Shear Failure Analysis of a Masonry Wall

Outline

1 Description 3
2 Finite Element Model 6
2.1 Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.5 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.6 Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3 Analysis 1: Linear Material Model 25
3.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4 Analysis 2: Engineering Masonry Model 32
4.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5 Analysis 3: Combined Cracking-Shearing-Crushing 35
5.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6 Analysis 4: Total Strain Crack Model and Nonlinear Interface Models 37
6.1 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Appendix A Additional Information 42

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1 Description

In this tutorial a two-dimensional masonry wall with window opening is loaded in shear until failure. Both geometric and material nonlinear effects are considered. Different modelling
approaches, such as using the smeared engineering masonry model and the discrete masonry modelling with interfaces for bed- and head-joints are demonstrated.
The case study describes how the model can be defined with different material models and the corresponding results.

The geometry of the masonry wall considered in this tutorial is shown in Figure 1, while the dimensions of the brick unit is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 1: Masonry wall with opening Figure 2: Brick unit

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The material properties for the masonry bricks are reported in the following tables. The material models used in the example are the linear-elastic model [Table 1], the engineering
masonry model [Table 2] and the total strain crack model [Table 3]. The properties for the concrete beam and lintel are listed in Table 4.

Table 1: Material properties - Brick linear Table 3: Material properties - Brick nonlinear

Young’s modulus E 1.74E+10 N/m2 Young modulus E 1.74E+10 N/m2

Poisson’s ratio ν 0.15 Poisson’s ratio ν 0.15
Mass density ρ 1700 kg/m3 Mass density ρ 1700 kg/m3
Tensile behaviour
Tensile strength ft 250000 N/m2
Table 2: Material properties - Engineering masonry Ultimate strain u 18
Residual tensile strength ft,res 50000 N/m2
2
Young modulus Ex 4E+9 N/m
Young modulus Ey 6E+9 N/m2 Compressive behaviour
Shear modulus Gxy 2E+9 N/m2
Compressive strength fc 8.5E+6 N/m2
Mass density ρ 1700 kg/m3 Fracture energy in compression Gc 15000 N/m
Cracking parameters
Tensile strength head-joint defined by friction
Bed-joint tensile strength ft 250000 N/m2
Minimum tensile strength head-joints ft,min 250000 N/m2 Table 4: Material properties - Concrete
Fracture energy in tension GF 1 18 N/m
Residual tensile strength ft,res 50000 N/m2
Angle between stepped diagonal crack and bed-joint α 0.436332 rad Young’s modulus E 3E+10 N/m2
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.15
Crushing parameters Mass density ρ 2200 kg/m3
Compressive strength fc 8.5E+6 N/m2
Fracture energy in compression Gc 15000 N/m
Factor to strain at compressive strength n 2
Unloading factor λ 1
Shear failure parameters
Friction angle φ 0.642501 rad
Cohesion c 350000 N/m2
Fracture energy in shear Gsh 250 N/m

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The material properties for the interface materials are listed in the following tables. Different approaches are followed in order to describe the interface behaviour, including the use of a
linear-elastic model [Table 5], the combined cracking-shearing-crushing plastic material model [Table 6], the Coulomb friction model [Table 7] and the no-tension nonlinear elastic model
[Table 8].

Table 7: Material properties - Interface friction

Table 5: Material properties - Linear Interface

Normal stiffness kn 8.3E+10 N/m3

Normal stiffness kn 1.0E+12 N/m3
Shear stiffness ks 3.6E+10 N/m3
Shear stiffness ks 1.0E+12 N/m3
Friction behaviour
Cohesion c 350000 N/m2
Table 6: Material properties - Interface plastic model Friction angle φ 0.643501 rad
Dilatancy angle ψ 0.540404 rad
Tensile strength ft 250000 N/m2
Normal stiffness kn 8.3E+10 N/m3 Reduced shear stiffness ks,red 3.6E+6 N/m3
Shear stiffness ks 3.6E+10 N/m3
Cracking parameters
Tensile strength ft 250000 N/m2
Fracture energy GF 1 18 N/m Table 8: Material properties - Interface no tension

