UNIT TWO: PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING

Leader: Sean Romar N. Maestre

Members: Mae Sundae Lutchavez
Samantha Faye Forcadilla

What is plagiarism?
 Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe.
Plagiarism is defined as the copying verbatim of language and ideas of other writers and taking
credit for them. Therefore, academic writers have a great responsibility to account for the ideas
and language of others.
 Similar to treating someone else's belongings, you need to respect the ownership of what is
not yours. In sum, great care should be observed in writing a text that depends on outside
sources.
 This respect can be preserved by using note-taking strategies and techniques for rephrasing
materials for your work. In addition, citations can be done to acknowledge the ownership of the
work you used.
 Note-taking techniques such as summarizing, using quotations, and para phrasing are used to
address plagiarism of language.
 This means that aside from citing work to attribute ownership of ideas, the language must
observe novelty such that it expresses the ideas of works cited but at the same time employs
the voice of the author writing the academic paper
Two types of plagiarism

Plagiarism
 Plagiarism of ideas occurs when credit for a work is ascribed to oneself untruthfully. For
instance, if one writes a paper on the theory of relativity of physics and no mention of Einstein
is given, the writer explicitly or implicitly claims that this theory is his or hers. Plagiarism of
ideas has been committed.
To address this, proper citation should be done. Citation are done in different ways
Author-oriented citation
 An author-oriented citation starts with the surname of the author, followed by the year of
publication in parentheses. Verbs of statement such as argues, posits, and emphasizes at the
start of paragraph or sentence may be used.

o Example: Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online environment can be

understood if other modes of online communication are further analyzed to provide a full
account of interaction in virtual worlds.
 UNIT TWO: PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING

Text-oriented citation
 In a text-oriented citation, a paragraph or sentence from a source is followed with the surname
of the author of the work and the year of publication. The citation must be enclosed in
parentheses.\

o Example: Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject
areas, problems in comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent issue in the
teaching learning process (Estacio, 2010).
Another way of citation
 Start the sentence or paragraph by using the phrase "According to..." followed by the surname
of the author and the year of publication enclosed in parentheses.

o Example: According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century, our fuel reserves will
be reduced to half, and scarcity of energy supplies will be a big problem.

Aside from texts, movies, images and music should be cited if used on your paper. The general rule
is that the Author, title of work (May it be image, movie or music) and year it was produced (if
applicable) be included in the citation.
(You may refer tohttp://www.nait.ca/libresources/Citations/APA_Examples.pdf for other methods of
citing different sources.)
Consider the following examples: Images:
1. Luna's Spoliarium (1884) inspired several artists in music and creative writing to produce works
related to this powerful painting In 1884, Luna's Spoliarium presented the different aspects of Philip
pine life. Video: 1. Spencer's (2009) "The Matchmaker" shows the different experiences of artists
when they struggle with stardom and deal with the consequences of fame and fortune.

2. "The Matchmaker" (Spencer, 2009) accurately captures the trials and tribulations of fame and
fortune of artists making it big in show business. Music
1. The Beatles' song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) features John Lennon and Paul McCartney's
genius that will influence generations of musicians to create songs that challenge the norm.
 2. John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote the song "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) which is
considered as one of the Beatles' greatest hits in their illustrious career.
UNIT TWO: PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING

Plagiarism of language happens when an author uses the language of an other writer and claims it
as his or her own. There are several types of plagiarism of language:
Consider the following examples. The first is copied word-for-word from a source.
The two types of surrogacy currently known to date are traditional and gestational surrogacy. For the
traditional method, either an intended father or an anonymous sperm donor artificially inseminates the
surrogate mother, as the surrogate mother will have planned to bear her own child. Hence, the child
is related to both the surrogate mother, and the in-tended father or the anonymous sperm donor.
People who usually do this would want to raise a child without sexual intimacy from the opposite sex.
In the gestational method however, an egg is removed from the hopeful mother, to be fertilized by the
sperm of the intended father. The fertilized egg is then implanted into the uterus of the surrogate
mother, who will carry the child to term. In contrast with the traditional method, the child is not related
to the surrogate mother but only to the intended father or the anonymous sperm donor and the
mother who possessed the egg.

