Bivariate

Correlational
Analysis
Mr. Jeremiah A. Atenta
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session, you are expected to:

1. describe how correlation is used to identify relationships

between two variables;
2. interpret the correlation coefficient; and
3. use JAMOVI in testing the significance of the relationship
between two variables.
What is Bivariate Correlational Analysis?

A bivariate correlation analyzes whether and how two variables

covary linearly, that is, whether the variance of one changes in a
linear fashion as the variance of the other changes.

Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to

which two variables are linearly related (that is, they change
together at a constant rate). It is a common tool for describing
simple relationships without making a statement about cause and
effect.
PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION

The Pearson product-moment

correlation coefficient (or Pearson
correlation coefficient, for short) is a
measure of the strength of a linear
association between two variables
and is denoted by 𝒓. STRENGTH

DIRECTION
 How to interpret 𝒓 ?

STRONG MODERATE FAIR WEAK NONE WEAK FAIR MODERATE STRONG

-1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00

Negative (Indirect) Positive (Direct)
ASSUMPTIONS

1. Both variables are on an interval or ratio level of measurement.

That is, they are continuous.
2. For each subject in the study, there must be related pairs of
scores, that is, if a subject has a score on variable X, then the
same subject must also have a score on variable Y.
3. The relationship between the two variables must be linear.
4. Data from both variables are approximately normally-distributed.
5. There are no significant outliers.
SCATTER PLOT

The scatter diagram graphs pairs of numerical data, with one

variable on each axis, to look for a relationship between them. If the
variables are correlated, the points will fall along a line or curve. The
better the correlation, the tighter the points will hug the line.
SPEARMAN RANK ORDER CORRELATION

The Spearman's rank-order correlation is the nonparametric

version of the Pearson product-moment correlation. Spearman's
correlation coefficient, ( 𝜌 , also signified by 𝑟𝑠 ) measures the
strength and direction of association between two ranked
variables.
KENDALL RANK CORRELATION

Kendall's tau-b (𝝉𝒃 ) correlation coefficient (Kendall's tau-b, for

short) is a nonparametric measure of the strength and direction of
association that exists between two variables measured on at
least an ordinal scale. It is considered a nonparametric alternative
to the Pearson’s product-moment correlation when your data has
failed one or more of the assumptions of this test. It is also
considered an alternative to the nonparametric Spearman rank-
order correlation coefficient (especially when you have a small
sample size with many tied ranks).
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Assume that a researcher wishes to determine whether there is a
relationship between academic performance in Statistics and the scores
on a reading comprehension test of 15 BS Statistics students. The
researcher recorded the pair of scores given in the link below.

Link for the data: https://bit.ly/3Xt3qfU

Null Hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the academic performance in
Statistics and the reading scores of BS Statistics students.
RESULT AND INTERPRETATION

Interpretation:
The correlation between the academic
performance and the reading score of
BS Statistics students is strongly
positive and is highly statistically
significant (𝑟 = 0.867, 𝑝 < 0.001). This
suggests that as the students’ reading
scores increase, so do their academic
performance in Statistics.