Shearing parameters
Normal stiffness kn 8.3E+10 N/m3
Cohesion c 350000 N/m 2 Shear stiffness ks 3.6E+10 N/m3
Friction angle φ 0.643501 rad
Dilatancy angle ψ 0.54042 rad Nonlinear elasticity
Residual friction angle φres 0.643501 rad Critical normal interface opening for reduction 3E-6 m
Confining normal stress σc -1.3E+6 N/m2 Normal stiffness reduction factor 1E-5
Exponential degradation coefficient 5 Critical shear interface opening for reduction 3E-6 m
Parameter a 0 m Shear stiffness reduction factor 1E-5
Parameter b 130 N/m
Crushing parameters
Compressive strength fc 8.5E+6 N/m2
Factor Cs 9
Fracture energy in compression Gc 15000 N/m
Equivalent plastic relative displacement 0.93 m

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2 Finite Element Model
We start a new project for two-dimensional structural analysis. We use linear mesh order [Fig. 3]. We choose meter for the unit length, kilogram for mass and newton for force [Fig. 5].
The units and the directions are displayed in the reference system section of the geometry browser [Fig. 4].
D IANA IE

Main menu File New [Fig. 3]

Geometry browser Reference system Units [Fig. 4]
Property Panel [Fig. 5]

Figure 4: Geometry browser - Reference

Figure 3: New project dialog system Figure 5: Units

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2.1 Geometry
We define a quadrilateral sheet with name Brick and size of 0.2 × 0.05 m with the lower left corner located at the coordinates [0, 0] m [Fig. 6]. Then we array copy the sheet Brick nine
times with an offset of X = 0.2 m [Fig. 7].
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Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 6] [Fig. 8]

Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 7] [Fig. 9]

Figure 8: Sheet Brick

Figure 6: Add polygon sheet Figure 7: Array copy sheet Figure 9: First layer of bricks

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Now we copy the sheet Brick one time with an offset X = -0.1 m and Y = 0.05 m, so we obtain the sheet Brick 10 [Fig. 10]. Then we array copy the sheet Brick 10 ten times with an offset
of X = 0.2 m [Fig. 11].
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Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 7] [Fig. 9]

Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 10] [Fig. 12]

Figure 12: Creation of sheet Brick 10

Figure 10: Array copy sheet Figure 11: Array copy sheet Figure 13: Creation of second layer of bricks

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Now we copy the 21 bricks 22 times with an offset Y = 0.1 m and we change their color [Fig. 14].

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Main menu Geometry Modify Array copy [Fig. 14] [Fig. 15]
Geometry browser < Select all shapes, click on the color icon and change into color #990000 >

Figure 14: Array copy sheet Figure 15: All brick layers

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We define Sheet 1 at position [0, 0] with size in X = 2 m and in Y = 2.3 m [Fig. 16]. We intersect all the bricks with Sheet 1 [Fig. 18].

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Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 16] [Fig. 17]
Main menu Geometry Modify Intersect [Fig. 18] [Fig. 19]

Figure 16: Add polygon sheet Figure 17: Creation of Sheet 1 Figure 18: Intersect shapes Figure 19: Result of intersect operation

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We define Sheet 2 at position [0.5, 0.8] m with size in X = -1 m and in Y = 1 m [Fig. 20]. We select all the bricks and subtract the Sheet 2 [Fig. 22].

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Main menu Geometry Create Polygon sheet [Fig. 20] [Fig. 21]
Main menu Geometry Modify Intersect [Fig. 22] [Fig. 23]

Figure 20: Add polygon sheet Figure 21: Creation of Sheet 1 Figure 22: Subtract shapes Figure 23: Result of subtract operation

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In order to create the top beam, we unite the 21 bricks in the two top layers into a single shape [Fig. 24]. We rename this shape as Top beam and we give gray color [Fig. 25].
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Main menu Geometry Modify Unite [Fig. 24]

Geometry browser Geometry Shapes Brick 462 Rename Top beam
Geometry browser < Select Top beam, click on the color icon and change into color #999999 >

Figure 24: Unite shapes Figure 25: Creation of Top beam

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Finally, we create the lintel by uniting the 6 bricks above the window [Fig. 26]. We rename this shape as Lintel and we give gray color [Fig. 27].
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Main menu Geometry Modify Unite [Fig. 26]

Geometry browser Geometry Shapes Brick 380 Rename Lintel
Geometry browser < Select Lintel, click on the color icon and change into color #999999 >

Figure 26: Unite shapes Figure 27: Creation of Lintel

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2.2 Connections
We create the connections representing the bed- and head-joint interfaces of the masonry wall. Firstly, we define a vertical transformation with method ’Explode’ and factor of X = 1,
Y = 2 [Fig. 28].
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Main menu Geometry Modify Virtual transformation [Fig. 28]

