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Research Ethics in
Behavior Analysis
From Laboratory to Clinic and Classroom
Edited by
David J. Cox
Institute for Behavioral Studies, Endicott College, Beverly,
MA, United States
Noor Y. Syed
SUNY Empire State College and the Center for Autism Advocacy:
Research, Education, and Supports, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States;
Anderson Center International, Staatsburg, NY, United States; Endicott
College, Beverly, MA, United States
Matthew T. Brodhead
Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special
Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
Shawn P. Quigley
Melmark, Andover, MA, United States; Berwyn, PA, United States;
Charlotte, NC, United States
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this ﬁeld are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional prac-
tices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described
herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety
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Dedication
This is dedicated to those who model

perseverance through adversity. For my
colleagues in the Autistic Community and
Anderson Center Internationaldthank you
for enriching the lives of so many and for
making the world a better place. e Noor
I would like to thank Reviewer 2 for all the

encouragement they have provided
throughout the years. e Matt
This book is dedicated to the millions of

past, present, and future research
participants. Your gift of your time and
your body to scientific endeavors is
humbling. Without you, none of us would
likely have the careers we do.
Thank you. e David
I want to recognize the individuals that did

not consent to research. Their stories are
the pillars of research ethics. e Shawn
Contributors
Shahla Ala’i-Rosales, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States

Matthew T. Brodhead, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and
Special Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
Jeremiah M. Brown, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of
Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States; Department of
Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States; Optum
Labs, Eden Prairie, MN, United States; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and
Exercise, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg,
VA, United States
Traci M. Cihon, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
David J. Cox, Institute for Behavioral Studies, Endicott College, Beverly, MA, United
States
Alicia Re Cruz, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
W. Brady DeHart, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of
VA, United States
Rogelio Escobar, School of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico,
Mexico City, Mexico
Wayne W. Fisher, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
Autism Research, Education, and Services, Somerset, NJ, United States; Depart-
ment of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Bruns-
wick, NJ, United States
Heather J. Forbes, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
Ashley M. Fuhrman, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
xiii
xiv Contributors
Shawn P. Gilroy, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of

VA, United States
Brian D. Greer, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
Jill M. Harper, Melmark New England, Andover, MA, United States
Jessica L. Herrod, Department of Communication Sciences and Special Education at
the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
Vivian F. Ibañez, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
wick, NJ, United States; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
David P. Jarmolowicz, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of
Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research
and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; Healthcare
Institute for Improvements in Quality, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas
City, MO, United States
Jenee Vickers Johnson, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
Brent A. Kaplan, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of
VA, United States
Mikahil N. Koffarnus, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of
VA, United States
Sarah Kristiansen, Endicott College, Beverly, MA, United States
Holly M. Long, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special
James K. Luiselli, Melmark New England, Andover, MA, United States
Videsha Marya, Institute for Behavioral Studies, Endicott College, Beverly, MA,
United States; Village Autism Center, Marietta, GA, United States
Leanna Mellon, SUNY New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, United States
Contributors xv
Fernanda S. Oda, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas,

