Contents

SOLUTIONS............................................................................................................................................2
TYPES OF SOLUTION..........................................................................................................................2
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION........................................................................................................3
SOLUBILITY OF GASES AND SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS.................................................................................4
Solubility of Solids in Liquids..........................................................................................................5
 SOLUTIONS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose
compositions can be caried within certain limits.

The substances making up solution is called the components.

Depending upon total numbers of components solutions are called –

Binary solution (Two components), Ternary solution (Three

components) and Quaternary solution (Four components).

A component which is present in the larger quantity is called Solvent

while component which is present in smaller quantity is termed as
Solute.

TYPES OF SOLUTION
Gaseous :

1. Gas-gas :- Mixtures of nitrogen gases , oxygen gases and air.

2. Liquid-gas :- Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas and water
vapour in air.
3. Solid-gas :- Camphor in nitrogen gas , dust or smoke particles in
air.

Liquid :

1. Gas-liquid :- Oxygen dissolved in water.

2. Liquid-liquid :- Ethanol or methanol dissolved in water.
3. Solid-liquid :- Sucrose or salt in water.

Solid :

1. Gas-solid :- Solution of hydrogen in palladium.

2. Liquid-solid :- Mercury with sodium.
 3. Solid-solid :- Copper dissolved in gold.

CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION

The concentration of solution may be defined as the amount of solute

present in given quantity of solution.

Mass percentage - Mass percentage of a component in given

solution is the mass of the component per 100g of the solution.

Mass % of component = ( Mass of component / Total mass of solution ) * 100

Mass % of A = ( WA / WA + WB ) * 100

Parts per million – When a solute is present in very minute

amount, the concentration is expressed in ppm. It is the parts of a
component per million parts of the solution.

Ppm A = ( Mass of component A / Total mass of solution ) * 106

Molarity – It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved

per litre of the solution. It is represented by M.

Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume of solution in litres

Its SI Unit is Mol L-1 or Mol dm-3 .

It changes with temperature because of expansion or contraction of the

liquid temperature.

Molality – It is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per

kilogram of solvent. It is denoted by m.

Molality = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in kilogram

The SI Unit is Mol Kg-1 .

Mole fraction – It is the ratio of number of moles of one component
to total number of moles present on the solution.

Mole fraction = Number of moles of component / Total number of moles of all

components

Mole fraction = nA / nA + nB

The sum of mole fractions of all components is always equal to one.

The mole fraction is independent of temperature and it is unitless.

Normality – It is defined as the number of gram of equivalents of the

solute dissolved per litre of solution. It is denoted by N.

Normality = Number of gram equivalent of solute / Volume of solution

Gram equivalent of solute = Mass of solute / Equivalent mass

The unit of normality is gm equivalent per litre.

Normality of solution also changes with temperature.

Formality – It is the number of formula mass of the solute dissolved

per litre of solution. It is represented by F.

Formality = Number of formula masses of solute / Volume of solution

The term formality is used to express the concentration of ionic

substances. The sum of the atomic masses of various atoms constituting
the formula of the ionic compound is called ground molecular mass.

SOLUBILITY OF GASES AND SOLIDS IN LIQUIDS

Solubility of the substance expresses the maximum amount of it which

can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a definite
temperature.
The solubility of substance depends upon the nature of solute, nature of
the solvent, temperature and pressure.

Solubility of Solids in Liquids

When a solid is added to the solvent the solute dissolves because its
particle go into the liquid and its concentration in the solution increases.
This process is known as dissolution.

Some solid particles in solution collide with the solute particles and get
precipitated out. This process is called crystallisation.

The process of dissolution continues until the solution attains a certain

maximum concentration.

Such a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given

condition of temperature and pressure is called saturated solution.

A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at the same

temperature is called unsaturated solution.

The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is defined as the

amount of solid that dissolves in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature
to form a saturated solution.

The concentration of solute has the highest value in a saturated solution.

 Factors affecting solubility of solid in liquid :

Nature of the solute and the solvent.
Temperature.