INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

The scope and intensity of global health challenges are multitude in nature. No single country
or agency can tackle or find solutions for this. Multiple international agencies and institutions
extend their help and cooperation in shaping the global health policies, funding,
implementation and evaluation of the programs that work for international health.

TYPES OF INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES- Generally, international health

agencies are of three groups. They are:

1. MULTILATERAL AGENCIES OR ORGANIZATIONS: These types of agencies

receive funds from multiple governments and nongovernmental sources and distribute among
many different countries. For example, World Health Organization, World Bank, United
Nations Children's Fund, etc.

2. BILATERAL ORGANIZATIONS: A bilateral organization is a government agency or

not-for-profit organization based in a single country and provides funding to developing
countries. For example, United States Agency for International Development, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), etc.

3. NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS): Nongovernmental

organization (NGO) is any non-profit, task oriented, voluntary citizens' group that is
organized at the local, national or international level. For example, CARE International.

MULTILATERAL AGENCIES OR ORGANIZATIONS-

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-The origin of World Health Organization (WHO)

dates back to April 1945 during the conference held at San Francisco to setup the United
Nations. WHO was formally established on April 7, 1947. Hence, every year 7th April is
celebrated as "WHO Day" by focusing on specific theme.

OBJECTIVES IN THE PREAMBLE OF WHO-

 Health is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity
 Attainment of highest standard of health is the fundamental right without
discrimination
 The health of people is fundamental for attainment of peace and security
 Achievement of any state in promotion and protection of health is of value to all
 Unequal development in different countries in promotion and control of disease is
danger to all
 Extension to all people of the benefits of medical, psychological and related
knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health
 Informed opinion and active cooperation of public is at most importance to improve
the health of people
 Governments have a responsibility on people's health that can be achieved by
provision of adequate health and social measures.
MAJOR POLICIES AND WHO-The two major policies that have influenced WHO are the
Alma-Ata conference in 1978 on "primary health care" and the "global strategy for health for
all in 2000 AD" and the millennium development goals. More recent "sustainable
development goals" is a comprehensive one, which may also have strong influence on
activities of WHO.

STRUCTURE OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION- The WHO includes three

principal organs, they are: The World Health Assembly, the Executive Board and the
Secretariat.

WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY-This is the highest governing body and the "health
parliament of nations." Holds annual meeting in the month of May, usually at the
headquarters, Geneva. However, it holds meetings in other countries too. The assembly is
composed of delegates representing member states each has one vote.

FUNCTIONS OF WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY-

o Decide on international health policy and programs.

o Review the work of the past year.
o Approve the budget for the following year.
o Elect member states to designate a person to serve for three years on the executive
board.
o Replace the retiring members.
o Appoint Director General on the nomination of executive board.
o Conduct technical discussions on specific area of world interest.

EXECUTIVE BOARD-

o Executive board has 18 members, each designated by a member state subsequently it

was raised to 30. Currently, it has 34 members.
o The executive board meets twice in a year. The board enrolls only qualified people
from health field as Board- members.
o One-third of the membership renewed yearly

FUNCTIONS OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD-

 To give effect to the decisions of the assembly.

 Has power to take decisions in emergencies. For example, disaster.

SECRETARIAT- The Director General who functions as the chief technical and
administrative officer of the organization chairs the Secretariat.

FUNCTIONS OF THE SECRETARIAT-

o To provide technical and managerial support to member states for their national
development programs.
o Five Assistant Director Generals deal with different divisions.
 o There are following components in Secretariat and each deals with specific function.
They are:
 Epidemiological surveillance and health situation and trend assessment
 Communicable diseases.
 Vector biology and control.
 Environmental health.
 Mental health.
 Diagnostic and rehabilitation
 Strengthening of health services
 Family health.
 Non-communicable diseases.
 Information systems support
 Personnel and general services.
 Budget and finance.

