Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Aci 350.2R
Aci 350.2R
Aci 350.2R
2R-04
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'Members of AC1 350 Hazardous Materials Subcommittee who prepared this report. Lawrence Valentine served as Chair and
Steven R. Close served as Secretav and then took over as chair during the finalprocessing of this revision.
?Deceased.
Chapter 2-Concrete design and propomaning, primary or secondary containment of cryogenic liquids,
p. 35Q.cEW-3 nonliquid materials, or to systems containing radioactive
2.1-General materials.
2.2-Design The use of information in this report does not ensure
2.3-Concrete cover compliance with applicable regulations. The recommendations
2.4-Exposure in this report were based on the best technical knowledge
2.5-Concrete mixture proportions available at the time they were written; however, they may
2.6-Fiber-reinforced concrete be supplemented or superseded by applicable local, state,
and national regulations. Therefore, it is important to
Chapter 3-Wa$erstopss, sealants, and joints, research such regulations (see kction F. i) thoroughly.
p. 350.m-6
3.1-Waterstops Guidelines for containment and leakage-detection systems
3.2-Joint sealants given in this report involve combinations of materials that
3.3-Joints may not be readily available in all areas. Therefore, local
distributors and contractors should be contacted during the
Chapter 4-ConstrLss;tion considerations? design process to ensure that materials are available.
p. 35Q.cEW-8 Proper and thorough inspection of construction is essential
4.1-Sump construction techniques to ensure a quality fimal product. The written program for
4.2-Curing and protection inspection should be detailed and comprehensive, and
4.3-Inspec tion should be clearly understood by all parties involved. See
Seci iori 4.3 for an inspection checklist. (See AC1 3 11.4R for
Chapter 5-Liners and coatingss,p. 350.2R-11 guidance in inspection programs.) A preconstruction confer-
5.1-Liners ence to discuss the program in detail is recommended.
5.2-Coatings Personnel should be qualified, experienced, and certified as
5.3-Selection considerations for liners and coatings applicable to their specialty.
5.4Inspection and testing of liner and coating installations
1.2-Definitions
Chapter 6-Seeond;iPy santainmsnt, p. 356,2R-44 The defimitions in Sections 1.2.1 through 1 2.1 I have been
6.1-General correlated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
6.2-Secondary containment system features (EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
6.3-Secondary containment materials
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
regulations.
1.2.1 Hazardous material-A hazardous material is
Chapter 7-Leak-detecticin systemss,p. 350.2R-14 defmed as having one or more of the following characteristics:
7.1-General ignitable (NFPA 49), corrosive, reactive, or toxic.
7.2-Drainage media materials NOTE: EPA-listed wastes are organized into three categories
7.3-Design and installation of drainage media under RCRA: source-specific wastes, generic wastes, and
commercial chemical products. Source specific wastes
Chapter 8--ReferenF*es, p" 350.2&16 include sludges and wastewaters from treatment and production
8.1-Referenced standards and reports
processes in specific industries such as petroleum refiiing
8.2-Cited references
and wood preserving. The list of generic wastes includes
wastes from common manufacturing and industrial
CHAPTER I-GENERAL
1.I-Scope processes such as solvents used in degreasing operations.
This report is intended for use in the structural design and The third list contains specific chemical products such as
construction of hazardous material containment systems. benzene, creosote, mercury, and various pesticides.
Hazardous material containment structures require secondary 1.2.2 Tank-A tank is a stationary containment structure
containment and, sometimes, leak-detection systems. with self-supporting, watertight walls constructed of
Because of the economic and environmental impact of even nonearthen material.
small amounts of leakage of hazardous materials, both 1.2.3 Environmental tank-An environmental tank is a
primary and secondary containment systems should be virtually tank used to collect, store, or treat hazardous material. An
leak free. Therefore, when primary or secondary containment environmental tank usually provides either primary or
systems involve concrete, special design and construction secondary containment of a hazardous material.
techniques are required. This report supplements and 1.2.4 Tank system-A tank system includes its primary
enhances the requirements of AC1 350, which is intended for and secondary containment systems, leak-detection system,
structures commonly used in water containment, industrial and the ancillary equipment.
and domestic water, and wastewater treatment works. AC1 1.2.5 Ancillary equipment-Ancillary equipment includes
350, however, does not give specific guidance on the design piping, fittings, valves, and pumps.
of the double containment systems, leak-detection systems, 1.2.6 Sump-A sump can be any structural reservoir,
or the additional recommendations for enhancing liquid- usually below grade, designed for collection of runoff or
tightness covered in this report. This report does not apply to accidental spillage of hazardous material. It often includes
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 350.2R-3
troughs, trenches, and piping connected to the sump to help Table 2.1-Wall thickness and reinforcement
collect and transport runoff liquids. Regulations may not locations based on concrete placement
distinguish between a sump and an underground tank. cons ide ration
1.2.7 Primary containment system-A primary containment I I Minimum I Reinforcement
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
secondary containment system. It may also be from the Description Minimum wall thickness
secondary containment system into the environment. Tendon urestressed concrete tanks I See AC1 350
1.2.10 Spill- or leak-detection system-A spill- or leak- Wrauued urestressed concrete tanks I See AC1 350
Note: Placement windows (temporav openings in the forms) or tremies are recom-
detection system detects, monitors, and signals a spill or mended to facilitate concrete placement in cast-in-place walls greater than 6 ft
leakage from the primary containment system. (18OOmm) in height.