Lawrence, KS, United States
Olivia M. Onofrio, Trumpet Behavioral Health, Lakewood, CO, United States
Kathryn M. Peterson, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
Cathleen C. Piazza, Children’s Specialized HospitaleRutgers University Center for
Autism Research, Education, and Services, Somerset, NJ, United States; Graudate
School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Bruns-
Malika Pritchett, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
Derek D. Reed, Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas,
Lawrence, KS, United States
Victoria D. Suarez, Institute for Behavioral Studies, Endicott College, Beverly, MA,
United States; Centria Autism, Farmington Hills, MI, United States
Noor Y. Syed, SUNY Empire State College and the Center for Autism Advocacy:
Research, Education, and Supports, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States; Anderson
Center International, Staatsburg, NY, United States; Endicott College, Beverly, MA,
United States
Jason C. Travers, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Amber L. Valentino, Trumpet Behavioral Health, Lakewood, CO, United States
Allison N. White, Department of Counseling, Educational Psychology, and Special
Preface
The fact that you are reading this book suggests you might be like usdresearch
and ethics junkies interested in how research and ethics intersect for the behavior
analytic scientist and practitioner. But, you may ask, “Why do we need a book
about research ethics in behavior analysis? Research ethics and behavior analysis
have both been around for a while. What possibly can be gained by adding
another book to this mix?” We invite you to explore these questions with us now
as we dive into the unique attributes of behavior analytic research.
First, behavior analysis is somewhat unique among scientific fields that span
research and practice. Many areas of human subjects research emphasize ran-
domized controlled trials and other group designs to study intervention effec-
tiveness. Here, the methods employed by researchers differ significantly from the
methods used by practitioners to evaluate interventions for individual patients
(e.g., medical doctors, licensed psychologists). As a result of this difference in
methodological approaches between researchers and practitioners, authors
writing about research ethics will often address the ethical conduct of group
design research and ethical claims around generalizing group design research to
individuals within the studied populations. In contrast, the methods used by
behavior analytic researchers can be directly replicated by practitioners who
seek to employ empirically supported methodologies for behavior change. The
generalizability of research methods (e.g., single-case research design) to
practice creates unique ethical challenges and questions specific to the behavior
analytic community that traditional research ethics texts often fail to address (see
Normand & Donohue, in press). This book attempts to fill that gap.
Second, research ethics can sometimes feel like a set of rules we need to
follow, a set of Institutional Review Board (IRB) boxes we need to check, and a
series of responses that allow us to avoid contacting aversive contingencies.
Often, these regulatory actions can seem annoying or counterproductive to the
research process. In fact, anyone who has conducted research can probably share
with you at least one story of IRB oversight gone awry (see Briggs, 2022, for a
particularly notable rant)! Once the regulatory boxes are checked, researchers
often feel they can get on with the real work in knowing what they are doing is
“good.” But ethics involves claims about what’s right and what’s wrong; ethical
decisions are made daily and throughout the research process; and ethics is also
about inspiring and helping us do better. Thus, this book attempts to highlight
how claims about right and wrong are woven into the fabric of decisions that
xvii
xviii Preface
researchers make throughout the research process. This book also highlights how
ethical research conduct can lead you to conducting higher quality research with
greater impact.
As editors of a textbook centering around ethical research practices, we
believe that higher quality research first comes by acknowledging biases within
the research process, both covert and overt. The ability and opportunity to engage
in research is a social privilege and carries many associated costs for actually
conducting research and having the free time to write and publish papers. The
behavior analytic field is composed primarily of practitioners, many of whom
dedicate their careers towards improving the lives of others. The emotional,
physical, and mental strain, coupled with other responsibilities, may leave
practitioners with little time or energy to engage in the research and publication
processes. Such processes are generally a significant time commitment, which
may not be feasible for all. Too, research tools, such as statistical analyses
platforms and literature databases, are typically a high cost and can only be
accessed by those who have funding sources or an institutional affiliation. IRB
requirements can also be expensive, as these often require certifications that are
not free or widely available. In one editor’s rant, while doing research with
colleagues in Kenya, they found that the cost of certification and Kenyan IRB
came to an amount that was the average equivalent of almost two month’s na-
tional salary! Such an amount that would not be feasible for most without
external funding.
It is critically important that we acknowledge the current criticisms, and
subsequent challenges, the field is facing. As this text is going to press, over 70%
of certified behavior analysts identify as working in the field of autism (BACB,
n.d.), yet we are hearing strong outcries against applied behavior analysis from
members of the autism and autistic communities. Further, most behavior analytic
research has been conducted in North America, primarily in the United States,
which limits the inclusivity and applicability of our research. These disparities
and challenges can lead to a gap between what we know and what we do, a
phenomenon often referred to as the know-do gap in implementation science
framework (e.g., Booth, 2011; Pakenham-Walsh, 2004). Without bridging these
gaps, we may begin to question whether our research is truly socially significant.
Though such logistical challenges may feel disheartening, shining a light on
areas for growth in our research ethics helps us identify how to move forward.
These criticisms have been an impetus for important discussions centering how
to engage in community-based and compassionate research in behavior analysis.
We can begin conditioning the reporting of participant and research identities as
a reinforcer, create research teams that represent the broader community, and
engage in participatory research to increase social significance of our goals,
acceptability of our treatments, and perhaps, the generalizability of our findings.
Most importantly, however, we may find that these strategies will begin bridging
the inclusivity research gap in our field, therefore, creating an equitable culture
that continues to be the heart of behavior analysis.
Preface xix
Finally, many existing texts on research ethics focus on broad ethical theories
and principles. As a result, the reader is often left to independently generalize
those topics to the unique and varied situations they encounter while conducting
research. This can be a challenging exercise, especially for newer researchers.
Thus, rather than organize this text around a theory (or three), we sought to
organize this text around researcher behavior. Specifically, this text follows the
prototypical research pipeline to demonstrate how every stage in the research
process involves ethical considerations, ethical traps, and opportunities to be
better researchers. As a result, we hope the book helps you to become fluent in
identifying the relevance of ethical conversations in your daily empirical work
and become enthusiastic about seeking them out. To slightly tweak for emphasis
an oft-quoted phrase stemming from Herrnstein (1970): All research behavior
involves ethical choice. We hope, by the end of this text, you agree.
To close, we would be remiss if we failed to use this space to thank the many
contributors to this book. If you have not yet seen, the table of contents is packed
with a stellar group of individuals who each have pushed the boundaries of
current conversations at the intersection of research in behavior analysis and
research ethics. Their thoughtful, reflective, and insightful prose left us inspired
and energized to be better researchers and stewards of this beautiful science we
call “behavior analysis.” We hope you enjoy reading this text as much as we
enjoyed bringing it into your home.
eDavid, Noor, Matt, and Shawn
REFERENCES
BACB (n.d.). About behavior analysis. Retrieved from: https://www.bacb.com/about-behavior-
analysis/.
Briggs, R. (March 23, 2022). The abject failure of IRBs. The Chronical of Higher Education.
https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-abject-failure-of-irbs.
Booth, A. (2011). Bridging the ‘Know-do gap’: a role for health information professionals?. Health
information and libraries journal, 28(4), 331e334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2011.
00960.x.
Herrnstein, R. J. (1970). On the law of effect. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior,
13(2), 243e266. https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243.
Normand, M. P., & Donohue, H. E. (2022). Research ethics for behavior analysts in practice.
Behavior Analysis in Practice. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40617-022-00698-5.
Pakenham-Walsh, N. (2004). Learning from one another to bridge the “know-do gap”. British
Medical Journal, 329(7475), 1189. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1189
Chapter 1
From Fuller to Fawcett: a

human rights history of
research ethics in behavior
analysis*
Malika Pritchett1, Shahla Ala’i-Rosales2, Traci M. Cihon2 and
Alicia Re Cruz2
1
University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States; 2University of North Texas, Denton, TX,
United States
At some basic level, there is agreement that science is a fundamental means of

understanding ourselves and the world in which we live. Beyond that simple
agreement, there is a world of complications, particularly in the arena of
behavior change, and the ethics of how and why we come to understand the
processes and outcomes of change. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a
historical analysis of how the ethics of behavior change research has evolved
and is continually evolving, from ensuring basic protections from harm to
nurturing clear and meaningful benefit for participants. Our central focus is on
key historical events that have contributed to the emergence and urgency of
rules and guidelines that direct ethical research practices with human partic-
ipants, especially those who are vulnerable, and how those rules have trans-
lated to policies and safeguards. This history is placed within a larger
framework of evolving conceptions of the role of research in human rights and
human progress and the unique position of behavior analytic research and
practice. We begin with a conceptual analysis and exploration of systems
contingencies that can lean toward devaluing, disrespecting, and potentially
harming people who are research participants, or that can lean toward
respecting, cherishing, and potentially increasing well-being for people who
are research participants.
* Portions of this manuscript were completed as part of the first author’s dissertation for the PhD
in Health Services Research with a concentration in Behavior Analysis at the University of
North Texas.
Research Ethics in Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90969-3.00011-6

Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1
2 Research Ethics in Behavior Analysis
Introduction: our growing understanding of research

ethics
Science “is a search for order, for uniformity, for lawful relations among the
events in nature” (Skinner, 1953, p. 13), and the purpose of science is to
generate knowledge, often through research or experimentation. The science
of behavior analysis is dedicated to understanding and describing the role of
the environment and its impact on the fundamental datum of analysisdthe
response of organisms (Skinner, 1938, 1953). Organism responses are an
unique and extremely complex datum for analysis due to continuous, elaborate
movement cycles (Kubina & Yurich, 2012; Skinner, 1938); behavior “is
changing, fluid, and evanescent, and for this reason it makes great technical
demands upon the ingenuity and energy of the scientist” (Skinner, 1953,
p. 15). Moreover, the activity of research itself is a constellation of human
behaviors that includes the development of experimental questions, opera-
tional definitions, measurement systems, selection of dependent variables and
independent variables, and more. Research activity that involves humans also
includes decisions about who is part of the research, and how and why they are
included. Agreement among scientists regarding which research areas are
pursued and how they are pursued (and recognized) is made by members of the
scientific community (e.g., funding agencies, university research labs, journal
reviewing bodies).
Research can be characterized as social behavior or “the behavior of two or
more people with respect to one another or in concert with respect to a
common environment” (Skinner, 1953, p. 297). Skinner (1953) discussed the
‘common environment’ as a ‘social environment’ or ‘culture’ that includes
social stimuli and social reinforcers. The combination of social stimuli and
reinforcers that comprise our social environments forms networks of contin-
gencies that establish, evoke, shape, reinforce, and punish social behaviors.
The social behaviors of the members of the scientific community also serve to
establish and maintain the networks of contingencies in our social environ-
ments and cultures. The contingencies in the social environment affect the
members of the research group and are established and upheld by the members
of the group (e.g., participants, researchers, editors, professors, students).
When research is conceptualized as social behavior, it allows for contextual
descriptions and analyses of the variety of contingencies that establish and
maintain researcher behaviors within the research context and subsequently the
translation of the research to broader scientific communities and society
(Goldiamond, 1978, 1984). Ethical considerations arise when behavior scien-
tists/analysts, and especially applied behavior scientists/analysts, engage other
humans in their research endeavors (e.g., co-investigators, participants, and the
larger scientific community). These human-to-human research interactions
have dramatic implications for humanity in the present as well as in the future,
at cellular, individual, community, and global levels (Benjamin, 2013).
From Fuller to Fawcett Chapter | 1 3
Behavior analysts not only engage in behaviors and practices related to the
research process but are also “members of the social systems within which
they conduct research” (Pritchett et al., 2021, p. 17; see also Goldiamond,
1978, 1984). This dual role, created through a recursive relationship between
social behavior and practices and the social environment, creates the condi-
tions under which “the individual [researcher] acquires from the group an
extensive repertoire of manners and customs . all of which depend in part on
the practices of the group [scientific community] of which he is a member”
(Skinner, 1953, p. 415). For instance, the behaviors and practices that exem-
plify the purpose of research evolve, as do the behaviors and practices related
to how and why research questions emerge in a given scientific community.
There is a recursive relationship between the social behaviors involved in
conducting research with humans and the social environment that selects these
behaviors and practices, both of which are constantly changing over time and
in relation to one another.
Simultaneously, this dual role creates a dual obligation for behavior
analytic researchers. The research-related behaviors and practices “generate
ethical behavior and the extension of these practices to manners and customs
. A culture [the social environment] . is thus enormously complex and
extraordinarily powerful” (Skinner, 1953, p. 419) in determining our behaviors
and practices, including those of the researcher in behavior analysis. Notably,
this recursive relationship affects the behaviors of the researchers and the
environmental selecting events (e.g., motivating contexts, resources and con-
ditions, consequences; see also Mattaini, 2013). They contribute to why ex-
periments are conducted, how and why we ask and pursue different research
questions, how research and its findings are communicated to scientists and
society, and the practices and directions of our research ethics.
Conceptualizing research as social behavior suggests that, while behavior
analysts strive to engage in research that advances our understanding as to how
to improve conditions for people, they also operate within systems that have
other goals and contingencies (Pritchett et al., 2021; see also Goldiamond,
1978, 1984). The behavior analyst’s obligations to the research participant,
society, and the institutions in which they work have the potential to create
competing contingencies (Bandura, 1978; Stolz, 1978), especially in cases for
which there are acknowledged or hidden vulnerabilities or power imbalances.
Ethical dilemmas . arise when the professional and the individual whose
behavior is to be changed are from different social classes or have different
statuses (and hence have different values for differential access to reinforcers),
when the voluntary nature of the involvement of the persons whose behavior is to
be changed is compromised in any way, when their competence to enter into an
agreement regarding the intervention is questionable, or when people are sub-
jected to interventions they do not realize are in effect.
(Stolz, 1978, p. 18)
Benjamin (2013) describes a parallel tension in the life sciences and the
biotech sector:
The life sciences and the burgeoning biotech industry are especially vulnerable
to conflicts between commercial, medical, and broader social interests, as the
application of commercial logic to (and commodification of) the human body
leads us full circle to the dangerous medical practices of World War II e and
even prior to that, to American chattel slavery.
(p. 4)
Such responsibilities are further highlighted when we consider the
implications and development of ethics in relation to consent. There are many
cases of persons, discussed in detail later in this chapter, in marginalized
positions in society, who were involuntarily forced to participate in biomedical
and behavioral researchdindividuals such as Mrs. Henrietta Lacks (Skloot,
2011), the subject in Fuller (1949), and the men in Tuskegee (Tuskegee
University, n.d.). In each of the cases, subjects were treated as if their lives
were less; they were considered subhuman. The information and un-
derstandings gained from these research programs and the research subjects
became commodities that produced profits. Those whose bodies and behavior
produced the knowledge did not profit from the knowledge, and in most cases
neither did the marginalized communities to which they belonged. The
commodification of the knowledge gained was a direct product of the
diminished value of their lives relative to the lives and rights of other members
of society; they were used to benefit others. It was not until much later that
advocacy and outrage for these individuals produced several, sometimes
simultaneous global responses, and society responded with counter controls
and protections that are now built into the research process (cf., Stolz, 1978;
Wood, 1975).
Timelines of protections and the development of a science

of behavior change
To understand the context and development of ethics standards and policies in
behavior analytic research practice, it is helpful to view a timeline of events
(see Table 1.1), consider the relations between and among these events, and
explore how the progression of behavior analysis fits with other global
movements. Historical analyses are by their nature complicated and biased
from the perspectives of those who write the history. The authors of this
chapter focused the lens purposefully toward events that indicate an evolution
in care for the well-being of participants. Our lens is influenced by culturo-
behavior systems science (see Cihon & Mattaini, 2019, 2020), human rights,
and womanist philosophies (e.g., Walker, 2004; Maparyan, 2012). The time-
line is intentionally presented thematically and as a non-linear summary of the
central issues related to evolution of human rights protections and social
justice.
TABLE 1.1 Key events related to ethical codes and protections outside of
and within behavior analysis.
Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

Year analysis analysis
1945 First program in behavior analysis
created at Columbia University
Teacher’s College
1947 Nuremberg Code released
1948 Universal Declaration of Human Walden Two published by B. F.

