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“ A new proof t hat t here was already a high cult ure in ancient Germ ania in t he t hird
m illennium BCE t hat radiat ed t o all of t he rest of Europe we have in a discovery, which
Herr Teudt has m ade in Det m old. There an est at e Gierken is in Öst erholz in t he Senne,
which regardless of flat area is surrounded by six ram part s, which, t aken all t oget her,
are 1140 m et ers long and t hey have no parallel lines and no right angles, so t hey
appear t o have been laid out arbit rarily. However, since t his area is rich in archaeological
discoveries, Herr Teudt believed t hat t hese orient at ions were possibly set in very ancient
t im es according som e specific st ars. That such t hings happened in ancient Greece, in
Egypt and in Babylonia, Niessen has dem onst rat ed very ext ensively. I n order t o exam ine
t he sit uat ion here closer, bot h of us, m e as t he report er and Prof. Dr. Neugebauer who is
widely known as a chronologist , have t aken as a basis an official survey in order t o
det erm ine t he direct ions. On several places we have not ices t he higher layout . A
calculat ion of all bright er st ars bet ween 1000 BCE and 4000 BCE result ed in an am azing
result . One of t he lines is exact ly in t he m eridian. Four lines refer t o t he rising and
set t ing point s of such st ars, which are also known as st ars t hat in ancient t im es were
used for orient at ion of buildings, as Nissen has shown. According t o t his we got t he
t im e of 1850 BCE. This is precise t o a few decades, because of t he st rong change of
locat ion of t he st ars. The m ost am azing t hing t here is a st ill m issing line, because t his
is a lunar line t hat refers t o t he posit ion of t he Moon, which is t he highest one on one
end and t he deepest one on t he ot her, which t he Moon can have. This is happening
wit hin a t im e period of t he ‘Saros’ t hat was already known t o t he ancient s. Obviously
t he builders of t hese ram part s had already a long hist ory of ast ronom ical observat ion,
before t hey could det erm ine t his period of t he Moon. To t his belongs also a calculat ion
of a calendar t hat is fairly precise and t he possibilit y t o m ake not es. I n China t he Saros
( t he posit ion of t he lunar nodes) was known in t he t hird m illennium BCE, and Thales
predict s a solar eclipse based on it , and it was obviously known in t he m iddle part of t he
Germ anic lands and following t hat all Germ anic peoples had it , because such knowledge
was com m on t o all peoples.

Now t her e is t he quest ion of t he pur pose of such an ar r angem ent . Fr om ancient
chronology we know t hat t he beginning of t he year and also cert ain annual fest ivals


were det erm ined by t he rise of specific st ars, when t hey appeared again at dawn or
when t hey were last seen at dusk before t hey disappeared for a while. During t he clear
weat her in Sout hern count ries t hat happened wit hout m uch difficult y m ost of t he t im e.
The sit uat ion is different in Germ any. The place where t he st ar rose or set had t o be
known and t he walls of t hat farm are point ing t o t hese places. St anding on t hem people
could find t he st ar by ext ending t heir direct ion m ent ally t o t he horizon. 6 I f now such
observat ions had t o be m ade in all Germ anic dist rict s for t he purpose of a calendar ( of
a few im port ant days) , t hen it becam e necessary t o t rain m en who were capable of
designing such t hings, and Teudt claim s, per haps r ight fully so, t hat each ext ended
est at e t hat cont ains m yst erious t hings served t he t raining of such observers. Here t he
young priest s learned how t o build and use such arrangem ent s, so t hat t hey could build
t hem also elsewhere.

The facilit y is som ewhat in a st at e of collapse, but , considering t he significant lengt h of


t he ram part s, t heir direct ion could be est ablished wit h a fairly good accuracy. Chronicles
prove t he exist ence of t he est at e in pre- Carolingian t im es. There are records t hat t here
was a place of court in Öst erholz and t hat it was a local m ark- region. Bot h of t hese
fact s lead back int o Germ anic t im es. The court under t he sky was a sacred place of
local im port ance.”

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“ Wit h no t raffic being close by, t he ancient Boit inian Forest is bet ween St ernberg and
Büt zow in t he heart of t he count ry of Mecklenburg.

Close t o t he fir e- br eak of t he for est bet w een Boit in and Zer nin one can see on an
elevat ed locat ion in t he forest 25 large granit e boulders, which are up t o 2 m et ers high.
As if arranged t o a grot esque dance, t hey are t here in t hree circular arrangem ent s wit h
diam et ers bet ween 8.8 and 14 m et ers. Then, beyond t he deep crevasse of an old
wat er dit ch t here is anot her st one circle wit h nine st anding st ones and a few boulders
t hat are t ipped over. All t hese boulders have a flat surface each which eit her is nat ural
or has been worked, and t hese flat surfaces are all point ing t owards t he m iddle of t he
circle.


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To t his point scient ist s have not dealt wit h t he quest ion of t he origin and funct ion, or
m eaning, of t his arrangem ent of st one circles.