Upturned footings help reduce restraint of shrinkage and its ment, however, should remain near the center of the slab.
associated cracking. The residual compressive stress in the slab should be at
2.2.4 Slabs-on-ground least 200 psi (1.4 MPa) after deducting strand friction, long-
2.2.4.1 Membrane slabs-AC1 350 provides requirements term losses, and losses due to friction between the slab and
for the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement the subgrade. Flexural tensile stresses should not exceed
and, if post-tensioned, the residual prestressing requirements 2.\lf,’psi (O. 167dx MPa) under service loads, unless bonded
for membrane floor slabs. Prestressed membrane slabs reinforcement is provided in the precompressed tensile zone.
should have a minimum thickness of 5 in. (125 mm). Flexure and shear requirements are given in AC1 350,
Nonprestressed membrane slabs should have a minimum Section A.3.2(b) for the various bar sizes, exposure condi-
thickness of 6 in. (150 mm). To enhance liquid-tightness, tions, and grades of reinforcement.
membrane slabs should be placed without construction As with membrane slabs, pavement slabs intended to be
joints. A membrane slab can be reinforced with prestressed liquid-tight should be placed without construction joints
and nonprestressed reinforcement in the same layer in each whenever possible. When joints are unavoidable, they
direction, or with nonprestressed reinforcement only, at or should be designed and detailed according to the other
near the center of the slab. If prestressed, they should have a recommendations of this report.
minimum of 200 psi (1.4 MPa) residual compression after 2.2.5 Mat foundations-Mat foundations are usually 12 in.
deducting for all losses, including the effects of friction (300 mm) thick with two layers of nonprestressed reinforcement
between the slab and the subgrade and after allowing for any or 10 in. (250 mm) thick with prestressed reinforcement.
tension tie forces. This amount of prestressing has been Additional concrete thickness can be provided to help resist
found to provide liquid-tightness without excessive cracking buoyancy, if required.
due to gradual differential subgrade settlements, shrinkage
2.2.6 Minimum reinforcement for nonprestressed secondary
and temperature effects, or both, in slabs on properly
containment-The minimum reinforcement to counter the
prepared subgrade.
effects of shrinkage and temperature changes for concrete
2.2.4.2 Pavement slabs-The term “pavement slabs,” as used as secondary containment structures should comply
used in this report, denotes the particular case of slabs-on- with AC1 350.
ground designed for drainage capture and primary or
2.2.1 Minimum reinforcement for nonprestressedprimq
secondary containment of hazardous materials when vehicle
containment-To counter the effects of shrinkage and
or other concentrated loads are anticipated. Pavement slabs
temperature changes, the minimum reinforcement content
can be either prestressed or nonprestressed and designed as
for concrete used as primary containment should be 0.5% of
plates on elastic foundations.A qualified geotechnicalengineer
the cross-sectional concrete area. To further limit cracking
should determine the properties of the subgrade, including
caused by restraint of free movement due to shrinkage and
soil classification and modulus of subgrade reaction.
temperature dropping, the reinforcement parallel to a
Acceptable analytical techniques include finite element,
construction joint should be increased to 1.0% within the
finite difference, and other techniques that give comparable
fiist 4 ft (1200 mm) of a construction joint in the subsequent
results. Flexural and punching shear stresses should be used
placement (Fig. 7.1). For crack mitigation, it is preferable to
to design the conventional and prestressed reinforcement.
use several small-diameter bars rather than fewer bars of a
Nonprestressed pavement slabs designed for vehicle loads
larger diameter. The maximum bar spacing should not
of AASHTO H-10 or heavier should be at least 8 in. (200 mm)
exceed 12 in. (300 mm).
thick and should contain two layers of reinforcement in each
direction (AASHTO Standard Specification). The slab 2.2.8 Minimum nonprestressed reinforcement for
thickness for lighter wheel loads may be according to prestressed concrete-The minimum nonprestressed
Ycction 7 7 4 I . The reinforcement percentage should total reinforcement in prestressed concrete containment structures
at least 0.5% of the cross-sectional area in each orthogonal should be 0.15% for secondary containment and 0.30% for
direction, with at least one-half, but not more than two-thirds, primary containment when movement due to shrinkage is
of this amount in the upper layer. AC1 350 provides require- partially restrained, such as slabs-on-ground. It should be the
ments for the design of flexural reinforcement, including the same as recommended for nonprestressed concrete wherever
additional “durability factor,” where applicable. movement due to shrinkage is fully restrained, such as when
Prestressed pavement slabs designed for vehicle loads of concrete is placed against and bonded to hardened concrete
AASHTO H-10 or heavier should be at least 6 in. (150 mm) at a construction joint.
thick. When unbonded post-tensioning tendons are used, the 2.2.9 Roofs
nonprestressed reinforcement percentage should total at least 2.2.9.1 Joints in roofs-Liquid-tight cast-in-place roofs
0.30% for primary containment and 0.15% for secondary should be placed without construction joints whenever
containment in each orthogonal direction. The reinforcement possible. When joints in cast-in-place roofs are unavoidable,
is usually placed at the mid-depth of the slab when the they should be designed and detailed according to the
prestressed pavement slab is less than 8 in. (200 mm) thick. recommendations of Sectiisn 2.2.7. Joints between precast
When the prestressed pavement slab is 8 in. (200 mm) thick, roof members should be designed and detailed for liquid-
or more, the nonprestressed reinforcement is usually divided tightness with requirements provided by AC1 350 and
into two mats, one near each face. The prestressed reinforce- Secticxi 3.2 of this report.
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
'
E.W.
'
PARAiLEL
. ' .
To
. *e->
+ - ;
/CONCRےE "BONDED" AT JOINT
-
TIE EDGES OF WATERSTOP UP
can be either prestressed or nonprestressed. Acceptable TO REINF. SUCH THAT THE EDGES
OF THE WATERSTOP CAN BE LIFTED
analytical techniques include f i t e element, f i t e difference, AS THE CONCRETE IS PLACED
equivalent frame, and other techniques that give comparable
results. Flexural and punching shear stresses should be used
SUBSEQUENTLY PLACED CONCRETE
Y
INKIALLY PLACED CONCRETE -
to design the section thickness and conventional and
prestressed reinforcement.
Flat nonprestressed roof slabs should be at least 6 in.