Figure 28: Virtual transformation Figure 29: Exploded view

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We define a connection with name Bed joints, where the top edges at each row of brick (including the lintel and excluding the top beam) are selected as source edges, and where all
the bottom edges at each row of bricks (including the lintel and top beam and excluding the lowest row of bricks) are selected as target edges. We select ’Interface’ connection type and
’Close’ mode, and we use a structural line interface element class [Fig. 30].
At this stage, we define a material for the interface with name Linear interface [Fig. 31] and linear interface stiffness [Fig. 32].
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Main menu Geometry Assign Connections [Fig. 30]

Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 31] Edit material [Fig. 32]

Figure 30: Connection property

assignments Figure 31: Add material Figure 32: Edit material - linear properties

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We define a model thickness of 0.1 m [Fig. 33 to 34].

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Shape properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 33] [Fig. 34]

Figure 33: Add geometry Figure 34: Edit geometry

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We check the bed-joint interface creation and switch off the virtual transformation [Fig. 36].

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Main menu Geometry Modify Virtual transformation [Fig. 36]

Figure 35: Creation of bed-joint interfaces Figure 36: Reset virtual transformation Figure 37: Masonry wall with bed-joint interfaces

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Now we define a vertical transformation with method ’Explode’ and factor X = 1.3 and Y = 1.
We define a connection with name Head joints, where the left edges of all bricks (including the lintel and excluding the top beam) are selected as source edges, and where the right edges
of all bricks (including the lintel and excluding the top beam) are selected as target edges. We select ’Interface’ connection type and ’Close’ mode, and we use a structural line interface
element class. The same material and element geometry as in Bed joints is assigned [Fig. 38].
Finally, we check the head-joint interface creation and switch off the virtual transformation [Fig. 40 to 41].

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Main menu Geometry Modify Virtual transformation [Fig. 39]

Main menu Geometry Assign Connections [Fig. 38]

Figure 38: Connection property

assignments Figure 39: Virtual transformation Figure 40: Creation of head-joint interfaces Figure 41: Reset virtual transformation

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2.3 Properties
We assign the material and geometry properties to the bricks [Fig. 42]. We define a new material named Brick linear [Fig. 43] with linear properties [Fig. 44].
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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 42]

Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 43] Edit material [Fig. 44]

Figure 42: Property assignments Figure 43: Add material Figure 44: Edit material - linear properties

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We create a new element geometry with thickness of 0.1 m [Fig. 45 to 46].

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Shape properties Geometry Add new geometry [Fig. 45] [Fig. 46]

Figure 45: Add geometry Figure 46: Edit geometry

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We assign material and geometry properties to the concrete lintel and top beam [Fig. 47]. We define a new material named Concrete [Fig. 48] with linear properties [Fig. 49].
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Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 47]

Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 43] Edit material [Fig. 44]

Figure 47: Property assignments Figure 48: Add material Figure 49: Edit material - linear properties

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2.4 Boundary Conditions

We define translational supports at the bottom edges of the bricks in X and Y directions [Fig. 50] and at the top edge in the Y direction [Fig. 51].
In addition, we define a translation support in X direction at the left top corner vertex for a prescribed deformation [Fig. 52].

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Main menu Geometry Assign Supports [Fig. 50] - [Fig. 52]

Figure 50: Bottom supports Figure 51: Top supports Figure 52: Top support in X direction Figure 53: Masonry wall with supports

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2.5 Loads
We define two load cases: i) Weight and ii) Deform. For the load case Weight we define the deadweight load [Fig. 54]. For the load case Deform we define a prescribed deformation of
0.001 m in the X direction at the left corner vertex [Fig. 55].

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Main menu Geometry Assign Global loads [Fig. 54]

Main menu Geometry Assign Loads [Fig. 55] [Fig. 56]

Figure 54: Define deadweight load Figure 55: Attach prescribed deformation load Figure 56: Load in masonry wall

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2.6 Mesh

We define for all the shapes a desired element size of 0.05 m and generate the mesh [Fig. 57].

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Main menu Geometry Mesh Mesh properties [Fig. 57]

Main menu Geometry Mesh Generate mesh [Fig. 58]

Figure 57: Set mesh properties Figure 58: Mesh Figure 59: Check connections

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3 Analysis 1: Linear Material Model
3.1 Commands
We perform a nonlinear static analysis. The analysis procedure is defined by selecting a structural nonlinear analysis type [Fig. 62].
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Main menu Analysis Add analysis

Analysis browser Analysis1 Rename Linear material behavior
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Add command Structural nonlinear [Fig. 60] [Fig. 61]

Figure 60: Analysis browser Figure 61: Command menu Figure 62: Analysis browser

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In the analysis type definition we activate both physically and geometrically nonlinear effects [Fig. 64].