But , in t he European Nort h, t here are ot her ancient inst allat ions of st one circles t hat
have been preserved t o t his day. The m ost fam ous am ong t hem are at St onehenge
and Avebury, plus som e ot hers in Sout hern England and on t he Hebrides ( I slands) .

The English ast ronom ers Lockeyer ( t he fam ous discoverer of Helium in t he spect rum of
t he Sun) and ot hers have discovered t hat t he st one circles of St onehenge, Avebury,
et c., m ust have been built by people who knew about t he posit ions of t he st ars. The
axis of t he m onum ent of St onehenge is direct ed exact ly at t he point of Sunrise at t he
t im e of t he solst ice of t he Sum m er . Also ot her ast r onom ical dir ect ions could be
est ablished clearly, such a direct ion t owards t he set t ing of Capella. The ancient s Greeks
t oo have st ill observed carefully t he Capella, which was t he “ goat st ar” in t he const ellat ion
of Aur iga, t he coachm an, because it s set t ing announced st or m and r ain at specific
t im es. I n our regions, Capella is no longer rising and set t ing. The orbit of t he equat or of
t he Eart h around t he pole of t he eclipt ic which last s 26,000 years cause Capella t o set
in t he direct ion t hat was exact ly det erm ined by t he builders of t he st one circles. Based
on t he changes of t he eclipt ic and t he ( assum ed) ast ronom ical direct ions t he years of
t he const ruct ion of t he st one circle arrangem ent s can be calculat ed. They found t hat all
inst allat ions t hat were exam ined dat e back t o t he second m illennium BCE10 . The Germ an
st one calendar of Odry as well was built during t hat t im e, in t he year 1760 BCE. I n
Odry t hat year t hat ast ronom ers calculat ed was also confirm ed by t he archaeologist
who says about t he discoveries of t om bs inside and around t he 10 st one circles t hat
t hey were dat ed t o t he t im e around 2000 BCE.


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Several t im es in t hese descript ions t he word ‘st one calendar’ was used. Because t he
ancient ast ronom ers did not only part it ion t he year int o four seasons based on t he
direct ions of t he solst ices and equinoxes, but t he also count ed days, m ont hs and years
wit h t he help of t he st one circles. The wise m en of St onehenge for inst ance count ed a
t im e span of four years: I n t he circle t here are 48 boulders, wit h which t hey count ed
t he m ont hs, and 30 st ones were in t he circle where t he days were count ed, and 21
st ones in t he t hird circle, which was added as a m ont h in t he leap year: 30 x 48 + 21 =
1461 days = 4 years at 365 days each. 5 ‘Tr ilit hs’ could represent t he week of fest ivals
at St onehenge t hat last ed for five days; because bet t er known t han t he great st one
cir cle m onum ent at St onehenge is it s pr ehist or ic r ace t r ack, on w hich w e assum e,
based on t he axis of t he m onum ent , t hat a fest ival of five days was perform ed every
four years during t he t im e of t he Sum m er solst ice. The day of t he ret urn of t he fest ival
was det erm ined wit h t he calendar of St onehenge. Lat er t he Olym pic Gam es in Greece
t oo were celebrat ed every four years during t he Sum m er solst ice for five days. We
assum e t hat t he I ndo- European ancest ors of t he Greeks brought t he habit of t he Olym pic
Gam es wit h t hem from t heir Nordic hom es from which t hey have borrowed t hat idea.
So it seem s t hat t hese gam es cam e back t o us again as ‘st adium ’ in Greek clot hing.”

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“ I n Avebury t hey count ed 29 and 30 days of t he m ont hs, as did t he Greeks lat er; bot h
m ont h- circles of 29 and 30 st ones are surrounded by a circle of a diam et er of 450
m et ers, where 99 m ont hs were count ed, which t ot als exact ly t he course of 8 solar
years. Lat er t he Greeks t oo st ill count ed t his period of eight years, which t hey called
‘oct aet er is’. 12

Besides t he ast ronom ical m easurem ent of t he direct ions of t he Sun and t he st ars and
besides t he calendar of day s, m ont hs, y ear s and t im e spans of sev er al y ear s, t he
ancient s knew already t he m easuring of dist ances and of surfaces as well.

What posit ion does t he St one Dance of Mecklenburg t ake am ong t he arrays of ot her
st one calendars?

I t is one of t heir best .

Alone t he size of t he st ones, or bet t er, of t he boulders, is awe inspiring. The average of
t heir height s, being 130 cm , is t hree t im es t he size of t hose at Odry. Furt herm ore, it s
ar r an gem en t is am azin gly clear an d h as been v er y w ell pr eser v ed: No len gt h y
reconst ruct ion in order t o underst and it s m eaning was needed as has been t he case
wit h ot her inst allat ions. During t he course of t he m illennia, less st ones were t aken


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away from t he St one Dance t han was t he case in t he ot her inst allat ions in England and
in Odry, and t he few gaps are so obvious t hat every lay person can recognize t hem in
t he t errain.

