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Full Download Book Bioactive Food As Dietary Interventions For Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases PDF
Full Download Book Bioactive Food As Dietary Interventions For Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases PDF
The work of editorial assistant, Bethany L. Stevens and the Oxford-based Elsevier staff
in communicating with authors, working with the manuscripts and the publisher was
critical to the successful completion of the book and is much appreciated. Their daily
responses to queries, and collection of manuscripts and documents were extremely
helpful. Partial support for Ms Stevens’ work, graciously provided by the National Health
Research Institute as part of its mission to communicate to scientists about bioactive foods
and dietary supplements, was vital (http://www.naturalhealthresearch.org). This was
part of their efforts to educate scientists and the lay public on the health and economic
benefits of nutrients in the diet as well as supplements. Mari Stoddard and Annabelle
Nunez of the Arizona Health Sciences library were instrumental in finding the authors
and their addresses in the early stages of the book’s preparation.
BIOACTIVE FOOD
AS INTERVENTIONS
FOR ARTHRITIS AND
RELATED
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES
Edited by
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior
written permission of the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights,
Department in Oxford, UK: phone (þ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (þ44) (0) 1865 853333;
email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively, visit the Science and Technology Books
website at www.elsevierdirect.com/rights for further information.
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons, or property as a
matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or, operation of any methods,
products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical
sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
ISBN: 978-0-12-397156-2
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom and United States of America
13 14 15 16 17 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Contributors xix
2. Inflammation in Arthritis 17
N.J. Correa-Matos, S.B. Vaghefi
1. Introduction 17
2. Mechanism of Inflammation in Arthritis 18
3. Dairy Products and Inflammation 18
4. Effects of Food and Spices in Inflammation 19
5. The Role of PUFA in Arthritis 20
6. Antioxidants and Inflammation in Arthritis 23
7. Summary 23
v
vi Contents
1. An Integrative Approach 97
2. Restoring Alkaline Balance 102
Contents vii
3. Self-Care 108
4. Discussion 109
5. Conclusions 109
1. Introduction 133
2. Measuring Metaflammation 134
3. Nutrition and Metaflammation 135
4. Summary 140
1. Introduction 175
2. Acquired Immunity: The Tailored Response Against Antigen 176
3. Flavonoids in the Immune System 177
4. Concluding Remarks 185
Glossary 186
1. Introduction 215
2. Plants as Immunomodulators 216
3. Conclusions 223
Acknowledgments 223
Contents ix
1. Introduction 251
2. The Application 251
1. Introduction 271
2. Structure 271
x Contents
3. Function 272
4. Background 272
5. Conclusion 275
27. The Role of Dark Chocolate on Inflammation: A Bitter Taste for a Better Life 371
R. di Giuseppe, M.B. Donati, G. de Gaetano, L. Iacoviello
1. Introduction 371
2. Cocoa Processing and Flavanol Content 372
3. Conclusions 376
8. Safety 396
9. C-Reactive Protein 397
10. Effect of FO on CRP 398
1. Background 451
2. Research into Immunomodulation by Food, with a Focus on Allergy 452
3. Conclusions and Future Research 456
1. Introduction 461
2. Resveratrol and the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor 462
3. Resveratrol and SIRT1 464
4. Resveratrol and ERs 465
5. Resveratrol and Inflammatory/Autoimmune Disease 466
6. Conclusions 468
Glossary 468
45. Medicinal Efficacy of Indian Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Arthritis 601
R. Arora, P. Malhotra, A. Sharma, R. Haniadka, H.S. Yashawanth, M.S. Baliga
1. Introduction 601
2. Conclusion 614
Acknowledgment 615
Index 641
PREFACE: ARTHRITIS AND INFLAMMATION
The roles of dietary supplements and foods in two related areas are included in the 47
chapters of this book: arthritis and inflammation with immunomodulation in osteoarthri-
tis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disorder worldwide, affecting over
50% of aged adults. Bioactive foods and their extracts modulate mechanisms of inflam-
mation. Therefore they play roles in arthritis treatment and prevention as they modulate
excessive immune function. Cartilage destruction, an important pathologic feature and
cause of joint dysfunction, is mediated by inflammatory cells acting via synovial fluids and
are susceptible to modulation by immune modulating supplements. Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs are the commonly used medications for arthritis, accounting for
more than 125 million prescriptions in the USA. These medications are associated with
significant complications, so patients are looking at alternative medicines in foods, herbs,
and supplements. Arthritis has aspects of inflammatory disease with mediators of inflam-
mations including cytokines, prostaglandins, nitric oxide, and proteases. Sixteen arthritis
reviews include the role of inflammation in arthritis and an overview article on bioactive
foods’ contribution to immune regulation and inflammation in arthritis. A variety of
foods: beef, plums in bone health, Indian herbal medicines, anti-inflammatory herbs,
and passion fruit peel extracts are each reviewed, as they have activity in arthritis. Specific
supplements: curcumin, vitamin D, antioxidant flavonoids, and omega 3 fatty acids are
defined for their mechanisms of action. Bioactive foods, potassium, dietary antioxidant
and ginger components are defined in their amelioration of arthritis symptoms.
Inflammation and immune modulation are also a major focus of this book by eval-
uating the immunomodulatory mechanisms of dietary supplements. The strategic plan
of the US National Institutes of Health is this book’s focus, preventing adverse inflam-
mation. Many dietary components show evidence of modulating immune functions.