Rights (UDHR) released Skinner
Declaration of Geneva
1949 Operant Conditioning of a Vegetative

Human Organism published by Fuller
1953 Wichita jury study First formal code of ethics developed
by the American Psychological
Association (APA)
1956 Willowbrook hepatitis studies
commence in New York
1957 Society for the Experimental Analysis
of Behavior (SEAB) formed
1958 Journal of the Experimental Analysis of
Behavior (JEAB) established
1961 Milgram’s ‘obedience to authority’
experiments commence
Draft of Declaration of Helsinki
released
1962 Pappworth’s paper on “human

guinea pigs” published in popular
magazine
Twentieth Century
1963 Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Application of Operant Conditioning
Study Procedures to the Behavior Problems
of an Autistic Child published by Wolf
et al.
1964 Declaration of Helsinki adopted by
World Medical Association
US Civil Rights Act of 1964
Britain’s Medical Research Council
publishes statement on regulations
of medical research
1965 Voting Rights Act of 1965
Continued
and within behavior analysis.dcont’d

1966 Beecher’s paper on unethical
research published in New England
Journal of Medicine
First institutional research ethics
committee in South Africa formed at
University of Witwatersrand
Australia’s NHMRC publishes

Statement on Human
Experimentation and Supplementary
Notes
Cervical cancer experiments
commence at New Zealand’s
National Women’s Hospital
1967 Pappworth’s book Human Guinea

Pigs: Experimentation on Man
published
1968 Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
(JABA) founded; Some Current
Dimensions of Applied Behavior
Analysis published by Baer et al.
1970 Tearoom Trade by Laud Humphreys
published
Pedagogy of the Oppressed by Paulo
Freire published
1971 San Antonio contraception study Beyond Freedom and Dignity
published by B. F. Skinner
Zimbardo’s mock prison The Modification of Human Behavior:
experiments at Stanford University The Ethics of Human Control panel
commence presentation held at an international
symposium on human rights,
retardation, and research sponsored by
the Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation
Individual Rights and the Federal Role
in Behavior Modification, a 3-year
study started by Senate appointed

members of the Subcommittee on
Constitutional Rights of the Committee
on the Judiciary
APA appoints Task Force on Behavior
Therapy
1972 Tuskegee syphilis trials conclude Sunland Training Center abuse
after running for 40 years investigation launched
Willowbrook hepatitis studies
conclude after running for 16 years
Geraldo Rivera’s documentary
Willowbrook: The Last Great
Disgrace broadcast on network
television
1973 Zap! You’re Normal published by Behaviorism journal founded (changed
Yafa in Playboy Magazine to Behavior & Philosophy in 1990)
Big Brother and Psychotechnology
published by Chorover
1974 Congress passes the National Association for Behavior Analysis
Research Act (PL 93-348) (ABA; later renamed the Association
for Behavior Analysis International
[ABAI]) founded
Law Enforcement Assistance First Drake Conference on Professional
Administration (LEAA) bans funding Issues in Behavior Analysis
for the use of behavior modification
programs in prisons
US Senate Subcommittee on APA publishes response to LEAA

Constitution Rights of the funding restrictions
Committee of the Judiciary
publishes 600þ page report on
federal support for research on
behavior modification and
implications for individual rights
US National Commission for the Board of Social and Ethical
Protection of Human Subjects of Responsibility of the APA meets for the
Biomedical and Behavioral first time, meetings continue through
Research (The National 1976
Commission) created as part of the
National Research Act
Continued

Behavior Mod published by Hilts Toward a Constructional Approach to
Social Problems: Ethical and
Constitutional Issues Raised by
Applied Behavior Analysis published
by Goldiamond
Protection of Human Subjects and
Patients: A Social Contingency
Analysis of Distinctions Between
Research and Practice, and its
Implications published by
Goldiamond
Individual Rights and the Federal Role
in Behavior Modification report
published
1975 Midwest Association for Behavior
Analysis founded
The Ethics of Helping People
published by B. F. Skinner
Proceedings from the first Drake

Conference on Professional Issues in
Behavior Analysis published
1977 Canada’s Council’s Consultative Behaviorism and Ethics published by
Group on Ethics publishes report on Krapfl and Vargas
ethical principles for researchers
and review committees
Medical Research Council of South

Africa (MRCSA) publishes
Guidelines on Ethics for Medical
Research
The People Shapers published by
Packard
1978 Medical Research Council of Social Validity: The Case for
Canada publishes Ethics in Human Subjective Measurement or How
Experimentation Applied Behavior Analysis is Finding
its Heart published by Wolf
Behaviorists for Social Action Journal
(BFSAJ) and Behaviorists for Social
Action (BSA) Special Interest Group of
ABAI are founded; BSA later (ca.

1980s) changes its name to
Behaviorists for Social Responsibility
(BFSR); BFSAJ changes name to
Behavior Analysis and Social Action
(BASA) in 1982 and to Behavior &
Social Issues (BSI) in 1991
Findings from the APA Commission on
Behavior Modification, Ethical Issues
in Behavior Modification published by
Stolz
1979 Belmont Report published by the On the Usefulness of Intent for
National Commission Distinguishing Between Research and
Practice, and its Replacement by
Social Contingency by Goldiamond
published in Belmont Report
Appendix Volume II
1980 Indian Council of Medical Research ABAI presidential debates on
(ICMR) publishes Policy Statement application and analysis started
on Ethical Considerations Involved
in Research on Human Subjects
1981 Report of the US President’s ABAI presidential debates on
Commission for the Study of Ethical application and analysis concluded
Problems in Medicine and
Biomedical and Behavioral
Research released, recommending
that a Common Rule for all federally
funded research be developed
1982 Council for International
Organizations of Medical Sciences
with World Health Organization
first proposes International Ethical
Guidelines for Biomedical Research
Involving Human Subjects
1986 Project Follow Through, largest
federally sponsored educational
experiment to determine best
strategies for teaching at-risk
students (grades K-3rd) commences
and runs through 1977
1987 South Africa’s Human Sciences Some Still-Current Dimensions of
Research Council published its Applied Behavior Analysis published
Code of Research Ethics by Baer et al.
Continued

