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No.39Volume7Expect New technology of electrician and electric energy Vol.39 No.7

2020Year7moon Advanced Technology of Electrical Engineering ng and Energy Jul. 2020

A review of research on high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology

Zhang Dong1 2 3 Xiao Liye1 2 3 Lin Liangzhen1 3

(1.Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 2.Chinese Academy of Sciences University Beijing100049

3.Key Laboratory of Applied Superconductivity, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190)

Summary:Compared with conventional AC induction heating technology, high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology Can significantly improve the heating efficiency of heat treatment

of non-ferrous metal materials It also has fast workpiece heating speed,The workpiece is heated evenly,Advantages such as good repeatability of the workpiece heating process It has broad application

prospects in the metal smelting and rolling forming processing industries. This article discusses in detail the current research status at home and abroad on the principle of high-temperature superconducting

DC induction heating and the exploration of new structures of main magnets. An overview of the development of high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating demonstration prototypes

Comparative analysis of two induction heating technologies Summarize the advantages and formation mechanism of high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating The development trend of high-

temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology is discussed,Key technical and scientific issues The relevant analysis results of this article will provide a reference for the research on high-

temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology.

Key words:high temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology New structure of main magnet Energy saving principle

ＤＯＩ:10. 12067 / ATEEE2004023 Article ID:1003￣3076(2020)07￣0045￣09 CLC classification number:TM37

1
The effective electrothermal conversion efficiency of non-ferromagnetic materials such as３５%~４５%[4] The development

introduction
of the industry has put forward demands for efficiency improvement in induction heating technology and its equipment. In

my country is a major producer of non-ferrous metals, copper, aluminum and related products. recent years, with the advancement of high-temperature superconducting material preparation technology and low-

country According to the plan issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology The average temperature refrigeration technology, High-temperature superconducting application technology has made a lot of

annual growth rate of apparent consumption of refined copper during the 13th Five-Year Plan period is3.3% progress in the field of power electrical equipment[５ 1̄５] High-temperature superconducting DC induction heating

expected2020annual apparent consumption13 500 ktDuring the 13th Five-Year Plan period, the average technology is a high-temperature superconducting application technology and induction heating technology.

annual growth rate of apparent consumption of primary aluminum was5.2%expected2020annual apparent The combination of heating technology should be[16] New high-temperature superconducting DC induction

consumption40 000 kt expected2020my country's industrial aluminum extrusion material consumption will heating technology can improve the efficiency of existing AC induction heating technology Development of

reach 9 461 kt The total amount will far exceed the total amount outside our country.50% above high-power high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating systems and further acceleration

Used in induction heating fields It has practical significance for my country’s energy conservation and emission reduction

Induction heating technology for penetrating heating of forgings Quenching and heating At the same time, it is necessary to promote the practical application of high-temperature superconducting technology in

It is widely used in industrial production such as welding and smelting Applications in diathermic power and electrical equipment. of great scientific significance

treatment include steel pipe diameter expansion Billet hot forging Hot rolling processing of non-
2High-temperature superconducting DC induction heating and traditional AC induction
ferrous metals such as copper and aluminum Applications of induction heating in metal smelting
Heating technology comparison
include ferrous metals Nonferrous metal smelting Casting, etc.[1] Induction heating technology

application related fields ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry The non-ferrous The principle of traditional induction heating technology is Faraday’s electromagnetic induction

metal smelting and rolling processing industry is listed as a high energy-consuming industry law and joule-Lenz's law Alternating current produces an alternating magnetic field

2019Year Growth of my country's ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing Alternating magnetic fields induce eddy currents in conductors Using Joule heat from

industry 9.9%Non-ferrous metal growth2.2%[2] eddy currents to heat conductors Traditional induction heating systems mainly include

Currently, AC induction heating technology is widely used in large and medium-sized heated steel AC power AC induction copper coil and its water cooling system, etc.