FUNCTIONS OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION-

 PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SPECIFIC DISEASES:

 The in global eradication of smallpox is the best example of WHO's work in disease
control.
 Now it is actively involved in eliminating/eradicating some of the diseases.
 Collection and dissemination of epidemiological information automatic telex reply
service (ATRS) and weekly epidemiological record
 WHO emergency scheme for epidemics is useful to all countries.
 Apart from concentrating on communicable disease control, it also attends non-
communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, hypertension, cardiac diseases, etc.
 Quality control drugs.
 Immunization against common diseases of childhood.
 DEVELOPMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE SERVICES:
 Health policy and development of health programs- organizing health systems based
on primary health care, motivating member states to build infrastructure and develop
staffing.
 Appropriate technology for health (ATH) is launched encourage self-sufficiency in
solving health problems.
 FAMILY HEALTH:
 Since 1970, WHO is concentrating on human reproduction, maternal and child
health, nutrition and health education to improve the quality of life
 BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH:
 Stimulates and coordinates research work.
 Established worldwide network centers for research collaboration.
 Award of grants to researchers and institutions.
 HEALTH STATISTICS:
 Weekly epidemiological record.
 World health statistics quarterly.
  World health statistics annual.
 International classification of disease and is updated every 10th year.
 The data from WHO helps to compare between the nations.
 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH:
 Encourages the countries to provide basic sanitation.
 Stresses on improvement of the environment- quality of air, housing, ventilation, food
protection, injury prevention, protection at work and early identification of disease or
hazards.
 WHO developed programs like WHO environmental health criteria program and
WHO environmental health monitoring program to improve environmental health.
 Cooperation with other organization:
 World Health Organization collaborates with the United Nations and with other
specialized agencies.
 Maintains relationship with international govern- mental organizations.

WHO REGIONAL CENTERSTo meet the special health needs of different areas, WHO
established its regional centers in six places:

1. South-East Asia-New Delhi (India).

2. Africa-Brazzaville-Congo.

3. The Americas-Washington DC (USA).

4. Europe-Copenhagen (Denmark).

5. Eastern Mediterranean-Alexandria (Egypt).

6. Western Pacific-Manila (Philippines).

UNICEF-

United Nations Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) was one of the specialized agencies of
United Nations formed in 1946 to provide relief to children of devastated countries of World
War II. After 1950, once the relief functions were over, the fund was utilized for helping the
children's welfare, in less developed countries. In 1953, the general assembly renamed it as
"United Nations Children Fund" and retained the initials UNICEF. UNICEF was awarded
with the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1965. UNICEF has its headquarters in New York. UNICEF
works in close collaboration with WHO, FAO, UNDP and UNESCO

GOALS-

 To provide enduring care to mothers and children in developing countries.

 To emphasize community level services to promote health and well-being of children.

SERVICES OF UNICEF-
 CHILD HEALTH: UNICEF provides extensive support in the field of maternal and
child health. UNICEF gives higher level priority to child health, nutrition, family and
child welfare, breastfeeding and growth monitoring, prevention of vaccine
preventable diseases, prevention of diarrhea and oral rehydration.
 Supported India's BCG vaccination program from the time of its inception.
 Provided assistance in establishing penicillin plant near Pune.
 Donated DDT plant.
 Provided two plants for manufacturing triple vaccine and iodized salt.
 Assistance in water supply in rural areas.
 Assistance in safe drinking water.
 Primary health care to mothers and children.
 Child care
 Immunization.
 Family planning services.
 Safe water and adequate sanitation.
 Motivation on community participation.
 CHILD NUTRITION: Supplementing child feeding as measure to improve the
nutritional status of children began in 1950 and slowly reached the level of preparing
low-cost protein rich foods.
 UNICEF in collaboration with FAO started "Applied nutrition program" (Food and
Agricultural Organization) as a part of community development.
 Took initiative in supplying equipment for modern dairy plants in various parts of
India
 Provision of large doses of vitamin A in areas where xerophthalmia was prevalent.
 Iodization of salt in goiter endemic areas.
 Provision of iron and folate supplements to combat anemias.
 FAMILY AND CHILD WELFARE:
 UNICEF aimed at improving the care of children not only at home but also outside
their homes.
 UNICEF had taken efforts to attain the above objective through provision of
education to parents, day care centers, child welfare and youth welfare agencies and
women's clubs. These projects are merged with other programs on health, nutrition
and education.
 EDUCATION-
 Formal and non-formal education: UNICEF in collaboration with UNESCO helps
India in the expansion and improvement of teaching science.
 UNICEF provides support in supplying laboratory equipment, library books, and
audio-visual aids to the institutions.
 Promotion of "GOBI-FFF campaign" to encourage four basic strategies for a "child
health revolution."
 G-Growth charts to better monitor child development O-Oral rehydration to treat
all mild and moderate C dehydration.
 B-Breastfeeding is the best possible food which gives great immunity to fight
against common infections that occur in the first six months of life.
  I- Immunization against measles, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and
tuberculosis.
 F-Female education-educating females is the vital instrument to reduce under five
mortality. A child born of a mother with no education has twice the chance to die
in infancy than a child born of a mother. who has four years of schooling
 F - Family spacing-Infant and child deaths have been found to be, on average,
twice as high when the interval between births is less than two years.
 F - Food supplements-Provision of a handful of extra food each day for at-risk
pregnant women has been shown to reduce the risk of low birth-weight. The
babies of low-birthweight are at two or three times of greater risk to die in
infancy. Since 1976, UNICEF participates in urban basic services (UBS)-this also
focuses on health, nutrition, water supply, education and basic sanitation.

