Dire Dawa University

Moral and Citizenship education Group Assignment for students (20%)

1, Explain briefly the need of citizenship and

moral education course for university students
➢ A citizenship and moral education course for university students is important
because it helps to instill a sense of civic responsibility and ethical behavior in
individuals. This type of course can help students understand the rights and
responsibilities that come with being a citizen, as well as the importance of
contributing positively to society.

Additionally, a citizenship and moral education course can help students

develop critical thinking skills, empathy, and an understanding of diverse
perspectives. These skills are essential for navigating complex social issues and
making informed decisions in both personal and professional contexts.

Overall, a citizenship and moral education course can help university students
become well-rounded individuals who are equipped to engage meaningfully with
the world around them and contribute positively to their communities.

2,Explain the basic reforms of Derg

constitution

➢ The Derg, also known as the Provisional Military Government of Socialist

Ethiopia, implemented several constitutional reforms during its rule in Ethiopia.
Some of the key reforms included:

1. The 1974 Constitution: The Derg abolished the 1955 Ethiopian Constitution
and established a new constitution in 1974. This constitution declared Ethiopia a
socialist state and outlined the principles of socialism, including state
ownership of land and natural resources.

2. Land Reform: One of the major reforms introduced by the Derg was the
nationalization of land. The government confiscated land owned by landlords
and redistributed it to peasants, aiming to create a more equitable distribution of
land and resources.

3. Nationalization of Industries: The Derg nationalized key industries, banks, and

businesses in Ethiopia, placing them under state control. This move was
intended to centralize economic planning and promote socialist principles of
collective ownership and control.

4. Workers' Rights: The Derg introduced labor laws that aimed to protect the
rights of workers, including regulations on working conditions, wages, and
benefits. The government also established trade unions to represent workers and
negotiate on their behalf.

5. Education Reforms: The Derg implemented reforms in the education sector,

including making education more accessible to all Ethiopians and promoting
socialist ideology in schools and universities. The government also emphasized
vocational training and technical education to meet the country's development
needs.

6. Military Rule: The Derg centralized power in the military leadership, with
Mengistu Haile Mariam emerging as the dominant figure. The military ruled
Ethiopia through a Revolutionary Command Council for several years, with
Mengistu serving as chairman.

Overall, the constitutional reforms implemented by the Derg aimed to transform

Ethiopian society along socialist lines, with an emphasis on state control, social
justice, and economic equality. However, these reforms were also accompanied
by political repression, human rights abuses, and economic challenges that
ultimately contributed to the downfall of the Derg regime in 1991.

3,Identify the main ways of testing

a moral argument and discuss the
major aspects in application of
morality
➢ Testing a moral argument involves evaluating its logical consistency,
coherence, and ethical principles. Here are some main ways of testing a moral
argument:

1. Logical Consistency: One way to test a moral argument is to examine its

logical consistency. This involves checking for any contradictions or
inconsistencies within the argument. If the argument contains logical fallacies or
contradictions, it weakens the overall validity of the moral claim.

2. Coherence: Another important aspect of testing a moral argument is

assessing its coherence. A coherent moral argument should be logically
connected and internally consistent. Each premise should support the
conclusion in a clear and meaningful way.

3. Ethical Principles: Moral arguments are often based on ethical principles or

theories, such as utilitarianism, deontology, virtue ethics, or social contract
theory. Testing a moral argument involves evaluating whether it aligns with these
ethical principles and whether it can withstand ethical scrutiny.

4. Empirical Evidence: Some moral arguments may rely on empirical evidence to

support their claims. Testing a moral argument in this context involves examining
the quality and relevance of the evidence presented and assessing how well it
supports the moral conclusion.

In application of morality, several major aspects come into play:

1. Moral Reasoning: Individuals use moral reasoning to make decisions about

what is right or wrong, good or bad. This involves evaluating ethical principles,
considering consequences, and weighing competing values in order to make
morally sound choices.

2. Moral Dilemmas: In real-life situations, individuals often face moral dilemmas

where there are conflicting moral principles or values at stake. Resolving these
dilemmas requires careful consideration of the ethical implications and
potential consequences of different courses of action.

3. Moral Development: Morality is not fixed but can develop and change over
time. Moral development involves acquiring moral knowledge, reasoning skills,
and ethical values through socialization, education, and life experiences.

4. Moral Agency: Individuals have moral agency, which means they have the
capacity to act intentionally and make moral decisions. Moral agency involves
taking responsibility for one's actions, considering the interests of others, and
striving to act in accordance with ethical principles.

5. Moral Community: Morality is not just an individual concern but also a social
one. Moral communities are groups of individuals who share common values,
norms, and ethical standards. These communities play a role in shaping
individual morality and influencing moral behavior.

Overall, the application of morality involves engaging in moral reasoning,

navigating moral dilemmas, developing ethical values, exercising moral agency,
and participating in moral communities to promote ethical behavior and
decision-making.

