3rd Quarter: TRIPLE i REVIEWER
Mixed Method Design. Characterized by
the combination of at least one
quantitative and qualitative research
component; combines the elements of
qualitative and quantitative research
approaches.
Common sources of research problem:
● Personal experience and interest
of the researcher
● Various theories in the discipline of
the researcher.
● Related literature
● Reproduction of past studies
Considerations in choosing topic:
1. Size
2. Scope
3. Time
4. Resources
5. Skill
6. Access
7. Prior Knowledge
8. Motivation
Brainstorming. Individual / group
creativity technique by which efforts are
made to find conclusion for specific
problem; gathering list of ideas .
Importance of Brainstorming:
● Invites diverse viewpoints
● Encourages critical thinking
● Sparks creativity
● Supports teambuilding
Introduction/ Background of the study.
Contain the topic of your research as well
as the purpose of your study. Include the
reason why you chose the particular topic
or simply the significance of your
research paper’s topic;
Prepared by: Paulo Miguel T. Lim
State briefly the entire major
points of your topic your readers will be
reading about.
Statement of the Problem/ Problem
statement . It provides the context for the
research study and generates the
questions which the research aims to
answer; focal point of any research.
Significance of the Study. Determine
who benefits from the study and how that
specific audience will benefit from its
findings.
Scope and De/Limitation of the study.
Refers to parameters that prevent
researchers from pursuing further studies
due to time and budgetary constraints.
● Limitations. Subject area that is
out of researchers’ control.
● Delimitations. Research aims will
and won’t include.
Hypothesis.
An educated guess, tentative point of
view.
Kinds of Hypothesis:
● Simple Hypothesis. Predicting a
relationship between an
independent and a dependent
variable.
● Complex Hypothesis. Predicting
the relationships of two or more
independent variables to two or
more dependent variables.
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● Directional hypothesis. specifies

not only the existence but also the ● POM (Proposed Original Model).
expected direction of the This model is use when the
relationship between the researcher presents an original
independent and dependent paradigm. The requirement is that
variables. is must be scientific.

● Non-directional. This does not

stipulate the direction of the Definition of terms. Important terms
relationship between the used in the study must be defined clearly;
independent and dependent
variables. ● Operational definition. Based on
how it is used in the study,
● Null Hypothesis. This kind is
always expressed as a negative ● Conceptual definition. Term is
statement. It is subjected to testing defined using books and
in which the decision is either to dictionaries
accept or reject it.

Literature review. Identifies, evaluates

Conceptual framework. Visual and synthesizes the relevant literature
representation of the study-topic. within a particular field of research.

● IPO model. Largely used when the
research attempts to isolate the
factor or major variable that causes
the problem, subject, or
phenomenon under investigation.
● IV-DV model. Used in experiment-
based studies. The questions
raised are higher order and
classified as situation-relating.
● PC model. Used when relating
and assessing the influence
between two or more variables.
Studies that focus on relationships,
associations, differences, and
impacts will benefit from this
model.
● -P model. used in research studies
that propose a program or any
intervention measure. It fits the
situation producing level of
questioning.
Review of related literature. “Use of
ideas in the literature to justify the
particular approach to the topic, the
selection of methods, and demonstration
that his research contributes something
new” (Hart, 1998).
● Conceptual Literature.
Non-empirical; It contains
literature coming from books,
journals and other forms of
materials, concerning or relevant to
the study but is data free
● Research Literature. Empirical
based; information gathered from
scientific paper, thesis, and
dissertations both published and
unpublished, coming from local
and foreign sources.