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM-

o United Nations Development Program (UNDP) was established in the year 1966.
o The main goal of UNDP is to help poorer nations develop their human and natural
resources more fully.
o The UNDP projects provide support to every economic and social sector like
agriculture, industry, education and science, health, social welfare, etc.

ACTIVITIES OF UNDP-

o UNDP's network links and coordinates global and national efforts to attain the above
said goals.
o UNDP helps countries to build and share solutions to meet the challenges in the fields
of:
 Democratic governance.
 Poverty reduction.
 Crisis prevention and recovery.
 Environment and energy.
 HIV/AIDS

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was formed in the year 1945 with
headquarters in Rome. This United Nations Organization looks after several areas of world
cooperation. FAO is the lead United Nations (UN) agency for agriculture,fisheries, forestry
and rural development.

MAJOR AIMS OF FAO-

 To help nations raise living standards.

 To improve the nutritional status of people of all countries.
 To increase the efficiency of farming, forestry and fisheries.
  To improve the condition of rural people through providing opportunity of
productive work

FUNCTIONS-The core functions of the FAO include:

 Collecting, analyzing and disseminating information.

 Developing international instruments, norms and standards.
 Providing advice and capacity-building for agricultural policy makers.
 Contributing to emergency and post-emergency assistance at member states' request,
through its global network of experts.
 Ensuring that the food is consumed by people who need it
 Increases the food production to balance with ever
 growing population. Collaboration with other agencies in applied nutrition programs.
 Training and research on brucellosis and other zoonosis.

INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION-

The International Labor Organization (ILO) was established in the year 1919 as an affiliate to
League of Nations to improve the living conditions of the working populations all over the d
world. The headquarters of ILO is in Geneva, Switzerland.

In 1969, the organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for improving peace among classes,
pursuing justice for workers, and providing technical assistance to other developing nations.
PURPOSES OF ILO-

 To help in developing lasting peace through promotion of social justice

 To improve through international action, labor conditions and living standards.
 To improve economic and social stability.

SERVICES-

 The ILO is a United Nations Agency that deals about labor issues. ILO specifically
observes international labor standards to provide decent work for all.
 It also extends assistance to organizations interested in improving living and
employment standards.
 ILO collaborates with WHO in matters related to health and labor.

WORLD BANK-

The World Bank was established in the year 1944 with the headquarters in Washington, DC.
This is a specialized agency of United Nations. The World Bank functions as a main source
of financial and technical assistance to developing countries, globally. World Bank's
controlling authority is the Board of Governors.

OBJECTIVES-

 To fight poverty with passion and professionalism for long-term results.

  To equip people to help themselves and their environment by providing resources,
sharing knowledge, building capacity and forging partnerships in the public and
private sectors.

SERVICES-World Bank provides low-interest loans, interest-free credits and grants to

developing countries for various purposes The purposes may include:

(1)Investments in education,

(2) Health,

(3) Public administration,

(4) Infrastructure,

(5) Financial and

(6) Private sector development,

(7) Agriculture,

(8) Environmental and natural resource management.

Provision of loans for projects that helps in economic development

of the country (eg., India Population project). World Bank works in close collaboration with
WHO For example, projects for water supply, world food program, population control. World
Bank also works in close collaboration with FAO, UNICEF, etc.

UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR POPULATION ACTIVITIES-

The United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA) is an international development
agency, created in 1968 to support the execution of projects and programs in the area of
population and sexual and reproductive health. UNFPA has been providing assistance to
India since 1974.

It provides assistance in:

 Intensive development of health and family welfare infrastructure.