The m ap t hat w e show y ou her e has been dr aw n follow ing an ex act t r igonom et r ic
survey and calculat ion t hat t he surveying office of Mecklenburg in Büt zow perform ed
following m y request and wit h m y help.

The circles I , I I and I I I t oget her form t he ‘Large St one Dance’; 140 m et ers Sout h of it
is circle I V, t he ‘Sm all St one Dance’. Bet ween t he circles I and I I is, alm ost covered by
soil, a single st one. Out side of t he circle I V are four st ones, t hree of t hem are close t o
each ot her, t he fourt h one is by it self. One st one of circle I I I is split t hrough t he m iddle
and bot h halves dare st anding close t o each ot her, and yet far enough t hat one can see
from t he m iddle of I I I t o t he m iddle of t he circle I V. Besides t he t hree cent ers wit h t his
fourfold st one of I I I ( perhaps five?) in t his direct ion, which, wit h t he direct ion t o t he
Nort h, form s t he exact angle of 133° , 11’ and 29. 13
Here t he point of Sunrise of t he Wint er solst ice has been m arked, and wit h t his t he
ancient day of New Year. The 28 days of t he m ont h were count ed in t he ‘Large St one

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Dance’, t he t hree circles of which had 28 st ones. The 13 m ont hs of t he year were
m arked wit h t he 13 st ones of t he ‘Sm all St one Dance’. 13 x 28 result s in 364 days,
t herefore t he individual st one bet ween t he circles 1 and 2 ( I assum e t he day of New
Year at t he fest ival of t he Wint er solst ice) was count ed wit h it , and wit h t hat t he solar
year wit h it s 365 days was com plet e.

Unt il t he direct ion of t he solst ice was det erm ined precisely and t he people could event ually 
st art building t he ‘Sm all St one Dance’ for t he m ont hs, t he m ont hs were count ed on t he
largest boulder t hat was already brought t o t he circle I I or which, perhaps, has been
t here all along: On 14 square holes t he count ed, which were hewn int o t he boulder so
t hat t he Lunar cycles of t he year could be count ed. But , when t he direct ion of t he
solst ice was found exact ly, t hen t hey built t he year- circle I V wit h t he 13 m ont h- st ones
around t he t arget point 14 . For a long t im e t he ancient s m ay have count ed t he year wit h
365 days, beginning wit h t he solst ice, unt il t hey realized t hat t he Sun rose in t he place
of t he direct ion of t he solst ice a few days aft er t he day t hat t heir calendar indicat ed.
Again t hey obser v ed diligent ly for a few y ear s unt il t hey r ecognized t he follow ing: 
Every four years t he Sun rises a day lat er exact ly in t he direct ion of t he line of t he
solst ice t hat t hey had det erm ined. So t hey put anot her four boulders around t he circle
num ber I V: t hree close t o each ot her, which should signify t he ordinary years at 365
days, and t he fourt h one specially, because every four years t he wint er solst ice And
new years fest ival had t o be celebrat ed for t w o days, if t he st one calendar w as t o
rem ain exact ly valid and precise. 15

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But what is t he significance of t he t wo boulders in t he circles I I and I I I ? Popular lore


describes t hem as ‘pulpit s’, because t he people who built t hem have hewn st eps int o
t hem . Whoever ascends t hese st eps and put s t here a com pass ont o t he hub of t he
boulder, he will not ice t hat his look will be direct ed exact ly Sout h from t he pulpit I I and
exact ly West from pulpit I I I . One pulpit t herefore was t he observat ory point of t he line
of Noon, while t he ot her one was t he point of observat ion of t he Sunset at t he equinox,
t herefore at t he beginning of Spring and Fall 16 . The fact t hat t he builders of t he st one
circles considered it necessary t o observe t hese t wo lines from an elevat ed point allows
t he conclusion t hat t he t arget - and endpoint s of t hese direct ions were dist ant from each
ot her. For t he Noon line t his can be recognized from t he t errit ory: I t declines st rongly
t owards t he Sout h t o a past ure, and t hen it rises again t o a height t hat is at a dist ance
of roughly 1 kilom et er, which lim it s t he sout hern horizon of t he St one Dance. On t his
height , which has been ploughed for a long t im e already, t he t arget st one of t he m idday
line m ay have st ood. Possibly it was one of t he t wo st ones t hat have been used in m ore
recent t im es as solid point s for surveying t he land and locat ions.

That t he circle I I is out side of t he direct ion of t he Wint er solst ice allows t he conclusion
t hat it was assigned t o anot her direct ion. A cliff on a height t hat is about 250 m et ers in
Nort heast ern direct ion and m any ot her cliffs t hat are in part on a hill t hat is 200 m et ers
in Sout heast ern direct ions lead t o t he assum pt ion t hat in t his direct ion t hat leads from
t he Sout hwest over t he circle I I t o t he Nort heast is t he m arking of t he Sunrise at t he
Sum m er solst ice.

