunction.Expert Opin Pharmacother. 16(6):875-887.
Nassar, A. A., Ibrahim, A. S. M., & Salem, H. M. M. (2021). The Effect of
Female Sex Hormones and Prolactin on Female Sexual Function and Their
Association with Psoriasis Severity. Annals of the Romanian Society for
Cell Biology, 25(6), 5027-5039.
Nazar, I., Kamran, F., & Masood, A. (2021). Psychosocial predictors of quality
of life in patients with Vitiligo. Pakistan Journal of Psychological
Research, 36(1), 19-36.

Parish, S. J., Cottler-Casanova, S., Clayton, A. H., McCabe, M. P., Coleman, E.,
& Reed, G. M. (2021). The evolution of the female sexual
disorder/dysfunction definitions, nomenclature, and classifications: a
review of DSM, ICSM, ISSWSH, and ICD. Sexual medicine reviews, 9(1),
36-56.
Parish, S. J., Goldstein, A. T., Goldstein, S. W., Goldstein, I., Pfaus, J., Clayton,
A. H., Giraldi, A., Simon, J. A., Althof, S. E., & Bachmann, G. (2016).
Toward a more evidence-based nosology and nomenclature for female
sexual dysfunctions—part II. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(12),
1888–1906.
Portman DJ, Bachmann GA, Simon JA. (2013): Ospemifene, a novel selective
estrogen receptor modulator for treating dyspareunia associated with
postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Menopause, 20 (6):623-630.
Portman DJ, Edelson J, Jordan R. (2014): Bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual
disorder: analyses from a phase 2B dose-ranging study. Obstet Gyneol. 123
(suppl):131S.
Potter JE. (2007): A 60-year-old woman with sexual difficulties. JAMA 297:
620–33.
Prabhu, S. S., Hegde, S., & Sareen, S. (2022). Female sexual dysfunction: A
potential minefield. Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and
AIDS, 43(2), 128.
Quirk FH, Heiman JR, Rosen RC et al. (2002): Development of a sexual
function questionnaire for clinical trials of female sexual dysfunction. J
Womens Health Gend Based Med, 11:277–89.
Rantell, A. (2021). Models of sexual response. Sexual Function and Pelvic
Floor Dysfunction: A Guide for Nurses and Allied Health Professionals, 5-
11.
Raina R, Pahlajani G, Khan S et al. (2007): Female sexual dysfunction:
classification, pathophysiology, and management. Fertility and sterility. 30;
88(5):1273-84.
Rosen RC, Brown C, Heiman J et al. (2000): The Female Sexual Function Index
(FSFI): a multidimensional self- report instrument for the assessment of
female sexual function. J Sex Mar Ther, 26:191–208.
Rosenbaum T. (2011): Addressing anxiety in vivo in physiotherapy treatment of
women with severe vaginismus: a clinical approach. J Sex Marital Ther
37(2):89–93.
Rust J, Golombok S. (1985): The Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual
Satisfaction (GRISS). Br J Clin Psychol, 24(Pt 1):63–4.
Sarhan, D., Mohammed, G. F., Gomaa, A. H., & Eyada, M. M. (2016). Female
genital dialogues: female genital self-image, sexual dysfunction, and quality
of life in patients with vitiligo with and without genital affection. Journal of
sex & marital therapy, 42(3), 267-276.
Sauer, U., Talaulikar, V., & Davies, M. C. (2018). Efficacy of intravaginal
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for symptomatic women in the peri-or
postmenopausal phase. Maturitas, 116, 79-82.
Schroder M, Mell L, Hurteau J et al. (2005): Clitoral therapy device for
treatment of sexual dysfunction in irradiated cervical cancer patients. Int J
Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 61(4):1078–1086.
Seal B. (2011): Womens sexual health: a multidisciplinary approach. Expert
Rev Obstret Gynecol 6(3):251– 253.
Seftel, A. (2005). Sexual problems among women and men aged 40–80 y:
prevalence and correlates identified in the global study of sexual attitudes
and behaviors. The Journal of Urology, 173(2), 545-545.
Silpa-Archa, N., Pruksaeakanan, C., Angkoolpakdeekul, N., Chaiyabutr, C.,
Kulthanan, K., Ratta-Apha, W., & Wongpraparut, C. (2020). Relationship
between depression and quality of life among vitiligo patients: a self-
assessment questionnaire-based study. Clinical, Cosmetic and
Investigational Dermatology, 13, 511.
Silverberg, J. I., & Silverberg, N. B. (2013). Association between vitiligo extent