Prepared by: Paulo Miguel T. Lim

 3rd Quarter: TRIPLE i REVIEWER
Purpose of RRL:
1. Gives researches several
ideas on how to select and
formulate his own research
problem.
2. Helps the researcher
identify the studies that
have been done related to
the topic.
3. Avoids possible duplication
or similar studies.
4. Guides the researcher on
the possible theoretical
framework he/she/they can
use
5. Test your research question
against what already is
known.
6. Summarizes, synthesizes
and analyzes the argument
of others.
Characteristics of RRL:
● Recent as possible
● Objective and unbiased
● Relevant
● Based upon original and true facts.
Sources of RRL:
● Graduate thesis or dissertation
● Encyclopaedias of education
research
● Internet sites and resources
(websites, e-journals, e-books)
● Books
● Dictionaries in education
● Films, audio and video tapes and
other secondary sources
Writing the RRL:
● Gather
● Review
● Synthesize
Prepared by: Paulo Miguel T. Lim
Research Method. How the researcher
will implement the plan.
● Quantitative Research.
● Qualitative Research.
Research Design. Framework; Master
plan; Strategy; Plan on how the
researcher will solve the problem.
➢ Quantitative
● Survey . collection of information
from a sample of individuals
through their responses to
questions"
● Correlational. To establish an
association between variables;
: determine if the variable
increases or decreases as another
variable increases or decreases.
● Experimental. includes a
hypothesis, a variable that can be
manipulated by the researcher,
and variables that can be
measured,calculated and
compared.
➢ Qualitative. Non-numerical data is
analyzed and interpreted to come
up with results. Usually, the data is
gathered through interviews and
focus
groups.
● Grounded Theory. The
researcher wants to generate a
theory that explains, at a broad
conceptual level, a process, an
action, or an interaction about a
substantive topic.
 3rd Quarter: TRIPLE i REVIEWER
● Ethnographic. Researcher
wants to describe, analyze, and
interpret a culture-sharing groups
shared patterns of behavior, beliefs
and language that develop over
time.
● Narrative. Researcher wants to
describe the lives of individuals,
collect and tell stories about
people’s lives and write narrative of
individual experiences.
Research Instrument. Basic tool used by
the researcher to gather data from the
respondents.
● Questionnaire. a series of
questions and other prompts for
the purpose of gathering
information from the respondents:
1. Interview — used to gather
information through conversing
simultaneously.
● Unstructured — a free-wheeling
exchange of ideas. The interviewer
must be knowledgeable on the
subject or topic of concern.
● Structured — questions follow a
particular sequence and
well-defined content. Converse
with fix questions to ask.
● Semi-structured — Has specific
set of questions also researcher
can gather additional data from a
respondent to add depth and
significance to the findings.
Prepared by: Paulo Miguel T. Lim
2. Observation— instrument used in an
observation is called the observation
guide/ observation checklist.
● Structured — researcher utlized
tool— checklist. This tool contains
expected behaviors.
● Unstructured — observation
without any preconceived ideas
about what will be observed.
3. Types of Questions:
● Yes or No type: answerable by
Yes/ No.
● Recognition type: There’s
choices provided for respondents
and contains close-ended
questions.
● Completion type: respondents
are asked to fill in the blanks with
the necessary information.
● Coding type : Numbers are
assigned to names, choices, and
other pertinent data.
● Subjective type: respondents are
free to give their opinions about an
issue of concern.
● Combination type: combination of
two or more types of question.
Scales commonly used in an
instrument:
Likert scale— consists of several
declarative statements which also indicate
respondents’ disagreement and
agreement with the statement.
Semantic differential scale—
respondents tend to rate concepts in a
series of bipolar adjectives.
 3rd Quarter: TRIPLE i REVIEWER
● Narrative. Allows the subject to tell
a story or write something down
that he or she gives to the
researcher.
● Experimental. concerned with
examination of the effect of an
independent variable on the
dependent variable, where the
independent variable in
manipulated through treatment or
interventions.
a. Convenience Sampling — called
accidental or incidental sampling;
depends on the availability of
possible respondents.
b. Quota Sampling —- similar to
stratified sampling in which the
population is divided into
homogenous strata and then
sample elements are selected from
each stratum.

Kinds of Sampling: c. Purposive sampling — It involves

the handpicking of students. This is
1. Probability Sampling – all also called judgmental sampling.
members of the population are
given a chance of being selected;
: randomly assigned.

a. Simple Random Sampling –

choosing samples which
population are given an equal
chance to be selected as
respondents.

b. Stratified Random Sampling —

population is first divided into
different strata then the sampling
follows.Thereafter, obtaining the
sample size per strata, then simple
random sampling will be done.

c. Cluster Sampling — used in

large-scale studies in which the
population is geographically
spread out.

d. Systematic Sampling — selecting

every nth element of the
population; interval.

2. Non-probabiltiy Sampling — a
process of selecting in which the members
of the entire population do not have an
equal chance of being selected as
samples; not randomly assigned.

Prepared by: Paulo Miguel T. Lim