That which was m ost im port ant from an ast ronom ical point of view is unequivocal:
nam ely t he det erm ining of t he 13 Lunar cycles and t he 365¼ days of t he year and of
t he Wint er solst ice as t he beginning of t he year. The m arking of t he equinoxes and of
t he m er idian is m or e t han pr obable, if w e consider t he ex ist ence of t he pulpit s of
observat ion.

Now, what about t he m easuring of t he dist ances? Has t here been used a st andard unit
of m easure?

Yes. Thanks t o t he careful m easuring and calculat ions we could rapidly find t he old
unit :

1 Ur- rod = 16 feet = 4.679 m et ers.

The largest dist ance t hat connect s t he m idpoint s of I and I V in t he direct ion of t he
wint er solst ice result ed aft er m easuring, calculat ing and checking t he m ap 168,44m ,
which are exact ly 36 rods; t he checking of t he part ial dist ances of I t o I I I was 28.07m
and I I t o I V was 140.37m , which yielded wit h t he sam e absolut e precision 6 rods and


 2PLWWHG


30 rods. The sam e count s for t he m idpoint dist ances I – I I and I I – I I I , which wit h
18.72m each is precisely four rods. ( see t he m ap)
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Equally great , if not great er t han here was our surprise t hat I had when looking up old
Germ an unit s of m easuring, which had hardly any deviat ions of t he Ur- rod of t he St one
Dance. The Germ an farm er is using t he sam e unit st ill in our days: t he exist ing rod of
Mecklenburg of 16 feet is j ust 5 t housands sm aller t han t he rod of t he St one Dance.
16 Bavarian feet are j ust t wo t housands sm aller t han t he St one Dance rod of 16 feet ,


t he Hanov er ian r od of 16 feet is alm ost ident ical w it h t he pr e- hist or ic Ur - r od: 1


Hanoverian rod = 0.999 Ur- rods!

How was t he part it ion of t he ancient rod?

The diam et er of t he st one circles t ell us about t hat : t he Ur- rod was part it ioned int o 16
feet of 0.2924 m et ers.

This basic m easurem ent , one ‘foot ’ is found in all European count ries. I f we t ake t he
m ean value of all older foot unit s in Europe, we get approxim at ely t he Ur- foot of t he
St one Dance. We can assum e t hat t he m easuring unit s of t he foot and rod t ook it s way
from t he assum ed original seat s of t he I ndo- Europeans, i.e., t he Nort h Germ an coast ,
t ook it s way all t he way t hrough Europe and recent ly also int o t he Russian Asia, t o
Am erica, Aust ralia and all English colonies. The prehist oric m igrat ions t o t he Sout h and
t o t he West brought deviat ions from t he Ur- foot t hat was used when t he St one Dance
w as built . I n t he Sout h: - 0.92 cm in Sax ony, - 1.04 cm in Thur ingia, - 0.60 cm in
Würt t em berg, + 2.37 cm in Aust ria. I n t he West : + 1.24 cm in England, - 3.24cm in
France. I n t he areas t hat are fart hest away from t he Nort h Germ an hom e of t he foot
and t he rod, such as France and Aust ria, t he differences are nat urally t he largest ones,
while close t o t he origin t he m easuring unit rem ained alm ost unchanged. Here t he
deviat ions are: Mecklenburg – 0.14 and Hanover - 0.03 t o t he Ur- foot of t he St one
Dance.

The ‘foot ’ cert ainly was t he very first unit of m easurem ent . Several unit s of t his basic
m easurem ent were t hen det erm ined t o be a new and m ore pract ical unit . The m ost
used unit was 1 rod = 16 feet . The m easuring of t he St one Dance was done wit h t his
unit , which is also found very oft en elsewhere: at t he st one calendar of Odry and in our
days st ill in Hanover, Saxony, Thuringia, Brunswick, and Mecklenburg. Besides t hat
t here was anot her m easurem ent , where 6 feet were m ade int o a new unit , a ‘fat hom ’ =
1.756 m et ers. This ‘fat hom ’ which was already used at t he St one Dance is st ill used in
our days in Sweden ( 2% sm aller as t he t hread of t he St one Dance) and likewise in
France and Aust ria, where it is called ‘Toise’ and ‘Klaft er’. The Prussian and Oldenburg
rod are based on t he unit of t he t hread of 6 feet : t he Prussian rod is 2 fat hom s, or 12
feet , and t he Oldenburg Rod is 3 fat hom s, or 18 feet . The Greek t oo had t he ‘foot ’ of
At t ica, which, exact ly like t he Rom an one, is 0.33 cm short er t han t he foot of t he St one
Dance.