The effective electrothermal conversion efficiency of iron is50% ~ 60%between[3] copper aluminum The factors that affect the effective electrothermal conversion efficiency of induction heating equipment are

Received date:2020￣04＿20

Fund projects:National Natural Science Foundation project (51721005 51977203 51477168) About the Author:Zhang Dong(1977￣) male

Heilongjiang nationality Associate Researcher master Research direction: Superconducting power technology

Xiao Liye(1966￣) male Hunanese researcher PhD supervisor PhD Research direction: electrical theory and new technologies
 46 New technology of electrician and electric energy No.39Volume7Expect

Joule heat losses in the coil and material properties of the heated workpiece and coil

sex In terms of Joule heat loss of the coil Induction coils are generally wound with conventional metal

conductors such as copper wire or copper tube. high frequency,Large currents cause the conductor's own

Joule heat to be very large For example, the Joule heat of the induction coil of an induction melting furnace

accounts for 10% of the rated power of the induction furnace.20%above Induction heating equipment with a

small number of induction coil turns, such as welded pipes, The Joule heat of the conductor itself accounts for

a larger proportion For example, in hot forging,Induction heating equipment on metal processing and deep

processing production lines The Joule heat of the coil must be taken away by forced cooling water in the

copper tube or coil cooling box.[17] Heating efficiency versus resistivity of work piece and coil,The relationship

between material properties such as magnetic permeability is:

pw 1 picture1 Comparison of energy consumption between superconducting induction heating and conventional technology

n= = (1) Fig.1
pw +pc ρc
Energy consumption comparison of IH technology ogy

1+
ρwμw
in the formula ηis the electrothermal conversion efficiency pw pcrespectively workpiece and induction 3 Current status of exploration and research on new superconducting induction heating principle

Electrical energy consumption in the coil ρcis the resistivity of the induction coil ρw μware the workpiece
2002Year NorwaySINTEFResearchers from the Institute of Energy Research and the
resistivity and relative magnetic permeability respectively. For non-ferromagnetic metals, the relative
University of TechnologyM.RundeandN. MagnussonTry using superconducting coils to replace
magnetic permeability is1 Its electrothermal conversion efficiency is lower than
copper coils in traditional induction heating Can significantly improve the efficiency of the heating
50%[18]
process pointed out in the study The efficiency of superconducting induction heaters depends
The principle of new superconducting induction heating technology is DC excitation super
largely on the properties of high-temperature superconducting tapes.
The conductor magnet generates a strong DC magnetic field The workpiece made of aluminum or copper is
able In particular, the amplitude of the AC loss of superconducting strips will have a great impact

rotated in the DC background magnetic field to cut the magnetic field lines. This in turn forms eddy currents
on efficiency.[19] by usingBiA series of tests were carried out with wound superconducting coils and

in the workpiece and generates Joule heat to heat the workpiece to the process temperature. New
AC current flowing through them. As shown in the picture2shown The design value of the coil is

superconducting induction heating equipment mainly includes DC excitation power supply Superconducting
190 A / 10 kWDuring the test, the coil only reached108 A / 2 kWThe efficiency at this time is only

main magnet system and mechanical rotation system, etc.

35%Not achieving its design efficiency59%And in the conclusion, it is mentioned again that the AC

picture1Combining superconducting induction heating with conventional induction heating technology

loss generated by the alternating current in the superconducting coil becomes

Row energy consumption analysis Comprehensive comparison between superconducting

Important factors affecting efficiency Coils wound with lower AC losses superconducting tape will

induction heating technology and conventional induction heating technology In conventional

increase efficiency[20 21] The research work explored for the first time the use of superconducting

induction heating technology The heating efficiency is35% ~ 40%The heating frequency is50 ~ 60
coils to pass alternating current to improve the heating of aluminum rods.