(150 mm) thick. The reinforcement percentage should total
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE
at least 0.5% of the cross-sectional concrete area in each SEE FIGURE 3.3 FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
orthogonal direction. AC1 350 provides requirements for the Il 2 I E ON WALL BASE DETAL.
I l I l i"
design of flexural reinforcement, including the additional
durability coefficients where applicable. Roof slabs should be
checked for long-term deflection and the potential for ponding.
Flat prestressed roof slabs should be at least 6 in. (150 mm)
thick. When unbonded post-tensioning tendons are used, the
nonprestressed reinforcement ratio should be in accordance
with the requirements of AC1 350. The compressive stress in
the slab should be at least 150psi (1.O MPa) after tendon friction
and long-term losses and after considering the restraining
effects of walls. This is less than the minimum compressive Fig. 2.1-Recommendations for increased reinforcement
stress recommended for floors and walls because the roof does percentage parallel to bondedjoints.
not actually "contain" the hazardous material.
Flexural tension should be limited to 2.\lf,' psi (O. 167&'
MPa), unless bonded reinforcement is provided in the content solutions. Coated reinforcement or coated
precompressed tensile zone. This reinforcement's design prestressing, stainless steel, or nonmetallic reinforcement
requirements are given in AC1 350 for the various bar sizes, should be considered in corrosive chemical applications.
exposure conditions, and grades of reinforcement. When using coated reinforcement, the reduction in bond
strength, particularly as it may affect cracking, should be
2.3-Concrete cover taken into account. Using a greater number of smaller diameter
Reinforcement should have at least the minimum concrete bars or a higher percentage of reinforcing (a higher rein-
cover required by AC1 350. Additional concrete cover or forcing ratio) will reduce these effects. See AC1 201.2R for
coatings on the concrete can be used as needed for supple- other durability considerations.
mental corrosion protection. 2.4.3 Chemical resistance-Some chemicals are so
aggressive to concrete that the only way to provide protection
2.4-Exposure for the concrete is to provide a corrosion-protection system,
2.4.1 Freezing and thawing-Concrete in a saturated or such as a coating or covering. The corrosion-protection
near saturated condition is susceptible to damage due to
system should provide not only corrosion protection but, to
freezing-and-thawing cycles. Air entrainment improves
the maximum extent possible, the flexibility to span cracks
freezing-and-thawing resistance and should be specified for
and accommodate the expansion and contraction the concrete
concrete exposed to such conditions. Resistance to freezing-
will experience due to moisture and temperature changes.
and-thawing damage is also improved by measures that
increase the density or reduce the permeability of the concrete.
In severe freezing-and-thawing environments, concrete 2.5-Con crete mixture proportions
should be protected from multiple freezing-and-thawing 2.5.1 Water and cementitious material-The maximum
cycles or from reaching near saturated conditions. External water-cementitious material ratio (wlcm) (cement plus
insulation or burial helps limit the number of cycles and pozzolan) should be 0.40 for primary containment and in
severity of the freezing. Also, internal liners or coatings can accordance with AC1 350 for secondary containment.
be used to reduce the moisture saturation of the concrete. Water demand for shrinkage-compensating concrete is
2.4.2. Other durability considerations-For harsh service higher than for portland-cement concrete. Refer to AC1 223,
conditions, reinforcement cover should be increased and, if Stxtion 4.2, for guidance on shrinkage-compensating
necessary, the concrete should be provided with a corrosion- concrete proportions.
protection system. Harsh service conditions include exposure To reduce permeability,the minimum cementitious materials
of the concrete to chemicals and materials that will have a content should be 700 lb/yd3 (420 kg/m3) for primary
chemical reaction with the concrete. These service conditions containment and 600 lb/yd3 (360 kg/m3) for secondary
include exposure to certain acids and bases and high sulfate containment. When fly ash or other pozzolans exceed 25%
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
350.2R-6 AC1 COMMITTEE REPORT
of total cementitious materials content, the designer should 12' WIOE x 1/8' THK. (MIN.)
NEOPRENE OR OTHER
I
C OF 1/4" x 2. S.S.
SUTTABLE UNER
consider their effects on durability and chemical resistance.
2.5.2 Admixtures-Workability can be increased by the MW.) ,
C.S. BAR 2 1/2' x 1/4' ,
I
1
O 6" O.C.
INSIDE FACE OF
(TYP.)
addition of normal or high-range water-reducing admixtures PLACE A 1/4" SEALAKT BEAD ' COKIAINMEKI
BEWEEN CONCRETE AND
and air-entraining admixtures. Calcium chloride or admix- NEOPRENE (TYP.)
2.5.4 Air entrainment-AC1 350 provides requirements prevent the passage of liquid through the joint. Mechanical
for the air entrainment of concrete. joints may be considered for repairing an existing joint. (See
Fig. 3.1 as an example.)
2.6-Fiber-reinforced concrete 3.1.2 Materials-The chemical resistance of the waterstop
2.6.1 General-Fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) uses material, exposure, temperature, and chemical concentration
fibers that are available in lengths ranging from 3/4 to 2 in. of the contained material should be considered when
(20 to 50 mm) long. Mixing these fibers with concrete may selecting the waterstop material. Each situation should be
reduce cracking due to plastic shrinkage. evaluated individually, including concrete placement and
When selecting fibers for use in reinforced concrete, concrete cover recommendations from the manufacturer.
consideration should be given to the fact that some fibers (for 3.1.2.1 PVC waterstops-PVC waterstops are manufac-
example, rayon, acrylic, fiberglass, and polyesters) are tured in various sizes and many special shapes such as dumb-
subject to alkali attack by the cement. Only fibers that are chem- bell, serrated, with or without center bulb, split, and tear web.
ically compatible with the hazardous materials contained When movement across the joint is expected, serrated or
should be used. ribbed profiles with center bulbs should be used. The ribs
Fibers do not replace reinforcement. The same member increase the effective mechanical seal area of the waterstop,
sizes and minimum reinforcement apply for concrete with or while the bulbs accommodate the movement.