Willowbrook State School closes US Department of Education provides
funding for non-aversive behavior
management research and training
center
1988 New Zealand’s “Cartwright Inquiry” The Right to Effective Behavioral

reports on the treatment of cervical Treatment published by Van Houten
cancer at New Zealand’s National et al.
Women’s Hospital
1989 United Nations Convention on the ABAI releases position statement on
Rights of the Child clients’ right to effective behavioral
treatment
Coercion and its Fallout published by

Sidman
1990 Norwegian Parliament approves Balancing the Right to Habilitation

establishment of three national with the Right to Personal Liberties:
committees for research ethics The Rights of People with
Developmental Disabilities to Eat Too
Many Doughnuts and Take a Nap
published by Bannerman et al.
Toward a Technology of
“Nonaversive” Behavioral Support
published by Horner et al. introducing
the term “positive behavioral support”
1991 “Common Rule” (CRF 46) adopted Some Values Guiding Community
by 16 US Federal departments and Research and Action published by
agencies Fawcett
Interim Guidelines on Ethical Social Validity Assessments: Is Current
Matters in Aboriginal and Torres Practice State of the Art? published by
Strait Islander Research released in Schwartz and Baer
Australia
1992 Australian Health Ethics Committee

(AHEC) established
Research ethics committees

established in Denmark
1993 Vancouver Protocol published by
International Committee of Medical
Journal Editors
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Beside the
golden door
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Beside the golden door
Author: Henry Slesar
Illustrator: George Schelling
Release date: December 15, 2023 [eBook #72420]
Language: English
Original publication: New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing Company,

1963
Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BESIDE THE

GOLDEN DOOR ***
BESIDE THE GOLDEN DOOR
By HENRY SLESAR
Illustrated by SCHELLING
Earth was dead, but Liberty still held her torch

aloft. Yet only Deez, the alien, could know whether
it was raised in welcome or in mockery.
[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

Amazing Stories February 1964.
Extensive research did not uncover any evidence that
the U.S. copyright on this publication was renewed.]
Devia's voice, like a sweetly tinkling bell in his ear, sounded in Ky-
Tann's headpiece, and he chuckled at the urgency of her tone.
Wedded less than two years, he still delighted in every nuance of her
nature, and this was one of them. She could sound equally urgent
about an impending hurricane or an imminent dinner party.
With a sigh, he switched off the electron microscope and touched his
Answer button lightly. "Yes, my darling? What is it?"
"Haven't you heard? It's been on every newsray for the past six
hours. I thought you'd have called me by now—"
"I never use the newsray during duty hours," he said patiently. "I
prefer not to be interrupted." Ky-Tann was a metals stress analyst at
the Roa-Pitin Spaceworks.
Devia missed or ignored the implied criticism. "I'm sure you would
have wanted to hear this. Your friend Deez just returned from that
exploration of his. He came back a hero, too."
"Deez?" Ky-Tann said; shouted in fact. "Deez back? Devia, are you
sure you heard it right?"
"Of course I did. And Deez himself called, not more than five minutes
ago. He said the Administrators had him and his crew quarantined for
the moment, but he plans to break loose tonight. If he can manage it,
he'll be here before the second sunset. Isn't it wonderful?"
"It's wonderful, all right. Only where was he? What did he do that
made him such a hero?"
"I couldn't gather too much from the newsray, except that he found a
world somewhere that has the Archeological Commission excited as
children—"
"You mean an inhabited world?" Ky-Tann said skeptically.
"Once inhabited, anyway. Please don't ask me to explain it, Ky, ask
newsray or Deez himself, you know how stupid I am about such
things."
He chuckled, and said something loving in their private code, and

switched off. His curiosity about Deez' discovery rivaled his
excitement about seeing his friend again; in a hundred years of
exploration, the space vessels of Illyri had merely confirmed the
ancient belief that Life was a rare and precious gift. They had found
slugs and lichen and moss on rocky, almost-airless worlds; they had
seen wild plant growth in steaming alien jungles; the sea creatures of
the Planet Vosa, despite their infinite variety, proved utterly lacking in
intelligence. Once, on an unnamed world in the Acheos galaxy, the
great space pioneer Val-Rion unearthed the artifacts of a dead
civilization and stunned the people of Illyri by his announcement. He
claimed to have found written language, works of art, implements and
weapons. Val-Rion was a brave man and a mighty adventurer, but a
poor scholar. In the time it took Illyri's double suns to rise and set, the
Archeological Commission completed a study of his findings and
declared it a not-too-clever hoax, perpetrated by students of the
University of Space Sciences. To the end of his days, even after
some of the students came forward to admit their deception, Val-Rion
persisted in his belief that the finding was authentic, and squandered
his fortune in an attempt to interpret the mysterious language. He
failed, of course; the "language" was nonsense. Some of the students
had been sensitive enough to regret their hoax; one of them, Deez-
Cor, named his ship after the late explorer.
But now the Val-Rion and her crew were home, after an odyssey so
long overdue that the Space Commission had officially declared the
expedition lost.
Ky-Tann had never mourned for his missing friend. Sense told him
that the Val-Rion was gone, atomized by its own engines, shriveled
by some alien sun or demolished on the terrain of some unfriendly
world. But he refused to make the admission, even after official hope
was gone; he continued to envision Deez at the controls of his ship,
grinning cockily into space, eyes challenging the void.
He left the spaceworks early and flew his Sked home at just above
the legal airspeed. If he had expected to find his wife excited by the
prospect of Deez' visit, he was mistaken. Su-Tann had a new tooth,
and Devia was more elated by the sight of the little white stump in the
baby's mouth than she could be by all the extra-illyrian worlds in the
known galaxies. But when Deez arrived as promised, right after the
second sunset, she burst into tears at the sight of him.
Ky-Tann himself swallowed hard as he embraced his friend. Deez
was gaunt inside his spaceman's coveralls, the bones in his face
pronounced. The skin of his right cheek and neck had been burned,
and the hair whitened on that side, giving him a strangely off-balance
look. He grinned as Deez always grinned, but when he stopped
grinning his eyes were weary.
"You must rest, Deez," Devia said sorrowfully. "It must have been
awful for you."
"No," Deez answered. "I want to talk, Devia, I can't tell you how much
I've wanted to see you both, to tell you about it."
Ky-Tann said: "The Administrators must have given you a rough
time."
"I've turned over all our film records to them, and the artifacts we
stored aboard. But I haven't really talked to anyone." He licked his dry
lips, and brushed a hand over the whitened side of his hair. "The
baby," he said softly. "Could I see the baby?"
"What?" Ky-Tann seemed surprised at the request.
Devia leaped to her feet. "Of course, Deez, I'll bring her." To Ky-Tann,
she said: "Ky, you idiot, get Deez a drink or something."
"I just want to see the baby. It's a girl, isn't it?"
"Her name is Su-Tann," Devia said.
When the baby was brought into the room, cooing softly and trying
her new tooth against a thumbnail, Deez took the infant into his lap
and studied its small, chubby face with an air of solemnity that
troubled Ky-Tann and his wife. After a moment, Deez smiled painfully.
"What luck," he said. "She looks like you, Devia. It would have been
awful if she had looked like Ky."
Devia laughed, but they could see that Deez had labored to make the
joke. She took the infant from him, and let Su-Tann crawl about the
heated floor. Deez watched her progress and then looked up, flashing
his old grin. "But I suppose you're waiting to hear about my great
Discovery? Think of it, Ky! A dead planet, a genuine lost civilization!
Not a hoax this time...." He spoke avidly, but his eyes were
bewildered, the eyes of a man injured in battle.
"It can wait," Ky-Tann said. "You're tired, Deez."
"I'll tell you now," Deez said.
"It was in the second quadrant of the galaxy as charted by Roa-Pitin,