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Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Nonlinear effects Edit properties [Fig. 63] [Fig. 64]

Figure 63: Analysis browser Figure 64: Nonlinear effects

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In the structural nonlinear analysis, we first remove the default execute block. Then we define an execute block of type start for the stress initialization with name Weight load [Fig. 65].
In this execute block, the weight load and initial stress corresponding to a linear analysis of the weight load are applied to the model [Fig. 66]. A maximum of 30 iterations per step and
secant iteration scheme with line search option are selected [Fig. 67].

D IANA IE

Analysis browser Nonlinear Structural nonlinear new execute block Remove

Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Start steps [Fig. 65]
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Weight load Start steps Edit properties [Fig. 66]
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Weight load Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 67]

Figure 65: Analysis browser Figure 66: Start steps Figure 67: Equilibrium iteration

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The displacements due to the application of this load are cleared [Fig. 69].

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Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Weight load Add... Physic nonlinear options [Fig. 68]
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Weight load Physic nonlinear options Edit properties [Fig. 69]

Figure 68: Analysis browser Figure 69: Physic nonlinear options

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We define a second execute block for load steps named Shear load [Fig. 70] where the deformation loading is applied in 250 steps with load factor of 1 and where the arc length control
is activated [Fig. 71].

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Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Add... Execute steps - Load steps [Fig. 70]
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Shear load Load steps Edit properties [Fig. 71]
Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Shear load Equilibrium iteration Edit properties [Fig. 72]

Figure 70: Analysis browser Figure 71: Load steps Figure 72: Equilibrium iteration

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We chose the user selection for the output items [Fig. 73 to 74]. Finally, we run the analysis.
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Analysis browser Linear material behavior Structural nonlinear Output Edit properties [Fig. 73]
Properties - Output Result User selection Modify [Fig. 74]
Main menu Analysis Run selected analysis

Figure 73: Edit output properties Figure 74: Selection of results

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3.2 Results
The first analysis is carried out with the linear elastic material model for the bricks and very high linear stiffness properties for the interfaces in the bed- and head-joints. In this analysis
the geometric nonlinear beahvior is considered.
The analysis stops at step 223 where the convergence criterium is not reached within the maximum number of iterations. The horizontal force as function of the top horizontal displacement
is displayed in Figure 75. The principal strains in the deformed model in the last step are displayed in Figure 76.
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Results browser Linear material analysis Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 75]
< Select the top left node of the wall >
Results browser Linear material analysis Output Element results Total Strains EXX Show in-plane principal components [Fig. 76]

Figure 75: Horizontal force vs. load factor graph Figure 76: In-plane strains

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4 Analysis 2: Engineering Masonry Model
4.1 Commands
For the second case we change the material model for the bricks to the engineering masonry model and keep the very high linear stiffness properties for the interfaces in the bed- and
head-joints. Also in this analysis the geometric nonlinear behavior is considered. We rename the analysis as Engineering masonry model [Fig. 77] and we assign a new material to the
bricks [Fig. 78] [Fig. 79].
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Analysis browser Linear material behavior Rename Engineering masonry model

Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 78]
Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 79] Edit material [Fig. 80]

Figure 77: Analysis browser Figure 78: Property assignment Figure 79: Add new material Figure 80: Edit material

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We input the nonlinear material properties [Fig. 81 to 83].

Figure 81: Edit material - Cracking Figure 82: Edit material - Crushing Figure 83: Edit material - Shear failure

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4.2 Results
This analysis finishes after the prescribed 250 load steps. The horizontal force as function of the top horizontal displacement is displayed in Figure 84. We display the crack strains and
principal stresses in the deformed model in the last step [Fig. 85 to 86].

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Results browser Engineering masonry model Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 84]
< Select the top left node of the wall >
Results browser Engineering masonry model Output Element results Crack Strains Eknn [Fig. 85]
Results browser Engineering masonry model Output Element results Cauchy Total Stress SXX Show in-plane principal components [Fig. 86]

Figure 84: Horizontal force vs. load factor graph Figure 85: Crack pattern Figure 86: In-plane stresses