and distribution and quality-of-life impairment. JAMA dermatology, 149(2),
159-164.
Simon, J. A., Altomare, C., Cort, S., Jiang, W., & Pinkerton, J. V. (2018).
Overall safety of ospemifene in postmenopausal women from placebo-
controlled phase 2 and 3 trials. Journal of Women's Health, 27(1), 14-23.
Sorensen, J., Bautista, K. E., Lamvu, G., & Feranec, J. (2018). Evaluation and
treatment of female sexual pain: a clinical review. Cureus, 10(3).
Spadt, S. K., & Tannenbaum, L. (2021). History Taking and Physical
Examination 9. Sexual Function and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Guide for
Nurses and Allied Health Professionals, 97.
Stahl S. (2015): Mechanism of action of flibanserin, a multifunctional serotonin
agonist and antagonist (MSAA), in hypo-active sexual desire disorder. CNS
Spectr; 20(1):1-6.
Stephenson K, Rellini A, Meston C. (2012): Relationship satisfaction as a
predictor of treatment response during cognitive behavioral sex therapy.
Arch Sex Behav 1–10.
Sukan, M., & Maner, F. (2007). The problems in sexual functions of vitiligo
and chronic urticaria patients. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 33(1), 55-
64.
Sun, M. C., Xu, X. L., Lou, X. F., & Du, Y. Z. (2020). Recent progress and
future directions: The nano-drug delivery system for the treatment of
vitiligo. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 3267-3279.
Sun X, Li C, Jin L et al. (2011): Development and validation of Chinese
version of female sexual function index in a Chinese population—A pilot
study. J Sex Med, 8:1101–11.
Taylor M, Rudkin L, Bullemor-Day P. (2013): Strategies for managing sexual
dysfunction induced by antidepressant medication.Cochrane Database Syst
Rev. 31(5):CD003382.
Thangaraju, P., Velmurugan, H., & TY, S. S. (2022). Drug flibanserin–in
hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinical
Medicine, 2(2), 91-95.
Utian W, Maamari R. (2014): Attitudes and approaches to vaginal atrophy in
postmenopausal women: a focus group qualitative study. Climacteric,
17(1):29-36.
Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. (2005): The female sexual function index
(FSFI): Cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. J Sex
Marital Ther, 31:1–20.
Wierman M, Arlt W, Basson R. (2014): Androgen therapy in women: a
reappraisal: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin
EndocrinolMetab, 99(10):3489-3510.
Wierman, M. E., & Kiseljak-Vassiliades, K. (2022). Should
Dehydroepiandrosterone Be Administered to Women?. The Journal of
 Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 107(6), 1679-1685.
Woodard TL, Nowak NT, Balon R et al. (2013): Brain activation patterns in
women with acquired hypoactive sexual desire disorder and women with
normal sexual function: A cross- sectional pilot study. Fertil Steril, 100.4:
1068- 1076.
Wright J, O’Connor K. (2015): Female sexual dysfunction.Med Clin NorthAm,
99 (3):607-628.
Wylie G, Evans CD, Gupta G. (2009): Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction:
rarely reported side-effects of methotrexate. Clin Exp Dermatol,
34:e234Yadav R, Magan D, Mehta N et al. (2012): Efficacy of a short-term
yoga-based lifestyle intervention in reducing stress and inflammation:
preliminary results. J Altern Complement Med, 18(7):662–667.
Yucel, D., Sener, S., Turkmen, D., Altunisik, N., Sarac, G., & Cumurcu, H. B.
(2021). Evaluation of the Dermatological Life Quality Index, sexual
dysfunction and other psychiatric diseases in patients diagnosed with
vitiligo with and without genital involvement. Clinical and Experimental
Dermatology, 46(4), 669–674.
Zhu, Y., Zhu, Y., Chen, Y., Yan, Q., Baradwan, S., Găman, M. A., &
Zanghelini, F. (2021). The effect of tibolone treatment on fasting blood
sugar, insulin, insulin resistance and endothelial function in postmenopausal
women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Experimental
Gerontology, 155, 111586.
Anis, T. H., Gheit, S. A., Saied, H. S., et al (2011). Arabic translation of
Female Sexual Function Index and validation in an Egyptian population. The
journal of sexual medicine, 8(12), 3370-3378.