without fibers. 3.1.2.2 Expansive rubber-Expansive rubber waterstops,
Fibers, together with an epoxy bonding agent, should which expand on contact with water, may be used in joints cast
allow the application of a thinner (2 in. [50 mm] minimum) against previously placed concrete and in new construction.
overlay on existing concrete, such as clarifier topping slabs. Adhesive type expansive rubber waterstops should only be
2.6.2 Proportioning-The fiber ratio should follow the used where joint movement is prevented. Expansive rubber
manufacturer's recommendations. The fibers can be added at waterstops expand on contact with water and may contract if
the batch plant or the construction site. In either case, the permitted to dry out. Joints using such waterstops may leak
fibers need a mixing time of at least 7 min (at the mixing until adequate moisture is present to re-expand the waterstop.
speed recommended by the manufacturer) to ensure dispersion Furthermore, the waterstop may not have the same expan-
of the fibers throughout the concrete. sive properties when exposed to chemicals instead of water.
The addition of fibers normally reduces the slump by 1 to 3.1.2.3 Metal waterstops-Metal waterstops should be
2 in. (25 to 50 mm). This should be considered in the mixture stainless steel or other metals compatible with the hazardous
proportioning. The use of high-range water-reducing admix- material. Metal waterstops should not be used in joints
tures should regain the lost workability without the addition subject to movement.
of water. 3.1.2.4 Injectable tube systems-Injectable tube water-
2.6.3 Finishing-The addition of polypropylene fibers to stopping systems can also be used in concrete environmental
concrete makes it more difficult to achieve a smooth steel- structures. The injected material should be compatible with
troweled fiiish. The fibers will usually protrude from the the hazardous material to be contained.
concrete. The exposed portions of the fibers should degrade 3.1.2.5 Other materials-Other materials can be used,
quickly due to traffic abrasion or UV exposure. provided they are compatible with the hazardous material.
3.1.3 Splicing
CHAPTER 3-WATERSTOPS,
SEALANTS, AND JOINTS 3.1.3.1 PVC waterstops-Proper splicing of waterstops
3.1-Waterstops is extremely important to ensure continuity and liquid-
3.1.1 General-Waterstops should be provided at expan- tightness. Splices should be avoided if possible. Splices for
sionkontraction joints and where construction joints cannot corner, tee, and cross junctions made in the factory are also
be avoided. Waterstops are positioned in concrete joints to available for certain types of materials and shapes. The
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 350.2R-7
procedures for splicing vary with the type of material and the SHEAR LOAD TRANSFER DOWELS
(ONE END ANCHORED. OTHER
END FREE TO MOVE)
manufacturer's recommendations for proper splicing.
WATERSTOP WITH CENTER BULB,
3.1.3.2 Metal waterstops-Metal waterstops should be SEE SECTION 3.1.4.2 FOR
CONCREïE PLACEMEW
spliced as recommended by the engineer or manufacturer. RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1.4 Installation 1 ,
3.1.4.1 General-Improperly installed waterstops can
create leaky joints. The waterstop should be clean and free of
dirt and splattered concrete. Intimate contact with clean, In
-
I
sound concrete is essential over the entire surface of the
waterstop. Entrapped air and honeycombing near the joint
EXPANSION JOIECI
MATERIAL
/FLOORL:: k&s
: & f A ~ ~ ~ ~ EUPDGES
OF THE WATERSTOP CAN BE LIFTED
AS THE CONCRETE IS PLACED
could compromise the effectiveness of the waterstop. The
JOINT SEALANT ON
waterstop should be placed and located accurately with the LIQUID SIDE VERTICAL WATERSTOP WITH
CENTER BULB IN WALL, TIED
center bulb directly at the centerline of expansion and BOND EREAKER- TO REINF. BAR
contraction joints. Otherwise, the functionality of the center
bulb is lost.
3.1.4.2 Horizontal PVC waterstops- Joints in floor
slabs are vulnerable to leakage and difficult to inspect, under
MATERIAL, CUT OR
L SHEAR LOAD TRANSFER'
service conditions, due to their location. Therefore, joints PUNCH AS REQUIRED
FOR WATERSTOP AND
DOWELS (ONE END ANCHORED,
OTHER END FREE TO MOVE)
that require waterstops should not be used if at all possible. DOWEL PLACEMENT. NOTE: EXPANSION JOINTS ARE
INDICATED. OTHER TYPES OF
If joints must be used, care should be taken to place concrete SF- JOINTSCAN BE USED, As
NEEDED, WHERE ALL OR PART
OF THE BONDED REINFORCEMENT
without voids or honeycombing under horizontal PVC IS CONTINUOUS ACROSS THE
JOINT.
waterstops. Horizontal PVC waterstops should be supported
in such a way as to be able to be lifted as the concrete is Fig. 3.2-Typical expansionjoints.
placed underneath (Fig. ? 1 and 3.2). Any dowels through
the joints should not interfere with the edges of the water-
stops when they are lifted. The concrete under the lifted
waterstop should be vibrated, the PVC waterstop laid into
the concrete placed on top of the waterstop, and the entire
joint vibrated again.
Continuous inspection of concrete placement around
horizontal PVC waterstops in floor slabs is necessary.
3.1.4.3 Vertical PVC waterstops-Vertical PVC water-
stops should be braced or lashed firmly to the reinforcement
at no more than 12 in. (300 mm) centers to prevent movement
during placing of the concrete (Fig. 3.2 and 3.3).