Besides t hat , ancient Greece seem ed also t o have known t he fat hom , i.e., t he unit of 6
feet , because hundred t im es t his am ount was t he unit of t he ‘st adium ’, which m easured
600 feet . I do not know if t he rod t oo was used by t he Greeks originally. The ground


plans of t he older Greek m onum ent s could t ell us about t hat . We can assum e t hat t he
unit s ‘foot ’ ‘fat hom ’ and ‘rod’ ( and ‘chain’?) were known and used already for a long
t im e before t he St one Dance was built . The direct ion of t he solst ices was det erm ined
around t he year 1181 BCE, as we can see from a m at hem at ical- ast ronom ical calculat ion
of t he changes in t he eclipt ic. 17 The inst allat ion t herefore is 3,100 years old. There are
st rong indicat ions t hat t he foot - rod syst em of m easuring is several cent uries older, so
t hat we m ay assum e an age of 4,000 years for t his syst em of m easuring.” 18

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“ The great est and m ost im port ant fest ival t hat was celebrat ed at t he St one Dance was
t he fest ival of t he Wint er solst ice. The m ain direct ion I – I I I – I V of t he inst allat ion
point s t o t hat . 21 This fest ival was always of great im port ance in all Nordic count ries.
We t oo st ill celebrat e t his fest ival, consciously or subconsciously. I t was t he Jul- fest ival
( Jubilat ion) of t he old Germ ans. I n our Christ m as cust om s we have t he Christ m as
candles as sym bols of t he vict orious light , t he fruit s, nut s and apples point t owards t he
ret urning and new ly sprout ing life in field and past ure. And as w e are celebrat ing
Christ m as during t he short est days of t he year, our ancest ors t oo celebrat ed m ore t han
3,000 years ago t he fest ival of t he wint er solst ice at t he St one Dance.

I m m ovable, deep and solidly anchored in t he Eart h are t he boulders of t he St one Dance.

They saw t he rise of m illennia. And wit h t he sacred locat ion st ill exist s wit h t hem , and
t he ancest ors m ade t hem t o guardians of t his locat ion.

Our Faust ian ancest ors t hat t housands of years ago t ook from t he st ar st udded sky
t heir first insight s of t he unchangeable laws of every t hing t hat happens on Eart h and
t hat creat ed t he sacred circles as m onum ent s of t his insight , t hey passed on t he t orch
of life from generat ion t o generat ion, from dynast y t o dynast y, so t hat out of t heir
blood and spirit could em erge t he Great people of Germ anic kind.

Sacred is t he locat ion st ill in our days, because it gives t o t he person who m akes a
pilgrim age t here deep hum ilit y and high pride. I n it s sacred circles we are surrounded
by pious respect of t he searching and creat ing of our prehist oric ancest ors and of t heir
basic feat s of cult ure, t he – som et im es inconsiderat e - beneficiaries of which we are
aft er m ore t han 3,000 years.” 22

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I n t he nort hern border area of t he Tucheier Heide ( in t he form er t errit ory of West ern
Prussia) t he prot ect ive pine forest s preserved for us a j ewel from t im es long gone: t he
st one circles of Odry.

The ancient builders of t hese st one circles were well versed in t he art of m easuring,
because t he diam et ers of t he circles, alt hough different , can be reduced t o a specific
m easuring unit , int o which t hey all fit wit hout rem ainder. I t s size is 1.154 m let ’s call it
a yard. The fourt h part of it is a m an’s foot of 29 cm , and four t im es t his am ount , which
fit s m ost of t he diam et ers, m ust likewise have been a m easuring unit in use. According
t o t his w e had a rod = 4 yards = 16 feet = 4.616 m et ers as prehist oric unit es t o


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m easure lengt h, and we are am azed t hat t he old Mecklenburg and Hanoverian rods
likewise are 16 feet and only a few cent im et ers difference in lengt h from t he prehist oric
rod. Wit h t he circles I and I I I t he num ber of t he rods in diam et er equals t he num ber of
t he surrounding boulders. Since t he st one circles in England have as well a specific rat io
bet ween t he diam et er and t he am ount of boulders, we can assum e t hat real calculat ions
of t he circles have been perform ed.

Right besides t he cent ers of t he circles are eit her 1 or 2 boulders.

I n t he following, we have list ed t he dim ensions of t he circles.


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The builders did not only m easure t he space, but also t he t im e. The observed t hat
following et ernal laws, t he Sun and t he st ars m oved wit hin t heir orbit s in cont inuously
equal m easure. Their ast ut e skill of observat ion followed t he m ovem ent of t he point of
t he Sunrise t owards t he Nort h unt il t he Sun st opped on t he longest day and t urned back
again, crossing over t he point where day and night are equal, unt il t he ot her point of
reversal on t he short est day. They det erm ined t he lines aim ing at t hese point s t hat t he
rising Sun had on t he horizon. The rings are arranged in rows. I f t he observer st ood in
t he cent er of circle I V – or also on t he hill behind t he circle, t hen t he Sun rose on t he
m orning of t he Midsum m er Day wit hin t he fram e t hat was form ed by t he t wo boulders
in t he cent er of t he circle VI I . From t he circle I I I he saw t he Sunrise at t he Wint er
solst ice across t he circle I , which t hen for sure had also such a gat e for t he eyes in it s
cent er. I f he aim ed from I V over VI I or from I I I over I X, he could recognize t he sunrise
on t he beginning of Spring and of Fall. The Nort h Sout h direct ion is det erm ined by a line
from V over I I I t owards a hill. And t hese m ain direct ions have been det erm ined wit h


am azing exact ness. According t o t he m ap t he m ist ake in t he Nort h- Sout h direct ion is
only 33 m inut es of arc and East - West only 8 m inut es of arc24 .