 Development of national capability in manufacturing contraceptives.
 Development of population education program.
 To improve the output of grass-root level workers.
 Introduction of innovative approaches to family planning and MCH care.

SUPPORT TO PROMOTE HEALTHY FAMILIES-

 Training health workers to deliver quality family planning services and supply
contraceptives in emergency situations.
 Ensuring youth-friendly reproductive health care.
 Providing counseling to women who want to avoid or delay pregnancy.
 Educating men on the benefits of birth spacing.
SUPPORT TO PROMOTE MATERNAL HEALTH-

 Training midwives and health workers.

 Supplying clean birthing kits following disasters.
 Strengthening emergency obstetric care.
 Ensuring reliable supplies of essential medicines and equipment.
 Enabling birth spacing

UNFPA ADVOCATES FOR THE WELFARE OF YOUNG PEOPLE

 Promoting the human rights of adolescents.

 Preventing HIV infection.
 Engaging young people in decisions that affect then.
 Supporting age-appropriate comprehensive sexuality education.

UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL

ORGANIZATION

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a

specialized agency of the United Nations system based in de Fontenoy, Paris. The
organization emerged more than a half century ago, with the mission to build the defenses of
peace in the minds of men. Its Constitution states that "Since wars begin in the minds of men,
it is in the minds of men that the defenses of peace must be constructed." This constitution
was adopted by the London Conference in November 1945. UNESCO currently has 188
member states.

The main objective of UNESCO is to contribute peace and security in the world by
promoting international collaboration through education, science, culture and communication
irrespective of race, sex, language or religion.

PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF UNESCO-

 Provides a platform for promoting and strengthening of democratization, the rule of

law and respect for human rights in Africa and the Arab region.
 Helps in strengthening the Arab-African relations and promote cooperation.
 Involves in strengthening the existing research networks, undertake research and
studies, disseminate the findings.
 Encourages policy-makers to promote the participation of women and youth in
political, legislative, social, economic and cultural processes.
 Promotes democracy and respect for human rights.

UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

United Nations Government extends its help and support to Indian projects through three
agencies, they are: (1) USAID, (2) The Public law 480 program; (3) US export-import bank.

The USAID is the United States Government Agency that is responsible for administering
civilian foreign aid. In 1961, President John F Kennedy created the USAID. USAID's
mission statement highlights two goals. They are: (1) ending extreme poverty, (2) promoting
the development of resilient, democratic societies that are able to realize their potential.

The US Government assists India in a number of projects:

 Malaria eradication.
 Medical education.
 Nursing education.
 Health education.
 Water supply and sanitation
 Control of communicable diseases
 Nutrition
 Family planning

Most recently high-level support is extended on agriculture and family planning by reducing
on general health fund.

JOHNS HOPKINS PROGRAM FOR INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION IN

GYNECOLOGY AND OBSTETRICS

INTRODUCTIONThe Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology

and Obstetrics (JHPIEGO) is an international non-profit health organization affiliated with
Johns Hopkins University. In 1973, Dr Theodore M King, an early innovator and champion
for women's health, founded JHPIEGO. The organization was funded through the United
States Agency for International Development (USAID). In the early 1970s, Dr TM King
recognized the need to make physicians, nurses and administrators from developing countries
aware of reproductive health breakthroughs, such as laparoscopy and modern contraceptives.
Under King's leadership, as a founder, trustee and later president of JHPIEGO for 14 years,
the organization conducted a steady stream of programs throughout the developing world.

MISSION-The JHPIEGO creates and delivers transformative health care solutions that save
lives. In partnership with national governments, health experts and local communities,
JHPIEGO builds health providers' skills and develops systems that save lives now and
guarantee healthier futures for women and their families.

VISION- Self-reliant countries, healthy families and resilient communities. All women and
families, regardless of where they live, having equitable access to high-quality, lifesaving
health care delivered by competent and caring providers.

AIM

Revolutionizing health care for the planet's most disadvantaged people.

