1.

THE INTRODUCTION
Choose the template for your introduction
2. THE BODY
3. FACT VS. FIGURE
Compare the paragraphs and identify the sentence
structure

4. LINKING DEVICES
Compare the paragraphs and identify the sentence
structure
5. SENTENCE STRUCTURE: Decide which
sentence template does the following example
use? Write the numbers next to a-e.
a/ Attendance climbs steadily by about 5000 people over the
next 3 months of the period.
b/ A clear drop in attendance rates can be seen.
c/ The sharpest decline was recorded in the sales of dress in
the following year.
d/ The year-end figure marks a 9000-person increase on
January.
e/ 2016 recorded a recovery in sales to about 90 jars
purchased.

1. S + V + adv + prep + số + time.

2. There is a/an ADJ + NOUN + prep + số + time
3. The data/ figure + experience/ show/ mark a/an ADJ + NOUN +
4. A/an ADJ + NOUN + prep + was recorded/ observed/ seen + prep
5. Time observe/see/witness a/an ADJ + NOUN + prep + số + time.
The following sample analysis demonstrates how facts can be
used in tandem with data.
However, there are still room for improvement. Match the
comments A-D with the points that need fixing, numbered 1-4.

The line graph sets out the main motivations people express
countryside from the city in the years 1990, 2000 and 2010. The ove
of an increase in the numbers moving away from the city. Accordi
reason for relocation was the rising

In 1990, 65,000 people left the city because of this, then 85,000
people moved away in 2010, so it actually increased by 20,000 in
2000), before going down by 5,000 in those last ten years between 2
This drop of 5,000 could have been because people generally had
they did in 2000, so they couldn't afford to move. (2)

It was a different story for traffic and lifestyle. Both had the same
the start of the period. Subsequently, both categories saw increas
up by a large number between 1990 and 2000 and then even more s
leavers rose consistently over the whole period, going up to 30,000
2010. (3)
So, what does it all mean? For me, the answer is crystal clear. Ove
a huge number of people moved away from the city to the cou
period. (4)
5. PRACTICE
Describe fluctuation

Fluctuate
Stock prices fluctuated throughout the session.
Unstable
The system is unstable and it might crash any minute.
Irregular
Growth patterns are irregular in Europe.
Erratic
His behaviour is erratic. He's happy one day and sad the next.
Vary
Figures vary all the time. It's impossible to draw a working model.
Describe stability

Stable
Prices will be stable for the whole season.
Remain unchanged
Nothing remains unchanged for very long.
Steadily
If we are lucky, sales will move steadily for the next couple of months.
Constant
If the number of unemployed people remains constant we will face
trouble.
The same
Things are the same as one year ago. Does nothing ever change here?
Describe increase
Increase
Salaries should increase according to productivity.
Improve
Sales have improved and reached almost a million.
Raise
The government need to raise taxes to lower the deficit.
Rise
If inflation rises we will need to raise our prices.
Go up
The rates will not go up until the Central Bank decides they should.
Describe gradual increase

Accumulate
We have accumulated around ten percent.
Escalate
Costs have escalated by a very small factor.
Accrue
Interest has accrued in my savings account.
Grow
The economy will grow this year.
Develop
Sales have developed more slowly than we had expected.
Describe sudden increase

Boost
The advertising campaign boosted donations by twenty percent.
Shoot up
The cost of raw materials has shot up because of the increased
demand.
Spring up
Absenteeism always springs up when there's an epidemic of flu.
Surge
Interest rates surged to twenty-five percent because of inflation fears.
Multiply
We need to multiply output by two within the next semester.
Describe fall

Fall
The accident rate fell substantially the last decade.
Decline
No one can stop the decline of newspaper advertising.
Descend
When will the cost of steel descend?
Climb down
Profits will continue to climb down if we don't control expenses.
Decrease
The decrease in productivity is due to mismanagement.
Describe gradual fall

Diminish
If we diminish the amount of this component we might get a better
mixture.
Weaken
Demand will surely weaken once everyone's heard the news.
Shrink
Advertising income will continue to shrink in the near future.
Wane
Robert's influence in the company will wane once people get to know
him.
Slip
Why did revenue slip in the third quarter?
Describe sudden fall

Dive
If the price of copper dives further we'll be out of business.
Plunge
Look at the curve. Deliveries plunged in May but recovered in
December.
Plummet
Our reputation will plummet if the press find out that we made a
mistake.
Sink
Can fees sink any deeper? I don't think so.
Collapse
The market has collapsed and it won't improve for a while.
Describe numbers

... Identical to/ Identical with ...

... Equal to with ...
... Exactly the same ...
Same/
... The same as ...
Identical
... Precisely the same ...
... Absolutely the same ...
... just the same as ...
Similar about / almost / nearly / roughly / approximately / around / jus
 in the vicinity of
... Almost the same as ...
... Nearly the same as ...
... Practically the same as ...
... Almost identical/ similar ...
... About the same as ...
Just over just above / just over / just bigger / just beyond / just across
Just short just below / just beneath / just short / just under / just a little
Much more well above / well above / well beyond / well across / well ove
Much less well below / well under / well short / well beneath

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_

1 FGED; 2 GFEB; 3 EDFG; 4 AEFG; 5 EGDF; 6 FGDE; 7 CFGE

1. There was a steady fall to $80,000. Income recovered to
$90,000 in 2004. (after which)
2. Earnings dropped sharply to just over $60,000. There was
a slight dip. (At this point)
3. There was a slight rise to just under $60,000. The figure
went down considerably. (Subsequently)
4. Income fell significantly to $40,000. The number levelled
off. (Next)
5. The figure fell sharply to just above $40,000. The figure
then rose in 2010. (despite)
6. Income remained stable at $55,000. Income then rose
sharply in 2008. (having)
7. There was a steady decline to 80,000, and then income
recovered to $90,000 in 2004. (Despite)
8. Earnings dropped sharply to just over $60,000, but then
rose slightly. (Having…)
9. Both cities experienced a rise in the number of tourists
coming in through their airports, which reached a common
level of 255,000 in July.
Reduced Form: Both cities experienced a rise in the
number of tourists coming in through their airports,
reaching a common level of 255,000 in July.
10. Gold bar prices experienced a spectacular rise in
November, which climbed to a new peak of $625.
Reduced Form:Gold bar prices experienced a spectacular
rise in November, climbing to a new peak of $625.
11. In the first half of 2009, the attendance at the museum
went into free fall, which nose-dived to approximately
300,000 visitors.
Reduced Form:In the first half of 2009, the attendance at
the museum went into free fall, nose-diving to
approximately 300,000 visitors.
12. Females also spend less time socializing and much
less time than men on sport,which allows them more time
for studying.
Reduced Form:Females also spend less time socializing
and much less time thanmen on sport, allowing them more
time for studying.
Opening: The given line graph compares the use of technology for watching TV in Someville by household over the
period of 10 years from 2004.

Generally speaking, households prioritize using the Internet