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    US9160158B2

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    US009160158B2_ ay United States Patent (10) Patent No: US 9,160,158 B2 Schweitzer, III et al, (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 13, 2015 (54) COORDINATED HIGH-IMPEDANCE FAULT (56) References Cited DETECTION S' STEMS AND METHODS US, PATENT DOCUMENTS (71) Applicant: Schweltzer Engineering Laboratories, Ine, Palma, WA (US) 438664 821979 Confort 427738 A 101981 Loe (72) Inventors: Edmund O, Sehweltzer IH, Pullman, (Continued) WA (US): Mangapathirao Venkata > . Mynam, Pullman, WA (US); Daging POREIGN EATEN DCAD) Hou, Des Moines, WA (US) fm 0307806 Wo 122104 (73) Assignee: Schweltzer Engineering Laboratories, Wo. aonsossas4 42006, Tne, Pullman, WA (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (*) Notice: Subject any disclaimer, the term ofthis, patent is extended or adjusted under 35. TIS 1st by 47 days ‘Search Report ant Weiten Opinion of the Intratonal Searching Abort Fe 3.2014 (21) Appl. Nos 1452,449 (Continued) PCTIUS2013064695, Patemt Coopeation Trey, Intemational ce Eee ee 1 20 Primary Examiner — Seott Bauer (14) Atorney, Agen, oF Firm — John P. Davis; Richard M. Co) a Publication Data US 2014/0108738.AL Apr 17,2014 on ABSTRACT - ‘Systems and methods are presented for detecting high-im- (G) Provisional application No. 61/713,392, fled on Oct. pdance faults (HIFs) in an electic power delivery system Related U. plication Data 12,2012. Using a plurality of coordinated high-impedance fault detec- tion ystems. In certain embodiments, a method for HIFs may G1) Int Cl include receiving first and second current representations HO2Ht 38 (2006.01) associated with first and second locations of the electric HORI 382 (2006.01), power delivery system respectively. Based on at east one of Mo2Hl 726 (2006.01), the ist and second current representations, the oceurenceot (2) Us. ‘an HIF may be determined. A relative location ofthe HIF mey CPC. HO2H 108 (2013.01); HO2H ¥52 (2013.01); be determined based on a relative amount of inerharmonie ‘HO2HH 77261 (2013.01) content associated with an HIF include inthe fist and sc (58) Field of Clas Search ‘ond cuteat representations, aad a protective action may be cc HOQH 3408; HO2H 3/53; HOQH 7/261 taken based on the determined relative location, IsPC 361/82 application ile for complete seach history 20 Claims, 9 Drawing: US 9,160,158 B2 6a i cae 10 gy us pamirnocins tot non irae San Se ise eo Spee 62 Hos Kev 516 265 5452233 SATS'56 Sassi93 5506.789 S582 Ss219a6 5537327 55507 $561,608 SS78931 500,526 502.709 Sosoast Sra. S734575 Soar 26 5835321 S793 Sis80.3102 soovniana% AL 62004 Galt 200SULTIGET AL $2005 Kunsmn 20080212524 AL 92005 Eans so0smasi8e2 AL 102005 Pateon aone00ss14s AL 42006 Pater 20060215335 AI 92006 Deshpande aooroossss9 AL 32007 Hennsbery soosnonis20 AL 22008 How ro10.w0ITAI AL 22010 Booth 20120090396 AI* 42012 Zhowet a 7368 ‘OTHER PUBLICATIONS. PCTUS2007011603, Patt Cooperation Treas, Intemational ‘Seareh Report and Writen Opinion ofthe Iniratonal Searching Autor, Fb 4, 2008, [PCTUS2007011602, Patt Cooperation Treaty, Tntmatonl ‘Search Report and Weten Opinion of th Interatonal Searching ‘Autor Jl. 21, 2008 * cited by examiner US 9,160,158 B2 Sheet 1 of 9 Oct. 13, 2015 US. Patent } aunbi4 US 9,160,158 B2 Sheet 2 of 9 Oct. 13, 2015 US. Patent Z ainbi4 902 07 eouar9joy oz NR uoyetuoyuy Bununog Annoy 91607 voisag ‘qUOWWEWeIU quae somuoueysony reubig 2 a yoenxg ee ae oz ce US 9,160,158 B2 Sheet 3 of 9 Oct. 13, 2015 US. Patent ¢ anbiy spuosas, sonoduy US. Patent Oct. 13, 2015 Sheet 4 of 9 US 9,160,158 B2 40 a #0 ane 6 > nm Figure 4 0 wo 08 410 416 “ - # 6 ie eo 4n a Figure 5 US 9,160,158 B2 Sheet 5 of 9 Oct. 13, 2015 US. Patent spucsag g aunbiy ‘spuosag 7 \ a ow zor ptt cor US 9,160,158 B2 Sheet 6 of 9 Oct. 13, 2015 US. Patent Leaainbi4 spuosag : eee ‘spuoseg a US. Patent Oct. 13, 2015 Sheet 7 of 9 US 9,160,158 B2 Seconds Figure 8 220 Seconds US. Patent Oct. 13, 2015 Sheet 8 of 9 US 9,160,158 B2 900 \ START Receive First Current Information from First IED and Second Current Information from Second IED 2 elect High Impedance Faut Based on at Least One of First and Second Current Information 904 termine Relative Location of High Impedance Fault Based on First and Seoond Current Information 906 Implement First Protective Action Based On Determined Relative Location of High Impedance Fault 908 Fault Isolated? 