HzThe penetration depth of workpiece heating is15 mmThe heating efficiency of superconducting
feasibility of efficiency Conducted10kWPreliminary design of superconducting induction heating system And

DC induction heating technology can reach80% ~ 85%The heating frequency is4 ~ 12 HzThe
failed to achieve full power operation and design efficiency in the experiment The inspiration for scientific

penetration depth of workpiece heating is５0ｍｍ New superconducting induction heating

research work is The AC loss of high-temperature superconducting strips has become the bottleneck of

equipment during operation Induced current in the workpiece creates a braking reverse torque
superconducting induction heating with AC background magnetic field. Superconducting magnets used for

that impedes rotation. Mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy through
high-temperature superconducting induction heating still need to be scientifically and rationally

electromagnetic induction There is almost no loss in the DC current-carrying superconducting coil

designed and constructed to achieve expected current and power design values
in the superconducting main magnet system Its main losses are low-temperature cooling system
2004Year The research team of Tampere University of Technology in Finland conducted theoretical

losses and rotating electrical machine losses. For high-power superconducting induction heating
analysis and optimized design on theBi2223Feasibility analysis and conceptual design of induction heating of

equipment Motor losses dominate in rotating workpieces The motor is very efficient Therefore,
high-temperature superconducting strips[22] As shown in the picture 3shown Superconducting solenoid

the efficiency of new superconducting induction heating equipment can be improved a lot In
magnets are used to carry DC current to generate DC background magnetic fields. Rotating two workpieces

addition, because the main magnet has good magnetic field gradient change uniformity and
in a parallel magnetic field cuts magnetic lines of force to generate eddy current heating structures It is

stability The new superconducting induction heating technology also features uniform heating
designed with the optimization goal of maximizing the output power by maximizing the gradient change of

Good heating repeatability Advantages of no need for high-power reactive power compensation
the parallel magnetic field along the radial direction of the coil.

superconducting magnet Finite element electromagnetic field algorithm coupled with quadratic programming is used
 Zhang Dong Xiao Liye Lin Liangzhen. Review of research on high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology[J].New technology of electrician and electric energy 2020 39(7):45￣53. 47

Optimized design of superconducting magnets Based on conduction coolingBi2223Stability Angular velocity is irrelevant There are obvious changes in the temperature gradient at both axial end

analysis of superconducting magnets to determine the magnet’s quench current The article points surfaces of the workpiece and at the radial penetration depth. The temperature gradient changes very little

out Bi2223High-temperature superconducting coils could be used in new induction heating And in the middle of the workpiece[23 2̄5] Then through the simulation platform Rotation speed of aluminum ingot,

can increase the total electrothermal conversion efficiency of induction heating to 90%above The The relationship between parameters such as external magnetic field intensity and heating duration was

research work is the first to explore the use of a rotating workpiece in the parallel magnetic field of compared.,analyze and study its effect on heating power,Effect of temperature uniformity An experimental

a solenoid magnet to produce a radially gradient magnetic field. platform for equivalent background magnetic field was constructed using permanent magnets. Tested the

The changing magnetic flux produces eddy current heating. The inspiration gained from scientific speed,Data between magnetic field and temperature Saddle magnets were proposed (see figure4)

research work is Bi2223Can be used in high temperature superconducting induction heating main Superconducting magnet structure improves the problem of uneven axial temperature distribution of

magnets At the same time, this article mainly aims to analyze the optimal design of the magnet aluminum workpieces caused by end effects[26 27]

and analyze the feasibility of the parallel magnetic field rotating workpiece induction heating

structure. System power analysis and workpiece efficiency calculations are estimates only. Needs

further refinement

picture4 Superconducting induction heating structure of saddle coil

Fig.4 Saddle coil for superconducting IH

2008Year Scholars from St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University in Russia and the University of

Hannover in Germany collaborated to develop two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical simulations.

The real program performs a model of magnetic field induction heating at the end of a solenoid magnet.