4,list and describe the reason why

Ethiopia is the Democratic
developmental State

➢ Ethiopia is often referred to as a democratic developmental state due to

several key reasons:

1. Democratic Governance: Ethiopia has made significant strides in transitioning

towards a more democratic form of governance. The country has held multiple
democratic elections, with the ruling party facing increasing competition from
opposition parties. While there have been criticisms of the electoral process, the
government has taken steps to enhance political participation and
representation.

2. Developmental State Model: Ethiopia has adopted a developmental state

model, which emphasizes the government's active role in promoting economic
development and social progress. The government has implemented various
policies and programs aimed at accelerating economic growth, reducing poverty,
and improving infrastructure and social services.

3. Economic Growth: Ethiopia has experienced robust economic growth in

recent years, with an average GDP growth rate of around 10% annually. The
government has prioritized investment in key sectors such as agriculture,
manufacturing, and infrastructure to drive economic development and create
employment opportunities.

4. Social Development: Ethiopia has made significant progress in improving

access to education, healthcare, and other social services. The government has
implemented policies to expand access to primary education, reduce child
mortality rates, and increase access to clean water and sanitation.

5. Infrastructure Development: Ethiopia has invested heavily in infrastructure

development, including road networks, railways, airports, and energy projects.
These investments have helped to improve connectivity, facilitate trade and
commerce, and enhance the country's overall economic competitiveness.

6. Regional Leadership: Ethiopia plays a prominent role in regional politics and

diplomacy in Africa. The country has been actively involved in mediating
conflicts, promoting peace and stability, and advancing regional integration
initiatives.

7. Commitment to Sustainable Development: Ethiopia has demonstrated a

commitment to sustainable development by adopting policies and strategies
that prioritize environmental conservation, renewable energy, and climate
resilience. The government has launched initiatives to address climate change
and promote sustainable agriculture practices.

Overall, Ethiopia's status as a democratic developmental state is characterized

by its efforts to combine democratic governance with a proactive approach to
economic development, social progress, infrastructure development, and
regional leadership.
5,clearly show the derogation and
non derogation of human rights by
giving examples ?

➢ Derogation of Human Rights in Ethiopia:

1. Freedom of Expression: The Ethiopian government has been criticized for

restricting freedom of expression, particularly through the use of laws that
criminalize dissent and criticism of the government. Journalists, activists, and
opposition figures have been arrested and detained for expressing dissenting
views.

2. Political Rights: There have been reports of political repression in Ethiopia,

including allegations of electoral fraud, harassment of opposition parties, and
restrictions on political participation. The government has been accused of using
state resources to suppress political dissent and maintain its grip on power.

3. Freedom of Assembly: The Ethiopian government has been criticized for

cracking down on peaceful protests and demonstrations, often using excessive
force to disperse crowds and arrest protesters. The government has imposed
restrictions on public gatherings and assemblies, limiting the ability of citizens to
exercise their right to peaceful assembly.

Non-Derogation of Human Rights in Ethiopia:

1. Right to Education: Ethiopia has made significant progress in expanding

access to education, particularly at the primary level. The government has
implemented policies to increase enrollment rates, improve the quality of
education, and reduce gender disparities in education.

2. Right to Health: Ethiopia has taken steps to improve access to healthcare

services, particularly in rural and underserved areas. The government has
invested in healthcare infrastructure, trained healthcare workers, and
implemented programs to address key health challenges such as maternal and
 child health.

3. Economic Rights: Ethiopia has implemented policies to promote economic

development and reduce poverty, including investment in key sectors such as
agriculture, manufacturing, and infrastructure. The government has also
launched social protection programs to support vulnerable populations and
improve livelihoods.

While Ethiopia has made progress in promoting certain human rights, there are
ongoing concerns about the derogation of rights in areas such as freedom of
expression and political rights. It is important for the government to address
these issues and uphold its obligations to respect and protect human rights for
all its citizens.

6,Describe the reason How to make

right decision and What are the
standards one decision is right or
wrong ?

➢ Making the right decision involves considering various factors and

evaluating the potential outcomes of different choices. Here are some reasons
on how to make a right decision:

1. Gather Information: Before making a decision, it is important to gather

relevant information and facts related to the situation. This can help in
understanding the context and implications of each option.

2. Consider Alternatives: It is essential to explore different alternatives and

consider the pros and cons of each option. This can help in making an informed
decision based on a comprehensive analysis.

3. Evaluate Consequences: Assessing the potential consequences of each

decision is crucial in determining the best course of action. Considering short-
term and long-term effects can help in making a decision that aligns with one's
goals and values.

4. Seek Advice: Consulting with trusted individuals or experts can provide

valuable insights and perspectives that can aid in decision-making. Seeking
advice from others can offer different viewpoints and help in making a well-
rounded decision.