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
3.1.4.4 Metal waterstops-Metal waterstops should be
installed in accordance with the contract documents and the
manufacturer's recommendations, and the concrete under
horizontal metal waterstops properly placed and consolidated. ME
SECONDARY CONTAINMENT NOT SHOWN
3.1.4.5 Expansive rubber and injectable tube systems-
Expansive rubber and injectable tube systems should be Fig. 3.3-Base slab to wall starterjoint.
installed in accordance with the contract documents and the
manufacturer's recommendations. Adequate concrete cover is
necessary to avoid spalling at the joint due to expansive forces. 2. Be deformable to adapt to the expected joint movement;
3. Recover its original properties and shape after cyclical
3 . 2 4 o i n t sealants deformations;
3.2.1 General- Provide joints with chemically resistant 4. Remain bonded to joint faces. The sealant should only
sealants. See AC1 504R for additional information on be bonded to the sides of expansion and contraction joints to
sealing joints. spread the movement over the full width of the sealant;
Sealants are generally applied in liquid or semiliquid form, 5. Remain pliable and not become brittle at higher or lower
and are thus formed into the required shape within the mold service temperatures;
provided at the joint opening. 6. Be resistant to weather, sunlight, aging, continuous
The manufacturer's recommendations and applications for immersion (when applicable), and other service factors; and
use should be thoroughly explored for each specific application 7. Be resistant to chemical breakdown when exposed to
of a sealant. AC1 504R provides additional information on the contained material.
joint sealants. Generally, the elastomeric sealants, according to ASTM C
For satisfactory performance, a sealant should: 920, are preferable to oil-based mastic or bituminous
1. Be impermeable; compounds.
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
350.2R-8 AC1 COMMITTEE REPORT
Although initially more expensive, thermosetting, chemical- Tooling may be required to ensure contact with joint faces,
curing sealants have a generally longer service life and remove trapped air, consolidate material, and provide a neat
should withstand greater movements. The sealants in this appearance, following the manufacturer’s recommendations.
class are either one- or two-component systems that cure by 3.2.4 Sealant inspection and maintenance-Joints should
chemical reaction. Sealants in this category include polysul- be inspected during construction and at scheduled periods
fides, silicones, and urethanes. following construction to ensure sealant integrity. The
Some sealants require primers to be applied to joint faces frequency of inspection should be established considering
before sealant installation. If the manufacturer specifies the the resistance of the sealant to chemical attack from the
use of a primer as optional, it should be used for hazardous contained materials, with frequency increasing as the
material containment systems. expected life is approached.
Backup materials limit the depth of sealants, support them Immediaterepairs of defectivejoints and sealants in hazardous
against sagging and fluid pressure, and help tooling. They material containment structures and sumps is required.
may also serve as a bond breaker to prevent the sealant from Repairs of small gaps and soft or hard spots in sealants can
bonding to the back of the joint. usually be made with the same material. When the repair is
Backup materials are typically made of expanded poly- extensive, it is usually necessary to remove the sealant, prop-
ethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and flexible erly prepare the surfaces, and replace the sealant.
polypropylene foams. The sealant manufacturer’s recom-
mendations should be followed to ensure compatibility with 3.3-Joints
backup materials. Joints in primary and secondary containment applications
Polyethylene tape, urethane backer rods, coated papers, should be avoided wherever possible. Joints should be
metal foils, or other suitable materials can be used if a separate provided only where shown and detailed on the drawings or
bond breaker is necessary. permitted by the engineer.
3.2.2 Joint preparation-Joint faces should be clean and Construction joints should only be used when absolutely
free from defects that would impair bond with field-molded necessary for construction. Because liquid tightness is of
sealants. Sandblasting is the best method to clean joint faces primary concern in environmentalsystems, the design drawings
on existing structures. Sandblasting should be used if a and specifications should show the location of acceptable
membrane curing compound is used and does not dissipate construction joints and spec@ waterstops and sealants.
before the installation of the sealant, particularly with chem-
ically cured thermosetting sealants. Solvents should not be CHAPTER 4-CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS
used to clean joint faces. Final cleanup to dry and remove 4.1-Sump construction techniques
dust from the joint may be accomplished by oil-free 4.1.1 Precasting sumps in a single unit-There are three
compressed air or vacuum cleaner. major advantages of precasting concrete sumps in a single
Inspection of each joint is essential to ensure that it is clean unit. First, it eliminates construction joints, which can be a
and dry before placing backup materials, primers, or sealant. major source of leakage and cracking. Second, it gives better
Primers need the required time to dry before sealant installation. control of the concrete placement when the sump is precast
Failure to allow this may lead to adhesion failure. Primers in the upside-down position. Third, it results in lower
can be brushed or sprayed on. The manufacturer’s specifica- construction cost and more efficient job scheduling. Precast
tions and recommendations should be followed. sumps may be fabricated at the contractor’s convenience.
3.2.3 Sealant installation-Backup materials require Also, with proper scheduling the precast units can cure as
proper positioning before the sealant is installed. Backup long as required before installation. The unit can be set and
materials should be set at the correct depths and contamination backfilled the same day. In contrast, when sumps are cast-in-
of the cleaned joint faces avoided. The correct width and place, the excavation for the sump will be open for several
shape of backup material should be selected so that, after days or weeks to build the forms and cast the concrete. To
installation, it is approximately 50% compressed, and prevent damage to the sump walls, it takes additional time to
stretching, braiding, or twisting rod stock should be avoided. cure the concrete and strip the forms before backfilling.
Backup materials containing bitumen should only be used The size of a precast concrete sump is limited by the size
in combination with compatible oil-based or bituminous of lifting and hauling equipment.
sealants. Oils absorbed into joint surfaces may impair adhesion An optional secondary containment slab, sloped in the
of other sealants. form of a bowl below a precast sump, will help reduce the
Sealants with two or more components require full and inti- dispersion of potential leakage. Refer to Y l g , 4, i for an illus-
mate mixing if the material is to cure with uniform properties. tration of this setting technique.
