What is Standard Document

usually
Document in which the origin is known can be proven
and can legally be used as sample to compare with

encounter by the
other things is questioned. Are condensed and compact
set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and
proper, should contain a cross section of the material

document
from a known source

"Standard" in questioned documents investigation, we

examiner due to
mean those things whose origins are known and can be
proven and which can be legally used as examples to
compare with other matters in question. Usually, a

importance of
standard consists of the known handwriting of a person
such case, "standard" has the same meaning as is
understood by the word "specimen" of handwriting

signature in any
EXEMPLAR. A term used by some document examiners
and attorneys to characterize known material. Standard

transaction
is the older term.

Types of Standards

2. Document
•Collected/Procured Std. – Standard specimen executed
in the regular course of man’s activity or that which are
executed on the day to day writing activity.

containing
•Requested/Dictated (Post litel motam std.) – a
Standard document which are executed upon request,

alleged
they are prepare at one time

fraudulent
Classes of Questioned Documents:

1. Document alteration. - A
with questioned type of
Signature (most questioned
common).- A document which
kind of disputed does contains
document which changes on the
original content himself without
of the document the
itself it has a assistance of any
variety of classes person
3. Holograph Questioned or
Document disputed
(Document holographic wills
completely a. Holographic
written and will- will entirely
signed by one written in the
person). - A handwriting of
document which the testator
is completely b. Notarial will-
written prepared signed by the
and signed by testator
the writer acknowledge
before a notary
public with 3 alterations or
witnesses. substituted
4. Documents pages.
investigated on -any document
the question of completely
typewriting: written and
a. with a view of signed by one
ascertaining their person; also
source known as
b. with a view of holograph. In
ascertaining their number of
date jurisdictions a
c. with a view of holographic will
determining can be probated
whether or not without anyone
they contain having witnessed
fraudulent its
execution. specimens, inks,
Reference pens, pens, and
Collection- papers are
Material frequently
compiled and maintained.
organized by the 5. Document
document questioned as
examiner to their age or date-
assist Document
him in questioned
answering pertaining to the
special date of
questions. preparation of
Reference documents.
collections of 6. Document
typewriting, questioned as to
check writing the material used
in their they were
production- executed on the
Generally most same ate or same
of the typewriter or
public document same
are the one being or different
subjected to this occasion or if
kind controversy. the type writing
7. Document does not contain
involving type any insertion or
writing- addition
Typewritten 7. Documents or
document can be writings
questioned based investigated
on its because it is
source, date or alleged that they
contents whether
identify some importance of
persons signature in any
through transaction
handwriting. 2. Document
a. anonymous containing
and disputed alleged
letters, and fraudulent
1. Document alteration. - A
with questioned type of
Signature (most questioned
common).- A document which
kind of disputed does contains
document which changes on the
usually original content
encounter by the of the document
document itself it has a
examiner due to variety of classes
3. Holograph Questioned or
Document disputed
(Document holographic wills
completely a. Holographic
written and will- will entirely
signed by one written in the
person). - A handwriting of
document which the testator
is completely b. Notarial will-
written prepared signed by the
and signed by testator
the writer acknowledge
himself without before a notary
the public with 3
assistance of any witnesses.
person 4. Documents
investigated on
the question of -any document
typewriting: completely
a. with a view of written and
ascertaining their signed by one
source person; also
b. with a view of known as
ascertaining their holograph. In
date number of
c. with a view of jurisdictions a
determining holographic will
whether or not can be probated
they contain without anyone
fraudulent having witnessed
alterations or its
substituted execution.
pages. Reference
Collection-
Material frequently
compiled and maintained.
organized by the 5. Document
document questioned as
examiner to their age or date-
assist Document
him in questioned
answering pertaining to the
special date of
questions. preparation of
Reference documents.
collections of 6. Document
typewriting, questioned as to
check writing the material used
specimens, inks, in their
pens, pens, and production-
papers are
Generally most same ate or same
of the typewriter or
public document same
are the one being or different
subjected to this occasion or if
kind controversy. the type writing
7. Document does not contain
involving type any insertion or
writing- addition
Typewritten 7. Documents or
document can be writings
questioned based investigated
on its because it is
source, date or alleged that they
contents whether identify some
they were persons
executed on the
through signature in any
handwriting. transaction
a. anonymous 2. Document
and disputed containing
letters, and alleged
1. Document fraudulent
with questioned alteration. - A
Signature (most type of
common).- A questioned
kind of disputed document which
document which does contains
usually changes on the
encounter by the original content
document of the document
examiner due to itself it has a
importance of variety of classes
3. Holograph 1. Document
Document with questioned
(Document Signature (most
completely common).- A
written and kind of disputed
signed by one document which
person). - A usually
document which encounter by the
is completely document
written prepared examiner due to
and signed by importance of
the writer signature in any
himself without transaction
the 2. Document
assistance of any containing
person alleged
fraudulent
alteration. - A document which
type of is completely
questioned written prepared
document which and signed by
does contains the writer
changes on the himself without
original content the
of the document assistance of any
itself it has a person
1. Document with questioned Signature (most

variety of classes common).- A kind of disputed document which usually

encounter by the document examiner due to

3. Holograph
importance of signature in any transaction

2. Document containing alleged fraudulent alteration. -

A type of questioned document which does contains

Document changes on the original content of the document itself it

has a variety of classes

(Document 3. Holograph Document (Document completely written

and signed by one person). - A document which is
completely written prepared and signed by the writer

completely himself without the assistance of any person

written and Questioned or

signed by one disputed
person). - A holographic wills
a. Holographic a. with a view of
will- will entirely ascertaining their
written in the source
handwriting of b. with a view of
the testator ascertaining their
b. Notarial will- date
signed by the c. with a view of
testator determining
acknowledge whether or not
before a notary they contain
public with 3 fraudulent
witnesses. alterations or
4. Documents substituted
investigated on pages.
Questioned or disputed holographic wills

the question of a. Holographic will- will entirely written in the

handwriting of the testator

typewriting: b. Notarial will- signed by the testator acknowledge

before a notary public with 3 witnesses.