Simulation solutions for electromagnetic and thermal processes[28 29] Analyzed the influence of the structure of the magnet

on the temperature distribution in the workpiece Overheating of the workpiece end can be reduced by using a reasonable

picture2 10kWSuperconducting induction heating principle prototype

magnet configuration The significance of the research is that the numerical model established provides the parameters for

Fig.2 10 kW superconducting IH prototype

the subsequent study of the heating process. Optimizing the aluminum rolling process Preliminary work has been done on

optimizing the internal temperature distribution of the workpiece. Also in the 3D solver model Consideration was given to

adjusting the magnetic field through magnetic ring technology to improve the uniformity of the workpiece temperature

distribution. The numerical calculation model established in the study is only applicable to models without

ferromagnetism.

2011Year Algerian researchers have proposed a coil junction in a combined

structure coil that inductively heats aluminum workpieces through linear motion.

structure (see picture5) The optimal design of the combined structure was obtained through

simulation calculations.[30] The significance of the research is that it is the first time to propose an
picture3 Superconducting induction heating structure based on parallel magnetic field principle

induction heating main magnet structure through linear motion of the workpiece in a DC
Fig.3 Parallel magnetic superconducting IH
background magnetic field. Calculated as 2D field analysis Failed to analyze heating at workpiece

2005In 2001, an Italian research group carried out a study for non-ferromagnetic end Moreover, the linear motion structure requires the main magnet to be very long. greatly

Feasibility study on superconducting DC induction heating technology for heating metal materials reduces the practicality of this structure

study The overall idea of their research is to drive the workpiece to rotate in the static magnetic field generated by the DC 2018The research group of the Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed

superconducting magnet. The superconducting magnet generates a static magnetic field due to direct current flow. The structure of the new multi-magnetic circuit high-temperature superconducting induction main magnet is shown in the

Therefore there are no magnet AC losses The efficiency of the system is mainly the efficiency of the drive motor A figure.6shown By connecting multiple magnetic circuits in parallel Can more fully and effectively utilize the strong

mathematical model of the equivalent thermal network method was established and the temperature distribution of the magnetic field generated by high-temperature superconducting magnets At the same time, the applicable scope and

workpiece under the background magnetic field was calculated. Research found: Temperature distribution and magnetic criteria of the new structure are given The research work also included the design of diagrams7 picture8 and diagram9

field inhomogeneity in the workpiece,rotate Megawatt scale induction heating magnet system shown
48 New technology of electrician and electric energy No.39Volume7Expect

picture9 MWHigh-temperature superconducting induction heating system power and heating cycle

Fig.9 Output power and heat cycle of the MW HTS IH

picture5 Linear motion superconducting induction heating structure

The main magnet consists of an iron core andYBCOComposed of high-temperature

Fig.5 Linear motion superconducting IH structure
superconducting coils wound with high-temperature superconducting materials The magnet system consists

of twoAL325General Refrigerator Cooling The working temperature is20~30KThe rotation speed of the

heated workpiece is 240~ 720r/minFor Φ４４６ １．５ｍHeating the workpiece7 minutes can be reached

within500℃Heating temperature System efficiency can be achieved

80%[31]
picture6New multi-magnetic circuit induction heating structure
4Development status of high-temperature superconducting induction heating demonstration projects
Fig.6 IH structure with multiple magnetic circuit
2005Year Europe launches superconducting induction heating projectＡＬ̄ ＨＥＡ

ＴＥＲResearch[32 33] The goal is to design and develop a200kWofMgB2Superconducting

induction heating principle prototype (see picture10) plan2007Prototype manufacturing

in year 2008Carry out systematic experimental testing work every year Its research team

is from NorwaySINTEFgraduate School GermanyFraunhofer Gesellschaft FinlandTampere

Polytechnic University Polish Institute of Nonferrous Metals Italy Columbus

Superconducting Corporation PolandGK Kety GermanySMS Elo｣ therm Hannover

University and czech republicSkoda Vyz̄ kum Tampere University of Technology, Finland,

NorwaySINTEFEnergy Research Institute,German Fraunhofer Society Conducted research

on cryogenic system design project The low-temperature system is positioned as a low-

temperature system for conduction cooling of the refrigerator. Research work includes

calculations of heat losses involved in cryogenic systems Mechanical performance

picture7 MWHigh-temperature superconducting induction heating main magnet system

evaluation Key technologies such as current lead optimization[34] The Norwegian

Fig.7 Main magnet system for MW class HTS IH
University of Science and Technology studiedMgB2Superconducting material joints and

magnet design work[35] Tampere University of Technology in FinlandMgB2Study on the

