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CHAPTER –7

WORK:
When we apply force on a body and it covers some distance than we say that we have done
some sort of work. Or
The scalar (dot) product of force (F) and displacement (d) is known as work.
Mathematically: Work = W = F. d
W = F d cos θ
Where F represents the magnitude of the force.
d represents the magnitude of the displacement and
θ is the angle between the force (F) and displacement (d). So work done by a force F is equal to the
product of three quantities. i.e magnitude of the force , magnitude of the displacement and cosine of
the angle θ between the force and displacement.
When θ = 0o, then cos 0o = 1. Thus:
W=Fd
In this case maximum work is done.
Work is a Scalar quantity. The unit of work is Joule, which is also the unit of energy.
Work is an algebraic quantity and it can be positive or negative depending on the value of
angle between force F and displacement d.

A BODY IS DISPLACED SO SOME SORT OF WORK IS DONE

CASES FOR WORK:

(i) CASE – I:
When the angle between force and displacement is θ = 0 o means the component of the force
is in the same direction of the displacement then the work is positive. Its example is a body which is
lifted with a spring. The work done by the lifting force is positive.
(ii) CASE – II:
When the angle between force and displacement is θ = 180 o means the direction of force is
opposite to the direction of displacement then the work done is negative. Its example the work done
by the gravitational force on the body being lifted is negative.
(iii) CASE –III:
When the angle between force and displacement is θ = 90 o means the force acts at right
angles to the displacement then the work is zero. Its example if we hold a heavy stone stationary at
stretched hand, then it is considered a hard work for us but in technical sense no work has to be
done.
UNITS OF WORK:
The unit of work is joule. In S.I unit, the unit of work is Newton-metre (1N-m). Hence the
N-m is also termed as Joule. So work done is said to be 1 Joule if we apply 1Newton force on a
body and the body covers 1metre distance in the direction of our applied force.
1Joule = 1Newton-metre.

SZABIST INTERMEDIATE COLLEGE. TANDO M. KHAN

Made By: Sir Saqib Rahim Zain Ansari.
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1J = 1N-m
1055 Joule = 1B.T.U (British Thermal Unit).
These all are the larger units for the measurement of work done. But in Particle Physics,
Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, the small sub atomic particles, molecules, atoms and elementary
particles are determined by a much smaller unit which is electron volt. One electron volt is the
kinetic energy acquired by an electron in falling through a potential difference of one volt. Hence:
1eV = 1.6 x 10 -19 Joule.
POWER:
Work done per unit time is known as power. Or the rate of doing work or rate of transfer of
energy is known as power. Since power is the dot product of force and velocity. Hence power is a
scalar quantity. The force applied to the object has a component in the direction of the velocity.

Mathematically:
ΔW
P =
Δt
Where ΔW represents the magnitude of work done and Δt represents the time interval in
which that work is done.
ΔW F . ΔS
P = = (where ΔS is displacement)
Δt Δt

ΔS
P=F. (Since Velocity = V = ΔS / Δt)
Δt

P = F. V
If θ is the angle between F and V, then P = FV cos θ
The S.I unit of Power is Watt (W). Since 1Watt is equal to 1Joule / Second = J/Sec
Hence the power is said to be 1Watt if it does work of 1Joule in one second or if it does work at the
rate of one joule per second.
CGS unit of power is erg /sec.
British Engineering System unit of power is ft. Ib/sec.
Horse Power is also unit of Power. Thus:
746 Watt = 1Horse Power.
550 ft. Ib/sec = 1Horse Power.
Kilo Watt Hour is another term originated from the definition of work. One kilo watt hour is
defined as the work done in one hour by an agency working at the constant rate of 1KW
(1000Joules per second).
Since 1 Hour = 3600 seconds, so:
1Kilo watt hour (1KWh) = 1000 x 3600 Joules = 3.6 x 106 joules.

A PEN PLACED ON TABLE

SZABIST INTERMEDIATE COLLEGE. TANDO M. KHAN

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 Page No: 3

ENERGY:
Energy is the capacity/ ability of doing work. Hence we can say that energy is associated
with the performance of work because the more work that is done, the greater the quantity of energy
is needed. work always done by the application of force and only that body can exert / apply force
to perform work that possess energy. Energy is that quantity that can neither be created nor it can be
destroyed. Since we can change / convert it from one form to another form. There are various
sources / kinds of energy such as Kinetic energy, Potential energy, mechanical energy, electrical
energy, chemical energy, Nuclear energy, Fuel energy etc.
The unit of energy is Joule.

LIGHTENING ENERGY
KINETIC ENERGY:
Kinetic means motion so energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic
energy. For example a moving ball can break a glass window, a striking hammer can drive a nail or
a stone thrown upward can lift itself against the force of gravity.
Mathematically:
Kinetic Energy = K.E = ½ mv2

KINETIC ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY:
The energy stored in a body when it is being moved against a field of force is called
Potential energy.
For example when a body of mass m is lifted to a height h against the gravitational force
(weight of the body), work is done on it. This work is stored in it in the form of gravitational
potential energy.
Mathematically:
Potential Energy = P.E = mgh.