-Tuazon, H. (2012). Surrogacy. Unpublished Essay, Department of English and Applied Linguistics,
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
Below is an example of word-for-word plagiarism of the text. Notice that the writer simply cites
the author but copies the whole text verbatim:
Tuazon (2012) states that the two types of surrogacy currently known to date are traditional and
gestational surrogacy. For the traditional method, either an intended father, or an anonymous sperm
donor artificially inseminates the surrogate mother, as the surrogate mother will have planned to bear
her own child. Hence, the child is related to both the surrogate mother and the intended father or the
anonymous sperm donor. People who usually do this would want to raise a child without sexual
intimacy from the opposite sex. In the gestational method however, an egg is removed from the
hopeful mother to be fertilized by the sperm of the intended father. The fertilized egg is then
implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother, who will carry the child to term. In contrast with the
traditional method, the child is not related to the surrogate mother, but only to the intended father or
the anonymous sperm donor and the mother who possessed the egg.
A writer commits patchwork plagiarism when ideas from the source are mixed with
interpretations of the writer, creating patches of text where ownership of ideas is unclear.
Tuazon (2012) states that the traditional and gestational are two methods of surrogacy. For the
traditional method, either an intended father or someone who the mother does not know but is willing
to father the child artificially inseminates the surrogate mother. Hence, the child is related to both the
surrogate mother and the intended father or the anonymous sperm donor. The reason for this is that
sexual intimacy is not the objective but procreation. On the other hand, gestational surrogacy occurs
when an egg is taken out of the woman's system and is fertilized and is implanted in the womb of
another woman. As opposed to the traditional method, the child is not related to the surrogate mother,
but only to the intended father or the anonymous sperm donor and the mother who possessed the
egg.

UNIT TWO: PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING

To address plagiarism of language, effective note-taking techniques should be used. As mentioned

earlier, citations are used to attribute ownership of ideas to authors. Note-taking techniques, on the
other hand, allow you to rephrase original text into your own.
There are three types of note-taking techniques: using direct quotations, summarizing, and
paraphrasing.

Direct Qoutation
Using direct quotations is employed for statements that are so sociated that altering the words may
lose its rhetorical impact. For instance, the statement of Ninoy Aquino, "The Filipino is worth dying
for" is too short to be summarized, and the rhetorical impact of the work is lessened if the statement is
paraphrased. Below are some points to consider for employing direct quototions:
1. Using direct quotations means to lift text and enclose them in quota. tion marks. In addition to the
author's name, the page numbers are included. Example: "Globalization is just a covert term for
colonization." (Reyes, 1994, p. 2).
2. If the text is too long, you may omit certain parts and replace them with an ellipsis (three dots). If
the words omitted are at the end of the statement, another dot is added, making it four. Example:
"Smartphones resulted from global innovations in technology... and therefore, consumers need to be
updated on the latest trends if they want to maximize opportunities offered by these gadgets to make
daily activities more convenient." (De Claro, 2010, p. 7).
3. Interpolation may be done to insert notes within the directly quoted passage to help readers
understand the context of the statement. Interpolation is marked by open and closed brackets.
Example: "De Quiros, Zabala, Uy, and Lee believe that the education sector should address the
material conditions of schools to improve teaching and learning." (Danao, 2011, p. 7). "[Educators]
believe that the education sector should address the material conditions of schools to improve
teaching and learning." (Danao, 2011, p. 7).
4. Using too many direct quotations does not reveal your identity as an author. Specifically, it is
important that you develop your own voice and style of writing in expressing ideas. Using others'
statements help in arguments but does not show your originality and strength in mak ing claims.
Therefore as a rule of thumb, twenty percent of the total length of the work may employ direct
quotations. For instance, if the prompt of the essay requires you to write in at least 1000 words, you
may only have a total of 200 words alloted for direct quotation.

Example:
"Smartphones resulted from global innovations in technology... and therefore, consumers need to be
updated on the latest trends if they want to maximize opportunities offered by these gadgets to make
daily activities more convenient." (De Claro, 2010, p.7).

UNIT TWO: PLAGIARISM; EFFECTIVE NOTE-TAKING

Summarizing is a short restatement of the main idea of a text. Ideally, it is a third of the original text
of your paper. For developing your summary, the fol lowing tips may be helpful.

1. Make sure to read the text thoroughly and highlight the important details in the text. Bear in mind
that certain details have relationships (cause and effect for example) and these need to be noted as
well.

2. After getting the main idea/s, use your own words in your summary. Make sure to check if the
relationships between ideas are established.

3. When done with your summary, recheck your output with the original to see if your output does not
stray from the original text. You may seek your teacher or peer's feedback to be sure.

Paraphrasing is a restatement in your own words of the main idea and supporting details of a text. A
paraphrase may match the length of the original work Though paraphrasing may be considered more
challenging than sum morizing, paraphrasing allows bele opportunities for misinterpretation on the
part of the reader as you account for both major and minor points Consider the following tips in
crafting your paraphrases

1. Read the text thoroughly, noting both main ideas and supporting de toils. If confronted with a long
text, you may outline these ideas to distinguish the major points from the minor ones

2 After identifying these, carefully state the major and minor points in your own words, making sure
that the relationships between and among these ideas are observed.
3 Finally, when the pamphrose is done, compare your work with the onginal to make sure that the
original intentions of the author are not changed.