the outer spiral arm we call Evarion; our hydrogen radiation
equipment had been receiving an exciting pattern of signals since our
journey had begun. Of course, we weren't the first exploration team to
be lured by those signals, countless others had dashed themselves to
pieces for that electronic siren song. We employed every navigational
device we knew to put us within range of the strongest beams, but
the fact that we succeeded can only be described as an accident—or
the will of a power greater than anything we know."
Ky-Tann looked narrow-eyed. "A Super-Being?"
"A Super-Memory," Deez said. "Let's call it that. At any rate, our
equipment fixed on a star of low magnitude with a nine-planet
system. Simple calculation of distances and spectroscopic readings
eliminated all but one of the worlds as suitable for exploration. It was
the third planet in relative distance from its sun. But we felt no
unusual expectation as we prepared for landfall; the closer we came,
the more we recognized the bleak, airless type of world that has
become so familiar to the exploration ships of Illyri that we call them
nothing more than cosmic debris.
"We made our landing on the ledge of a gigantic basin that might
once have been the container for a vast ocean. Gi-Linn, our ship's
scientist, was convinced by the configuration of its floor that the
planet had once been blessed with water, air, and in all probability,
some form of life. He speculated that the vanished ocean might have
once teemed with creatures as those we discovered on Vosa. He was
doubtful, however, that life forms had become more advanced than
Vosa's. Gi-Linn has a way of leaping to conclusions, a smug fellow. I
was pleased to see him proved wrong.
"We skedded across this dry ocean floor a distance of some two to
three thousand amfions, and found its peaks and valleys marvelous
to behold but utterly devoid of vegetation. Gi-Linn made some cursory
examinations of mineral specimens during our flight, and reported
that the planet's crust was an astonishing mixture of various layers,
ranging in geological age from millions of years to mere thousands. It
was further evidence that this world hadn't always been a barren
rock, that a cataclysmic volcanic upheaval had altered its terrain,
sifted and blended its strata, had dried its oceans and swallowed its
continents. For the first time, we began to look upon this particular
planet with more than routine interest.
"And then we saw it.
"At first, Totin, our navigator, swore it was only an optical trick, an
illusion of the sort we had encountered on other worlds. Once, on a
planet in the Casserian system, we had each of us seen a herd of
cattle grazing peacefully in a green field—this on a planet of
interminable yellow dust. But there was nothing dreamlike about the
great metallic ruin that came into our sight, this giant who seemed to
lift its shattered arm to us in greeting.
"I have seen terrors, and beasts, and horrors of the flesh, but I tell
you now that never before have I experienced such a pounding of the
heart as when that alien monument came into view. For not only was
it plainly a remnant of a forgotten civilization, the first we had ever
found, but it was also apparent that the ancients who had lived—and
died—on this world had been cut from the same evolutionary cloth as
we of Illyri.
"The figure was that of a woman."
Devia, who had been listening open-mouthed, said:
"A woman! Deez, how thrilling! It's like some marvelous old fable—"
"She stood some ninety amfs high," Deez said, "buried to the
shoulder in the arid soil of the planet. Her right arm was extended
towards the heavens, and clutched within her hand was a torch
plainly meant to symbolize the shedding of light. Her headpiece was
a crown of spikes, her features noble and filled with sadness. She
was blackened with the grime of centuries, battered by time, and yet
still wonderfully preserved in the airless atmosphere.
"We were thrilled by the sight of this ancient wonder, and speculated
about its builders. Had they been giants her size, or had they erected
her as a Colossus to celebrate some great deed or personage or
ruler? What did she mean to her builders, what did her uplifted torch
signify? What aspirations, hopes, dreams? Could we find the answer
beneath that dry soil?"
"Did you dig?" Ky-Tann said, his eyes shining with excitement. "You
weren't equipped for any major excavation work, were you?"
"No; the most we could have done was scratch the surface of the
planet, perhaps enough to free the entire figure of the Colossus. But
that wasn't enough; we burned with curiosity to know what lay under
our feet, what buried cities, people, histories.... Totin set up a signal
station, and beamed our message to the space station on Briaticus.
After a few days, we made contact, and relayed our story. There was
skepticism at first, but they finally agreed to dispatch all available
manpower and excavation equipment to the planet Earth."
"The planet what?" Devia said.
"Earth," Deez said, with a wan smile. "That was its name, eons ago,
and the builders, who were called Earthmen, lived within natural and
artificial boundaries called nations, empires, states, dominions,
protectorates, satellites, and commonwealths. That empty globe had
once housed as many as three billion of these Earthmen, and their
works were prodigious. Their science was advanced, and they had
already thrust their ships into the space of their own solar system...."
Ky-Tann was plainly startled.
"Deez, you're really serious about this? It's not another hoax?"
"I've seen the ruins of their cities, I've touched their dry bones, I've
turned the pages of their books...." Deez' eyes glowed, pulsating
eerily. "We found libraries, Ky, great volumes of writing, in languages
astonishingly varied and yet many that were swiftly encodable....
We've seen their machines and their houses, their working tools and
their play-things. We found their histories, records of their bodies and
voices, their manners and morals and sometimes mad behavior ...
Ky!" Deez said, his voice choked. "It'll take a hundred years to
understand all we've found!"
Devia rose quickly at the sound of his agitated voice, and went to his
side. "Try not to overexcite yourself," she said. "I know how you must
feel...."
"You can't. You can't possibly," Deez muttered. "To know the
overwhelming—greediness I felt—turned loose in an archeological
treasure house—I began waking up at night, sweating at the thought
that I might die before I had seen all there was to see on that planet,
read all its books, learned all its secrets—"
"And what did you learn?" Ky-Tann said.
Deez stood up slowly. He crossed the room to the view-glass, but
they knew his eyes looked out at nothing.
"I learned," he said bitterly, "that it was a world which deserved to
die."
On a balmy June evening, in the Spring of 1973, Dr. Carl Woodward