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POTENTIAL ENERGY
ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL ENERGY:
We know that the potential energy is associated with the gravitational force, so potential
energy has a relationship with gravity. But if a body is far away from the centre of the earth, where
the gravitational force (gravity) is zero or negligible then at that point the potential energy is also
zero and known as Absolute potential energy.

INTERCONVERSION OF P.E AND K.E (WORK ENERGY EQUATION)

We can determine the conversion of one form of energy into another form of energy during
the free falling of a body.
This conversion takes place in such a way that the potential energy stored in a body due to
its height / position at a certain height, is converted into kinetic energy when the body comes down
in free fall motion.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:

This law states that energy can neither be created nor can it be destroyed. It can only be
transformed from one form to another. A loss in one form of energy is accompanied by an equal
increase in the other forms of energy. The total energy remains constant. Means it is impossible to
create or destroy the energy.
The law of conservation of energy is universally accepted. During the Fission and fusion
process we simply get the energy on the cost of mass of sub atomic particles. If m is the mass
annihilated, then according to Einstein’s famous mass energy relation. The energy produced is:
E = mc2
Where c is the velocity of light I vacuum.
We can simply convert one form of energy into another form of energy such as mechanical
energy into electrical energy, fuel energy into electrical / mechanical energy, nuclear energy into
electrical energy, solar /wind energy into electrical energy etc.
In our normal routine life we can observe this conversion of energy from one form to
another in the following ways:
 To power up a bulb, we simply provides electrical energy and the filament of the bulb heats up
and converts the electrical energy into heat energy and light energy.
 Chemical energy is stored in Fossil fuels such as coal, petrol so when they burn, chemical
energy is converted into heat energy.
 Heat energy present in the steam of a boiler develops such a large pressure that it drives a steam
engine. So simply heat energy is converting into kinetic energy (Mechanical Energy) which is
further converted into Electrical energy.

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 Page No: 5

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

VARIOUS SOURCE OF ENERGY:
There are so many sources of energy are present in today’s world. From these sources of
energy we can extract huge amount of energy. These sources are discussed below:
1. WIND ENERGY (WIND POWER):
The source of this energy is wind. For this purpose large blades turbine are designed which
are driven by the power / pressure of fast running wind, this cause an engine to be start running and
thus in this way electrical energy is gained. In Karachi, near Sohrab Goth, a wind mill is established
which is used for drawing underground water.

WIND ENERGY

2. HYDRO ELECTRICITY (WATER POWER):

The source of this energy is water. For this purpose large dams are constructed and make
such a system in which the fast flowing water falls on a turbine from a large height, this falling
water when falls on the blades of turbine, causes it to run, a big generator is attached with the
turbine, hence due to the motion of blades of turbine the generates the electricity. In Pakistan
Mangla dam, Tarbela dam and some other dams are used to produce electrical energy.

HYDRO ENERGY
3. FOSSIL FUEL:

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The source of this energy is Fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the ancient remnants (remains) of
plants and animals which died million of years ago. Fossil fuels can be crude oil, natural gas, coal
peat, lignite. Fossil fuels contains chemical energy which can be converted into other form of
energy by using engine, generator etc.
In Pakistan at Sui (Balochistan) huge amount of Natural gas is present. In Sindh specially in
Sanghar district, vast deposits of Oil and gas has been discovered recently while in other district
such as Badin, Thatta, Mirpurkhas are under process, and the oil & gas companies searching the
deposits of such Fossil fuels there.

COAL, NATURAL GAS AND PETROL AS FOSSIL FUEL ENERGY

4. NUCLEAR ENERGY:
The source of this energy is Nucleus of a radioactive element. The nuclear energy is
produced due to the fission of a heavy nucleus. If fission reaction occurs in a controlled manner (in
a Nuclear Reactor). The nuclear energy is used to produce electrical energy. The energy produced in
this way is more economical and pollution free. Controlled fission reaction can produce enormous
amount of energy which can be used for the production of electrical energy. But from fusion
reaction we can get extra enormous amount of energy for this scientists are working on this project.
In Karachi, Karachi Nuclear Power Plant is generating electricity from the Nuclear Fission
Reaction.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
The source of this energy is the earth’s natural heat. Heat is conducted out from the interior
of the surface of earth at a rate of approximately 1.5μ cal /cm 2-s and over a time interval of a year.
This flux to the entire surface 1020 cal.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
6. SOLAR ENERGY:

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The source of this energy is sunlight. This is the most widely available energy source in
Pakistan. Hence sunlight plays a vital role in our daily routine life and without we can not imagine
to live in the planet earth. Solar energy could make a major impact on our energy economy
providing space heating, space cooling, boiling water, providing clean fuels, generating electricity
by solar cells panels.
In Sindh, a NGO distributes some solar panels to the villagers to lighten up their homes.

SOLAR ENERGY

7. TIDAL ENERGY:
The tides have their origin in the gravitational force exerted on the earth by the moon and
the sun. water powered mills operating from tidal motion were used in New England in the 18 th
Century. Sewage pumps functioned in Germany and London by using Tidal Power.

TIDAL ENERGY

SZABIST INTERMEDIATE COLLEGE. TANDO M. KHAN

Made By: Sir Saqib Rahim Zain Ansari.