Bae, J. M., Zubair, R., Ju, H. J., Kohli, I., Lee, H. N., Eun, S. H., ... &
Hamzavi, I. H. (2022). Development and validation of the fingertip unit for
assessing Facial Vitiligo Area Scoring Index. Journal of the American
Academy of Dermatology, 86(2), 387-393.

Basra, M. K. A., Fenech, R., Gatt, R. M., Salek, M. S., & Finlay, A.
Y. (2008). The Dermatology Life Quality Index 1994–2007: a
comprehensive review of validation data and clinical results. British Journal
of Dermatology, 159(5), 997-1035.
Finlay, A. Y., & Khan, G. (1994). Dermatology Life Quality Index
(DLQI)—a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clinical and
experimental dermatology, 19(3), 210-216.

Hamzavi, I., Jain, H., McLean, D., Shapiro, J., Zeng, H., & Lui, H.
(2004). Parametric modeling of narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo
using a novel quantitative tool: the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index. Archives of
Dermatology, 140(6), 677-683.

Jamali S, Zarei H, Jahromi AR. (2014): The relationship

between body mass index and sexual function in fertile women: A cross-
sectional survey. Iranian journal of reproductive medicine, 12(3):189.

Kent G, Al-abadie M. (1996): Factors affecting responses on

dermatology life29- quality index among vitiligo sufferers. Clin Exp Dermatol,

21:330-333.:

Meston CM. (2003): Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index

(FSFI) in women with female orgasmic disorder and in women with
hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Marital Ther, 29:39-46.

Njoo, M. D., Das, P. K., Bos, J. D., et al (1999). Association of

the Köbner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic
responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Archives of dermatology, 135(4), 407-
413.
 Rosmarin, D., Pandya, A. G., Lebwohl, M., Grimes, P., Hamzavi,
I., Gottlieb, A. B., ... & Harris, J. E. (2020). Ruxolitinib cream for
treatment of vitiligo: a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet,
396(10244), 110-120.

Rosen, C. Brown, J. Heiman, S. Leiblum, C. Meston, R. Shabsigh,

D. Ferguson, R. D'Agostino, R. (2000). The Female Sexual Function Index
(FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female
sexual function. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 26(2), 191-208.

Torello, L., Alessia,G., Zanieri, F., et al . (2008). Vitiligo: new

and emerging treatments. Dermatologic therapy, 21(2), 110-117.

Wiegel M, Meston C, Rosen R. (2005): The female sexual

function index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff
scores. J Sex Marital Ther, 31:1-20.
Dolatshahi, M., Ghazi, P., Feizy, V., & Hemami, M. R. (2008). Life quality
assessment among patients with vitiligo: comparison of married and single
patients in Iran. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology,
74, 700.

Ezzedine, K., Eleftheriadou, V., Jones, H., Bibeau, K., Kuo, F. I., Sturm, D., &
Pandya, A. G. (2021). Psychosocial effects of vitiligo: a systematic literature
review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 1–18.

