Vidya Pratishthan’s

Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute of Engineering and Technology, Baramati

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Unit-6:- Engineering Mechanism & their

application in Domestic Appliances

Prepared by
Dr. Vipin B. Gawande
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Mo-9890659696
Introduction to Basic mechanisms and equipment: Pumps, blowers, compressors, springs, gears,
Belt-Pulley, Chain-Sprocket, valves, levers, etc. Introduction to terms: Specifications, Input, output,
efficiency, etc.
Applications of: Compressors - Refrigerator, Water cooler, Split AC unit; Pumps - Water pump for
overhead tanks, Water filter/Purifier units; Blower - Vacuum cleaner, Kitchen Chimney; Motor -
Fans, Exhaust fans, Washing machines; Springs - Door closure, door locks, etc.; Gears - Wall clocks,
watches, Printers, etc.; Belt-Pulley/Chain-Sprocket - Photocopier, bicycle, etc.; Valves - Water tap,
etc.; Levers - Door latch, Brake pedals, etc.; Electric/Solar energy - Geyser, Water heater, Electric
iron, etc. (simple numerical on efficiency calculation)

1. What do you understand by technical specifications of equipment?

Ans: The technical specifications of an equipment or product are the set of performance and
- physical characteristics that equipment or product meets or exceeds.

Need of technical specification:-

The technical specifications are the complete quantitative description of product and its
performance. The technical specifications are needed because of the following-

1) Technical specifications describe the product completely.

2) Technical specifications indicate the quality and performance of product.

3) Buyer can compare similar products available in the market using technical
specifications.

4) Technical specifications help/user to find out whether the product meets their
requirements or not.

5) It defines the requirements for installation of product so that the buyer can make
provisions.

6) Technical specifications give indication of running cost and power consumption of the
product.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 2
 1. Explain with neat sketch working and applications of Pump. [6]
Ans- Pump is defined as a device which converts the input mechanical energy of a motor or
engine into hydraulic energy of a fluid.
Types:-
1) Positive Displacement Pump- Example- Reciprocating Pump.
2) Rotodynamics pumps- Example- Centrifugal pump

(1) Explain construction and working of reciprocating pump.

Ans- Reciprocating compressor is shown below-
The main components of the reciprocating pump are-
1) Crank and connecting rod 2) Piston and cylinder 3) Suction pipe
4) Delivery pipe and 5) Sump

1) Suction Stroke-

 Initially the crank is at inner dead center (I.D.C) and starts rotating in clockwise
direction. As the crank rotates, the piston moves from left towards right and vacuum is
created on the left side of the piston.
 This vacuum causes the opening of the suction valve and the liquid is sucked from sump
through suction pipe to the left side of the piston.
 Suction stroke is completed when the piston reaches outer dead center (O.D.C).
 The cylinder is full of liquid and during suction stroke delivery valve is closed.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 3
2) Delivery stroke:-

 When the crank again rotates from O.D.C to I.D.C in clockwise direction, the liquid is
compressed and high pressure is built in the cylinder.
 Due to increased pressure, delivery valve opens and liquid is forced into delivery pipe.
 The liquid is carried to discharge tank through the delivery pipe.
 At the end of the delivery stroke, the crank comes at I.D.C and piston is at the extreme
left position.
 During delivery stroke, suction valve is closed.
Applications:-

 Feed water pump in boiler

 Hydraulic jacks
 Hand operated pumps
 Pressurized washing pumps used in service stations.