910 No Implement Second Protective Action gta Figure 9 US. Patent 000 Oct. 13,2015 Sheet 9 of 9 US 9,160,158 B2 ‘Comput Readable Stage Medium m1 ‘System Nee Rare Node 1000 Detection Tuning Module 1092 Faut Detection Mode at PrtctveAcion| Imlemertton Module 108 Figure 10 US 9,160, 1 ‘COORDINATED HIGH-IMPEDANCE FAULT DETECTION SYSTEMS AND METHODS, RELATED APPLICATIONS ‘This application claims privity under35US.C. $119(@)t0 US. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/713,392, filed (Gxt. 12,201, tiled “Coordination of High-Impedance Fault Detection.” which is hereby iaoorporated by reference ia its cate w TECHNICAL FIELD ‘This disclosure eats to systems and methods for detect- ‘ng high-impedance faults in an electric power delivery sy tem and, more particularly, © systems and methods for detecting high-inpedance fal in an electri power delivery using a plurality of coordinated high-impedance fault detoc- ‘ion systems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS ‘Non liniting and non-exhaustive embodiments ofthe dis- closure are desribed, including various embodiments of the disclosure with reference to the figures, in which: 2 IG. Hllustatesa simplified diagram of one embodiment ofan electric power delivery system that includes intelligent clectronie devices consistent with embodiments disclosed here, FIG. 2illustrates functional block diggram ofasystem for Gotecting high-impedance faults consistent with embodi- ‘ments disclosed herein, IG, Bisa graph illustrating adaptive tuning that may be used in high-impedance fault detection consistent with ‘embodiments disclosed herein, . FIG, illustrates a simplified one-line diagram of an elec- ‘tic power dover systom consistent with embodiments di closed herein IG. illustrates simplified one-ine diagram ofan elec- {tie power delivery system experiencing a high-impedance fault consistent with embodiments disclosed herein, FIG. illustrates exemplary curentsignalsassociated with 4 high-impedance fault at two points in an electric power Gelivery system consistent with embodiments disclosed bere, “ FIG. Tillustrates exemplary interharmonie current signals associated with a high-impedance fault at two points in an cleetrc power delivery system consistent with embodiments disclosed herein FIG. 8 ilustates an exemplary imterharmonic ratio signal associated with a high-impedance fault at wo points in an electric power delivery system consistent with embodiments dislosed herein FIG. 9 illustrates a flow chart of @ method for monitoring and protecting an electric power dlivery system consistent ‘with embodiments disclosed hercia, FIG, 10 illustrates a fanetional block diagram of an iatel- Tigent electronic device consistent with embodiments di close herein x“ DETAILED DESCRIPTION ‘Theembodiments ofthe disclosure willbe best understood by reference tothe drawings twillbereadily uaderstoodthat the components ofthe disclosod embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, could be ‘arranged and designed in a wide variety of different config 158 B2 2 tions. Thus, the following detailed deseription of the cersbodiment ofthe systems and methods of the disclosure is ‘not intended to Fimitthe scope ofthe disclosure, as claimed, bat is merely representative of posible embodiments ofthe disclosure. In addition, the steps of a method do not neces- sarily need to be executed in any specie one, or even sequentially, nor do the steps need be executed only once, unless otherwise specified, In some cases, well-known features, sirutures, oF opera- tions are not shown or desribed in deal. Furthermore, the described features, structures, oF operations may be com= bined in any suitable manner in one or moe embodiments. 1. ‘ill also be readily understood thatthe components of the crsbodiments, as generally described and illustrated ia the Figures herein, could be aranged and designed in a wide variety of eifferentconfigaratons. For example, throwghout this specification, any reference to “one embodiment.” “an embodiment,” of “the embodiment” means that a particular feature, srcture, or characteristic deseribed in connection ‘with hat embodiment is included inat least one embodinent “Thus, the quoted phrases, or variations thereof, as recited ‘throughout this specification are not necessarily all refering to the same embodiment, Several aspects ofthe embodiments described are ilus- trated as software modules or components. As used herein, 3 software module