Immune homeostasis could help directly benefit patients with chronic immune stimula-
tion (inflammatory) diseases, like allergy and arthritis. Pharmaceutical treatments fre-
quently have major toxicities and take decades to develop; so more people are using
bioactive foods and supplements as they are readily accessible. Thus there is an increased
focus on understanding the efficacy of botanicals and other dietary supplements by reg-
ulation of immune function and chronic inflammation. In reviews, foods are recognized
to modulate immune functions in humans, their chronic diseases, and resistance to in-
fection through the foods’ antioxidants. Small molecules in foods, nutrients, lycopene,
and fatty acids in fish oil, are immunomodulatory. More complex molecules, polyphe-
nols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, Pycnogenol, and resveratrol, are defined as active in
immune change and inflammatory diseases. A few chapters define the importance of
xvii
xviii Preface: Arthritis and Inflammation
some foods without completely knowing the active ingredients: olive oil, dark chocolate,
and tart cherry consumption have important implications for human health. Finally, the
book covers the immune changing aspects of broader categories: nutriceuticals, fruit,
vegetables, and anti-inflammatory actions of natural foods.
Sometimes foods can cause toxic or dysfunction immune reactions as reviewed
relative to wheat and tomato allergies. The role of other foods, whose immunomodula-
tion in mitigating allergic disease, including Indian medicinal plants, show the positive
and negative aspects of foods in allergy, arthritis, and health. Bacteria and their products
are important in immune regulation. Lactic acid bacteria are reviewed for their anti-
inflammatory actions. Similarly, reviews of prebiotics and probiotics help explain the
roles of bacteria in health; including a chapter which defines the role of probiotics in
eczema therapy.
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Lehtori aikoi ennen laittamistansa sanoa jotakin siihen suuntaan,
että saatettaisiinpa heilläkin ruveta juomaan ruiskahvia, mutta ei
kuitenkaan katsonut sopivaksi ilmaista kotiolojaan, ainakaan lausua
mitään moitteen sanaa niistä oman perheen ulkopuolella.
"Kaiketi nyt ensin tuonne mäelle, kun eivät onkeni vielä ole
kunnossa."
Sen sijaan Katri jo oli käynyt talosta tinkimässä minkä mitäkin illan
tarpeiksi. Muhkealta kanalta oli hän sitte armotta kaulan katkaissut ja
istui nyt puuliiterissä saalistansa höyhentämässä ja kynimässä.
"Mitä minä huolin kellosta. Miina, vie pois lapset!" Miina tietysti
totteli eikä lehtori lasten tähden ruvennut peruuttamaan rouvansa
käskyä.
Mari kantoi ulos kaksi tuolia ja ilmoitti samalla, että aamiainen oli
valmis.
Rouva Lajunen joutui hämilleen. Kuinka nyt selvitä vieraista?
Väittelyä kesti vielä kauankin ja siinä tuli ilmi, että rehtori ei ollut
ikänänsä vielä pitänyt kädessään kirvestä, eipä edes
partaveistäkään, jonka tähden hän nytkin aikoi antaa partansa
kasvaa syksyyn asti, ja että rouva Lajunen ompelutti Miinalla kiinni
kaikki ratkenneet hakasensa, puhumattakaan lasten napeista, joiden
kunnossa pito tietysti oli Miinan asia; mutta tuota työttömyyttään
rouva sentään tuntui vähän ikään kuin häpeävän, kun näet oli
lueskellessaan huomannut nykyajan vaativan työtä ja tointa
jokaiselta, ken tahtoi pystyssä pysyä. Rehtori sitä vastoin aivan
kerskailemalla julisteli suoraan kaiken muun työn halveksimistansa
kuin opin taonnan poikain päähän.
Rehtori oli aivan sulaa kiittelemisiinsä ja söi kuin aika mies. Sen
sijaan lehtori näytti vähän neuvottomalta, ja rouva Streng, mitään
virkkamatta, ainoastaan vähän maistoi kutakin lajia.
"Et siis aio joskus tarjota parempaakin kuin eilen, jos minä
tahdon."
III.
Sen sijaan rouva Lajunen aivan oli ikävään menehtyä. Ensi päivät
hän koetti makaella — tekeehän kostea ilma ihmisen uneliaammaksi
— mutta eipä se sekään ajan pitkään oikein sujunut.
Rouva nyt ensin ihastui, että sai niin hyvän tilaisuuden uudistaa
vanhoja tuttavuuksia ässäin, kuningasten ja rouvain kanssa. Kauan
näet oli hän niitä saanut kaivata, hänen miehensä kun ei kärsinyt
kortteja talossaan, eikä niitä myöskään naisien seuroissa näkynyt
siinä piirissä, jossa he nyt eleskelivät.
Tällä välin oli rouva Streng kaatanut kahvia ja rouva Lajunen purki
koristansa kaikenlaista kahvileipää, huulet omituisessa hymyssä.
Kaloja oli kertynyt siksi paljo, että niistä riitti jakaakin. Rouva
Streng itse kantoi osansa kotiin, jota vastoin rouva Lajunen vasta
pitkän lunastuksen jälkeen jätti saman sopimattoman työn miehensä
tehtäväksi sitte, kuin hän ensin ripusti verkot haarukkeihinsa.
"Mikäs vaara siinä olisi ollut, kun minä ammensin pois veden",
kehui rehtori urhotyötään. "Ja muuten siinä oli odottamaton
hauskuutensakin. Aamiainen ei ole pitkään aikaan maistunut niin
hyvin kuin nyt, vaikka olikin aikainen."