CH 2 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT

A MANAGERIAL PRINCIPLE IS A BROAD AND GENERAL GUIDELINE FOR

DECISION MAKING AND BEHAVIOR.

HENRI FAYOL

1. DIVISION OF WORK THE INTERNT OF DIVISION OF WORK IS TO

PRODUCE MANAGER SHOULD BALANCE AUTHORITYMORE AND
BETTER WORK FOR THE EFFORT. SPECIALISATION IS THE MOST
EFFICIENT WAY TO USE HUMMAN EFFORTS. IN BS WORK CAN BE
PERORFORMED MORE EFFICENTLY IF IT IS DIVIDED INTO
SPECIALIZED TASK EACH PERFPRMED BY A SPECIALIST OR TRAINED
EMPLOYEE THIS RESULT IN EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE OUTPUT. SO
COMPANYS HAVE DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS
2. ATHORITY AND RESPONSIBILTITY AUTHORITY IS THE RIGHT TO GIVE
ODERS AND OBTAIN OBEDIENCE AND RESPONSIBILITY IS THE
COROLLARY OF AUTHORITY .THE TWO TYPES OF AUTHORITY ARE
OFFICAL AUTHORITY TO COMMAND AND PERSONAL AUTHORITY IS
THE AUTHORITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL MANAGER .MANAGER SHOULD
BALANCE BETWEEN AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILTY .AN
ORGANISATION SHOULD BUILD SAFEGARDS AGAINST ABUSE OF
MANAGERIAL POWER AT SAME TIME A MANAGER SHOULD HAVE
NECESSARY AUTHORITY TO CARRY OUT HIS RESPONSIBILITY
3. DISCIPLINE DISCIPLINE REQUIRES GOOD SUPERIORS AT ALL LEVELS
CLEAR FAIR AGREEMENTS AND JUDICIOUS APPLICATION OF
PENALTIES.DISCIPLINE IS OBEDAINCE TO ORGANISATIONAL RULES
AND EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT WHICH ARE NECESSARY FOR THE
WORKING OF THHE ORGANISATION
4. UNITY OF COMMAND THERE SHOULD BE ONE AND ONLY ONE BOOSS
FOR EVERY INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEE .IT STATES THAT EACH
PARTICIPPANT IN AFORMAL ORGANISATION SHOULD RECEIVE
ORDERS FROM AND BE RESPONSIBLETO ONLY ONE SUPERIOR. DUAL
SUBORINATE SHOULD BE AVOIDED AND THERE SHOULD BE
COORDINATIONBETWWEN VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS
5. UNITY OF DIRECTION ALL THE UNITS OF AN ORGNISATION SHOULD
BE MOVING TOWARDS THE SAME OBJECTIVE THROUGH
COORDINATEDAND FORCOUSED EFFORT. EACH GROUP OF
ACTIVITIES HAVING THE SAME OBJECTIVE MUST HAVE ONE HEAD
AND ONE PLAN.THERE SHOULD BE ONE GOAL OF THE
 ORGANISATION TO WORK UPON IN A SINGLE DIRECTION .THE
DEPARTMENT SHOULD WORK WITHOUT OVER LAPPING WITH OTHER
DEPARTMENT.
6. SUBORDINATION OF INDIVIDUAL INTEREST TO GENERAL INTEREST
THE INTERESTS OF ORGANIZATION SHOULD TAKE PRIORITY OVER
THE INTERESTS OF ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYEE IN ALL THE
SITUATION THE INTERESTS OF THE COMPANY WILL SUPERSEDE THE
INTEREST OF ANY ONE INDIVIDUAL THIS IS SO BECAUSE LARGER
INTEREST OF THE WORKER AND SHAREHOLDER ARE MORE
IMPORTANT THAN THE INTEREST OF ANY ONE PERSON
7. REMUNERATION OF EMPLOYEES THE OVERALL PAY AND
COMPENSATION SHOULD BE FAIR TO BOTH EMPLOYEES AND THE
ORGANIZATION EMPLOYEES SHOULD BE P
8. AID FAIR WAGES WHICH SHOULD GIVE THEM AT LEAST A
REASONABLE STANDARD OF LIVING .AT THE SAME TIME IT SHOULD
BE WITHIN THE PAYING CAPACITY OF THE COMPANY
9. CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION THERE IS A NEED TO
BALANCE SUBORDINATE INVOLMENT THROUGH
DECENTRALIZATION WITH MANAGERS RETENTION OF FINAL
AUTHORITY THROUGH CENTRALIZATION THE LARGE
ORGANIZATION HAVE MORE DECENTRALIZATION THEN SMALL
ORGANIZATION CONCENTRATION OF DECISION MAKING AUTHORITY
IS CALLED CENTRALIZATION WHEREAS ITS DISPERSAL AMONG
MORE THAN ONE PERSON IS KNOWN AS DECENTRALIZATION
10. SCALER CHAIN ORGANIZATION SHOULD HAVE A CHAIN OF
AUTHORITY AND COMMUNICATION THAT RUNS FROM TOP TO
BOTTOM AND SHOULD BE FOLLOWED BY MANAGERS AND THE
SUBORDINATES. THIS CHAIN SHOULD NOT BE VIOLATED IN THE
NORMAL COURSE OF FORMAL COMMUNICATION HOWEVER IF
THERE IS EMERGENCY THEN E CAN DIRECTLY CONTACT O THROUGH
GANG PLANK THIS IS SHORTER ROUTE AND HAS BEEN PROVIDED SO
THAT COMMUNICATION IS NOTT DELAYED
11. ODER PEOPLE AND MATIRIALS MUST BE IN SUITABLE PLACES AT
APPROPRIATETIME FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY APLACE FOR
EVERYTHING AND EVRYTHING IS IN ITS PLACE THIS WILL LEAD TO
INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY
12. EUITY GOOD SENSE AND EXPERIENCE ARE NEEDED TO ENSURE
FAIRNESS TO ALL EMPLOYEES WHO SHOULD BE TREATED AS FAIRLY
AS POSSIBLE THIS PRINCIPALE EMPHASISES KINDLINESS AND
JUSTICE IN BEHAVIOUR OF MANAGERS TOWARDS WORKERS THIS
WILL ENSURE LOYALTY AND DEVOTION
13. STABILITY OF PERSONNEL EMPLOYEE TURNOVER SHOULD BE
MINIMISED TO MAINTAIN ORGANISATIONAL EFFICIENCY
 OTHEYVSHOULD HAVE STABILITY OF TENURE THEY SHOULD HAVE
RESONABLE TIME TO SHOW RESULTS.
14. INITIATIVE WORKERS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGE TO DEVELOP AND
CARRY OUT THEIR PLANS FOR IMPROVMENTS. IT MEANS TAKING
THE FIRST STEP WITH SELF MOTIVATION IT IS THINKING OUT AND
EXECUTTING PLAN
15. ESPRIT DE CORPS MANAGEMENT SHOULD PROMOTE A TEAM SPIRT
OF UNITY AND HARMONY AMONG EMPLOYEES MANAGEMENT
SHOULD PROMOTE TEAM WORK ESPECIALLY IN LARGE
ORGANISATION BECAUSE OTHERWISENOBJECTIVE WOULD BE
DIFICULT TO REALISE IT WILL ALSO RESULT IN LOSS OF
COORDINATION