or component may inlude any type ofcom- puter instruction or computer executable code located within, ‘a memory deviee that is operable in conjunction with appro- ‘rate hardware to implement the programmed instructions. ‘Asoftware module or component may, forinstance comprise ‘one or more physical or logical blocks of computer insiruc> tions, which may be organized as a routine, program, object, component, data sincture, et. that performs one de more tasks or implements particular abstract data types. In certain embodiments, a particular software module oF ‘component may comprise disparate instructions stored in diferent locations of memory deviee, which together ‘implement the described functionality ofthe module-Indeed, ‘module or component may comprise a single istrvtion or ‘many instructions and may be distributed over several dif ferent code segments, among different programs, andl across several memory devices. Some embodiments may he prac- ticed ina distributed computing environment where tasks are perfomned by a remote processing deviee linked though a ‘communications network. Ina distributed computing ensi- ‘ronment, sofware modules or omponents may be located in local aniorremote memory storage deviees. Inaddtion, data ‘being tied or rendered together in database record may be resident in the same memory device, or across several ‘memory devices, and may be linked together in fields of record ina database aeross a network, Embodiments may be provided as a computer program product including a nonetransitory machine-readable ‘medium having stored thereon instructions that may be used to programa computer or aber electtonic device to perform processes described herein. The non-tansitory machine readable medium may include, but is not Fimited to, hard tives, lappy sete, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD- ROMs, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMSs, magnetic or optical ards, solid-state memory deviees, or ater Iypes of ‘medialmachine readable medium suitable for string elec= tronic instructions. In some embodiments, the computer or other electronic device may inelude a processing device such as 2 microprocessor, micoconteller, logic cireity, or the like, The processing device may further include one or more special purpose processing devices such as an application US 9,160,158 B2 3 specific interface circuit (ASIC), PAL, PLA, PLD, field pro- rammable ate array (FPGA), or any other customizable or programmable device Floctical power generation and delivery systoms are esigned to generate, transmit, and distbute electrical ‘nergy to loads. Eletical power generation and delivery systems may include a variety of equipment, such a elect cal generators, electrical motors, pawer transformers, pawer ‘eansmission and distiutionlins, eruit breakers switches, buses, transmission andor feeder lines, voltage regulators, capacitor banks, ad the like. Such equipment may'be mo {ored, controled, automated, andor protected using inteli- gent electronic devices (IEDs) that receive electic power system information ftom the equipment, make decisions based on the information, and provide monitoring, conto), protection, andr automation outputs othe equipment, In some embodiments, an IED muy include, for example, remote terminal units, difleretil relays, distance relays, irectional relays, feeder relays, overcurrent elas, voltage regulator controls, voltage relays, breaker flare relays, en erator ays, motor relays, automation controle, bay con- trolers, meters, ecloser controls, communication proces- sors, computing platforms, programmable logic controllers (PLCS), programmable automation controllers, input and ‘output modules, governors, excites, statcom controllers, stati var compensitor (SVC), onload tp-changer (OLTC) controllers, and the like. Further, in some embodiments, IEDs ‘may be communicatively connected via a network that includes, for example, multiplexers, routers, hubs, gateways, firewalls, andor switches ofelitate communications oa the networks, each of which may also function as an TED. Net- ‘working and communication devices may also be integrated {ntoan IED andiorbeincommunication wth an IED. As used here, an IED may include a single discrete ED orasystem, ‘of multiple IEDs operating together. Eleczical power delivery system equipment may be moni- {ored and protected from various malfunctions andor condi- ‘ions using one or more IEDs. For example, an TED