English for Career

and technical
education
Isabel González Pastrán
igonzalezp@ucsh.cl
September 16th, 2023
Structure of the class

Goals for today Goals for today

Unit 2: translation methods
1. Use of Present perfect
1. What is translation?
2. Finish: Identifying the main idea
2. Direct translation vs indirect translation
3. Paraphrasing
○ Borrowing

○ Calque

○ Literal translation

3. Imperative form
Any questions?
What is translation?
● Transfer meaning from one language to
another.
 Direct translation:
When the resources from one language are equivalent in
the other language.
house = casa

Indirect translation:
When the resources from one language are different in
both languages
hold your horses ≠ detente
Direct translation techniques: BORROWING
● Incorporating the exact same word or expression from one language to another
language.

○ Lobby (ENG) ⇒ Lobby (SPA)

○ To google (ENG) ⇒ Googlear (SPA)
○ Kimono (JAP) ⇒ Kimono (SPA)

Other examples?

○ “Su casa es mi casa” (SPA) ⇒ “Su casa es mi casa” (ENG)

Direct translation techniques: CALQUE
● Giving a literal translation of a foreign word that expresses a new concept or
expression.

○ Junk food (ENG) ⇒ Comida basura (SPA)

○ Money laundering (ENG) ⇒ Lavado de dinero (SPA)
○ Greenhouse effect (ENG) ⇒ Efecto invernadero (SPA)

● Other examples?
○ Ballena asesina (SPA) ⇒ Killer whale (ENG)
Direct translation techniques: CALQUE
● Giving a word-for-word translation of a syntagm or expression, but not of a single
word (not always possible!)

○ She is reading (ENG) ⇒ Ella está leyendo (SPA)

Grammar: Commands
Complete each sentence with the correct verb form:
to wait; to come; to close; to ask; to give
__________ a minute.

__________ over here, please.

__________ the door when you go outside.

__________ your teacher.

__________ me your phone number so that I can call you.

Complete each sentence using the NEGATIVE form of the imperative:

(work) __________ so hard.

(go) __________ there.
(be) __________ so rude.
(forget) __________ to tidy up your room.
(smoke) __________ inside the building.