WILSON RAMIREZ TOLIO, Ph. D.

SCOPE
• Evolution
• Organization
• Police Administration
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Organizational Structure
• Roles & Leadership
• Rank Classification
• Appointment
• Attrition System
• Performance Evaluation Rating
• Police Appraisal
• Police Assignment

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Police Salary, Benefits and Privileges
• Police Inspections
EVOLUTION OF POLICE SYSTEM
• How did the term POLICE evolve?
• Greek word POLITEIA (government of a city)
• This was used to describe the group of civil officers
governing the city
• Romans changed it slightly to POLITIA
• French changed the word to POLICE
• Applied it to that person who actually enforce the law.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Thereafter, the English and Americans borrowed the
word intact from the French and used it to describe a law
enforcer.

The Ancient Police

• Praetorian Guard
• Created by ancient Rome as a protective
and law enforcement organization
• In Egypt, their police were called Medjay,
the first to use police dogs on patrol.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• In Rome, Augustus formed a group of men
called Vigiles.
•Policing System during the
Middle Ages

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 Anglo-Saxon Period (Ancient
England) - 600- 1066 AD
a. FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM-also known as
Mutual pledge. Male over 12 years old join
nine(9) of his neighbours to form a
TYTHINGMEN- a group of men whose duty
was to apprehend any person who offends
another and deliver that offender for trial.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
b. TUN POLICING- Tun was the forerunner
of the word “town”. Under this system, all
male residents were required to guard the
town to preserve peace and order, protect
life and properties of the people and other
factors that develop disturbances the peace
and order.
c. HUE AND CRY- the complainant or victim
goes to the middle of the community and
shout to call all male residents to assemble.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
The victim reports the complaint to the
assembly. Subsequently, all male residents
will go after the criminal and apprehend
them.
d. TRIAL BY ORDEAL- a suspect was
required to place his hands over boiling
water or oil. If he would not get hurt, he will
be acquitted but when hurt, he would be
considered guilty. Double jeopardy was
prevalent during this time.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
Trial by ordeal involves the practice of
settling a dispute using divine intervention or
Judicium Dei (God’s Judgment).
e. ROYAL JUDGE SYSTEM- the royal
judge conducted criminal investigation and
give punishment fitted to the crime
committed. This practice started the
identification of criminal

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 Norman Period (1066-1285)
a. SHIRE-REEVE SYSTEM- KING
WILLIAM NORMAN- he divided his
kingdom into 55 military districts known as
the SHIRE REEVES. SHIRE means district
while REEVE means ruler who made laws,
pass judgment and impose punishment he
was assisted by the group of constables, the
forerunner of the constabulary.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• The term shire reeve eventually becomes
sheriff, the title of the chief of constables
or police officers in a certain town.
TRAVELLING JUDGE was held
responsible in deciding cases that were
taken from SHIRE REEVES because of
some abuses.
b. LEGIS HENRIE- this law was enhanced
during the time of King Henrie 1 which
imposed the following features;
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 Law violations were classified as offenses
against the king
Policemen became Public officials
The police and the citizens have the broad
power to arrest
Grand jury was created to inquire the facts
of the law
c. KEEPERS OF THE PEACE- 1195- KING
RICHARD of England- requiring the
appointment of knights to keep the king’s
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
peace by standing as guards on bridges and
gates while checking the people entering
and leaving the cities in towns.
d. on June 15, 1215, MAGNA CARTA (GREAT
CHARTER) was sealed by King John of
England; this became a law upon the demand of
the Knights of the Round Table. The knights forced
john to sign the document which declared the ff:

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 No Freemen shall be taken or imprisoned,
disposed outlawed, or bowed except but legal
judgment of his peers.
No one should be tried for murder except there is
proof of the body of the victim.
There should be national and local government as
well as the national and local registration

Westminster Period (1285-1500)

a. STATUTE OF WINCHESTER (1285) was
enacted for law and order. This introduced
the system of WATCH AND WARD.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
b. STATUTE OF 1295 was enacted, which
began the closing of the gates of London
during sunset. This started the observation
of curfew hours.
c. JUSTICE OF PEACE was a position
given to a respected citizen, who has the
power to arrest, pursue, and imprison the
offenders.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
d. STAR CHAMBER COURT was
established asspecial courtthat tried
offenders against the state.
Developments in Policing System
during the Modern Period
(17th19th Century) in England