IMPORTANT MILESTONES-Responding to the changing needs of women and families

worldwide-

 1974: JHPIEGO held training sessions on family planning/reproductive health for

doctors and nurses in the USA.
  1979: Started its first in-country training programs in Tunisia, Brazil, Kenya, Nigeria,
Thailand and the Philippines.
 1987-2004: Conducted three global Training in Reproductive Health Projects, funded
by USAID.
 1993: JHPIEGO published learning materials on long- acting family planning
methods.
 1993: To respond more effectively to the needs of individual countries, JHPIEGO
became increasingly field-based and established its first field office in Kenya.
 Today, JHPIEGO has field offices in more than 30 countries worldwide.
 JHPIEGO also now has expertise in maternal and child health, infection prevention
and control, HIV/AIDS and infectious diseases.
 JHPIEGO's work has also expanded to address reproductive health policy and
guidelines and to support health systems strengthening.

ACTIVITIES-

 Empowering front-line health workers by designing and implementing effective, low-

cost, hands-on solutions to strengthen the delivery of health care services for women
and their families.
 Putting evidence-based health innovations into everyday practice, to break down
barriers to high-quality health care for the world's most vulnerable populations.
 Developing global program initiatives and technical interventions that can be adapted
to each country.

FOCUSED AREAS-

WOMEN'S AND FAMILY HEALTH

 Maternal, newborn and child health.

 Women's cancer.
 Family planning and reproductive health
 Adolescent and youth health.

DISEASE PREVENTION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

 Infection prevention and control.

 TB and HIV.
 Malaria prevention and treatment.
 COVID-19 and emerging diseases.

HEALTH SYSTEMS STRENGTHENING

 Primary health care.

 Immunization.
 Nursing and midwifery
 Safe surgery.
ACCELERATORS FOR HEALTH

 Gender and equity.

 Learning and performance.
 Innovations.

JHPIEGO IN INDIA

In 2009 JHPIEGO established office in India and has been closely collaborating with
MoHFW at the national and state levels. It is providing Technical Assistance (TA) in the
areas of:

 Strengthening FP services.
 Strengthening the Human Resources for Health (HRH).
 Improving the quality of maternal and newborn health (MNH) care

JHPIEGO IS INVOLVED IN MANY PROJECTS TO ASSIST GOVERNMENT OF

INDIA

STRENGTHENING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES

 JHPIEGO works closely with the Government of India, at the national and state level,
providing technical assistance in strengthening FP services in the country.
 The National Technical Support Unit-Family Planning (NTSU-FP) provides support
in strengthening voluntary high-quality FP services in India.
 Scaling-up Postpartum IUCD in India: Leveraging the Confluence of Positive Factors
for National Impact.
 Provides Postpartum Family Planning (PPFP) and Postpartum Intrauterine
Contraceptive Device (PPIUCD) services beyond the district level to the sub-district
level facilities.
 Training doctors and nurses in providing PPFP services.

THE MATERNAL AND CHILD SURVIVAL PROGRAM (MCSP) Contributes to

India's FP 2020 commitments in the states of Telangana, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Assam and
Maharashtra

STRENGTHENING POSTPARTUM: Family Planning and Quality of Family Planning

Services in Bihar

STRENGTHENING FAMILY PLANNING SERVICES IN INDIA THROUGH A

QUALITY ASSURANCE MODEL: Planning and management of service delivery point,
engagement with community stakeholders (through the support of Accredited Social Health
Activists (ASHA]), improved supply of family planning commodities and training human
resources for family planning services.

STRENGTHENING OF PRE-SERVICE EDUCATION FOR NURSING-

MIDWIFERY CADRE-
 This program will increase the number of competent nurse-midwives in the state of UP in
partnership with state government and the State Nursing and Registration Council (SNRC).

ESTABLISHMENT AND OPERATIONALIZATION OF HEALTH AND WELLNESS

CENTERS (HWCS):

JHPIEGO is providing technical assistance at National and State levels for strengthening the
delivery of Comprehensive primary health care (CPHC) services in HWCs.

STRENGTHENING MIDWIFERY SERVICES IN HIGH FOCUS STATES OF

INDIA:

Gol envisages creation of midwife led "Certified Birthing Centers" in 89 districts across nine
high focus states to improve availability of quality midwifery services at the sub-district
level. Specialist midwives will independently function in these birthing centers. JHPIEGO
will support the establishment and operationalization of "Certified Birthing Centers" in three
high focus states (Assam, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh).

STRENGTHENING NURSING MIDWIFERY SKILLS FOR UNIVERSAL HEALTH

COVERAGE:

This project aims to assess and improve the skills and competencies of frontline health
workers and their supervisors to provide quality care.

ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION-

 Rockefeller foundation is a philanthropic organization started in 1913 by Mr John D

Rockefeller. It was started with the basic aim of promoting the well-being of mankind
all over the world. At its start, primary focus was on public health and medical
education. Later, this foundation attended to other areas like the life sciences, social
sciences, the humanities and the agricultural sciences.
 Rockefeller foundation initiated its work in India in 1920 in control of hookworm
infestation.
 From then, it had close association in extending support to many programs in India.

ACTIVITIES

 The establishment of All India Institute of hygiene and public health at Kolkata.
 Setting up of field demonstration area to department preventive and social medicine
and All India Institute of Medical Sciences.
 Provision of training to competent teachers and research workers.
 Training of Indian candidates abroad through fellowships and travel grants.
 Sponsoring of large number of medical students from USA to visit India.
 Provision of grant in aids to selected institutions
 Development of medical college libraries.
 Assistance to research projects.
  Currently this foundation provides support in the activities related to agriculture,
family planning, medical education and rural training.

FORD FOUNDATION-

The Ford Foundation is a private, non-profit, philanthropic organization founded in 1936.

Since then, this operated in the state of Michigan, USA, as a local philanthropy. In 1950, the
foundation became popular and expanded to become a national and international foundation.
The Foundation works to promote international peace and welfare of people all over the
world. It takes efforts in identifying the problems of national and international importance
and helps to find solution for the same. The Foundation aims at providing support to
innovative works in the field of applied research, training, experimentation, advocacy and
developmental efforts. It also prefers to choose projects that ensure significant advances.

The Foundation established its office at New Delhi, India in 1952, following the receipt of an
invitation from Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. This is Foundation's first program outside
the United States and the largest among overseas operations. The office in New Delhi, also
serves in Nepal and Sri Lanka.

GOALS OF THE FOUNDATION-

 Strengthen democratic value.

 Reduce poverty and injustice.
 Promote international cooperation; and
 Advance human achievement.

FUNCTIONS OF FORD FOUNDATION

 Environment development.
 Community-based natural resource management.
 Promotion and utilization of local knowledge and appropriate technology for better
management of resources.
 Making micro-finance more accessible to people.
 Promoting peace and social justice.
 Encouraging appropriate strategies for poverty reduction.

ASSISTANCE BY FORD FOUNDATION IN VARIOUS PROJECTS IN INDIA

 Establishment of orientation training centers at various places (Singur, Poonamallee,

Najafgarh) to train medical and paramedical personnel all over India, in the field of
public health.
 Establishment of research cum action centers to solve basic problems in
environmental sanitation. For example, hand flushed latrines in rural areas.

COOPERATIVE FOR ASSISTANCE AND RELIEF 3 EVERYWHERE-

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), was formerly known as
"Cooperative for American Remittances to Europe" CARE is the world's largest independent,
nonsectarian, nongovernmental organization founded in 1945. CARE is a major international
humanitarian agency that extends emergency relief and assistance to long- term international
development projects. CARE is currently working in 79 poor and developing countries. The
main aim is to help poorest people.

MISSION OF CARE-

"To save lives, defeat poverty and achieve social justice"

The CARE places women and girls as the core of their service because they believe that to
overcome poverty all people should have equal rights and opportunities

SERVICES IN INDIA

The CARE was in operation since 1950 in India. Until 1980, the primary focus of "CARE" in
India was providing food to children of 6-11 years. From 1980, it started to support ICDS
project and showed interest in developing health programs and income supplementation
schemes. CARE-India works in partnership with Government of India, state governments and
NGOs.

Currently CARE supports in the following projects in India:

 Integrated nutrition and health project.

 Better health and nutrition project.
 Anemia control project
 Improving women's health project.
 Improved health care for adolescent girls project.
 Child survival project.
 Improving women's reproductive health and family spacing project.

INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS

Jean Henry Dunant was a young Swiss businessman. He happened to see the wounded
soldiers in the battle field of Solferino, Italy in 1859 during the Franco-Austrian war. He was
shocked to see the conditions of the soldiers and tried arranging for relief services by getting
the help of the local community His experience compelled him to write the book "Memory of
Solferino" In the book, he suggested for establishing a neutral organization to aid the
wounded soldiers in times of war. Just a year after the release of the book, an international
conference was held in Geneva. In this conference, suggestions of Henry Dunant were
considered and this made the pavernent for the birth of Red Cross Movement. Geneva
Convention of 1864 established international "Red Cross Movement". The International
Committee of Red Cross (ICRC), the independent neutral institution developed. The name
and the emblem of the movement are derived from the reversal of the Swiss national flag, to
honor the country in which Red Cross was found. In 1919, the League of the Red Cross
Society was created which functions at Geneva to coordinate the work of national
societies.Its mission is to alleviate human suffering, protect life and healthand uphold human
dignity, especially during armed conflicts and other emergencies.
SERVICES-

Initially, it was confined to humanitarian services focused on serving the victims of war.
Later, the services extended to meet various challenges: Services to armed forces.

 Service to war veterans.

 Disaster service.
 First aid and nursing.
 Health education.
 Maternity and child welfare services.

INDIAN RED CROSS SOCIETY-Young, Swiss-executive, Jean Henry Dunant, established

5 Indian Red Cross Society in 1920 to alleviate human suffering. Since its inception, it has
been serving for promoting health, preventing disease and mitigation of suffering. During the
World War I (1914), there was no organization for providing relief services to the affected
soldiers in India. Now Red Cross has a network of more than 400 branches throughoud Cross
The activities of Indian Red Cross Society are:

RELIEF WORK

During disasters (earthquake, floods, drought, epidemics, etc.) as an immediate response, the
Red Cross mobilizes its sources to extend help in rescuing people in disaster affected areas.

MILK AND MEDICAL SUPPLIES

Red Cross provides assistance to hospitals, dispensaries, maternity and child welfare centers,
schools and orphanages every year, in the form of milk powder, vitamins, medicines and
other supplies.

ARMED FORCES

Its primary function is to care sick and wounded people from military services. Red Cross
Society runs its own hospital (Red Cross Home) in Bengaluru for permanently disabled Ex-
service-men.

MATERNAL AND CHILD WELFARE SOCIETIES

Currently, there are many maternal and child welfare centers run by Red Cross all over
India.The Bureau of Maternity and Child welfare provides technical advice and finance aids
for starting modern maternity and child welfare centers

FAMILY PLANNING

Several states have family planning clinics under Red Cross.

BLOOD BANK AND FIRST AID-ST JOHN AMBULANCE ASSOCIATION

 Some state branches have blood banks.

  Red Cross has trained several lakh men and women in first aid, home nursing and
allied sciences.

HIND KUSHT NIVARAN SANGH

The Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh was founded in 1950. Indian Council of the British Empire
Leprosy Relief Association (BELRA) was renamed as LEPRA in 1950 which was considered
the precursor of this sangh. It has the headquarters at New Delhi, and branches all over India.

ACTIVITIES

 Provides financial assistance to leprosy homes and clinics.

 Provides health education through publications and posters.
 Provides training to medical workers and social workers.
 Conducts research and field investigations.
 Holds periodic leprosy conferences.
 Publishes Quarterly journal "Leprosy in India".
 Works in close collaboration with government and other agencies.

INDIAN COUNCIL FOR CHILD WELFARE

Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) was established in 1952. It is affiliated with
International union for child welfare. It has state and district councils all over India. It is the
single largest agency, promoting development services for children. The administration
includes President, Vice President, Secretary, Joint secretary, Treasurer and 15 elected
members. ICCW adopts the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN CRC) as a
framework to guide the work. ICCW helps vulnerable and disadvantageous children by
providing direct services.

ACTIVITIES-

 Advocating Children's Rights.

 Establishment of crèches for children of working and sick mothers.
 Organizing training programs for child care workers.
 Providing sponsorship under-privileged children to pursue school education.
 Special projects for street and working children.
 Scrutiny of Adoption Cases.
 Rehabilitating programs for Abandoned Children.
 Institutional and day care services for differently abled children.
 Special focus on the girl child and support services.
 Conduction of national integration and adventure camps.

TUBERCULOSIS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

Tuberculosis Association of India (TAI) was established in 1939. It became a registered

society on 23rd February, 1939 by incorporating the Emperor's Anti-Tuberculosis Fund and
King George Thanks-giving (Anti-Tuberculosis) Fund. It has the headquarters at New Delhi,
with branches in all states.

MAJOR AIMS OF TAI

o To work toward prevention, control, treatment and relief of tuberculosis.

o To encourage and assist the establishments of similar objectives in whole or in part.
o To perform research and investigation on matters relating to tuberculosis and allied
chest diseases.