4. Documents investigated on the question of

typewriting:
a. with a view of ascertaining their source
b. with a view of ascertaining their date
c. with a view of determining whether or not they
contain fraudulent alterations or substituted
pages.
b. superscriptions, registrations, and miscellaneous
writings.
Definition of Term
•ADDITION - Any matter made a part of the document
after its original preparation may be referred to as
addition.
•CONCLUSION - A scientific conclusion results form
relating observed facts by logical, common-sense
reasoning in accordance with established rules or laws.
The document examiner's conclusion, in legal term is
referred to as "opinion".
•DOCUMENT EXAMINER. One who studies scientifically
the details and elements of documents in order to
identify their source or to discover other facts
concerning them.
Document examiners are often referred to as
handwriting identification experts, but today the work
has outgrown this latter title and involves other
problems than merely the examination of handwriting.
•ERASURE - The removal of writings, typewriting or
printing, from a document is an erasure. It maybe
accomplished by either of two means. A chemical
eradication in which
the writing is removed or bleached by chemical agents
(e.g. liquid ink eradicator); and an
abrasive erasure is where the writing is effaced
by rubbing with a rubber eraser or
scratching out with a knife or other sharp with
implement.
•EXAMINATION - It is the act of making a close and
critical study of any material and with questioned
documents, it is the process necessary to discover the
facts about them.
Various types are under taken, including
microscopic, visual photographic, chemical, ultra violet
and infra-red examination.
•EXPERT WITNESS. A legal term used to describe a
witness who by reason of his special training or
experience is permitted to express an opinion regarding
the issue, or a certain aspect of the issue, which is
involved in a court action. His purpose is to interpret
technical information in his particular specialty in
order to assist the court in
administering justice. The document examiner testifies
in court as an expert witness.
•INSERTION OR INTERLINEATION - The term "insertion"
and "interlineations" include the addition of writing and
other material between lines or paragraphs or the
addition of whole page to a document.
•NON-IDENTITIFICATION (Non-identity) – as used in
this text it means that the source or authorship of the
compared questioned and standard specimens is
different.
•OBLITERATION - the blotting out or shearing over the
writing to make the original invisible to as an addition.
• OPINION. In legal language, it refers to the document
Examiner's conclusion. Actually in Court, he not only
expresses an opinion but demonstrates the reasons for
arriving at his opinion. Throughout this text, opinion and
conclusion are used synonymously
•QUALIFICATION. The professional experience,
education, and ability of a documentexaminer. Before
he is permitted to testify as an expert witness, the court
must rule thathe is qualified in his field.
• REASON FOR QUESTIONED DOCUMENT
EXAMINATION•
Generally, examination of questioned documents is
restricted to “Scientific Comparison” which means that
determination of authenticity, genuineness, falsification
or forgery lies on the availability of known standards for
comparison. After thorough comparison, the following
principle of identification is applied: “When two items
contain a combination of corresponding or similar and
specificallyoriented characteristic of such number and
significance as to preclude the possibility oftheir
occurrence by mere coincidence and there are no
unaccounted for differences, itmay be concluded that
they are same in their characteristics attributed to the
same cause.
• DIVISIONS OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT a particular ____ condition and for a particular purpose.
EXAMINATION

1. Criminalistics Examination. This involves the

detection of forgery, erasure,alteration or obliteration
of documents.

• =Dr. Wilson Harrison, a noted British Examiner of

questioned documents said that anintelligent police
investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by
careful inspectionof a document with simple magnifiers
and measuring tools.

•2. Handwriting Investigation/Analysis. This is more

focused in determining the authorof writing. It is more
difficult procedure and requires long study and
experience.

FORMS/ASPECTS (SUBJECTS) OF QUESTIONED

DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONA.

Handwriting Examination (Graphology/Graphoanalysis)

• examination of signatures and initials

• examination of anonymous letters

• hand printing examinationTypes of Handwritings

1. Cursive- Writing in which the letters are for the most

part joined together

2. Handlettering- refers to writing characterized by a

disconnected style

3. Natural Writing- a specimen of writing that is

executed normally and without any attempt of

altering its usual writing habits

4. Disguised- A specimen of writing executed

deliberately with an attempt of changing its usual

writing habits in the hope of hiding one’s identity.

5. Guided/Assisted- a specimen of writing executed

while the writer’s hand is at steadied.

Usually employed by beginners in writing.

Signature—a name of person signed by himself on a

document as a sign of acknowledgement

Model signature- genuine signature which has been

used in preparing a simulated

Evidential Signature- specimen signature which was

executed in particular date and place under