PINES CITY COLLEGES

GENERAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

Second Semester, AY 2023-2024
LIVING IN THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ERA
LECTURE NOTE # 3
Modular Learning Guide #3

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Those who do not learn from history are destined to repeat it." - George Santayana

✔ Without a keen understanding of past developments, we will find ourselves continually

"reinventing the wheel"
✔ The study of history can help to explain and understand why computer existed.
✔ How various computational devices affected past societies and are likely to affect our society in
the future.
A. Abacus
⮚ Around 500 B.C. when the abacus was invented in Babylonia, the popularized in
China.
⮚ The device has a frame with beads strung on wires or rods arithmetic calculations are performed
by manipulating the beads.  It is the first calculator or adding machine.

Figure 1: Abacus
B. Napier's Bones
 It is an abacus created by John_Napier for calculation of products and quotients of numbers that
was based on Arab mathematics and lattice multiplication.

Figure 2: Napier's Bones

 John Napier, a Scottish mathematician who became famous for his invention of logarithms in
1614. The use of "logs') made of bones enabled him to reduce any multiplication and division
problem to a problem of addition and subtraction. The bones are a set of eleven rods with
numbers marked on them in such a way that simply placing the rods side by side, products and
quotients of large numbers can be obtained.

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C. Oughtred’s Slide Rule
 William Oughtred, English mathematician, invented the slide rule. A slide rule consists o two
movable rulers placed side by side, each ruler is marked off in such a way that the actual
distances from the beginning of the ruler are proportional to the logarithms of the numbers
printed on the ruler, by sliding the rulers one can quickly multiply and divide.

Figure 3: Slide Rule D. Pascal's Mechanical Calculator

⮚ Blaise Pascal , French mathematician and philosopher, invented the Pascaline, the first
mechanical adding machine.
⮚ It is a gear-driven device, which makes a wheel turn one tenth of the way as the wheel to its
right turns a full 360 degrees.
⮚ It only performs addition and subtraction.
⮚ Pascal built the Pascaline to help his father a tax collector calculates tax revenues.

Figure 4: Pascaline
E. Leibniz’s Mechanical Calculator
In 9671, Gottfried Leibniz, A German mathematician, invented his own mechanical calculator that is
ahead of his time. He called the Stepped Reckoner that could multiply 5 digits and 12 digits’
number. Leibniz’s mechanical calculator outperforms Pascal's Pascaline. His device can perform
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square roots.

Figure 5: Stepped Reckoner

F. Jacquard's Loom
⮚ In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard, a French, invented the Jacquard's weaving loom in making
designs on cloths and textiles. It is controlled by punched cards in which holes are strategically
punched. The punched cards are sequenced to indicate a particular weaving design.
⮚ The punched card that consists of patterned holes is considered as a "program" for the weaving
loom's task.

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 Figure 6: Jacquard's Loom
G. Babbage's Analytical Engine
⮚ In 1822-1833, Charles Babbage "The father of modern computer conceived the idea of
"stored-program" in which is the basis of our present modern computer.
⮚ In 1822, Babbage-invented the Difference Engine, which was designed to automate a standard
procedure for Calculating the roots of polynomials but never been completed.
⮚ In 1833 Babbage invented the Analytical Engine. This was the “general-purpose computer”. It is
a card-programmed mechanical device. The idea of entering a program, or set of instructions,
on cards, followed by data cards, is one method used by our present modern computers for
implementing the stored-program concept. This device could add, subtract, multiply and divide
in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per minute.

Figure 7:Charles Babbage

 Babbage was a mathematician with a considerable interest in invention. He applied science to
technology in a new and exciting way. Yet he never accomplished his goal and his machine
was never built, the technology at that time is not appropriate to build his analytical engine
because electronics was not yet developed and discovered.

Figure 8: Difference Engine Figure 9: Analytical Engine

Lady Ada Auqusta Lovelace
⮚ A friend of Charles Babbage forwarded the idea about the use of punched cards to direct his
engine to perform repeated instructions.