The following are also several ways in paraphrasing 1 Literal paraphrasing- This type only replaces
vocabulary terms from the original text.
2. Structural paraphrasing - This type changes the sentence structure o well as the word class of
key words of the original text.

UNIT TWO; LESSON TWO: PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

3. Alternative paraphrasing- In this type, the writer first poses questions chout the text such as what
the text is about, how the main idea it supported, and the stand of the author about the topic. Then,
the writer answers these questions using his/her own words after reading the text, making sure that
all ideas are connected.
 UNIT TWO; LESSON TWO: PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

In the previous sections, you were provided instructions on aspects of academic reading and writing.
In this section, you will be trained on the rigors of planning essays and presenting them. To begin,
search the Internet for writing techniques and note them.

o Website/URL
o Name of writer (if given)
o Strategies imparted
o Guide Questions

1 Are the strategies mentioned applied by some writers?

2. Have you tried writing the same way? How did you find these strategies? Did it help or not?
3 If you haven't tried these strategies, would you consider them? Why or why not?

Writing is an activity that requires organization. Although it sometimes starts as a chaotic process,
much preparation is needed. Therefore, as ideas arise there are two important components to
consider--the thesis statement and the outline

The Thesis Statement is the overall idea or argument of your work. It se general statement that
presents essential points that leads the reader to the right direction. Your thesis statement makes all
parts of your work stick together A good thesis statement should be focused and succinct, and must
be framed as a declarative sentence. Ideally, the statement should have at least three ideas that will
be developed in succeeding sections of the work. Consider

The following example:

o The ASEAN region is a dynamic system because a capitalizes on cultural diversity, rich
resources, and a variety of perspectives.

This thesis statement contains the main idea that the ASEAN region is a dynamic system. In order to
support this, there are three points that need elaboration-cultural diversity, resources, and a variety of
perspectives. These three points will then be developed in each paragraph in order to make the main
idea a well-elaborated one.

UNIT TWO; LESSON TWO: PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

A good thesis statement has several qualities:

1. A thesis statement is always framed as a declarative statement.
o Poor example: What is plagiarism?
o Improved version: Plagiarism can be explained from cultural and socio-political perspectives.
o
2. A good thesis statement is focused, meaning it provides supporting points that strengthen the
claim.
o Poor example: An effective local government unit should have good communication facilities
and efficient re source management programs since these initia. tives will be beneficial for its
citizens.
o Improved version: Effective dissemination of information and effi cient resource management
are indicators of ef fective local governance,
3 .A good thesis statement has clear boundaries. It sets limits as to what the essay intends to
explore.
o Poor example: Guitar playing skills can be improved if the player is dedicated and there are
sessions devoted to technique and investments on good equipment must be considered since
these will be influential in performing in front of an audience.
o Improved version: Excellent guitar playing requires countless hours of practice, strategic
decisions in purchasing equipment, and tireless dedication.
 Traditional Format Standard Format
Title of Work: Units of a Research Ta University Title of Work: Units of a Research University

I. College of Medicine 1.0 College of Medicine

A. Community Medicine 1.1 Community Medicine
B. Pathology 1.2 Pathology

II. College of Engineering 2.0 College of Engineering

A. Industrial Engineering 2.1 Industrial Engineering
B. Chemical Engineering 2.2 Chemical Engineering
2.3 Mechanical Engineering
C. Mechanical Engineering
3.0 School of Fine Arts
III. School of Fine Arts 3.1 Painting
A. Painting 3.2 Sculpture
B. Sculpture
4.0 College of Liberal Arts
V. College of Liberal Arts. 4.1 Political Sciences
A. Political Sciences 4.2 History
B. History 4.3 Literature
C. Literature

For principles, consider the following:

Parallelism - Entries should observe the same language structure (e.g., words, phrases, sentences).
Coordination - Entries should observe levels of importance. In the example above, note that colleges
are labeled as major ideas because they carry the same level of significance in the research
university.
Subordination - Entries should observe differences of importance (which ideas should be classified
as minor or major ideas?). In the same example, the different units under colleges are labeled as
minor ideas since they differ in scope from the colleges.
Division - Entries should at least be two to be sure that supporting pointof a major idea are adequate.
Parallelism - Entries should observe the same language structure (e.g., words, phrases, sentences)
 UNIT TWO; LESSON TWO: PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

Basic Outline of Thesis Statement

 A thesis statement is the main idea of an essay. Under is the outline of writing a thesis
statement.