F W TAYLOR

PRINCIPLES
1. SCIENCE NOT RULE OF THUMB THERE IS ONLY ONE BEST METHOD TO
MAXIMISE EFFICIENCY.IT CAN BE DEVLOPED THROUGH STUDY AND
ANALYSIS ACCORDANE TO THIS PRINCIPLES THERE SHOULD BE USE OF
SCIENTIFIC METHOD OVER TRADITONAL METHOD
2. HARMONY NOT DISCORD SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT HAS FORITS
FOUNDATION THE FIRM CONVICTION THAT THE TRUE INTERESTS OF
THE TWO ARE ONE AND THE SAME THAT PROSPARITY FOR THE
EMPLOYER CANNOT EXIST FOR LONGTIME UNLESS IT IS ACCOMPANIED
BY PROSPARITY FOR THE EMPLOYEES AND VICER VERSA THERE
SHOULDBE COMPLETE HARMONY BETWEEN THE MANAGEMENT AND
WORKERS. BOTH SHOULD REALISE THAT EACH ONE IS IMPORTANT THIS
IS CALLED COMPLETE MENTAL REOLUTIONMANAGMENT SHOULD
SHARE THE GAINS OF THE COMPANY IF ANY WITH THE WORKERS .AT
THE SAME TIME WORKER SHOULD WORK HARD AND BE WILLING TO
EMBRACE CHANGE FOR THE GOOD OF THE COMPANY
3. COOPERATION NOT INDIVIDUALISM THERESHOULD BE ATMOST EQUAL
DIVISION OF WORK AND RESPONSIBILITY BETWEEN WORKERS AND
MANAGEMENT ALL THE DAY LONG THE MANAGMENT SHOULD WORK
ALMOST SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE WORKERS HELPING ENCOURAGING
AND SMOOTHING THE WAY FOR THEM THER SHOULD BE COMPLETE
COOPERATION BETWEEN LABOUR AND THE MANAGEMENT INSTEAD OF
INDIVIDUALISM THIS PRINCPLESIS AN EXTENTION OF PRINCIPLE OF
HARMONY NOT DISCORD COMPITION SHOULD BE REPLACE BY
COOPERATION BOTH SHOULD REALISE THAT THEY NEED EACH OTHER
4. DEVELOPMENT OF EACH AND EVERY PERSON TO HIS OR HER GREATEST
EFFIERNCY AND PROSPERITY EFFENCIENCY COULD BE BUILT IN RIGHT
 FROM PROCESS OF EMPLOYEE SELECTION EACH PERSON SHOULD BE
SCIENTIFICLLY SELECTED THEN WORK ASSIGNED SHOULD SUIT
HER/HIS PHISYCAL MENTALAND INTELLECTUAL CAPABLITIES THESE
ENSURE GREATEST EFFICIENCY AND PROSPERITY FOR BOTHH
COMPANY AND WORKERS
TECHNIQUES
1. FUNCTIONAL FORMANSHIP