ACTIVITIES

o Organizing a TB seal campaign every year to raise funds.

o Training of medical, paramedical health workers and social workers in the control of
TB.
o Publishing of periodicals on TB and related chest disease
o Conducting annual conference.
o Encouraging research on TB.
o Promotion of health education.

INSTITUTIONS UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF TAI

o The New Delhi Tuberculosis Center.

o The Lady Linlithgow Sanatorium at Kasauli.
o The King Edward VII Sanatorium at Dharampur
o Tuberculosis Hospital at Mehrauli

BHARAT SEVAK SAMAJ

Bharat Sevak Samaj (BSS) is a nonofficial, nonpolitical organization started in 1952BSS has
branches in all the states and in all the districtsThe basic aim of this samaj is to make people
realize their potentials and help to achieve health by own efforts and actions. The main work
of BSS is to improve basic sanitation in villages.

CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD

The Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) was established in August 1953 by Government
of India. The founder Chairperson of the Board, was Dr Durgabai Deshmukh. It is an
autonomous body that functions under Ministry of Education.

FUNCTIONS

o Surveying the needs and requirements of voluntary welfare organizations.

o Promoting and setting up of social welfare organizations on voluntary basis.
o Financial aid to deserving existing organizations and institutions.
 o Provision of family and child welfare services since 1968. This project included craft,
social education, literacy classes, educational aid for women, distribution of milk,
balwadis, play centers for children.
o Scheme of industrial cooperatives to supplement the income of lower middle class
women in urban areas by giving them paid work.
o Short stay home program initiated in 1969 to provide temporary shelter to women and
girls who are forced into prostitution and sexually assaulted

KASTURBA MEMORIAL FUND

The Kasturba Memorial Fund was created in the name of Smt Kasturba Gandhi after her
death in 1944. The principal objective was to improve women's status in rural areas through
Gram-Sevikas. The fund aimed at solving various issues of women in rural India.

FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF INDIA

The Family Planning Association (FPA) was formed in 1949 basing its headquarters at
Mumbai. Currently FPA India functions in 17 states and in 1 Union Territory. FPA India
covers about 10% of the district population and helps in fertility reduction. It has 42
branches/projects, 39 static clinics, 23 Urban Welfare Centers (funded by the Government of
India), 78 outreach units and 148 adolescent's youth friendly centers/clinics.

The FPA India has made extensive contribution in the area of family planning. Now, FPA
India is devoted to promote - knowledge on family planning and to advocate for sexual and -
reproductive health (SRH), rights and choices through its youth friendly centers.

ACTIVITIES

o MCH, training and research.

o Health educate to students and youth workers.
o Advise the couples to plan birth spacing and family.
o Organize conferences, seminars and workshop.
o Educate people on STD/AIDS prevention.
o FPAI had setup sex education, counseling, research, and training/therapy (SECRT)
centers.
o Specialized services on family life, marriage and sex counseling.
o Provides sexual health program for all categories (youth, parents, educators, disabled
and mentally handicapped).
o Conduct training programs for doctors, health visitors and social workers.

ALL INDIA WOMEN'S CONFERENCE (AIWC)

The only women's voluntary welfare organization of India was established in 1926. It has got
branches all over India. This works for a society with the principles of social justice, personal
integrity and equal rights and opportunities for all.

SERVICES
 o MCH clinics.
o Medical centers.
o Adult education center to improve female literacy.
o Milk centers.
o Family planning clinics.

ALL INDIA BLIND RELIEF SOCIETY

All India Blind Relief Society established in 1946. It focuses on coordinating different
institutions that work with the same goal.

MAIN FUNCTIONS

o Coordination with different institutions that work for the blind relief.
o Eye camps for identification of preventable blindness.
o Camps for cataract screening and surgery (recently with IOL implantation).
o Distribution of free spectacles for refractory correction.

PROFESSIONAL BODIES

The professional bodies of India like Indian Medical Association, Indian Dental Association,
and Trained Nurses Association of India are voluntary agencies who are qualified in their
field and possess licenses to practice in their domain. These professional bodies conduct
research, publish journals, and organize scientific sessions, setup standards for professional
education and works with great involvement in relief camps during disasters.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES

Rockefeller foundation, Ford foundation and CARE are examples for it and these were
explained in detail in previous Paragraphs