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 Figure 10: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace  She wrote
down actual sequences of instructions for the machine.
⮚ She invented and recognized programming concepts, such as the use of subroutines, looping
and conditional jumps.
⮚ Because of her work, she is generally regarded as the “world's
first programmer".
⮚ The programming language ADA, developed by the US Department of Defense, was named in
her honor.
THE ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE: 1840 1940
H. Hollerith's punched card tabulating machine
⮚ In the 1980s, Herman Hollerith, a statistician with the US Bureau of the Census, completed a set
of machines to help process the results of the 1890 census.
⮚ It was called Hollerith’s punched card tabulating machine.
⮚ Hollerith used Babbage's idea of using punched cards for recording data. He then designed
and built a sorting and tabulating machine that could work much faster than any human
being. Unlike advantage of electricity in operating his machine.

Figure 11: Punched Card Tabulating-Machine

⮚ In 1896, Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company. In 1911, it combined with other
companies to form the Computing -Tabulating- Recording Company. Thomas J. Watson, the
company's general manager, changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM)
Corporation in 1924.
I. Punched Card Technology
⮚ Punched-card technology improved with the addition of more punched-card devices and
more sophisticated capabilities, which eventually gave birth to the electromechanical
accounting machines (EAM).
⮚ Among the EAM devices in use back then were the punched card, verifier, reproducer,
calculator and machine.

Figure 12: Punched Card

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 THE ELECTRONIC AGE: 1941 -- Present
J. Konrad Zuse's Z3
 In 1941, Konrad Zuse built the first programmable computer called the Z3. A computer is
"programmable" because it is capable of following instructions.

Figure 13: Konrad Zuse's Z3

K. Dr. Atanasoff Berry Computer ABC)
⮚ Dr. John Atanasoff , a professor of Iowa State University, had begun to think a machine that
could reduce the time it took for him and his physics students to make long, complicated
mathematical calculations.
⮚ He made concepts as an electronic medium with vaccum tubes, the base 2 or binary
numbering system, memory and logic circuits set the direction for the development of the
modern computer.

Figure 14: Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC)

⮚ In 1939, Dr. John V. Atanasoff and one of his graduate Clifford E. Berry created a Prototype of
the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC).
⮚ The ABC is the world's first automatic electronic digital computer. IBM showed lack of interest in
this invention
L. Mark I
⮚ IBM unveiled its first electromechanical computer in 1944. The first electromechanical computer
and the first stored-program computer. Howard Aiken, a Harvard University Professor, built it.
⮚ It is a huge machine about 1 ,200 cubic feet in size (about 15 refrigerators) and contained
thousands of electromechanical relays or switching devices. 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick,
weighed 5 tons, used about 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3-5 seconds per carculation.

Figure 15: Mark I

THE FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1951 - 1958)  The first
generation of computers is characterized by vacuum tubes.
⮚ In this generation, vacuum tubes are used for logic processing. Punched cards are still used for
external data storage. Rotating magnetic drums are used for internal data storage of data and
programs.

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⮚ Programs are written in machine language and assembly language, Computers then require a
compiler
Vacuum Tube
 An electronic device enclosed within a glass housing from which the air has been removed.
Vacuum tubes were the precursors of transistors and were used in early computers.

Figure 16: Vacuum Tube

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
⮚ ABC end Mark ! were still mechanical in many ways. In 1946, pr. John We Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert} Jr. built the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC).
⮚ ENIAC is the first fully functional electronic digital computer.
⮚ ENIAC is used to compute trajectory tables for the US Army. it is a thousand times faster than its
electromechanical predecessors. It weighed 30 tons and occupied 1 ,500 square feet of floor
space. With over 18,000 vacuum tubes, the ENIAC needed a huge amount of electricity. The
ENIAC worked about 1 ,000 times faster than Mark ! and performed approximately 5,000
arithmetic operations a second. It could compute a problem in 90 seconds that in comparison
would take a skilled technician with a desk calculator 20 hours to compute.
⮚ The only modern major concept that the ENIAC possess was having a stored program control
sequencing of instructions.

Figure 17: ENIAC

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
⮚ Developed by Dr. John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert,Jr,
for the
Remington-Rand Corporation.
⮚ UNIVAC I is the first commercially viable electronic digital computer.

Figure 18: UNIVAC

IBM 650
⮚ IBM made the decision and the commitment to develop and market computers and
introduced IBM 650.
⮚ IBM 650 was designed as a logical upgrade to existing punched card machines.  IBM's first
commercially successful computer.