2. Explain construction and working of centrifugal pump.

Ans: Centrifugal pump works on the principle that when a liquid is made to rotate along
- with the impeller about the axis of rotation, a centrifugal head is imparted to the
liquid, it causes the liquid to move radially outwards at higher velocity. This velocity
head is converted into pressure head in casing.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 4
A centrifugal pump has the following main components-
1) Suction Pipe with strainer and foot valve:- The pipe which connects the sump to the eye of
impeller is called as suction pipe. The sump is a reservoir which contains liquid to be lifted. The
suction pipe at its inlet is provided with strainer and a foot valve. The function of strainer is to
prevent the entry of any debris into the pump. The foot valve is a non return valve which allows the
flow of water only in forward direction.
2) Impeller:- An impeller is a rotor having a series of backward curved vanes or blades. The
impeller is mounted on a shaft which is driven by an electric motor.
3) Casing:- The impeller is enclosed in a watertight casing with suction pipe at eye of impeller and
delivery pipe in the tangential direction.
Function of casing-
 It guides the water from entry to exit of impeller
 It helps in partly converting the kinetic energy of liquid into pressure energy.
4) Delivery pipe:-The pipe which converts outlet of the pump to the overhead tank is called
delivery pipe. A valve is provided in the delivery pipe near the outlet of the pump called delivery
valve. Its function is to regulate the supply of liquid from pump to delivery pipe.

Working:-
 The delivery valve is closed
 The priming of pump is carried out. Priming involves the filling the liquid in suction pipe
and casing up to level of the delivery valve so that no air pockets are left in system.
 The impeller is rotated with the help of prime mover, like electric motor. The rotation of
impeller inside the casing full of liquid imparts the centrifugal head to the liquid. It creates a
vacuum at the eye of the impeller and causes liquid to rise into suction pipe from the sump.
 Now the delivery valve is opened and liquid is lifted and discharged through the delivery
pipe due to its high pressure.
 Thus the liquid is continuously sucked from the sump to impeller eye and it is discharged
from the casing of the pump through the delivery pipe.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 5
 Application of centrifugal pump:-
A Centrifugal pump is suitable for high discharge rate and low head applications.
Some of the important applications of centrifugal pump are
(i) Water pump for overhead tank in building
(ii) Water pumps for irrigation purpose
(iii) Water pumps in power plants.

Application of Pump:-
(a) Water pump-set for overhead tank
1. Explain with block diagram water pump set for overhead tanks.
Ans- The block diagram of the water pump set for overhead tank is shown below-

Working:-
 The water pump-set consists of centrifugal pump coupled to an electric motor.
 The suction pipe is connected to an eye of impeller and the delivery pipe is connected to the
output of the pump.
 The water is lifted from supply tank to the overhead tank. The height through which the
water is lifted is called as the head of the pump.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 6
 2. Explain with block diagram water filter/purifier.
Ans- Water purifier with block diagram is shown below-
 Water from the overhead tank is firstly passed through the sediment filter using a pump,
which removes the slits or dirt particles and large particulate matter.
 Then the water is passed through the carbon filter block which helps to remove chlorine,
organics and chloramines.

 After carbon filter water is passed through RO (reverse osmosis) membrane. RO removes
majority of the impurities like bacteria, heavy salts, organics etc from the supplied water.
 Last filter, Iron filter contains negatively and positively charged resins which removes any
leftover contaminates including silica and phosphate.
 After this water is ready for drinking.

(B) Compressor:- Compressor is a device which compresses the atmospheric air to a higher
pressure at the expense of external work supplied either by electric motor or I.C engine .

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 7
 Pressure ratio:- is defined as the ratio of outlet (discharge) pressure to inlet (suction)
pressure.
Applications:-
 To operate pneumatic tool like drill, hammers, riveting machine etc.
 In refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
 For spray painting.
 To operate air motor in mines.
 For sand blasting.

1. Explain reciprocating compressor with neat block diagram.

Ans: Figure shows a single stage single acting air
- compressor. It consist of following parts-
 Piston and Cylinder
 Connecting rod and crank
 Inlet (suction) and outlet (discharge) valve
 Receiver

Working:-
1) Suction stoke:- When the piston moves downward, pressure inside the cylinder falls below the
atmospheric pressure. Inlet valve opens and atmospheric air is sucked inside the cylinder upto the
end of the suction stroke. Discharge valve remain closed during suction stoke.
2) Compression /delivery stroke:- When the piston moves upward, air inside the cylinder get
compressed and as a result the pressure of air increased. The pressurised air is passed to receiver
through discharge valve.