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But what is t he m eaning of t he line from I t o t he – now t ipped over – boulder-


sight of t he circle VI I I ? The Sun does not go t his m uch Nort h. The point m ust have
been t he set t ing point of a bright st ar. Wit h great probabilit y we assum e t hat t his was
t he ‘goat st ar ’ in t he const ellat ion of t he coachm an. I t s set t ing w hen it happened
short ly before t he Sun was also observed carefully by t he ancient Greeks. I t indicat ed
st orm s and rains. Nowadays t he Capella ( t he goat st ar) does not rise and set at all ( in
t hese Nort hern lat it udes) . But because of t he orbit of t he equat or around t he eclipt ic of
26,000 years t his st ar was set t ing in old t im es at t his posit ion. The t im e span can be
calculat ed. Wit h t his possibilit y , w e can t r y t o det er m ine t he y ear of bir t h of t his
m onum ent . We r eceiv e t he y ear 1760 BCE. Quit e r ecent ly I hav e r ead t hat an
Englishm an has det erm ined a sight of Capella from a st one circle t o be t raced t o t he
year 1800 BCE. For St onehenge Lockyer has calculat ed t he year 1680, based on t he
direct ion of t he Sun, but wit h a t olerance of 200 years in eit her direct ion. But a st ar can
be observed m uch m ore precisely t han t he Sin and t he m uch larger shift s in it s posit ions
allow m uch m ore precise conclusions, because in t he case of t he Sun we have only t o
do wit h t he inclinat ion of t he eclipt ic, but wit h t he st ars we have t o do wit h a circular
m ov em ent , t he pr ecession. The Solar dir ect ions at Odr y cannot be used for such
calculat ions, because it s original angles cannot be det erm ined wit h t he required precision.

The ancient ast ronom ers were not sat isfied t o part it ion t he year int o larger sect ions,
but t hey underst ood also t he art of set t ing up a pret t y precise calendar for t he days.
This t he num ber of t he boulders can t ell us: Circle VI I has 18 boulders. Circle VI has
20, circle V has 23 ( + 1) of t hem and circle I V has 22 ( + 1) boulders. 18 x 20 = 360.
Therefore t he 18 m ont hs of t he year, if regular, have 20 days each, t wo m ont hs are
irregular and t hey have 23 and 22 days. 16 x 20 + 23 + 22 = 365 days. Since t he
circles I V and V have also an addit ional st one in t heir cent er, even leap- days can be
count ed. Who does not like t he peculiar part it ion of 18 m ont hs should be aware t hat
t he sam e m et hod of calculat ing t im e has been used by t he Azt ecs in Mexico. Can we
assum e from t his, including ot her connect ions as well, conclude t o prehist oric connect ions
bet ween t he cont inent s?” 25

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“ We find a second part it ion of t he year in t he circle I I I , which wit h 16 boulders has as
m any m ont hs, which can be put bet ween t he m ain point s of t he year. But if t he year
has 16 m ont hs, t hen t he m ont hs have t o be 22 or 23 days long. And indeed, t he t hree
corresponding circles form a t riangle. Circle I I has 18 boulders wit h one bet w een.
Circle I wit h it s 29 boulders represent s t he orbit of t he Moon. Circles VI I t hrough X m ay
refer t o sequences of whole years.

How can we im agine, or assum e, t he use of t his calendar? The ast ronom er who, of
course, was also a priest , saw t he goat st ar set in t he dawn. Then he knew t hat it was
t im e t o begin t he preparat ions t o t he celebrat ions of t he solst ice 26 , because t he ‘solid
t im es’ ( ‘fest e Zeit en’ in m odern Germ an) were t he t im es of fest ivit ies ( ‘Fest zeit en’ in
m odern Germ an) . And when t he fiery wagon of t he Sun rolled upward on t he sky, t hen
t he cycle of t he year began. A sign was st uck ont o t he first boulder of t he year ( VI I )
and at t he sam e t im e on t he first boulder of t he m ont h. Wit h every day t his lat t er one
was m oved one posit ion, unt il t he circle was full and wit h t he beginning of t he second
m ont h t he second boulder indicat ing t he m ont h was m arked. This was repeat ed 16
t im es. Wit h t he 17t h m ont h t hey cont inued wit h circle V and wit h t he 18 t h m ont h wit h
circle I V.