may be configured to detect and protect the electrical power system, equipment from abnormal conditions, suchas high-impe- ance fault (HIF) events. HIF events may occur, for example, ‘on a distibution feeder lie of an eletic power delivery system due toa varity of conditions. For example, downed feeder lines, intrsion onto a line (eg. as may occur when & ‘ree ar other objet contacts the line), andor the like may cause HIF events HIF events may pose a safety risk andlor damage an elec~ trical power delivery system andior is constituent eompo- ents. Accordingly, detecting HIF events and implementing ‘one or more suitable protective actions (ex, disconnecting portion of an eletical power delivery system experiencing ‘an HIF) may mitigate potential harm caused by damage an electrical power delivery system, HIF event detection may utilize a variety of techniques andor algorithms, including the techniques detuledin US. Pt. Nos. 7,720,619 and 7.948, 400, both assigned to Schweitver Engineering Laboratories, Inc. and incorporated herein by referencein ther entireties. In certain circumstances, HIF events may be difficult detet ‘because HIF events may nt introduce overcurtent conditions sufficient to teigger a detection element ofa protective IED. TEDs moaitring a portion of an electeical power delivery system located nearer to an HIF may be better able to detect the HIF event due to their proximity tothe faut. Forexample, ‘an IED monitoring a portion ofan electrical power delivery system located nearer oan HIF may observe relatively larger ‘overcurrent anor interhamonic anor othe signals asso- ciated with the fault condition than an TED monitoring & x“ 8 s 4 portion of the system located further rom the fault. In certain ‘embodiments, an interharmonie may comprise signals with frequencies that are no iteyer multiples of a fundamental frequency ofthe electric power deliver system. For example, in North America, the fundamental frequency of typical elec> tei power delivery systems is 60 Iz, Accordingly harmon frequencies in such systems include 120 Hz, 180 Hz, 240 H7, tc. Inerharmonic frequencies are those frequencies other ‘than harmonic frequencies and/or fundamental frequencies Consistent with embodiments dislosed herein, a plurality of IEDs may be utilized in connoction with HIF event dotoc- tion to more accurately detect FIIF events and implement stitable protective actions to mitigate potentially unsafe con- ditions and damage tothe electrical power delivery system. In certain embodiments, utilizing a plurality of IEDs to devet THIF events may allow for amore accurate determination of location ofthe BF even IG. illustrates simplified diagram of an clectic power ‘generation and delivery system 100 that ineludes TEDs 102- 108 consistent with embodiments disclosed herein Although illutated 2s a one-line diagram for purposes of simplicity, electrical power generation and delivery system 100 may also be configured as a thre phase power system. Moreover, ‘embodiments disclosed herein may be utilized by any eletric power generation and delivery system and is therefore not limited to the specific system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1 Accordingly, embodiments may be integrated, for example, in industrial plant power generation and delivery systems, deep-water vessel power generation and delivery systems, ship power generation and delivery systems, distributed gen- tention poster generation ad delivery systems, and uiity electric power generation and delivery systems. ‘The eletrc power generation and delivery system 100 ‘may include generation, transmission, distribution, and pvser consumption equipment. For example the system 100 ‘may include one oF more generators 110-116 tha, in some ‘embodiments, may be operated by auility provider for gen eration of elecrical power for thesystem 100. Generators 110, ‘and 112 may be coupled to frst transmission bus 118 via step up transformers 120 and 122, which are respectively ‘configured to step up the voltages provided to irs transmis sion bus 118, A tansmission line 124 may be coupled ‘between the fist transmission bus 118 anda second transis sion bus 126. Another generator 114 may be coupled tothe second tansmission bus 126 via step up transfomner 128 \hich is configured to step up the voltage provided to the second transmission bus 126 step down transformer 130 may be coupled between the second tansmission bus 126 anda distbution bus 132 