If the sealant is applied with a gun, the gun nozzle should 4.1.2 Monolithic placement of cast-in-place sumps-like
be held at a 45-degree angle. The gun should be moved the precast sumps, monolithic placement of concrete in slabs
steadily along a joint to apply a uniform bead by pushing the and walls eliminates joints and associated shrinkage cracks.
sealant in front of the nozzle without dragging, tearing, or One of two conditions is needed to place concrete in walls
leaving unfilled spaces. In large joints, the sealant should be monolithically with slabs:
built up in several passes, applying a triangular wedge on Walls less than 4 ft (1200 mm) high; and
each pass. --``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
A base slab width less than 4 ft (1200 mm).
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
CONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 350.2R-9
GRADE SUPPORT
-BOTTOM OF SUMP
EXCAVATION.
MIN. CONCRETE
ONTAINMENT OPTION).
7
1 USE VIBRATORS TO
ENSURE A BLEND
BEIWEEN PRIOR LIFTS
-
AND SUBSEQUENT LIFTS
11 /i OF WALL CONCRETE.
WALL FORM
1
'
SUPPORT \ /-
USE HAND RODDING
TO BLEND THE FIRST
WALL SEGMENT INTO 3/8" HOLES O 12" O.C. IN TOP FORM
THE STARTER WALL ALLOW CONCRETE TO WORK UP
THROUGH THE HOLES, REMOVE
CONCR€E PROTRUSIONS WHEN FORMS
ARE STRIPPED.
CUT-OFF COLLAR TO B E
SEAL WELD FOR CONTINUED AROUND P I P E
A N D MADE FROM T H E
SAME MATERIAL AS T H E
PIPE.
- PROVIDE
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
I ADDITIONAL BARS
AROUND
PENETRATIONS
S I I S LIQUID-TIGHTNESS
DUAL CONTAINMENT PIPE il/
Fig. 4.7-typical floor penetration detail.
-CONCRETE WALL
i-
DRY PACK GROUT
FOR LOW HEAD,
PRESSURE GROUT
The primary purposes of curing are to maintain the moisture
FOR LARGER HEAD.
PRIMARY CONTAINMENT content of the green concrete at satisfactory levels and protect
(STEEL, POLYETHYLENE,
PROVIDE ADDITIONAL 4 FIBERGLACC, ETC.) the concrete against rapid temperature changes. Inadequate
BARS AROUND
PENETRATIONS
PO&S~BL\&~EETl~TION
curing may cause excessive cracking or crazing in the
PRIMARY ANO SECONDARY
concrete and seriously reduce the liquid-tightness of the
CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS.
structure. For concrete placed during cold weather, curing
Fig. 4 . 6 P i p e penetration detail at a lined containment may also provide protection against freezing.
structures. Dampening the subgrade or the use of plastic sheeting
should be considered before placing cast-in-place concrete for
or dry-packed shrinkage-compensating grouts with an epoxy sump bottoms and slabs-on-ground. This helps prevent loss of
bonding agent should be used to fill the resulting holes. moisture from fresh concrete and provides reserve moisture
Form materials should provide a smooth form finish, for curing. Standing water, however, should not be allowed.
according to AC1 301. Base slabs should have a power- Curing procedures should start when placing and finishing
float finish. operations allow. The surface of the concrete placed early in
4.1.4 Pipe penetrations-Pipe penetrations below the the placing operation should not be allowed to dry out while
liquid level should be avoided when possible. If penetrations placing subsequent concrete. The materials and equipment
are necessary, they should be through walls (Fig. 4.5 and 4.6) needed for curing should be available and ready for use
or through the sides of bottom slabs at the outer perimeter of before the concrete arrives.
the floor (Fig. 4,7) to permit visual inspection. Mechanical While there are many methods of curing concrete, there
protection (from differential settlement) of pipes coming out are two main approaches:
of bottom slabs should be considered. Dual containment Apply water or cover with materials saturated with
pipes and flexible couplings are two means of providing this water; and
protection. Prevent loss of water by impervious covers (membranes),
Additional reinforcement should be provided around pipe or membrane-forming curing compounds.
penetrations that interrupt other reinforcing bars. Generally, One or more of the methods described in Sections 4.2.1.1
additional reinforcement should at least replace the area of through 4.2.1.7 can be used.
reinforcing bars cut to accommodate the opening in every 4.2.1.1 Ponding-Pondmg is one of the best methods of
applicable direction. Some designers also recommend curing concrete slabs-on-ground, especially for slabs using
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
shrinkage-compensating concrete. The concrete is covered 4.3-Inspection
with water, and the water level is maintained to make up for Key items to be inspected during construction are listed in
evaporation during the curing period. Preferably, the water Sections4.3.1 through4.3.12. See AC1 311.1Rfor guidance
curing is kept in place until the structure is complete and on inspection, AC1 3 11.4R for guidance on the set up and
ready to be cleaned up before being placed in service. content of the inspection program, and AC1 3 11.5R for
4.2.1.2 Running water-Sprinklers or soaker hoses are guidance on concrete plant and field testing. A preconstruction
used whenever a continuous flow of water is available, and conference should be a mandatory requirement. Inspections
the runoff does not cause any harm to the surrounding area. should preferably be by an AC1 Certified Concrete Inspector.
Fog spraying during finishing and curing is also effective, 43.1 Subgradepreparation-Bearing capacity and compac-
especially in hot weather. tion should be checked, and proper grade should be verified.
With any methods involving running water, the pressure 4.3.2 Reinforcing steel-Reinforcement size, bends,
and flow of water should be kept low enough to avoid grade, spacing, minimum concrete cover, proper location
washing away the surface of the newly placed concrete (8 h, and height of supports, splices, cleanliness, and condition of
more or less, after initial set). Also, for ponding or running any protective coatings should be inspected.
water, the temperature of the curing water should not be 4.3.3 Post-tensioning tendons-Size, spacing, profile, and
more than 10 OC (20 OF) cooler than the surface temperature condition of sheathing of unbonded tendons and location and
of the concrete at the time the water and the concrete come condition of ducts, strand, and grouting of bonded tendons
in contact. should be checked.