These boulders are st ill cont aining m any


enigm as. One quest ion would be why
t he cent ers of t he four circles of each
row are not form ing st raight lines, but
reach equally out once t o t he right and
once t o t he left . Per haps each cir cle
has a specific direct ion, perhaps t owards
a sig n t h at is f ar aw ay , t o in d icat e
slight ly differing sunrises in t he cycle of
four years. What are t he principles used
when t he dist ances of t he circles from
each ot h er w er e det er m in ed? Wh at
does t he line from I V t o X indicat e, and
what indicat es t he sam e line sout h of
t hat one? Here addit ional exam inat ions
will have t o be done.

Can we com pare t he proud ‘St onehenge’ and t he m aj est ic ‘Avebury” wit h t he rat her
sim ple Germ an m onum ent ? The m eaning in t hese m onum ent s is neit her deeper nor

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m or e beaut iful. The cir cles t hat in Odr y ar e side by side ar e inside each ot her in
St onehenge. The floor plan t hat has been com plet ed by m eans of conscient ious
dist ribut ion of t he st ill exist ing boulder- headers t hroughout t he whole circle yielded,
from t he out side t o t he inside, 30, 48, 5, 22 ( ?) boulders. I f we read correct ly, t his
m eans t hat t he ancient Brit s had a m ont h at 30 days and 48 of such m ont hs form ed a
cycle of four years, but not ent irely. A leap- t im e of 22 days ( or a few less?) had t o be
insert ed t o m ake a full 4 years. 30 x 48 + 22 = 1462 days = 365½ in a year. The 5
‘Trilit hs’ ( t hree- st ones) could represent t he old week of 5 days.

A prehist oric race t rack t hat exist s at St onehenge invit es t o a com parison wit h t he
Olym pic Gam es in Greece. These gam es t oo were celebrat ed every fourt h year during
t he t im e of t he solst ice, always changing in t he 49 t h and 50 t h m ont hs ( at 29 and 30
days) and t hey last ed for 5 days. Could it be t hat St onehenge, according t o t he int ent ion
of it s builders, had t he purpose of indicat ing t he ret urn of a week of fest ivit ies t hat
last ed for 5 days?

I n Avebury a m ap from t he year 1724 allows us t o det erm ine t hat t here was a large
ext erior ring of 99 boulders, and bot h double rings at t he inside wit h 29 and 12 as well


as 30 and 12 boulders. 12 x 29 ( lunar m ont hs) 0 348 and 30 x 12 ( solar year) = 360
rem ain are considerably short er t han t he lengt h of t he year. This t he builders of t he
t im e observat ory recognized and kept count ing t heir m ont hs of 29 resp. 30 days, unt il
t he end of t he m ont h coincided wit h t he end of t he year, which happened exact ly aft er
8 years: 49 x 29 + 50 x 30 = 2921 days in 8 years or 365[ ! in one year. This t im e
m easuring m et hod t oo is found in Greece, in t heir ‘Oct aet eris.’

This way t hese circles becam e leaders t hat show us t he pat hs of prehist oric cult ural
connect ions. I n our days a st ranger in Greek clot hing of t he ‘st adium ’ cam e t o us, and
t his was in ancient t im es a Nordic race t rack wit h int elligent m easure of t im e,
Acut e observat ion of t he sky and art of m easuring t hat was brought t o sunnier lands as
a result of t he pat h of old waves of m igrat ion of peoples from Nort h t o Sout h.

Therefore you should pay m ore at t ent ion t o our Nordic cult ure and it s very ancient
wit nesses on our nat ive soil. There are cert ainly m ore of t hem around. I f t hey are not
cir cles, t h en per h aps ar r ay s of bou lder s or in div idu al bou lder s as r em ain der s of
arrangem ent s. What is writ t en here should give an incent ive t o look for and find t hat
w hich is her e, t o exam ine it w it h pr ecise sur veys and above all t ake car e t hat t he
boulders rem ain unt ouched on t heir original places; only t his way t hey can t alk about
t heir m eaning as calendar st ones and wit h t hat of t he high cult ural level of our ancest ors;
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There is writ t en: ‘in t he beginning was t he word.’


Here I am already st uck! Who can help m e furt her?
I t is im possible t hat I can give t he word such high est eem ,
I got t o t ranslat e t his different ly,
When I am illum inat ed right by t he spirit .
So is writ t en: ‘in t he beginning was t he m eaning’


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Consider well t he first line


So t hat m y pen does not hurry t oo m uch!
I s it t he m eaning t hat effect s and creat es it all?
So t here should be: ‘in t he beginning was t he force’
But , also while writ ing down t hat
Already I am get t ing a warning not t o st ick wit h it .
Spirit helps m e, and suddenly I see advice,
And so I am writ ing confident ly: ‘in t he beginning was act ion.”