con- figured to step down the voltage provided by the socond ‘wansmssion bus 126 a transmissoa levels to lower distribu tion levels atthe distribution bus 132. One or more feoders 134, 136 may dra power fom the distribution bus 132. The fooders 134, 136mnay dstibuteeletic power to oncor more loads 138, 140. In some embodiments, the electic power elivered tothe loads 138, 140 may be further stepped down, from distribution levels to load levels via step down trans- Formers 142 and 144, respectively: Feeder 134 may feed electric power from the distribution bus 132 ta distribution site 146 (eg, a refinery, smelter, paper production mill, or the ike). Feeder 134 may be coupledto a distribution sitebus 148. The distribution site 146 ‘may also inelude a distributed generator 116 configured to provide power to the distbutioa site hus 148 a an appeope- aie level via transformer 150, The distribution site 146 may furter include on ormore loads 138. In some embodiments, the power provided othe loads 138 fom the distribution site US 9,160,158 B2 5 bus 148 may be stepped up or stepped down to an appropriate level via transformer 142. In erain embodiments, the dsti> ‘bution site 146 may be capable of providing sulicient power to loads 138 independently bythe distributed generator 16, ‘may utilize power ftom generators 110-114, of my utilize both the distributed generator 116 and one or more of gen cerators 110-114 to provide electric power tothe las. IEDs 102-108 may be configured to control, monitor, pr tect, andor automate the electric power system 100, As used Jnrei, an TED may refer to any microprocessor-based device ‘that monitor, contol, automates, andlor protects monitored ‘equipment within an eletic power system, lnsome embodi- ‘ments, IEDs 102-108 may gather stat information fromone ‘or more pieces of monitored equipment. Further, IEDs 102= 108 may receive information conceening monitored equi ‘ment using sensors, transducers, actuators, and the like, Although FIG. illustrates separate IEDs monitoring signal (eg, IED 104) and controlling a breaker (eg, IED 108), these capabilities may be combine int a single TED. FIG. Lillstates various IEDs 102-108 performing v ‘us fianetions forillstative purposes and does aot imply any specific arrangements or funtions required of any particular TED. In some embodiments, IEDs 102-108 may be config- ‘ured to monitor and communicate information, such 2s val ‘ages, currents, equipment status, temperature, frequency pressure, density, infared absorption, radio-frequency infor- ‘mation partial pressures, viscosity speed, rotational velocity, ‘mass, Switch stitus, valve stats, circuit breaker status, tap status, meter readings and te like. For example, IEDs 102+ 108 may be configured to monitor and communicate infor ‘mation relating to overcurrent andlor interhamnonie andlor other signal conditions of @ monitored lie (e., @ feeder andior transmission line). Further, IEDs 102-108 may be configured to communicate calculations, such as phasors (hich may ormay not be synchronized as synchrophasors), events fault distances, differentials, impedances, reactance, frequency, and thelike. IEDs 102-108 may also communicate sottings information, IED identification information, com- ‘munications information, status information, alam informa tion, aad the like, Information ofthe types listed above, or ‘more generally, information about the status of monitored ‘equipment, may be generally refered to herein as monitored system data In certain embovtiments, IEDs 102-108 may issue contol ‘structions to the monitored equipment in order o contol various aspects relating to the monitored equipment. For ‘example, an TED (eg, IED 106) may be in communication with circuit breaker (eg, breaker 182), and may be capable of sending an instruction to open andlor close the cicuit breaker, thus connecting or disconnecting a portion of a power system. In another example, an IED may bein eom- ‘munication with arocloser and capable of controlling clos ‘ng operations In another example, an IED may be in come ‘munication with a voltage regulator and capable of ‘strtig the volage regulator tap up andor dawn. Infor: ‘mation of the types listed above, or more generally, informa ‘ion of instructions directing an IED or other device to per- Form a certain ation, may be generally refered to as control instructions. ‘Thedistributed ste 46 may include an ED 108 for moni- toring, controlling, aad protecting