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 Figure 19: IBM 650
THE SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1959 - 1964)
⮚ The invention of the transistor signaled the start of the second generation of computers.
⮚ Vacuum tubes replaced by transistors as main logic element.
⮚ The transistor is more powerful, more reliable, and less expensive computers that would occupy
less space and give off less heat than vacuum-tube-powered computers did.

Figure 20: Transistor Figure 21: Transistor with circuit board Transistor
⮚ It is a small solid-state of electric current.
⮚ John Barden Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the
transistor.
⮚ Transistors were smaller, faster, cheaper, required less power, and produced less heat than
vacuum tubes
⮚ . Faster input-output devices were also developed, as well as storage media with increased
capacities.
⮚ Magnetic tape and disks began to replace punched cards as external storage devices.
⮚ High-level programming languages (e.g., FORTRAN and COBOL) began to emerge.
⮚ Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be polarized in one of two
directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal
storage technology.
⮚ IBM has so many competitors in selling computer like Burroughs, UNIVAC, NCR, CDC and
Honeywell, all these became known as the BUNCH(the first initial of each name) these
computers are mainframes which are of very large size and expensive(prices ran into millions of
dollars).
PDP 8
 Created by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It is the first successful
minicomputer. The price is less expensive compared to mainframes and the size is smaller.
COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
 A high-level computer programming language widely adopted for corporate business
applications. It was developed by Grace Hopper in 1961.
FORTRAN (Formula Translation)
⮚ From 1954 to 1958 American computer scientist John Backus of International Business Machines,
Inc. (IBM) developed Fortran, an acronym for Formula
Translation.
⮚ It became a standard programming language because it could
process mathematical formulas. Fortran and its variations are still in use today, especially in
physics.
THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1964 - 1971)
⮚ The invention of the integrated circuits signaled the start of the third generation of computers

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⮚ Individual transistors were replaced by integrated circuits.
⮚ Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punch cards as external storage devices.
⮚ Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide
semiconductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips.
⮚ The introduction of computers made with integrated circuits virtually made all previous
computer models obsolete.
⮚ Operating systems are introduced, developed and used.
⮚ Advanced programming languages like BASIC developed.
Integrated Circuit (IC)
⮚ A large number of related electrical conductors, transistors, and other electronic components
densely and microscopically placed on a semiconductor substance.
⮚ It is a single wafer or chip that can hold many transistors and electronic circuits.
⮚ Often called a chip.
⮚ Integrated circuits were faster, offered improved memory" and reduced the price of
computers.

Figure 22: Integrated Circuit

Figure 23: Silicon Chip Figure 24: Microchips

IBM 360
 IBM built this computer that make used of IC.

Figure 25: IBM 360

THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS (1971 to Present)
⮚ The introduction of large-scale integration (LSI, more circuits per unit space) of electronic
circuitry.
⮚ The total miniaturization of computer circuitry, which were marked by the use of
microprocessors.
Microprocessor
⮚ Is an Integrated circuit built on a tiny piece of silicon. It contains 'thousands, or even millions, of
transistors, which are interconnected via superfine traces of aluminum.
⮚ It is also called Central Processing Unit CPU).

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 Figure 26: Microprocessor 18 INTEL 4004
⮚ The first microprocessor developed by Intel Corporation in 1971.
⮚ A four-bit processor with 2,200 transistors with a size of 1/6 inch ENIAC.

Figure 27: Intel 4004

Intel 8080
⮚ Developed by Intel Corporation as a successor of Intel 4004.
⮚ It is an 8-bit microprocessor
⮚ The CRAY X-MP supercomputer can perform 400 million operations An Intel 8080 does 500
operations per second.
Altair 880
 The first personal computer introduced in 1975 by MITS.

Figure 28: Altair 8800

Apple Computer
 Developed by Steve Wozniak and steve Jobs in 1975. it was made in Steve Job’s family garage.
They had founded the computer company named Apple computer.
Microsoft
⮚ In 1975, schoolmates Paul Allen and Bill Gates go corporate and establish their own Microsoft
Corporation.
⮚ The year 1977 saw an explosion of interest in personal computers end the introduction of a long
succession of machines like commodore PET, Radio Shack TRS-80 and Apple ll.
Intel 8086
⮚ Intel Corporation developed a 16-bit microprocessor in 1978.
IBM PC (Personal Computer)
⮚ "Father of the PC" with Intel 8088 16 bit CPU, 64K of RAM, disk drive introduced in 1981.