I am drawing t he t hread from t he writ er of t he gospel t o Goet he and I say: “ I n t he


beginning was t he word and t he word was act ion! ”

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nat urally. This is so, because it s groups of concept s represent exact
Ly t he sam e t ypes of sit uat ions and m ovem ent s in t hat which happens in t he world,
which t he ( racial- Nordic) t ongue m akes when it m akes t he sounds t hat express t he
corresponding groups of concept s; because each sound has it s own and clearly defined
group of concept s t hat it expresses. The older sounds b, k, t ( wit h t heir derivat ives p, f,
g, q, ch, h, j , t h, d) express st at es, t he younger ones express m ot ions ( s, r, l, m , n) .
These groups of concept s can be t raced t hroughout all languages; in t he I ndo- Germ anic
lan g u ag es, w h er e t h ey ar e n ot y et t oo m u ch d eg en er at ed as a r esu lt of r acial
hybridizat ion, and easier t han in t he racially m ore degenerat ed Sem it ic, Mongolian et c.,
languages, in which t he concept s of m oralit y have st ill m aint ained m ainly Germ anic
im ages. Wit h t his is proven t hat only t he hum anit y of t he Nordic kind, t he Ur- Germ ans,
have creat ed all languages and m oralit y. Also t he Ur- Germ anic sym bols of writ ing, t he
Runes, express t his sound form as an im age according t o t he m ovem ent of t he t ongue,
when t he sound is pronounced. Accordingly t hey ( t he Runes) refer t o t he m eaning of
t he corresponding groups of concept s, as also in t he ‘m agic’ of Odin’s Rune Song, in t he
healing art s and for sim ilar occasions. From t he im ages of t heir groups of concept s all
script s can be deduced according t o t heir evolut ion and degenerat ion; and so t he Runes


are t he Ur- sym bols and wit h t hat t he oldest sym bols of writ ing, because t hey are t he
sym bols of t he Ur- Germ ans. From t hem t he sym bols for num bers are derived as well,
w hich w er e bor r ow ed fr om t hese sym bols accor ding t o t heir sym bolic m eanings as
given by t he nam e of t hese let t ers. 

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ex alt ed.”

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“ Branch Runes you should learn if you want t o be a doct or


and if you want t o know how t o t ake care of wounds:
Engrave t hem on t he bark and leaves of t he t ree,
t he branches of which lean t owards t he East .

This way Wodan cut t hem first , t hen he scraped t hem off ( rem oved t he bark)
and he m ixed t hem wit h sacred m ead
and he cast t hem on long pat hs:
t hose t o t he Aesir and t hose t o t he Albes
and som e t o t he wise Wanir
and som e t o t he people of t he hum ans.

Underst and t he Runes and advise from t he st aves,


t he st rongest st aves, t he m ost enduring st aves,
which t he Ur- poet s t hought up,
which t he Ur- gods dug,
and which t he God of all t he gods has st ained.” 11

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Hail t o you day! Hail t o you, sons of t he day,


Hail t o you night , and hail t o you, daught ers of t he night s,
O see down t o us wit h m erciful eyes
And give vict ory t o us who are begging.

Hail you, Aesir and Aesiresses, Hail you!


And Hail t o you, useful Eart h,
Give speech, reason t o us Men and glory
And healing hands t hat last a lifet im e!

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Now I began t o becom e and t o be wise,
To grow and t o feel well.
On t he word, word form ed aft er word
And work evolved on work t o works:
Now I know t he songs as no prophet ic wom an knows
And none of t he children of m en.”

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And like a st ick his sword cannot cut any m ore.”

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“ St ill considerat ion deserves t he roller m ill t hat was built in 1474 for t he wall cut t ers in
t he Gröperers on t he Gosest reet , not far from t he Kehl- m ill, which, in 1551, aft er a new
roller m ill was erect ed under t he Pet ersberg, was sold t o t he clot hm akers. The house
t hat was built in t he 16 t h cent ury is especially not ewort hy because of t he engraved
house brands.

The so- called rollerm ill is a t im bered building of t hree st ories on et he corners of t he
st ret s “ an der Abzucht ” and t he Gosest reet . The inscript ion above t he door arch which
is difficult t o read rem inds us of t he original purpose of t he building, som e part s of
w hich ar e on t he pillar and t he t op beam in car ved in pr ofiles and or nam ent s st ill
recognizyble. On t he left door post is t he year AMDLI ( “ anno” 1551) . Then com es in
height of t he head of t he door arch which is ornat e wit h roset t es t he descript ion of t he
house: “ The house is of t he wall m aker” . On t he very st rong set t ing t hreshold are 38
different house brands visible, m ost ly geom et ric sym bols, under which t here are t wo
im ages of t ools, an axe and a key. The upper t hreshold of t he sout hern gable is only
or nat e w it h so- called ar r ow s. The t im ber ing in w hich t her e ar e w indow s or w her e
windows have been in earlier t im es have st rong cross beam s on t op, which are cut out
in t he shape of t hree hanging arches. The t ailed insert s under t he heads of t he beam s
st ill have t he sim ple Got hic profile of round st aves and indent s t hat are on t op of each
ot her. The lower braces form a t rapezoid t oget her wit h t he lower end of t he shaft t hat
is bet ween t hem , in which t here is engraved t he pat t ern of a fan, a form of ornam ent at ion,
w hich in t his posit ion signifies t he t r ansit ion of t he Got hic st y le of building t o t he
Renaissance.”

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