the equipment of the di tributed site 146 (eg, generator 116 transformer 142, ee) IED 108 may receive monitored system dat, including cut rt signals via current transformer (CT) 184 and voltage signals via potential transformer (PT 156) from one or more locations (eg, line 188) in the distribution site 146, The IED. 108 may further be in communication with a breaker 160 » s 6 coupled between the feeder 134 andthe distribution site bus 148, In certain embodiments, the TED 108 may be coafig- rable to cause te breaker 160 to disconnect the dstbution site bus 148 from the distribution bus 132, based on moni- tored system data received via CT 184 and PT 186, Feeder 136 may be communicatively coupled with an IED 106. The IED 106 may be configured. contol a breaker 182 ‘perwen te loads 140 andthe distribution bus 132 based on ‘monitored system data. In some embodiments, the power provided to the las 140 from the distribution bus 132 may ‘ye stepped up or stepped down to an appropriate level via ‘ransfomer 144, Likethe IED 108 ofthe distribution site 146, ‘monitored system data may be obtained by TED 106 using (CTs andlor PTs (aot shown. Other IEDs eg, IED 104) may be configured to monitor, control, andlor prowet the electie power generation and delivery system 100, For example IED 104 may provide trunsfomuer and generator protetion to the step-up trans former 120 and generator 110, In some embodiments, IEDs 104-108 may be in communication with another IED 102, ‘which may bea central controle, synehrophasor vector pro- cessor, automation controler, programmable lygic controller (PLO), realtime automation controller, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system, or the like. For ‘example, in some embodiments, IED 102 may be a synchro phasor vector processor, as described in US. Patent Applica tion Publication No, 200910088990, which is incorporated boerein by eferencein its entirety: Inother embodiments, IED 102 may be a realtime automation controller, such as is described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No, 2008/ ODS465S5, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. IED 102 may also be a PLC or any similar device capable of receiving communications from other IEDs and processing. the communications there fom. In. certain embodiments, IEDs 104-108 may communicate with IED 102 directly of via «communications network (eg. network 162) ‘The central IED 102 may communicate with other IEDs 104-108 to provide coatrol and monitoring of the other IEDs 104-108 and the power generation and delivery’ systers 100.8 whole, In some embodiments, 1FDs 104-108 may be con- figured to generate monitored system data in the form of time-synehronized phasors (synchrophasors) of monitored currents and/or voltages. In some embodiments, synetropha- sor measurements and communications may comply with the IEC C37.118 protocol. In certain embodiments, IEDs 102- 108 may receive common time signals for synchronizing collected data (e., by applying time stamps for the lke. ‘Accordingly, IEDs 102-108 may reeive commoa time nals from time references 164-170 respectively. In some ‘embodiments, the common time signals may be provided using a Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite (eg, IRIG), a common radio signal such as WWY or WWVB, 8 ‘network time signal such as IEEE 1588, othe like Consistent with embodiments disclosed herein, IEDs 102- 108 may be configured to detect andr identify one oF more [HIP events from monitored system data, For example, IEDs 102-108 may be configured to receive eutent information andlor measurements (eg. curent messurements of trans iissiow and/or a feeder lin) and, based on the eurentinfor- ‘mation andor measurements, detect andor idatify HIF fault. events. In cern embodiments, the HIF events may be detected andior identified when monitored current infonma- tion exhibits overcurrent conditions andlor associated iater- harmonic and/or harmonic signals. For example, in some ‘embodiments, IEDs 102-108 may be configured to determine ‘when monitored cumeat signals inlude interhamoaie sig- US 9,160,158 B2 1 nals associated with an HIF event that exceed one or more thresholds (eg. thresholds indicating an HIF event). Based ‘on. determination thatthe inerharmonic signals exceed the ‘one or mere threshold, IEDs 102-108 may detec the occur- rence of aa HIF eve Although embodiments of the disclosed systems and meth- ‘ods are described herein as utilizing