Stability of Superconducting Magnets[36 4̄2] ＡＬＨＥＴＥＲThe significance of the project

research work is that for the first time, the hollow solenoid-basedDCNew

superconducting induction heating technology for rotating aluminum rod workpieces

under magnetic field Its main magnet has an outer diameter of1.16mof large diameter

MgB2magnet The joints and stability of the magnets were systematically studied

picture8 MWElectromagnetic distribution of high-temperature superconducting induction heating main magnet However, the research work that can be retrieved is only the integration of components

Fig.8 Electromagnetic field distribution of main magnet system and low-temperature testing. Later system-level testing has not been reported.

used for MW class HTS IH

 Zhang Dong Xiao Liye Lin Liangzhen. Review of research on high-temperature superconducting DC induction heating technology[J].New technology of electrician and electric energy 2020 39(7):45￣53. 49

copper,Efficiency analysis was conducted under heating conditions of iron and other metals. at the same time

The finite element method was applied to simulate and analyze the heating characteristics of various

materials. Research results demonstrate the application of superconducting DC induction heating systems in

ferrous metals Feasibility and advantages of application in non-ferrous metals Technology suitable for large-

scale industrial applications[45] 2018Two cryostat designs were proposed for conduction cooling of high-

temperature superconducting magnets. Investigated losses in high-temperature superconducting magnets,

Superconducting magnet stability during temperature rise and quench process The cooling characteristics of

picture10 ALHEATERSuperconducting induction heating project single-stage and two-stage refrigerators were analyzed and compared using the finite element method. The

Fig.10 ALHEATER superconducting IH prototype research results will be applied to 300kWManufacturing of superconducting induction heaters[46] 300 kW

Superconducting induction heating magnets and cryogenic systems have been developed As shown in the

2007Year5moon GermanyBültmannCompany andZenergy PowerCompanies cooperate

picture12shown The team's research work also includes track coil magnet structures and induction heating

to carry out research on superconducting induction heating technology At 2008Successfully

methods for linear motion.[47]

developed a product that can be used to heat aluminum ingots,New induction heating equipment

for copper ingots (see picture11) Its electrothermal conversion efficiency has been greatly

improved And can obtain a more uniform temperature distribution by improving the thermal

penetration depth of the metal ingot,Shorter heating times and higher production efficiency The

system includes two sets of motor driving systems Power per unit 360 kWThe total efficiency

reaches85%[43] The significance of research work is to develop for the first time750kWA large-scale

superconducting induction heating device with an iron core was successfully put into

demonstration operation on the company's production line.

picture12 300 kWSuperconducting induction heating project magnet

system Fig.12 Magnet system for 300 kW superconducting IH

Domestic Jiangxi Lianchuang Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. cooperates with Beijing

Jiaotong University,Shanghai Superconducting Technology Co., Ltd.,A team from Shanghai Jiao Tong

University jointly conducted research on high-temperature superconducting induction heating technology

as well asMWDevelopment of Class Demonstration Prototype Research work will be conducted on

non-insulating magnet technology,Variable iron core air gap structure is used in superconducting

induction heating system This variable air gap structure can achieve adjustable heating gradient[48

5̄0] 2018year completedMWDevelopment of high-temperature superconducting DC induction

heating prototype The air gap magnetic field of the main magnet is0 ５Ｔ to overcome

Low torque characteristics at start-up came up withFESThe starting method copes with

the low torque characteristics of the motor drive system The system uses adjustable air
picture11 750kWDemonstration operation of high-temperature superconducting induction heating project

Fig.11 750 kW HTS IH demonstration gap technology to obtain axial100℃Adjustable temperature gradient within the range[51]