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5 Analysis 3: Combined Cracking-Shearing-Crushing
5.1 Commands
For the third analysis we assign the material model for the bricks again. In this case, we create and assign to the interface elements a new combined cracking-shearing-crushing material
model that accounts for failure in both joints and bricks. We replace the linear interface material, as assigned in Figure 30 and Figure 38 to the bed and head joints respectively, by the
interface plastic model material. Also in this analysis the geometric nonlinear behavior is considered.
We rename the analysis as Combined cracking-shearing-crushing [Fig. 87] and we assign the new material [Fig. 88] to the bed- and head-joints.
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Analysis browser Engineering masonry model Rename Combined cracking-shearing-crushing

Main menu Geometry Assign Connections
Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 88] Edit material [Fig. 89]

Figure 87: Analysis browser Figure 88: Add material Figure 89: Edit material

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5.2 Results
This analysis finishes after the prescribed 250 load steps, but after a load-factor of about 120, even if the convergence criteria is reached within the maximum number of iterations, the
solution is presenting some oscillating values. Therefore, for comparison we show the horizontal force as function of the top horizontal displacement up to this load step [Fig. 90]. We
display the interface relative displacements and principal stresses in the deformed model in the last step [Fig. 91 to 92].

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Results browser Engineering masonry model Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 90]
< Select the top left node of the wall >
Results browser Combined cracking-shearing-crushing Output Element results Interface Relative Displacements DUNy [Fig. 91]
Results browser Combined cracking-shearing-crushing Output Element results Cauchy Total Stress SXX Show in-plane principal components [Fig. 92]

Figure 90: Horizontal force vs. load factor graph Figure 91: Relative interface displacements Figure 92: In-plane stresses

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6 Analysis 4: Total Strain Crack Model and Nonlinear Interface Models
6.1 Commands
For the fourth analysis we assign to the bricks a total strain crack model. Also in this analysis the geometric nonlinear behavior is considered.
We rename the analysis as TSC and nonlinear interface models [Fig. 93] and we assign the new material to the bricks [Fig. 94]

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Analysis browser Combined cracking-shearing-crushing Rename TSC and nonlinear interface models
Main menu Geometry Assign Shape properties [Fig. 94]
Shape properties Material Add material [Fig. 95] Edit material [Fig. 96] - [Fig. 97]

Figure 94: Bed-joints Figure 97: Edit material - Tensile and

Figure 93: Analysis browser assignment Figure 95: New material Figure 96: Edit material - Linear properties compressive behavior

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To the interface elements for the bed-joints we now assign a Coulomb friction model. We replace the combined plastic model as assigned in the Figure 88 by the interface friction material
[Fig. 98 to 100].

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Main menu Geometry Assign Connections

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 98] Edit material [Fig. 99] - [Fig. 100]

Figure 98: Add material Figure 99: Edit material - Linear properties Figure 100: Edit material - Friction properties

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To the head-joints we assign a no-tension nonlilnear elastic model. We replace the combined plastic model as defined in the Figure 88 by the interface no tension material [Fig. 101 to
103].

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Main menu Geometry Assign Connections

Edit connections Material Add material [Fig. 101] Edit material [Fig. 102] - [Fig. 103]

Figure 101: Add material Figure 102: Edit material - Linear properties Figure 103: Edit material - Nonlinear properties

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6.2 Results

This analysis finishes after the prescribed 250 load steps. The horizontal force as function of top horizontal displacement [Fig. 104]. We display the interface relative displacements and
principal stresses in the deformed model in the last step [Fig. 105 to 106].

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Results browser TSC and nonlinear interface models Output Nodal results Reaction Forces FBX Show table [Fig. 104]
< Select the top left node of the wall >
Results browser TSC and nonlinear interface models Output Element results Interface Relative Displacements DUNy [Fig. 105]
Results browser TSC and nonlinear interface models Output Element results Cauchy Total Stress SXX Show in-plane principal components [Fig. 106]

Figure 104: Horizontal force vs. load factor graph Figure 105: Relative interface displacements Figure 106: In-plane stresses

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Figure 107 presents the force versus displacement curves for the three nonlinear material models are in the same graph.

Figure 107: Horizontal force vs. load factor graph

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Appendix A Additional Information

Folder: Tutorials/MasonryWall

Number of elements ≈ 3100

Keywords:
ANALYS : geomet nonlin physic.
CLASS : large.
CONSTR : suppor.
ELEMEN : interf l8if pstres q8mem struct.
LOAD : deform weight.
MATERI : consta coulom crack elasti engmas fricti gap harden isotro linear orthot parabo rotati shear soften totstr.
OPTION : arclen bfgs direct lagran linese nonsym normal secant total update.
POST : binary ndiana.
PRE : dianai.
RESULT : cauchy crack crkwdt displa force green princi reacti strain stress total tracti.

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