2. Explain centrifugal compressor with neat block diagram.

Ans-

Diffuser

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 8
Centrifugal pump consists of following parts-
 Casing- is made up of cast iron or steel material.
 Impellers- is a rotor assembly mounted on the main shaft. The rotor or impeller provides
the centrifugal force to the air with the help of blades provided on the impellers.
 Diffuser- is used for decreasing the velocity and increasing the pressure of the air entering
from impeller into diffuser.
 Collector- The part which collects and discharges the air from diffuser is called collector.
Working-
 Centrifugal compressor uses the centrifugal force to increase the pressure of the air. When
the air is passed through the eye of impeller, it experiences the centrifugal force.
 Because of this centrifugal force the pressure and velocity of the air flow increases while
passing through the impeller.
 Velocity of air decreases and its pressure increases when it passes through the diffuser.
Diffuser is a section which guides the air flow once it leaves the impeller.
 The pressurised air then is stored in a ‘collector’ and used for various purposes.

Application of Compressor:-
1. Explain refrigerator with neat sketch.
Ans- Refrigerator is a mechanical device used for keeping temperature lower than the
surrounding. It is used for preserving the vegetables, food products, milk products
etc.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 9
1) Compressor:- (Stage-1)
 The low pressure and low temperature refrigerant in the vapour state enters the compressor.
 In compressor, low pressure and low temperature refrigerant is compressed to high pressure
and high temperature vapour.
 Most commonly hermetically sealed compressor is used.
 In refrigerator compressor is mounted on the back bottom side of the refrigerator.
2) Condenser:- (Stage-2)

 The high pressure and temperature refrigerant in vapour state enters the condenser from
compressor where it rejects the heat to the surrounding atmosphere.
 After rejection of the heat, the phase of the refrigerant gets changed from vapour to liquid
state.
 Condenser coils are placed at the back side of the refrigerant.
3) Expansion Valve:- (Stage-3)

 Now high pressure and temperature liquid refrigerant is supplied to expansion valve.
 The expansion valve reduces the pressure and temperature of the liquid refrigerant and
convert it into low pressure and temperature..
4) Evaporator – (Stage-4)

 At stage 4, low pressure and low temperature refrigerant is passed through the evaporator
coil.
 In evaporator, liquid refrigerant absorbs heat from the evaporator chamber and converted
into vapour. The heat absorbed by the refrigerant in the evaporator is called refrigerant
effect.
 This vapour refrigerant is given to the compressor and cycle continues.
Technical specifications:-
Freezer capacity- 60 liters
No. of doors- 02
Refrigerant type- R134a
Defrost system- Auto defrost
Cooling technology- Vapour compression

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 10
 Type- Single door
Star rating- 5
Built in stabilizer- yes
2. Explain water cooler with neat block diagram.
Ans- The water cooler is used for cooling the water by removing the heat using
refrigeration cycle that used in refrigeration cycle.

Refer the steps 1 to 3 from the above question –

4) Evaporator – (Stage-4)-

 At stage 4, refrigerant at low pressure and low temperature is passed through the evaporator
coil.
 Water is surrounded by the evaporator coils which absorb the heat from the water and water
gets cold.
 Due to absorbtion of heat, refrigerant is converted into vapour and fed to the compressor.
Technical specifications:-
Storage capacity- 120L
Function- Cooling
Material- Semi partial Steel
Dimensions (LxWxH)- 100 cm x 100 cm x 500 cm

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 11
 3. Explain split AC unit with neat block diagram.
Ans- Split AC components are as shown in the figure-

 In split AC unit, there are two separate unit, one is inside the room and other is outside the
room.
 Evaporator coil is placed inside the indoor unit. The low pressure and low temperture
refrigerant in liquid state passes through the evaporator coil. It absorb heat from the space
top be cooled and converts the liquid refrigerant into vapour state.
 Compressor, condenser and expansion valve is situated in the outdoor unit.
 Compressor compress the vapour refrigent to high pressure and high temperaure vapour.
 In condenser, vapour refrigerant release its heat energy to the surrounding and change its
state to liquid.
 Expasnsion valve is used for the conversion of high pressure and high temperature liquid
refrigerant to low pressure and low temperature liquid refrigerant which absorb heat from
surrounding space.
 A fan is used in outddor unit to remove hot air from condenser and a blower is used to pull
the air from room and circulate through evaorator coil and air get cooled.
Technical specifications:-
Compressor type- Rotary
Refrigerant- R 12
Dehumidification - Yes
Capacity in tons- 1.5 tons.
Suitable area- 27-40 m2

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 12
 (C) Blower :- is a machine or equipment which is used to circulate the air at moderate
pressure.