4.2.1.3 Absorptive coveringsxoncrete may also be 4.3.4 Waterstops-Proper placement of waterstops,
cured by covering it with wet burlap, blankets, or cotton mats. including alignment, should be checked. The ties of PVC
These coverings can be hung to cover vertical surfaces and water-stops (when used) to supports should be inspected for
placed on horizontal surfaces. These materials should be kept adequacy to maintain proper alignment of the waterstop
wet during the entire curing period. Burlap should be heavy- during concrete placement. Also, the splices of waterstops
weight and thoroughly rinsed before use. The strips of burlap should be checked when used.
should overlap half their width to provide a double layer. 4.3.5 Joints-Before placing new concrete against previ-
4.2.1.4 Steam-Steam curing is a suitable method of ously placed or existing concrete, the completion of joint
curing for precast concrete, especially in cold weather. preparation should be verified.
Atmospheric pressure procedures are used. 4.3.6 Formwork-Line and grade, cleanliness, width,
4.2.1.5 Plastic Jilmsxoncrete slabs-on-ground and depth, and length should be checked.
walls may be cured by covering them with 6 mil (O. 15 mm)
4.3.7 Inserts-Condition and location of penetrations and
plastic sheets securely anchored at the edges and overlaps.
inserts, including their sealants and waterstops, should be
4.2.1.6 Curing compounds-Curing compounds should
verified.
be used only when the other methods described in this report
43.8 Concrete-Mixture proportions, including admurture
are either impossible or economically impractical. Curing
dosages (at the batch plant), and time from plant to site
compounds should be sprayable, with a high solids content
should be checked.
(18% minimum), and placed at twice the manufacturer's
recommended rate in two coats applied in directions perpen- 4.3.9 Concrete placement-Placing techniques and
dicular to each other. A fugitive dye should be used to consolidation, including placement around waterstops and
c o n f i i complete coverage. They should not be applied on embedded items, should be inspected.
surfaces expected to bond with subsequently placed concrete 4.3.10 Curingxuring requirements and conditions
or with other materials such as coatings or sealants. should be met.
4.2.1.7 Duration-Concrete should be cured for at least 4.3.11 Miscellaneous-Special requirements for placing
seven days. should be met.
4.2.2 Cold-weather concreting-In cold weather, concrete 4.3.12 Concrete testing-Concrete testing should be
should be cured and protected from freezing as recommended according to the requirements of AC1 301 and performed by
by AC1 306R. AC1 306.1 should be used for speciSling cold an agency accredited to ASTM E 329.
weather curing and protection. AC1 306.1 also provides guid-
ance on minimum durations for maintaining the protection. CHAPTER 5-LINERS AND COATINGS
Calcium chloride should not be used as a concrete admixture. 5.1-Liners
Excessive chloride quantities promote corrosion of the Liners can function as either the primary or secondary
reinforcing steel. See AC1 350 for chloride limits. containment, depending upon the type of installation and the
4.2.3 Hot weather concreting-In hot weather, cure and location of the liner within the installation.
protect concrete as recommended by AC1 305R. Wood or A liner should exhibit good chemical resistance to deteri-
metal forms remaining in place are not a satisfactory means oration and compatibility with the hazardous material.
of curing; forms should be covered and kept moist. It is Many different types of liner materials can be used. In
desirable to loosen the forms as soon as possible without some cases, the material has been specifically developed for
damaging the concrete and to run curing water down the an application. In others, the material has been adopted due
inside of the forms. to its specific mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties.
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
350.2R-12 AC1 COMMITTEE REPORT
Liner or coating immersion and other tests should be 5.4.2 Nondestructive test methods-There were no ASTM
performed in accordance with ASTM C 868, D 1474, D 1973, standards for the following tests known to AC1 Committee
D 2197, D 2370, D 2485, D 3456, D 4060, D 5402, and D 5322, 350 at the time of publication of this report.
with the hazardous material to be contained when using the 5.4.2.1 Hydrostatic test-Hydrostatic test is mainly used to
liner or coating for primary containment. test the integrity and liquid-tightness of the concrete structure.
When using a liner or coating for secondary containment, The structure should be hydrostatically tested before the
liner or coating immersion and other tests (( 'bapt~'~' 8) can be application of liners or coatings. Hydrostatic testing is also
performed with the sump contents, and when a liner is to be used to test the liner material, when applicable. The lined
used below grade, testing of the liner, for long-term compat- structure is filled with water and the level drop measured
ibility with the substrate it is in contact with, should be over a specified period to detect if any leakage has occurred.
performed. The effects of evaporation should be included. See AC1
350.1/350.1R for additional guidance on hydrostatic testing,
5.3.2 Thermal eflects-Liner or coating materials may
which can take several days.
have a much different coefficient of thermal expansion than
5.4.2.2 Electric current tests-These tests use an elec-
the concrete support structure or substrate on which they are
trical current to ver@ continuity of the liner. These types of
installed. The amount of the potential expansiodcontraction
test systems can also be used as leak-detection systems while
differential movement between the liner or coating and the the structure is in service. In spark testing, an electric current
support structure or substrate should be considered. This is passed through the liner. A spark should be seen wherever
affects the design of the liner fastening or anchorage system, holes are present. This technique is used on thermosets,
the liner joints or seams, and the integrity of the bond thermoplastics, and coating systems.
between the coating and the concrete. 5.4.2.3 X-ray testing-X-ray testing is most effective on
5.3.3 Fasteners and joints-Fastening points and joints metals but may also be used with some success on thermosets
are typically the weak links in the integrity of a lining and thermoplastics.
system. Every fastening device that penetrates the liner and 5.4.2.4 Ultrasonic testing-Ultrasonic testing may be
every liner joint is a potential leak point. This includes metal used for metal, thermoset, and thermoplastic materials
batten strips that mechanically anchor the liner to the support and joint s.