5. Trust Your Instincts: While it is important to analyze information and consider

different perspectives, trusting your instincts and intuition can also play a role in
decision-making. Sometimes, gut feelings can guide you towards the right
choice.

Standards for determining whether a decision is right or wrong can vary

depending on the context and ethical principles involved. Some common
standards include:

1. Ethical Considerations: Assessing whether a decision aligns with ethical

principles such as honesty, fairness, and respect for others can help determine
its moral correctness.

2. Legal Compliance: Ensuring that a decision complies with laws and

regulations is important in determining its legality and ethical validity.

3. Impact on Others: Evaluating how a decision will impact stakeholders,

including individuals, communities, or the environment, can help determine
whether it is ethically sound.

4. Consistency with Values: Considering whether a decision reflects personal or

organizational values and principles can help determine its alignment with
overarching goals and beliefs.

5. Rationality and Logic: Applying logical reasoning and critical thinking to assess
the rationale behind a decision can help determine its validity and effectiveness.

By considering these factors and standards, individuals can make more

informed decisions that are ethical, rational, and aligned with their values and
goals.
7,What are the major factors for the
written of 1931Ethiopia constitution?

➢ The 1931 Ethiopian Constitution, also known as the "Constitution of

Ethiopia," was a significant document in Ethiopian history that marked a
transition from absolute monarchy to a more constitutional form of government.
The major factors that influenced the writing of the 1931 Ethiopian Constitution
include:

1. Political Reforms: Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia initiated political

reforms aimed at modernizing the country and establishing a constitutional
monarchy. The 1931 Constitution was part of these efforts to introduce a legal
framework for governance.

2. Western Influence: The writing of the 1931 Constitution was influenced by

Western models of constitutionalism and governance. Emperor Haile Selassie
sought to align Ethiopia with international norms and practices.

3. Legal Framework: The need for a formal legal framework to govern the
relationship between the monarch, government institutions, and the people led
to the drafting of the 1931 Constitution. It aimed to establish a system of checks
and balances within the government.

4. Socio-Political Context: Ethiopia was undergoing social and political changes

during this period, including increased demands for political participation and
representation. The 1931 Constitution was seen as a response to these evolving
dynamics.

5. Modernization Efforts: The 1931 Constitution was part of broader efforts to

modernize Ethiopian governance structures and institutions. It aimed to create a
more organized and efficient system of government.

6. International Relations: Ethiopia's interactions with other countries and

international organizations also played a role in shaping the content of the 1931
Constitution. The document reflected Ethiopia's desire to be recognized as a
modern state on the global stage.
 7. Balancing Tradition and Modernity: The writing of the 1931 Constitution
involved a delicate balance between preserving traditional Ethiopian values and
customs while embracing modern principles of governance and rule of law.

Overall, the 1931 Ethiopian Constitution was a pivotal document that marked a
significant shift in Ethiopia's political landscape and laid the foundation for
future constitutional developments in the country.

8,Mention and explain the why

people need to be an ethical ?

People need to be ethical for a variety of reasons, as ethical behavior is crucial for
maintaining a harmonious and just society. Here are some key reasons why individuals
should strive to be ethical:

1. Promotes Trust and Respect: Ethical behavior builds trust and respect among
individuals, communities, and institutions. When people act ethically, they are more
likely to be trusted by others, leading to stronger relationships and a more cohesive
society.

2. Fosters Good Relationships: Ethical behavior helps in fostering positive relationships

with others. By treating people with fairness, honesty, and respect, individuals can create
a supportive and nurturing environment in their personal and professional interactions.

3. Ensures Fairness and Justice: Ethical behavior is essential for upholding principles of
fairness and justice. When people act ethically, they contribute to a more equitable
society where everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed and thrive.

4. Prevents Harm: Ethical behavior helps in preventing harm to others. By following

ethical principles and values, individuals can avoid actions that may cause harm or
distress to others, promoting the well-being of all members of society.

5. Builds Reputation: Acting ethically contributes to building a positive reputation for

individuals and organizations. Ethical conduct is often associated with integrity,
reliability, and credibility, which can enhance one's standing in the community and in
professional settings.
6. Encourages Personal Growth: Practicing ethics can lead to personal growth and self-
improvement. By reflecting on their values and principles, individuals can develop a
strong moral compass and make choices that align with their beliefs, leading to a sense of
fulfillment and purpose.

7. Contributes to a Better Society: Ethical behavior plays a crucial role in creating a

better society for everyone. When individuals prioritize ethics in their actions and
decisions, they contribute to the overall well-being and progress of their communities,
promoting social harmony and cooperation.

In summary, being ethical is essential for fostering trust, respect, fairness, and justice in
society. By upholding ethical principles and values, individuals can contribute to creating
a more harmonious, inclusive, and prosperous world for themselves and future
generations.