1. NIGHTWATCHMEN OR BELLMEN

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
(referred also as Charlies)- 1663- this law
was passed by King CHARLES II of England
to be on duty from sunrise to sunset. Also,
his men are called Shiver and Shake
because many were old
2. BOWSTREET RUNNERS (THIEF
CATHERS)-1784- A Chief Magistrate in
London named HENRY FIELDING as the
organizer. Later, Formed BOW STREET
HORSE PATROL whose duty was to patrol
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
the main roads thus secure the travellers
from highwaymen of highway bandits
3. The statesman SIR ROBERT PEEL (Father
of Modern Policing System) in 1829
established the LONDON METROPOLITAN
POLICE, which became the first modern
organized police force. It was later called
SCOTLAND YARD. The development of the
BRITISH POLICE SYSTEM is especially
significant because the pattern that emerged
not only became a model for the American
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
police system but also had great influence on
the style of policing in almost all industrial
societies.
• Peel’s police were called “Peel’s Bloody
Gang, Blue Devils, Dirty Papists, Bobbies
and Peelers.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 Developments in French Police
System during the modern Period
in France
1. During the 17th century in France, King
Louis XIV maintained a small central police
organization consisting of some 40
inspectors who, with the numerous paid
informants, supplied the government with

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
details about the conductor of private
individuals.
2. In Paris, the position OFFICERS DE PAIX
was formed in 1791. This was the origin of
the term Peace Officer. The French were the
first to establish uniformed police officers –
they were called SEARGENT DE VILLE
(servant of the city).
Other contributions of the French in the
development of policing system were:
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 Conceiving street signs.
Assigning house numbers.
Installing street lighting.
Creating emergency and rescue services.
Use of police ambulances.
Use of ‘warrant card”, and ID signifying
authority to arrest

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
Developments in American Police
System during the modern period
and thereafter
1. Policing system in America followed the
model developed in England, New York,
Boston and Philadelphia organized their
night watchmen, which was similar to the
Bellmen created in London during the reign
of King Charles II.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
These watchmen were also known as
RATTLEWATCH because they carried a
rattle while on duty to inform the public in
their watchful presence.
2. Development of American municipal
(rural and city) police force

– in 1638, night-watch was initiated in Boston,

Massachusetts.
– in 1658, rattle-watch was organized in New York.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 – night watch started (known as Leatherheads) in
Philadelphia in 1700.
– in 1722, new heaven has a police regulation that “no
watch man will have the liberty to sleep.”
– 1833 was the advent of daytime police with pay
– New York City police began to adopt a full police
uniform in 1856.

EVOLUTION OF POLICE SERVICE

IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING
1. Policing System – Spanish Regime
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
a. CARABINEROS de SEGURIDAD
PUBLICO (Mounted Police)
–was organized in 1712 for the purpose of
carrying out the policies of the Spanish
government.
–The members were armed and
considered as the mounted police.
b. GUARDRILLEROS

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 –was a body of rural police organized in
each town that was created by the
Royal Decree of January 8, 1836.
–This police force was composed of 5%
of the able-bodied male inhabitants of
town of province, and each member
should serve for at least 3 years.
c. GUARDIA CIVIL

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 –was the police organization created by
the Royal Decree issued by the Spanish
Crown government on February on
February 12, 1852.
–It relieved the Spanish Peninsular
Troops of their works in policing towns.
–Consisted of a bodyof Filipino
policemen

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
 2. Police Force during the
Japanese Occupation.
KEMPETAI
• the Japanese Military Police, held
responsible in maintaining peace and
order in Manila and adjacent urban areas.
• Kempetai ruled the urban area until Gen
Douglas Mc Arthur returned in 1945.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
3. American occupation
until WW2 broke out
a. INSULAR POLICE FORCE was established on
November 30 1900 during the Filipino-American
war (1890- 1901) upon the recommendation of the
Philippines Commission to the Secretary of War.