1. Explain construction and working of centrifugal blower.

Ans-

Entry of air

(explanation same as centrifugal compressor)

Air enters the center of a spinning impeller and is divided between the impeller’s
vanes. As the impeller turns, it accelerates the air outwards using centrifugal force.
This high-velocity air is then diffused and slowed down in the surrounding blower
housing to create pressure. In case of blower, the ratio of discharge pressure to
suction pressure is between 1.11 to 1.2.

Applications:-
1. Explain use of blower in Vacuum cleaner
Ans: Vacuum cleaner collects dust and small particle from floor, other surfaces and
- appliances by means of suction.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 13
Components and working of vacuum cleaner-
1) Motor and Centrifugal blower- Centrifugal blower creates negative pressure (suction) which is
run by an electric motor. Due to suction dust particles flows from high pressure (surface) to vacuum
cleaner.
2) Filter: - Dust particles which are sucked into the vacuum cleaner through suction pipe pass
through the filter, Filter removes all the impurities in the air and clean air is discharged through
discharge pipe and impurities are collected in the container.
3) Suction and Discharge Pipe- Suction pipe is used for entry of impurities like dust into the
vacuum cleaner while the clean air is discharged out through discharge pipe.
Technical specification:-
Tyepe- Dry Vacuum Cleaner
Indicators- Dust bag full indicators
Noise- 31 db
Voltage- 230 V/50 Hz

2. Explain use of blower in kitchen chimney.

Ans:
- Kitchen chimney sucks the smoke, fumes and
hot air in the kitchen to keep comfort
atmosphere in the kitchen. Usually kitchen
chimney is fitted against wall so these are
called as wall mounted chimney.
1) Blower- It uses blower which creates suction
and as a result smoke and fumes from kitchen
enters into the chimney.
2) Filters: - The smoke and fumes passes
through the mesh filter and charcoal filter to
remove smoke particles and clean air is
discharge through outlet duct.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 14
 Technical Specification:-
Mount type- Wall Mounted
Material- Glass, Stainless steel, Brass
Noice level- 50 dB
Air suction capacity- 750 CMH
Filter type- Cassette filter
Dimensions (HxWxD)- 50 cm x 60 cm x 50 cm.

(D) Springs:- is a elastic or resilent body, whose function is to deflect or deform whenthe
load is supplied and recover its original shape when the load is removed.
Applications-
 To apply force (e.g. springs in clutchess, brakes)
 To measure force (e.g.spring balance)
 To store energy (e.g. springs in clocks)
 To absorb shocks and vibrations (e.g Springs in vehicle suspension system)
Types-
1. Helical compression and tension springs
Helical springs are made of wire wound in
the form of helix. The cross sectiion of wire
will be normally circular.
Applications:- Used in Door Closure, door
locks, clutch, shock absorber etc.

2. Conical or Volute Springs

In conical and volute springs, as the load
increases the number of active coils
gradually decreases. The decreasing
number of coils results in an increasing
spring stiffness.
Applications- used in electrical push
buttons and battery contact, in TV remotes.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 15
 3. Torsion Sprrigs
Torsion springs are of helical or spiral type.
These springs are used to apply the small
torque.
Applications- used in door closures,
automobile starters, clocks, watches etc.

4. Leaf Springs:-
Leaf springs consists of number of leaves
held together by means of clamps and bolts.
Applications- Used in automobile
suspension system.