1.0 Introduction
1.1 What is the topic about?
1.2 What is the purpose of the essay?
1.3 What is covered in the essay?
1.4 What is the thesis statement?
2.0 Body
2.1 What is the first major topic?
2.1.1 What is the first supporting idea?
2.1.2 What is the second supporting idea?
2.2 What is the second major topic?
2.2.1 What is the first supporting idea?
2.2.2 What is the second supporting idea?
2.3 What is the third major topic?
2.3.1 What is the first supporting idea?
2.3.2 What is the second supporting idea?
3.0 Conclusion
3.1 What are the main points of my essay?
3.2 What course of action would I like my readers to take?
.
 UNIT TWO; LESSON TWO: PLANNING AND PRESENTATION

Preparing notes will help you expand the points in your essay. As these notes are taken from different
resources, you will need a way to account for them. In a previous lesson, you were taught note-taking
techniques such summarizing, paraphrasing, and using direct quotations as well as citations to
address plagiarism. Accounting for resources is an important aspect of demic essays or papers. aca

The system of the American Psychological Association (APA) is used in preparing a list of references.
The following are guidelines for organizing your reference list.

1. Entries should be arranged alphabetically with the surname of the authors as points of
reference. In cases where there is no author, the title of the work becomes the first part of the
entry.

2. The hanging indent format should be observed when writing entries This means that the first
line of the first entry is not indented while the succeeding lines are indented The following are
some example entries for books, periodicals, and online sources. For other sources, you may
refer to www.nait.ca/ lib resources/Citations/APA Examples.pdf.

Books
General format
Author's surname, Initials (year of publication). Title of work (set in italics).
Place of Publication: Publisher.
Books with two authors
Pulido, D., & Mirador, J. (1998). Academic writing for college students.
Tokyo: Lindell Inc.
Books with an editor
Mata, E. (Ed.). (2015). Workplace ethics: An introduction. Kuala Lumpur:
UPM Press.
Books with no author
Cycling primer for beginners. (1989). Ohio: West and West Publishing.
Periodicals (Journals, Newspapers, and Magazines)
General format
Surname of author/s, Initials (year of publication). Title of the article. Title of the periodical, volume
(issue numbers), page numbers.
Journal articles
Valdez, G. (2010). Philippine perspectives on environmental politics. Jour nal of New World Politics.
8(7), 25-32.

Magazine
Moore, B. (2001, August). Fashion for the new decade. Fashion Manila, 35(2), 77.

Newspapers
Severino, P. (2013, Oct. 23). Creating possibilities for Muslim Mindanao. The Metro Monitor, p. A17.
Online sources
Author, Initials or Institution. (date of retrieval). Title of work. Retrieved from Web site.
Greenworks. (May 4, 2014). Methods of extraction of minerals. Retrieved from
www.greenworks/methods.html.

Excellent Written Work makes it worthy for presentation. It is important on your end to disseminate
good ideas in worthy venues. Conferences, seminars, and workshops are good opportunities for you
to participate in discussions and share your ideas. Also, meaningful inputs can be shared with other
participants, which can lead to improvements of your piece.

Before the presentation

1. Familiarize yourself with the mechanics of the presentation. Is there a time limit? What equipment
is available to you? Who will be attending the activity?
2. Prepare. Did you prepare an outline for your presentation? Will you be using PowerPoint or other
media? What salient points will you be including? Did you use good slides? Are the font and text
readable? Are the texts in manageable length and are not crammed?
3. Rehearse your presentation. Did you go beyond the time limit? Were you able to express your
points clearly?
4. Select appropriate attire for your presentation. Do clothes fit the formality of the event? Does it help
you accentuate your features (height, skin color, or prominent physical features)?
During the presentation

1. Relax Focus on the points you rehearsed, referring to your notes/out. line from time to time. Once
you start talking, the tension will begin to lessen.

2. Elaborate. Add interesting ideas in your presentation that you came across while writing the poper.
3. Establish eye contact. It is good to look at the audience from time to time, perhaps at their
foreheads. This allows you to create the illusion that you are looking into their eyes minimizing your
anxiety.

4. Start and finish strong. Good presentations start with the central theme or idea. Make sure to
conclude with a restatement of the control idea. Remember that the beginning and the end are
powerful sections of your presentation.

After the presentation

1. Thank the audience. Remember that the audience took time to attend your presentation. Showing
gratitude is a good way of connecting with them.

2. Refer to your work. Questions are likely to be asked and therefore referring to your work would be
a good way to keep the discussions focused. If there are ideas beyond the scope of your work, be
open to welcome