interharmonie conten in measured current information to identify HIPS, i further embodiments, a variety of other suitable signals andor signal ‘content may altematvely andor additionally be wtilzed. For ‘example, in some embodiments, od harmonic conten asso ciated with HIP events may be used to identify HIFS. Simi- larly, embodiments may uilize incremental changes of root ‘ncan square (RMS) signal information to identify HIPS, In some embodiments, thresholds utilized to detect andlor identify HIF events may be adaptively tuned to account for ‘normal system noise levels, theeby increasing the accuracy Of HIF event detection andor identification, For example, a8 iscussed in more det below, in some embodiments IEDs 102-108 may maintain a dynamic reference over time of {terhamonic signals included in measured current signal ‘This long term reference may be vtlized asa threshold for ifereatiating interharmoaic signals atituted to normal system noise rom intesharmonic signals associated with HIF 2 evens Consistent with embodiments disclosed herein plrality of IEDs 102-108 may be utlized to detet HIF evens snd plement suitable protective actions o mitigate potentially ‘usaf conditions and damage othe electcal power delivery System 100. For example assessed above, an TED meni toring a portion of the eletcal power delivery system 100 Jocated enero a HIF may be beter able to detest the Salt «vent due is proximity tthe fl For example, IED 108 may be able to more accurately detect HIF events associated ‘ith line 188 andoe the distsbuton site 146 than another remotely located JED (ex. TED 104 andor the tke). In certain embodiments, IEDs located nearer to an HIF may be teter able to detect the fault event du to higher inerar- ‘monic signlo-noise rates associated with aa HIP event closer othe fait Detecting HIP events utilizing a plurality of IBDs may allow for determination of fait loalzation information ‘eating tothe HIF event. Basa on relative signal-to-noise ratios sociated with an HLF event, the loeatons of one ar ‘more IEDs 102-108 reativeto a faultmay be detemined For cxample, if interharmonie signal-to-noise ratios associated ‘with an HIP event measured by a fist IED are relatively higher than itehamonic signal-o-aoise ratios associated ‘with an HIF event measured by a second IED, it may be 2 tions issued via network interface 1002 may be transmitted, for example, 10 other distributed controllers, coordination controllers, IEDs, or the ike (aot shin, which in turn may issue the cont! instruction toa piece of monitored equip ‘ment. Altematively, the piove of monitored equipment may receive the conto iasinition direlly via is own network interoce Computeereadable storage medium 1010 may be the repository of one ot more modules andr executable nstrac~ ‘ions configured to implement certain funetions andor meth- ods described herein. For example, computer-readable stor- age medium 1010 may includea fault detetion module 1028, ‘which may be a repository of the modules andor executable ‘nstutioas configured to implement the HIF detection and protection functionalities dseribed herein. The distributed ‘controler module 1028 may include, among others, system. noise reference module 1030, a detection tuning module 1032, fault detection module 1034, and a protective action implementation module 1036, The computerreadable ‘medium 1010 may futher inl a communication module 1038 anda contol module 1040, Fault detection module 1034 may be configured to perform certain HIF detection functions described herein. In certain ‘embodiments, dhe fault detoction module 1034 may be eon- Figured to identity the occurence of an HIF based on instan- taneous interharmonic content included ia current signal ‘information, that may be povided, for example by thesensor ‘component 1016, incerain embodiment, the fault detection ‘module 1034 may interface with a system noise reference ‘module 1030, which may store averoge interharmonie con- tent ofa current signal overtime. Such information may be cused by the fault detection module 1034 in differentiating ‘nterhamonie content associated with an HIP from iterhar- ‘monic content associated wth normal system noise. In further embodiments, the fault detection modile 1084 ‘may interface with 2 detection tang module 1082 dat may provide information wilized in tning fst detetion thresh olds, In certain embodiments, such thresholds. may be

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