Applications:-
1. Explain the function of spings in door closure.
Ans:
-

 The lever A is connected to door frame while lever B is connected to the pinion of the door
closure mechanism mounted on the door. The two lever are connected to each other through
the pin joint.
 When the person applies the force on the door to open it, the angle, θ between the levers
increases.
 Due to this, the lever B rotates in anticlockwise direction. As the lever B is connected to the
pinion, pinion also rotates in anticlockwise direction. The pinion is in mesh with the rack.
Hence rack move towards rack side.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 16
  Because of the motion of the rack towards the right side, the helical spring gets compressed
and energy is stored in the helical spring.
 When a person releases the door, the spring extends and restores to original length. The
spring applies restoring force on rack and pushes rack towards the left - side. Because of
linear motion of the rack in towards left, the pinion rotates in clockwise direction. The angle
‘θ’ between two levers reduces and the door is closed.
Technical specification:-
Type- Automatic
Material- Aluminium, Steel
Fixture Type- Surface - Surface Mounted
Model name- Godrej C071
Suitable for- Plywwod doors, bedroom, store room etc.

2. Explain the function of spings in door lock.

Ans-

 The main components of door lock are series of lower pins of different lengths. The profile
of lower side of lower pins match with the profile of the key, as shown in fig.
 There is series of upper pins and and helical compression springs.
 The varying length of lower pins and profile of key give the level of security to the lock.
 To open the lock, the tumbler should rotate. When the correct key is inserted, the profile of
the key perfectly adjusts the heights of the lower pins such that the top surface lower pins
matches with the tumbler surface and tumbler can rotate with the lower pin and key.
 In locked position, as correct key is not in place, the lower pins as well as upper pins are
pushed downward. Hence, upper pins lock tumbler with body of the lock.
 The helical compression springs exerts force on the pins and ensure that the pins can move
up only when key is inserted.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 17
 (E) Gears:-
Gears can be defined as the mechanical elements used for transmitting the power and rotary motion
from one shaft to another by means of progressive engagement of projections called Teeth.
Types:-
1. Spur Gears
 Spur gears transmit power through shafts that
are parallel.
 The teeth of the spur gears are parallel to the
shaft axis.
 Spur gears tend to be noisier than helical gears
because they operate with a single line of
contact between teeth.
Used in- Gear box, machine tools,
automobiles, watches etc.

2. Helical Gears
 Helical gears have teeth that are oriented at an
angle to the shaft.
 This causes more than one tooth to be in contact
during operation and helical gears are capable of
carrying more load than spur gears.
 Due to the load sharing between teeth, this
arrangement also allows helical gears to operate
smoother and quieter than spur gears.
Used in –high speed gear boxes, rolling mills,
steam and gas turbine for speed reduction.

3. Bevel Gears
 Bevel gears are cone shaped gears which
transmit motion between two intersecting shafts.
 They are used in applications where a right
angle gear drive is required.
Bevel gears are used in differential drives,
rotorcraft, hand drill, air preheater etc..

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 18
4.Rack and pinion
 Rack is a straight bar with teeth cut
perpendicular to the axis.
 The pair is used to convert the rotary motion to
rectilinear motion.
Applications:-
 Mechanism for moving carriage in a lathe,
spindle in drilling machine and bed in a planning
machine
Applications:-

1. Explain the use of gears in wall clock/ watches.

Ans-

 A mechanical watch is a watch that uses a mechanical mechanism to

measure the passage of time.
 It is driven by a spring (called a mainspring) which must be wound
periodically.
 Its force is transmitted through a series of gears to power the balance
wheel, a weighted wheel which oscillates back and forth at a constant
rate.
 A device called an escapement releases the watch’s wheels to move
forward a small amount with each swing of the balance wheel, moving
the watch’s hands forward at a constant rate.

Technical Specifications:-
Model- Digital/Analog Shape- Square/Circle
Material used- Wood/Plastic/Metal/Steel Numbers- Roman
Colour- White dial Water resistant- Yes

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 19
 (F) Belt and Pulley :-
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically, most often parallel. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently or to track relative movement.
Types of belt :-
1. Flat Belt:-
 They are rectangular in cross section.
 Flat belts are easy to manufacture and hence have low
cost.
 They can be used for long center distance between the
shafts.
Used in flooring mills, pumps,stone crushers etc.