As shown in the picture13shown 2019Year1 MWHigh-temperature superconducting

KoreanJ. ChoiTeam conducts research on high-temperature superconducting induction induction heating passes full load test

heating 2014Developed in10kWHigh temperature superconducting DC induction heating system

5Development Trend of New Superconducting Induction Heating Technology,scientific questions
Insulation-free technology used in high-temperature superconducting magnets The operating
issues and key technologies
temperature range of the magnet is４５ ９Ｋ The operating current is100 AThe central magnetic

field between the two cores is0 2 T The system is rotating1 760 r/minlower pair 4.1 kgAluminum It can be seen from the literature mentioned above New induction heating technology

workpieces underwent rotational heating testing Artifact in480 s The post heating temperature is The technology will play an important role in the field of thermal treatment of metal materials in the future.

500℃[44] The next research is10kW Performance evaluation of high-temperature superconducting use High-temperature superconducting induction heating technology develops in the direction of high power and high

DC induction heating systems And to aluminum, efficiency Principle exploration of high-temperature superconducting induction heating technology Show
 50 New technology of electrician and electric energy No.39Volume7Expect

Eddy current heating is a new principle of high-efficiency DC induction heating. Combining low-loss high-

temperature superconducting magnet technology that generates background magnetic fields and

High-efficiency motor rotation and drag technology for rotating workpieces It has realized the replacement of electric

energy-based heating methods and the new high-power and high-efficiency electric heating methods.

thermal technological innovation New superconducting induction heating equipment expected to be as

efficient as80% ~ 85% compared to the present40%s efficiency Improving the efficiency of induction heating

is of great significance to my country's economic development Metal heat treatment field in high energy-

consuming industries such as metal smelting and rolling processing The energy transition proposes to focus

on electric energy,The need for electric heating to replace gas heating and the adoption of more efficient

induction heating technology The new high-temperature superconducting induction heating technology is
picture13 1 MWSuperconducting induction heating device

expected to be used in the field of diathermy treatment of metal materials in the future.
Fig.13 1 MW superconducting IH device
domain plays an important role

Some research work has been carried out on the operation of the prototype But in the new structure of high-
references (References):
temperature superconducting induction heating,High temperature superconducting main magnet system,

There are still many basic issues in the design of high-power superconducting induction heating.
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Review of HTS ＤＣ induction heating technology ies

ZHANG DONG1 2 3 ＸＩＡＯ Ｌｉ￣ｙｅ1 2 3 LIN1 3

(1. Institute of Electrical Engineering See Academy of Sciences ｎｅｅｒｅｔｙｅｅｅｅｅｅｅＡｃａｅｅｍｙｏｅｅ

ｅｅｅｽｅｅｅｅｅｅｅｅｃａｅｅｍｙof Ｓｅｅｅｅｓ Ｂｅｅｅ jing 100049 China 3. Key Laboratory of

Application Superconductivity Chinese Academy of Science

Abstract:Compared with the consideration of AC inspection heating technology nducting (HTS) DC inducting heat
(IH) technique ｏｇｃｃｃｒｅａｔｙｅｐｒｏｅ y of metal materials through thick heat treatment. I t also has the
advantages of fast heating speed uniform heating and good preparation of h eating process. metal smelting and
calendaring procedures in dustry. In this paper the research status of h ｉｉｔｅｅｒａａｅｅｅｅｅｃｏｅｅｅｅ
ｎｇｅｅｅｅｐｒａｅｅ n heating principle and new structure of main m ａ｣ ｎｔｔｒｅｅｅｔｏｅｅｄｄｅｄｅｔ
ａｌｌｅｅ ent of demonstration prototype of high temperature nature Superconducting DC induction heating is
int routed. The advantages and format mechanism sm of high temperament superconducting DC ind uction
heating are summarized. The developing t trend lems of high temper̄ ateure superconducting DC Induction
heating technology are discussed. his results of this paper will provide reffer̄ ince for the research of HTS DC
industry ting technique.
Key words:HTS DC instruction heater technology Structure of main magnet ple