Q1) In marine engineering what products are used from fosroc?

Look at the
construction of ports that has been used.
A) Total there are 324 fosroc products used at marine engineering.

Wan Chai development, Hong Kong

Products used : i) Auracast 400 ii) Proofex Engage iii) Reebol iv) Supercast SW

Fosroc’s complete waterproofing and admixture solution offered both convenience and performance
to our customers. The concrete specification required high flowability, relatively high early strength
with the use of PFA and silica fume in the design mix, coupled with very low water/binder ratio was
proven very difficult to achieve with ordinary admixtures. Fosroc Auracast 400 provided the best
performance to our concrete customer and Fosroc provided promptly technical services to assist the
customer carrying out concrete trials within very tight project schedule. The entire section was
divided into 9 major concrete pours gave a total of 20,000m3 of concrete, dimension is 120mx 50m
x12m deep, the size is comparable to a football pitch! This was the largest piece of precast unit in
Asia at the time.

Fosroc Proofex Engage was applied at the bottom of the precast tube tunnel, Supercast Waterstops
and Reebol were used for all the necessary construction joints and formwork.
(Wan Chai Development, Hong Kong _ Fosroc, n.d.)

(Chai, 2001)

Jeddah Islamic Port, Saudi Arabia

Products used: i) Conbextra UW ii) Nitocote EPU iii) Nitomortar TC2000 iv) Nitoseal MS600

Fosroc provided a complete and comprehensive solution to the repair process. More than 16,000
units of Galvashield CC were used to manage the corrosion of the reinforcement. High strength
grouts and mortars combined with adhesive and anti-corrosive primers were used to repair above
and below the water line. Fine cracks were filled using epoxy mortar Nitomortar TC2000.

Recasting areas of concrete was undertaken using Conplast SP470 superplasticiser. The Jetties were
then coated with Nitocote EPU, a protective Epoxy Polyurethane coating providing flexible protection
from chloride ingress, UV and bacterial growth. Joints were sealed with Nitoseal MS600.
(Jeddah-Islamic-Port, n.d.)

Industrial port, Saudi Arabia

Product used: i) Dekguard PU ii) Fosroc Marine Jacket iii) Nitocote EPU

Protecting the steel piles below water was undertaken using 1,682 Fosroc Marine Jackets. This
Cathodic Protection solution provides a protective fibreglass jacket to protect a zinc anode within.
This is connected to the reinforcement and grouted to create the correct resistivity. Areas of
reinforced concrete subject to chloride attack were protected using Galvashield CC and XP anodes.

As part of the project, the specialist contractor applied Renderoc concrete repair mortars and heavy
duty Dekguard and Nitocote protective coatings to ensure that the structure remained integrally
sound and was protected from further chloride ingress. (KFIP-Jubail-Case-Study, n.d.)
Q2) land that is access to water, land that is scares, land that required new
airport. (future)
A) these are the areas which we can construct:

i) Singapore ii) Netherland iii) Hong Kong iv) Mumbai v) New York

i) Singapore
Singapore faces challenges related to both land scarcity and air traffic.

Land Scarcity: Singapore's small land area and dense population create pressure on available space
for development, housing, infrastructure, and amenities. To address this, the government has
employed various strategies such as reclaiming land from the sea, optimizing land use through urban
planning, and promoting vertical development with high-rise buildings.

Air Traffic: Singapore is a major transportation hub in Southeast Asia, with Changi Airport being one
of the busiest airports in the world. The growing demand for air travel has led to congestion and
capacity constraints at times, especially during peak travel periods. To manage air traffic effectively,
Singapore continuously upgrades its airport infrastructure, implements advanced air traffic
management systems, and collaborates with neighbouring countries to enhance regional air
connectivity. Additionally, initiatives like the development of Jewel Changi Airport and the expansion
of airport terminals aim to accommodate the increasing number of passengers and improve the
overall airport experience. (K.M, 2004)

ii) Hong Kong

Hong Kong faces severe land scarcity due to its dense population and limited available space. The
Hong Kong International Airport, located on Chek Lap Kok Island, is one of the busiest airports
globally and serves as a crucial transportation hub for the region. However, there have been
discussions about the need for additional capacity or even a new airport to meet future growth.
(How to Tackle Land Shortage?, 2018)

iii) Mumbai
Mumbai faces challenges related to land scarcity, air traffic congestion, and the potential need for a
new airport.

Land Scarcity: Mumbai is one of the most densely populated cities in the world, and as a result, faces
significant land scarcity issues. The limited availability of land poses challenges for urban
development, infrastructure projects, and the expansion of existing facilities, including airports.

Air Traffic Congestion: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai is the
primary airport serving the city and one of the busiest airports in India. The airport experiences
significant air traffic congestion, especially during peak hours, leading to delays and operational
challenges.