2. V-belt:-
 Trapezoidal in cross section where lower width is in
contact with the pulley.
 V- belts are made of reinforcement material and hence
higher cost.
 They are suitable for short to medium center distance
between shafts.
Used in air compressor and lathe machine.

Belt drive
1. Open Belt Drive-
Open belt drive is used with shaft arranged parallel
and rotating in same direction.

2. Crossed belt drive-

Open belt drive is used with shaft arranged parallel
and rotating in same direction.

Applications-
1. Explain the use of the belt and pulley in Photocopier.
Ans-  In photocopier machine, conveyor belt is used for carrying the paper from paper tray
to the hot rollers.
 When the document is placed on the glass, beam of halogen light scans the

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 20
 document. The light gets reflected and electrical shadow of document (negatively
charged image) is formed on the photocopier drum.
 As photosensitive drum rotates, it carries electrical shadow of docment (negatively
charged image) towards toner.

 The toner is positively charged. The positively charged toner ink sticks to negatively
charged imasge on the drum surface.
 Thus, the inked image of document is formed on the surface of the drum.
 The paper is carried by the conveyor belt from the paper tray. The paper is given
electric charge. Therefore, inked image from the surface of the drum is transfereed
to the paper on the conveyor belt.
 When the paper passes through two hot rollers, heat and pressure from rollers
permanantly fuses the toner particles on the paper.
Technical Specifications:-
 Paper size: A5-A3, Customized paper sizes. Printable paper
 First copy time- 6.9 sec
 Warm up time- approximately 26 seconds
 Multiple copies /prints- 1 to 999 sheets
 CPU- Canon Custom Processor, 400MHz
 Weight- 40 kg.
 Dimensions- 1113 cm x 652 cm x 640 cm.
 Operations- Print, Scan, Fax.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 21
 (G) Chain drive and its application in bicycle.
Ans- Chain drive is a way of transmitting mechanical power from one place to
another. It is often used to convey power to the wheels of a vehicle, particularly
bicycles and motorcycles.

In bicycle, the diameter of the pedal spocket (driving sprocket) is larger than the
size of the wheel (driven) sprocket. This is done to increase the overall gear ratio
of the chain drive. Due to this arragement, speed is increased on driven sprocket
by applying less efforts on the driving sprocket.

(H) Define Valve and explain water tap in details.

Ans- Valve is a mechanical device which controls or regulates the flow of fluid (gas,
liquid or slurry) by opening or closing.
When the knob is rotated, the screw
travels up and down. A rubber washer
is attached at the bottom of the screw.
It is placed on the seat of the tap so that
it will stop the flow of water. When we
moves the screw upward by rotating
the knob, washer get lifted from the
seat and water flows through the tap.
Technical specifications:-
Material used- Plastic/brass/ stainless steel
Certification- ISI
Handle length- 450 m long
Hole diameter- 1.5 cm

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 22
 (I) Lever :-
Lever is a rigid bar hinged at a point
called fulcrum and used to lift the load
by the application of small efforts.

1. Explain the use of lever in door latch.

Door latch is a mechanism fitted with the door.
When the door is closed the latch is engage with
the strike plate fitted on the door frame.
When we rotate the hand lever, cam applies force
on the drive unit and pulls the drive unit towards
right by overcoming the spring force.
Latch is connected with the drive unit thus get
disengage from the strike plate and open the door.
Technical specifications:-
Material Used- Plastic/Brass/Stainless steel
Certification- ISI
Width- 29.97 mm
Length- 320.04 mm
Panel thickness- 3 mm

2. Explain the use of lever in brake pedal.

Ans- Brake pedal is used for applying brake in the vehicles.
When the braking force is applied at point ‘B’ the
piston rod pushes the piston and increases the
pressure of brake fluid in master cylinder. The high
pressure brake fluid is supplied to all wheel cylinders
for braking action. When the brake is released, the
spring comes back to its initial position and piston
and brake lever attend its original position.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 23
 (J) Motors:- Electric motor is a prime mover that converts an electric energy into
shaft power (Mechanical Energy).
1. Write a short note on ceiling fan.
Ans- An electric fan works with the help of
an electric motor. As electric current passes
through the coil of wires, it produces rotational
motion in the hub. This rotates the blades attached
to the hub. Cool air descends from the ceiling and
circulates in the room because of the fan

2. Write a short note on exhaust fan.

Ans- Exhaust fans work by sucking hot or humid air
out of a small, localised area, allowing fresh air
to enter from elsewhere (perhaps a doorway
or vent) in order to replace it. The warm air
that's drawn out using an exhaust fan is then
pulled through a ducting system and expelled
outside.