Hedayat, K., Karbakhsh, M., Ghiasi, M., Goodarzi, A., Fakour, Y., Akbari, Z.,
Ghayoumi, A., & Ghandi, N. (2016). Quality of life in patients with vitiligo:
a cross-sectional study based on Vitiligo Quality of Life index (VitiQoL).
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 1–9.

Imprialos, K. P., Koutsampasopoulos, K., Katsimardou, A., Bouloukou, S.,

 Theodoulidis, I., Themistoklis, M., & Doumas, M. (2021). Female sexual
dysfunction: a problem hidden in the shadows. Current Pharmaceutical
Design, 27(36), 3762–3774.

Khaled, H. N., El-Sabagh, E. A., & Bazid, H. A. S. K. (2021). Female sexual

dysfunction in patients with psoriasis and vitiligo: an Egyptian pilot study.
Journal of the Egyptian Women’s Dermatologic Society, 18(1), 22–34.

Kim, D. Y., Lee, J., Oh, S. H., Hann, S., & Shin, Y. J. (2013). Impact of genital
involvement on the sexual lives of vitiligo patients. The Journal of
Dermatology, 40(12), 1065–1067.

Krüger, C., & Schallreuter, K. U. (2015). Stigmatisation, avoidance behaviour

and difficulties in coping are common among adult patients with vitiligo.
Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 95(5), 553–558.

Liang, X., Guo, F., Cai, X., Wang, J., Chen, J., Liu, L., Chen, Y., Liu, F., Du, Y.,
& Li, L. (2023). Association between vitiligo and sexual dysfunction: current
evidence. Annals of Medicine, 55(1), 946–953.

Maamri, A., & Badri, T. (2021). Sexual disorders in patients with vitiligo. La
Tunisie Medicale, 99(5), 504.

Mahajan, V. K., Vashist, S., Chauhan, P. S., Mehta, K. I. S., Sharma, V., &
Sharma, A. (2019). Clinico-Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Vitiligo:
A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Center of North India. Indian
Dermatology Online Journal, 10(1), 38–44.
https://doi.org/10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_124_18

Papadopoulos, L., Bor, R., & Legg, C. (1999). Coping with the disfiguring effects
of vitiligo: a preliminary investigation into the effects of cognitive‐
behavioural therapy. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72(3), 385–396.
Parsad, D., Dogra, S., & Kanwar, A. J. (2003). Quality of life in patients with
vitiligo. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 1–3.

Sarhan, D., Mohammed, G. F. A., Gomaa, A. H. A., & Eyada, M. M. K. (2016).

Female genital dialogues: female genital self-image, sexual dysfunction, and
quality of life in patients with vitiligo with and without genital affection.
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 42(3), 267–276.

Silverberg, J. I., & Silverberg, N. B. (2013). Association between vitiligo extent

and distribution and quality-of-life impairment. JAMA Dermatology, 149(2),
159–164.

Sukan, M., & Maner, F. (2007). The problems in sexual functions of vitiligo and
chronic urticaria patients. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 33(1), 55–64.

Tsadik, A. G., Legesse, G. F., Desta, D. M., Assefa, B. T., Kidanemariam, H. G.,
& Gidey, M. T. (2020). Clinico-Epidemiological Profile and Treatment
Pattern of Vitiligo in Selected Dermatological Clinics of Mekelle City,
Northern Ethiopia. Dermatology Research and Practice, 2020.

Weiss, M. E. M. (2020). Vitiligo: To Biopsy or Not To Biopsy? Cutis, 105(4),

189–190.

Yucel, D., Sener, S., Turkmen, D., Altunisik, N., Sarac, G., & Cumurcu, H. B.
(2021). Evaluation of the Dermatological Life Quality Index, sexual
dysfunction and other psychiatric diseases in patients diagnosed with vitiligo
with and without genital involvement. Clinical and Experimental
Dermatology, 46(4), 669–674.