opened his front door on a new era. The man who stood on his
doorstep—Woodward never thought of Borsu as anything but a
"man"—wore a sleeveless tunic that glistened like snake-skin. He
was holding something in his hands, as if proferring it, a foot-square
metallic box with rounded corners and a diamond-shaped screen that
showed a moving tracery of spidery-thin lines.
Woodward was sixty-one. He had been a naval surgeon in two wars,
and had lost a leg during the Inchon landing. He had survived the
loss, but a treacherous heart condition forced his retirement. He
chose a small village in Eastern Pennsylvania. He lived with a dog
and a thousand books. Borsu, the alien, could not have chanced on a
better host that night.
"Yes, what is it?" Woodward said. When no answer came, the doctor
realized that his visitor expected him to watch the screen. He did. The
lines wavered, shifted, blurred in their excitation, but conveyed
nothing. Panacea, Woodward's aging beagle, finally came out of his
warm bed near the furnace and set up a furious barking.
"Pan!" Woodward snapped. "Shut up, you mutt! Look, mister, perhaps
if you came inside—"
Then his eyes became adjusted to the diamond-shaped screen; he
saw a picture. The scene was a forest; there was the gleam of
crumpled metal, and a prostrate figure lying on the leaf-strewn floor. It
was the portrait of an accident, and Woodward was intuitive enough
to know that the man in the doorway had come for help.
"You want me to come with you, is that it?" he said. "Is your friend
hurt? How did it happen?"
The screen refocused. Now Woodward saw the injured "man" more
closely, saw the face blue in the moonlight, saw the lacerations on his
cheek and forehead. Then the "camera" traveled downwards,
towards the ribs, almost as if it were exploring the extent of the
injuries for diagnosis (later, he learned this was true).
"Well, come on," he said gruffly. He took his coat and instrument bag
from the hall closet, and shut the door on Panacea's hysteria. When
he was outside with his visitor, he saw his face for the first time. Then
he knew that the face he had seen in the tiny screen hadn't merely
looked blue in the moonlight. It was blue. A smoky, almost lavender
blue. Those who came to hate the aliens described it as purple, but
Borsu, his dying companion, and all the aliens who followed were
blue-skinned.
Woodward was in a fever of excitement by the time he reached the
scene of the crash, in the woods some five hundred yards from his
home. He understood its significance by now, knew that the fallen
vessel had been some kind of space craft, that its dual occupants
were visitors from another world. The fact that he had been first on
the scene thrilled him; the fact that he was a doctor, and could help,
gratified him.
But there was nothing in his black bag which could aid the crash
victim. His black-pupiled eyes rolled in the handsome blue head, and
his fine-boned blue hand reached for the touch of his companion's
fingers in a gesture of farewell. Then he was dead.
"I'm sorry," Woodward said. "Your friend is gone."
There was no grief evident in the placid blue face that looked down at
the body. Once again, the alien lifted the metal box and forced the
doctor's attention on the diamond-shaped screen.
The picture was that of Woodward's house.
"You want to come home with me?" Woodward said. Then he gasped
as he saw himself on the screen, entering the house, alone. Then he
realized that the scene typified a request—or a command. The man
from space wanted the doctor to return home.
"All right," he said reluctantly. "I'll go home, my friend. But I can tell
you right now—don't expect me to keep all this a secret."
He turned, and limped through the woods.
Woodward had just entered the house when the woods burst with
light, one incredible split-second of white fire that lit the world for
miles. It was the alien's funeral pyre.
Then the alien came back. When the doctor answered the door, he
strode into the room purposefully, and placed his strange visual aid
on a table top. He looked squarely at Woodward, and then placed a
finger in the center of his smooth blue forehead.
"Borsu," he said.
The doctor hesitated. Was the alien identifying himself by name?
Indicating himself by the most vital organ, his brain?
The doctor pointed to his own forehead.
"Carl," he said.
Then he looked about, and his eyes fell on the book he had been
reading. He picked it up, and tapped its cover.
"Book," he said.
The stranger took it from his hand.
"Book," he said. "Borsu, Carl. Book."
And the alien smiled.
Woodward handled his request to see Ridgemont, Secretary of

Science, with extreme care. He understood the functions and fears of
the bureaucrat, the ever-present concern about wasting time on
crackpots, lobbyists, representatives of various useless or lunatic
fringe groups. He had arranged the meeting through the Secretary of
the Navy, and made certain that Ridgemont knew of his good service
record, that he was convinced that Woodward was a man of sound
mind and character. Only then did he make the appointment.
Yet despite his precautions, Ridgemont looked at Woodward exactly
as the doctor knew he would.
"A man from where?" he said.
"From outer space," Woodward said quietly. "Not from our own solar
system, but from another. Their world exists no longer. Borsu and the
others recall nothing about it, but that was a case of deliberate
Forgetting; I'll tell you about that later. The important thing is—"
"The important thing," Woodward said icily, "is for you to see the right
person. Frankly, this department isn't concerned with—extra-
terrestrial matters. Perhaps the Department of Defense—"
"I've thought about this for some time," Woodward persisted. "I
believe you're the one person most capable of both understanding
and helping. Please don't disappoint me."
Perhaps Ridgemont was flattered; at any rate, he calmed down and
let the doctor speak.
"Borsu and a companion came to Earth about a month ago, their
descent undetected except by the astronomical observatory at
Clifton; if you check with meteor landing. But it wasn't a meteor. It was
a space vessel, and its crash killed Borsu's friend. You won't find
traces of it, either, because Borsu followed his people's tradition of
totally annihilating the remains. No, it wasn't a secret weapon of any
kind; he merely triggered the ship's atomic reactor.
"Borsu came to me by chance. But when he discovered I was
sympathetic, he allowed me to become his mentor and teacher of
language. I couldn't have wanted a better student; he's already read
and digested half the books I own.
"I have had long conversation with Borsu, about his past and his
future hopes; indeed, the hopes of his entire race. When I learned his
story, and understood why he came to our world, I decided to act as
his emissary. Borsu has a mortal—and understandable—fear of being
treated like a freak or a guinea pig. I'm here to pave the way for him,
and the others."
Ridgemont must have been aware of Woodward's sincerity; he