3. Write a short note on use of electric motor in washing machine.

Ans-Washing machine consists of agitator, a large
plastic container which is driven by an electric motor.
It is surrounded by an inner drum (perforated tub)
which is also driven by an electric motor using
transmission system. The inner drum or perforated tub
is having holes along the surface to through water out
during spin cycle. An electric motor turns the inner
drum, typically using a long rubber belt.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 24
 Technical Specifications:-

 Capacity – 15 kg
 Motor used – induction motor
 Drum size- 7 kg
 Spin speed- 1400 rpm
 Water consumption-42 liters

(K) Electric/Solar Appliances

1. Explain construction and working of electric geyser with neat sketch.

Ans- The principle on which the geyser works is simply the conversion of electrical energy into
heat through the use of heating elements to raise the temperature of water through
conduction of the heat to the water.
Geyser consists of an insulating container to avoid
the dissipation of heat to the atmosphere. Cold water
is supplied to the geyser using a cold water inlet
pipe. Once the container is filled with cold water,
upper heating element which has a heating coil heats
the water in upper part of container. Once the water
in upper tank is heated, thermostat cut offs electric
supply of upper heating element. Now the lower
heating element starts functioning and heats water in
lower tank. Hot water is removed from the hot water
outlet. A safety valve is provided if the pressure
inside the tank exceeds its safety limit.
Technical Specifications:-
 Heater Type: Electric Capacity: 25 Litres
 BEE Rating: 4 Star Color: Black, White
Features: Fusible Plug, Non Return Device., Vacuum Release Valve

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 25
 2. Explain construction and working of solar water heater with neat sketch.
Ans- A solar water heater is a device that captures sunlight to heat water.
The solar water heater consists of following
components-
1) Storage tank – The cold water is supplied
to the storage tank from inlet pipe.
2) Pump- Pump is used to supply the water to
the solar collector from storage tank.
3) Solar Collector- The solar collector
consists of an insulated box covered with
glass lid The insulated box consists of number
of copper tubes connected between inlet header and outlet header. The copper tubes are painted
black from outside since black colour is a good absorber of heat. The cold water enters the inlet
header and flow through the copper tubes. The cold water absorbs heat from the solar radiations
incident on the copper tubes and water gets heated. The glass lid prevents the loss of heat due to
radiation. The hot water moves up in outlet header and collected in storage tank.

2. Explain construction and working of electric iron with neat sketch.

Ans- Electric iron consists of 1) Nichrome coil 2) Mica sheets and 3) Steel base plate and body.
In electric iron, the Nichrome coil is used as a
heating element. When current is passed
through Nichrome coil, it generates heat
energy. The Nichrome coil is placed between
two mica sheets. Mica is a good insulator of
both electricity as well as heat. It transmits the
heat from the filament to the steel base plate of
the iron and also avoids any electric supply to
the user. The temperature of Nichrome coil is
adjusted using a thermostat. The heated base
plate is used to iron our clothes.

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 26
 Technical Specifications:-
Soleplate type- Non-stick gold-coloured soleplate
Power consumption- 1000 W
Indicator light- yes
Power input- 240 V
Height- 12 cm
Width- 24 cm
Depth- 11 cm
Weight- 0.7 kg

Comparison of specifications-
1. Compare the specifications of refrigerator and air conditioner
Ans-

Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 27
 2. Compare the specifications of Pump and compressor
Ans-

3. Compare the specifications of Electric iron and microwave

Ans-

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Notes by-Dr.V.B. Gawande, Assistant Prof.,Dept. of Mechanical Engg., VPKBIET, Baramati Page 28