structure. Each of these potential leak points needs to be 5.4.2.5 Vacuum testing-Vacuum testing can be done on
sealed. For geomembranes, cap strips of the liner material joints or seams to evaluate their integrity. Vacuum testing
are welded over the penetrating fasteners or the nonwelded may be used on metals, thermosets, and thermoplastic liners.
joints. When possible, concrete inserts made of liner material 5.4.2.6 Air-pressure testing-Air-pressure testing is
should be used to fasten the liner to the concrete (Fig 5 1). done on systems intended to be air-tight by pressurizing the
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
5.3.4 Ultraviolet light resistance-Ultraviolet (UV)light structure, or a portion of it, and checking for a loss in pressure
may attack or degrade the thermoplastic and thermoset liners over a specified period. Low air pressure is used and the test
unless UV light stabilizers were added during the liner manu- performed with extreme caution. The structural design
facture. If the liner is going to be covered after installation, UV should consider the test pressure.
light protection is not as critical; however, protection may be 5.4.2.7 Air-lance testing-The air-lance testing method
required during construction. ASTM D 1435, D 4355, and uses a high-pressure air stream directed at the seam in the
D 5970 are tests for determining UV degradation of liners. liner to detect loose edges. This test is used on some types of
geomembrane installations.
5.4.3 Destructive test methods-Destructive testing of
5.4-Inspection and testing of liner and coating
installations liners involves cutting test coupons from the joints or seams
5.4.1 General-Inspection and testing of the liner or coating and the liner material. These coupons may be subjected to a
material should start right after the selectionof the manufacturer variety of tests as in Sections 5.4.3.1 through 5.4.3.3.
of the product and continue through its installation. 5.4.3.1 Tensile test-Tensile tests are used to check
tensile strength of the joints, seams, and the material. This
Written certification of the manufacturer's inspection and
test is used on metals, thermosets, and thermoplastics.
testing should ensure that the liner or coating meets the
ASTM D 638, D 882, and D 751 are the recommended test
project specifications. Similar certification should also be
methods for liners.
required from anyone who works on or adds to the product
5.4.3.2 Tear test-Tear tests are used to check the tear
before shipping it to the end user. The engineer will usually
strength of the material, especially thermoplastics. The
want to inspect the manufacturer or fabrication plant.
measurement of tear resistance of liners can be done in a
Inspection and testing during installation should include, number of ways. ASTM D 751, D 1004, D 1424, D 1938,
but not be limited to, the following: substrate condition, the and D 2261 all cover the general topic.
condition of the liner, joints or seams, and fastenings or 5.4.3.3 Peel test-The peel (or bond) test is used to check
anchorages. the peel strength of the joints or seams and bond strength of
Nondestructive and destructive testing methods are coating systems to the substrate. This test is used on thermo-
available, where applicable, both at the factory and on-site, sets, thermoplastics, and coating systems. ASTM D 413 and
during and after installation is complete. D 4437 are the recommended test methods for liner seams.
Copyright American Concrete Institute
Provided by IHS under license with ACI Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 08/14/2006 20:33:02 MDT
350.2R-14 AC1 COMMITTEE REPORT
TANK MAY OR MAY NOT B E BURIED stringent than those for primary containment (Sections
FLMIBLE
2.2.4.2,2.2.6, and 2.2.7). If the secondary containment struc-
ture is required to have the same reliability and performance
as the primary containment structure, then the design recom-
mendations for primary containment structures should be
used for the design of the secondary containment structure.
Leak-detection systems should detect leakage out of the RISER PIPE FOR
- Lw( DEIECTION
primary containment system as soon as feasible after the
initiation of a leak. The detection should occur no later than
24 h after initiation of the leakage but before a breach or
overflow occurs in the secondary containment system.
Recommended leak-detection systems are those that rely on
visual inspection of the system and gravity flow of the leakage.
Other leak-detection systems use monitoring instruments to
detect and can sometimes pinpoint the location of leaks. These
instruments range from gas monitors to single probes or
installed grid systems. The probes and grids measure thermal 3% MIN. SLOPE CECONDARY
CONTANMENT
or electrical conductivity or electrical resistivity. SISTEM
Any leak-detection system using drainage media should Fig. 7.1-Granular material and leak detection system.
be compatible with the hazardous material contained. Long-
term compatibility of the drainage medium may not be PERFORATED RISER PIPE
FOR MONITORING LEAK
required if the hazardous material can be removed from DEIECTION SïSTEM---------
should be considered.
Leak-detection systems are only as good as their general
design and the location of the actual leak-detection points or ,
devices. The designer should take great care in providing a path /
PIPE MAY REOUIRE LEAK DETECTION SUMP 1
of travel through drainage media, or along slabs or trenches, for LEAK DETECTION
On small sumps, where sand or pea gravel is used as the ASTM International
drainage medium, the collection pipes may be eliminated c 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
due to the short flow distances involved. C 404 Specification for Aggregates for Masonry
7.3.3 Risers-Manholes or perforated riser pipes should Grout
be installed at the low point(s) of the drainage medium or c 811 Specification for Preparation of Concrete
collection pipes (Fig. 7.2). Using a manhole or riser allows for Application of Chemical-Resistant
for periodic sampling of any liquid or gas that may collect in Resin Monolithic Surfacings
the system. The riser should be large enough to allow for the C 868 Test Method for Chemical Resistance of
monitoring and sampling device or recovery pumping. Protective Linings
C 913 Specification for Precast Concrete Water
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
D 5322 Practice for Immersion Procedures for American Concrete Institute (ACI)
Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of P.O. Box 9094
Geosynthetics to Liquids Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
D 5970 Standard Practice for Deterioration of
Geotextiles from Outdoor Exposure
ASTM International
E 329 Standard Specification for Agencies
Engaged in the Testing andor Inspection of 100 Barr Harbor Drive
Materials Used In Construction West Conshohocken. PA 19428-2959
--``,``,,,`,,```,,`,`,``,````,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---