looked astonished.
"You really mean this, don't you?" he said. "A man from another
planet is here, with you?"
"Yes," Woodward said firmly. "In my own home. But I cannot give you
the name of his world, and neither can Borsu. At the moment, their
way-station is an airless asteroid in our solar system, where they are
living in an artificial atmosphere and surviving on synthetic food.
There are fewer than ten thousand of them, refugees from a world
which suffered a fate so terrible that they have allowed themselves to
forget everything about it."
"Forget? What do you mean?"
"They have a belief, an ancient conviction, about Forgetting. I don't
know whether it's cultural, or religious, or scientific in origin; but each
generation conceals the past from the new generation, especially
those things in the past which have been unpleasant or hurtful. They
are future-minded; they believe their children are sounder mentally if
they know nothing of past evils. Whatever happened on the world of
their birth is a story only their dead ancestors knew. Their interest is
only in tomorrow."
"And just what kind of tomorrow do they have in mind?"
Woodward took a deep breath.
"They wish to migrate to Earth, Mr. Ridgemont. All of them. Their
evolutionary development was virtually identical to ours; when I
marveled at this, Borsu laughed heartily at me. It is the belief of their
science—or perhaps their theology—that the physical form both
races share is the only one possible to the intelligent beings of the
universe. So you see," Woodward said wryly, "perhaps the old
prophets were right, when they said that God made Man in his own
image. Perhaps it's the only possible image in the cosmos."
"Then they look like us? Exactly like us?"
"Not exactly, no. There are some—surface differences. I know
nothing of Borsu's interior construction, only X rays could tell us that."
Ridgemont said, suspiciously: "What surface differences?"
"They are somewhat more angular than we are, a bit taller. Their
craniums are larger, their shoulders narrower and bones finer. Borsu
told me that they have no tonsils or appendix. In a way, they might be
one lateral step higher on the evolutionary scale than the people of
Earth. Their science is slightly more advanced in some areas, behind
us in others. And of course, the number of their scientists and
technicians is greatly limited." Woodward paused. "And they are blue.
A soft, pleasant shade, but unmistakably—blue."
The Secretary's chair creaked.
"And they want to settle here? Among us?"
"They feel sure that our races will be compatible, sharing as we do
our evolutionary heritage, that—"
"One moment," Ridgemont said sharply. "When you say compatible—
are you implying that these creatures can interbreed with us?"
The doctor winced at the word "creatures." But his reply was soft.
"No," he said. "That coincidence would be too great. But they have no
such desires; they will be happy to produce their own future
generations of citizens. They have deliberately controlled their
birthrate until they could find a home. Earth can be that home, Mr.
Ridgemont, but they wish to be sure of a welcome."
The Secretary stood up, and came to the front of the desk to face the
doctor.
"Dr. Woodward," he said, "your story is an incredible one, but for the
moment I'll assume that everything you've said is true. Naturally,
visitors from another planet—who mean us no harm, and who can
impart knowledge to us—would be more than welcome on Earth.
They would be celebrated by every man of Science on this planet."
"Borsu understands that. But it's not the scientists whose welcome
they seek. It's the people of Earth."
"Doctor, I cannot speak for the people of Earth." Ridgemont frowned,
and rubbed his forehead. "Where would these aliens of yours want to
live? How would they live? Assimilated among the peoples of Earth?
In their own community, a nation reserved for them alone?"
"I can't say. These are questions to be decided by others—"
"Does this Borsu expect us to guarantee this welcome? To assure
them that they will be received with open arms? People are strange.
Once the initial excitement of their arrival is over, who can say how
ordinary citizens will react?"
"You must understand that they come in peace and friendship. They
are tired, weary of searching for a home. They need our help—"
"You say they're blue, doctor." Ridgemont's eyes were penetrating.
"Do you think the world can withstand still another race problem? Do
you?"
"I don't know," Woodward said miserably. "I'm only Borsu's friend, Mr.
Ridgemont, his emissary. I can't answer questions like this. I thought

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From Fuller to Fawcett: a

At some basic level, there is agreement that science is a fundamental means of

Research Ethics in Behavior Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90969-3.00011-6

Introduction: our growing understanding of research

Timelines of protections and the development of a science

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

1948 Universal Declaration of Human Walden Two published by B. F.

1949 Operant Conditioning of a Vegetative

1962 Pappworth’s paper on “human

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

Australia’s NHMRC publishes

1967 Pappworth’s book Human Guinea

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

US Senate Subcommittee on APA publishes response to LEAA

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

Proceedings from the first Drake

Medical Research Council of South

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

Key events outside of behavior Key events within behavior

1988 New Zealand’s “Cartwright Inquiry” The Right to Effective Behavioral

Coercion and its Fallout published by

1990 Norwegian Parliament approves Balancing the Right to Habilitation

1992 Australian Health Ethics Committee

Research ethics committees

Title: Beside the golden door

Author: Henry Slesar

Illustrator: George Schelling

Release date: December 15, 2023 [eBook #72420]

Original publication: New York, NY: Ziff-Davis Publishing Company,

Credits: Greg Weeks, Mary Meehan and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BESIDE THE

Earth was dead, but Liberty still held her torch

[Transcriber's Note: This etext was produced from

He chuckled, and said something loving in their private code, and

"It was in the second quadrant of the galaxy as charted by Roa-Pitin,

On a balmy June evening, in the Spring of 1973, Dr. Carl Woodward

Woodward handled his request to see Ridgemont, Secretary of

Ridgemont must have been aware of Woodward's sincerity; he

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