b. INSULAR CONSTABULARY was created on

July 18, 1901 by virtue of Act # 175 titled as “An
Act Providing for the Organization and
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
Government of an Insular Constabulary”.
c. MANILA POLICE DEPARTMENT (MPD)
was organized on July 31 1901, by virtue of
Act # 183 of the Philippine Commission.
The first chief of police was Capt. George
Curry, a Us Army officer appointed by Taft
Commission on August 7, 1901.
Capt. Columbus Piatt was the last
American cop of MPD before the WW2
broke out.
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
d. On Oct 3 1901, the Insular Constabulary was
changed to PHILIPPINES CONSTABULARTY
(PC) by virtue of Act no. 255. BRIG. GEN HENRY
T. ALLEN was the First chief of the Philippine
Constabulary. He was the PC Chief From 1901 to
1907 such that he was the called the Father of
Constabulary in the Philippines. The PC was
manned by mostly Filipinos but officers was mostly
Americans.
e. REVISED ADMINISTRATIVE CODE OF
1917 this law stated that the Philippines
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
Constabulary is a NATIONAL POLICE
INSTITUTION for preserving the peace
keeping order and enforcing the law. BRIG.
GEN RAFAEL CRAME became the first
Filipino Chief of Police. He served as the PC
chief from 1917-1927.
f. In Nov. 1932, ACT no. 181 required the
creation of a Bureau of Investigation. This
agency should be the modification of the
Division of Investigation from the
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
Department of Justice. Finally, on June 19,
1947, R.A 157 was enacted the
NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION.
SIGNIFICANT VIPs
• Ø COL. Antonio C. Torres- the 1st Filipino COP when
MPD became an all Filipino police organization: declared
manila as open city when WW2 broke out in 1941;
during ww2 Manila Police was under the American
Control.

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Ø COL. Marcus Ellis Jones- A US provost Marshall
who was named as MPD COP just after the liberation.
•
• Ø Col. Lamberto Javalera- the 1st Filipino COP of MPD
appointed by Pres. Roxas under the Republican
Government.

4. After the World War II

a. In 1960, R.A no. 2678 was enacted and
this law provided the expansion and
reorganization of the NBI. This law
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
established that the NBI is both an
investigative and research service agency.
Police Commission (POLCOM)
• September 18, 1966
• Republic Act 4864
• Police Act of 1966
• Supervisory agency to the PC

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Oversee the training and
professionalization of local police forces
• August 8, 1975
• Presidential Decree # 765
• Defined the relationship between the
Integrated National Police and the
Philippine Constabulary (PC/INP)
• December 13, 1990
• Republic Act 6975
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• DILG Act of 1990
• PNP Law of 1991
• PNP to be the only police force with
national scope and civilian in character
RA 8551
• The PNP Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998
• Passed on February 25, 1998
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
• Reorganized and professionalized the
PNP
RA 9708
• The law extending for five years the
reglementary period for compliance with
the minimum educational qualification for
appointment
• Passed on August 21, 2009

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
RA 11200
• Passed on February 8, 2019
• The law providing for the rank
classification in the PNP

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
RA 11279
• Passed on April 12, 2019
• An act transferring the PNPA and NPTI
from PPSC to PNP

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
•POLICE IN THE MODERN
WORLD

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
In the United States
• a. City Police – mainly responsible for
enforcing the law in their own city. NY has
the largest city police department
• b. County Police – its powers extend
throughout the county. Sheriff is the chief
law enforcement officer
• c. State Police – they enforce state laws.
They are called Troopers
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
FEDERAL BUREAU OF
INVESTIGATION
• It is the chief investigating branch of the
US DOJ
• Investigates federal crimes and cases
involving stolen money or property

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
In Canada
• The Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP) enforces federal laws throughout
the country.
• They are traditionally called Mounties
In Australia
• Its national police force is called
Commonwealth Police Force
“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
In France
• The national law enforcement agency in
this country is the Surete Nationale.
• Police officers are called Gendarmes

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier
The INTERPOL
• Its official name is International Criminal
Police Organization
• Organization of police forces from about
179 countries
• Its HQ is found in Lyon, France

“Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.” ~ Robert
Collier