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 Figure 30: IBM PC IBM PCXT
(Personal Computer-Extended Technology)  Successor of the
IBM PC developed by IBM in 1983.
IBM PC-AT (Personal Computer-Advanced Technology)  Successor
of the IBM PC-XT developed by IBM in 1984.
⮚ It uses Intel 80286 microprocessor.
Intel 180386
⮚ A 32-bit microprocessor developed by Intel Corporation in 1985. Intel 80486
⮚ A 32-bit microprocessor developed by Intel Corporation in 1989.

Figure 31: Intel 80486

Pentium 1
⮚ It contains 3.2 million transistors per chip.
⮚ Better 32-bit performance
⮚ Developed by Intel Corporation in 1993.
Pentium Il
⮚ It contains 7.5 million transistors and incorporates Intel MMX TM technology, which is designed
specifically to process video, audio and graphics data efficiently.
⮚ It has a high-speed cache memory chip that enables users to capture, edit and share digital
photos with friends and family via the Internet.
⮚ Developed by Intel Corporation in 1997
Intel Pentium with MMX (Multimedia Extension)
 Intel added the MMX instructions. These instructions, which are designed to improve game and
multimedia performance.
Pentium Ill
⮚ It contains 9.5 million transistors. It features 70 new instructions Internet Streaming SIMD
extensions that dramatically enhance the performance of advanced imaging, 3-D, streaming
audio, video and speech recognition applications.
⮚ Developed by Intel Corporation in -1999.
Pentium IV
 It contains 42 million transistors. It features fast communication with real-time video and voice
in the Internet. Simultaneously run several multimedia applications while
connected to the Internet.  Developed by Intel Corporation in 2000.

Figure 32: Intel Pentium IV

Intel Core 2 Duo

 The Core brand refers to Intel's 32-bit mobile dual-core x86 CPUs that derived from the Pentium M
branded processors. The processor family used a more advanced version of the Intel P6 It
emerged in parallel with the NetBurst (Intel P68) microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 brand, and
was a precursor of the 64-bit Core microarchitecture of Core 2 branded h) CPUs. The Core brand

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 comprised two branches: The Duo (dual-core) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core, which
replaced the Pentium M brand of single-core mobile processor).

Figure 33: Intel Core 2 Duo

THE PIONEERS OF THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments, 1956)  The
inventor of Integrated Circuits (IC).
John Backus
 He led the design team that produced the FORTRAN programming—language in between 1954
1957.
Dr. Grace Hopper
 She led the effort and foundation for the development of the
COBOL programming language in 1959.
Robert Noyce
⮚ The inventor of Integrated Circuits GIC). aluminum metallization in 1968.
⮚ The founder of Intel Corporation.
Douglas Englebart
⮚ The inventor of computer mouse in 1965.
Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny
⮚ They developed BASIC (Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) at Darmouth College
in 1965.
Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, Federico Faggin, and Masatoshi Shima
⮚ Developed the first microprocessor called Intel 4004 in 1971
Seymour Cray
⮚ He designed and built the CRAY supercomputer in 1972.
Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie
⮚ They developed the C programming language at AT&T Bell Labs in 1972.
Ed Roberts
⮚ Founded MITS, which in 1975 began selling the Altair 8800 kit computer
Paul Allen and Bill Gates
⮚ Founded Microsoft Cor . in 1975.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
⮚ The developers of Apple computer
Gary Kildall
⮚ Programmed the operating system name CP/M.
Mitchell Kapor
 He designed the Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheets program in 1982
(Chachero, Ma. Teresa, et.al. Revised Edition Basic Education Computer (BSU Manual)

References:
Caoilli-Tayuan, Ronina, R. and Eleazar, Mia V. (2019). Livinq in the Information Technology Era.
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc.
3G.E-Learning LLC (2018). Living in the IT Era. USA: 3G.E-Learning LLC
Concepts of Information and Communication Technology.

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http://www.itdesk.info/en/concepts-of-information-and-communication-techno logy/
History of Computer
https://www.history+of+computer+pptx&oq=history+ppt&gs_ Intro to social
media
https://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/reduce_reuse_recycle/slide_presentations/intro_to_
social_media_prsentations_amy_degenaro.pdf
Noted by:
Prepared by:
Rowena Tolentino- Acacio Engr. Cecilia Lim-Cabanilla
Head
Janice S. Patacsil

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