Potential Need for a New Airport: Due to the rapid growth of air travel demand in Mumbai and the
limitations of the existing airport, there have been discussions about the need for a new airport to
complement or replace CSIA. Various proposals and plans for a second airport in Mumbai have been
explored to address the growing air traffic demand and alleviate congestion at CSIA. (Sanctioned Executive Summer
iv) Netherlands
Land Scarcity: The Netherlands is a densely populated country with limited available land for
development. This scarcity is particularly acute in urban areas such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam,
where space for infrastructure projects, including airports, can be challenging to find.

Air Traffic Congestion: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the primary international airport serving the
Netherlands and is one of the busiest airports in Europe. Schiphol often experiences significant air
traffic congestion, especially during peak hours. While this congestion is a concern, Schiphol has
undergone various expansions and improvements to increase capacity and efficiency.

v) New York
Land Scarcity: While New York City is a large metropolitan area, certain parts of Manhattan, for
example, face challenges with land scarcity due to high population density and limited available
space for new development. This scarcity often leads to high real estate prices and a demand for
efficient land use strategies.

Air Traffic: New York City is served by several airports, including John F. Kennedy International Airport
(JFK), LaGuardia Airport (LGA), and Newark Liberty International Airport (EWR). These airports
collectively handle a significant amount of air traffic, contributing to congestion and delays,
particularly during peak travel times. Efforts to manage air traffic in the region include modernization
initiatives, airspace redesign, and improvements in airport infrastructure and operations.

Q3) How is it contributing to sustainability. Why is water or floating airport

better than land airport? Is it helping in any way?
A) Land Scarcity Mitigation: In regions where land scarcity is a significant issue, such as densely
populated coastal cities or islands, floating airports can provide a viable solution. By utilizing water
bodies like rivers, lakes, or seas, floating airports bypass the need for large expanses of land, freeing
up valuable urban space for other purposes.

Flexibility and Mobility: Floating airports can be designed to be movable or modular, allowing them
to adapt to changing environmental conditions or accommodate varying levels of demand. They can
be relocated to different locations as needed or expanded easily by adding additional floating
platforms.

Environmental Benefits: Floating airports can potentially have lower environmental impacts
compared to land-based airports. They may require fewer land reclamation efforts, which can disrupt
local ecosystems, and can incorporate sustainable design features such as water-based energy
systems or natural water filtration mechanisms.

Resilience to Natural Disasters: In regions prone to natural disasters like earthquakes or tsunamis,
floating airports can offer greater resilience. Their ability to float on water can help mitigate damage
from seismic activity or rising sea levels, providing continuity of operations during and after disasters.

Improved Access: Floating airports can enhance transportation access in coastal or remote areas that
are otherwise challenging to reach. They can serve as transportation hubs, connecting isolated
communities to major urban centers and facilitating economic development in these regions.
Tourism and Innovation: Floating airports can serve as iconic landmarks and tourist attractions,
contributing to the cultural and economic vitality of a city or region. Additionally, the development of
floating airports can drive innovation in maritime engineering, construction, and sustainable
technology, fostering economic growth and technological advancement.
(090069..PW Floating Airport_Weidlinger (Sustainability), n.d.)

Q4) To build an artificial island what all are required materials?

A) Sand: Sand is often a primary material used in land reclamation projects to create the base layer
of the island. It is typically dredged from nearby seabeds or sourced from inland quarries.

Gravel and Rocks: Gravel and rocks may be used to reinforce the structure of the island and provide
stability against erosion and wave action. They are commonly placed along the perimeter or core of
the island.

Fill Material: Various types of fill material, such as soil, clay, and crushed aggregate, may be used to
build up the elevation of the island and create the desired topography. Fill material is typically placed
on top of the sand base layer and compacted to achieve the desired density.

Geotextiles: Geotextiles are synthetic fabrics used to reinforce the soil and prevent erosion on the
surface of the island. They are often placed beneath the fill material to provide additional stability
and drainage.

Concrete: Concrete may be used in the construction of artificial islands to create structural elements
such as retaining walls, breakwaters, and revetments. It is commonly used in areas where additional
strength and durability are required.

Steel Sheet Piles: Steel sheet piles are interlocking steel sheets driven into the seabed to form
retaining walls or bulkheads. They are commonly used to enclose the perimeter of the island and
provide protection against erosion and wave action.

Rock Armor: Rock armor, also known as riprap, consists of large rocks or concrete blocks placed along
the shoreline to protect against erosion and wave energy. It is commonly used in areas exposed to
strong currents and wave action.

Dredged Materials: Dredged materials, such as sand, silt, and clay, may be used as fill material for
land reclamation projects. These materials are often sourced from navigation channels, harbor
dredging, or other marine excavation activities.

Artificial Reef Structures: In some cases, artificial reef structures made of concrete or other materials
may be incorporated into the construction of artificial islands to enhance marine biodiversity and
provide habitat for marine life. (Mahmoodian et al., 2010).