Project Report: Chemistry

By: Emilia Cruz & David Bayona

Dalia is a product that uses water to generate energy. It is made of water mills and thanks to
the rotation of the mill the hydroelectric energy is converted into kinetic energy and thanks to
a rotor it is converted into enough electricity to charge the cell phone. For all this to be
possible, materials that conduct electricity are necessary to transport it through the device
and inductors to avoid contact with electricity and prevent accidents.

1. Heat Capacities of each material needed:

MATERIAL HEAT CAPACITY (J/g°C)

PVC Tubes 0.9 - 1.5 J/g°C

Plastic Containers 1.0 - 2.0 J/g°C

Copper Wires 0.39 J/g°C

Rubber Wheel 1.0 - 2.0 J/g°C

Rechargeable Battery (lithium, nickel an 0.8 - 1.2 J/g°C.

cobalt)

Stainless Steel Screws 0.5 - 0.6 J/g°C

2. Mass and Dimensions of each material needed:

PVC Tubes: The PVC tubes will have a length of 0.30 meters, a diameter of 0.04 meters and
a wall thickness of 1.5x10^-3 meters. The area of the wall thickness (the plastic) is 9.6x10^-5
meters^2. The mass will be 7.93 grams.

Plastic Containers: We will use a plastic container for retaining the water and inside of it will
be part of the device. It has a length of 0.35 meters, a width of 0.20 meters and a height of
0.12 meters. The area of the plastic wall of the container is 0.92 m^2 and its mass is 7.56
grams.

Copper Wires: The Copper Wires will have a length of 0.2 meters. They have a diameter of
6.4x10^-4 meters and an area of 3.2x10^-7 meters^2. A mass of 2.887 grams.

Rubber Wheel: The wheel has a diameter of 0.08 meters and a width of 0.035 meters. An
area of 5.03x10^-3 meters^2. It has a mass of 2076.4 grams.
Rechargeable Battery: The battery has a dimension of 0.04x0.03x0.03 meters and an area
of 1.2x10^-3 meters^2. It has a mass of 86.4 grams.

Stainless Steel Screws: The screws have a head diameter of 0.05 meters and a thread
diameter of 0.03 meters. A thread of 0.012 meters, its mass is 1.73x10^-4 grams and its
area is 0.00555 meters^2.

Complete Device: With the plastic container it will have a length of 0.35 meters, a width of
0.20 meters and a height of 0.30 meters. Its weight will be 2178.29 grams, in kilograms is
2.17829kg.

3. Resistance of the desired conductors (copper wires):

Formula: R=pl/A
p= 1.68x10^-8 ohms meters
l= 0.2 meters
A=3.2x10^-7 meters^2
R=(1.68x10^-8)x(0.2)/(3.2x10^-7)
The maximum resistance of the desired conductors is 0.0105 ohms.

4. Final temperature of the system (1 hour):

The circuit (parallel) will have a voltage of 0.01 volts.

The initial temperature is 20°C.
The time is 3600 seconds.
The heat capacity is 0.39 J/g°C = 390 J/kg°C.
The mass is 0.002887kg.
T= ((0.01)^2/(0.0105) x (3600)) / (0.002887)(390)+20
T=3.045°C+ 20
Tf=23.045°C

5. Amount of heat lost from radiation (1 hour):

Emissivity = 0.03
σ =5.67×10^−8 W m^-2K^-4
Surface Area of conductor =6.426×10^-8 meters^2
Maximum temperature of the conductor =23.045+273.15= 296.195K

Maximum temperature of surroundings: 20°C+273.15= 293.15 K

Qr= (0.03)x(5.67x10^-8)x((296.195)^4-(293.15)^4)x (6.426x10^-8)

Qr= 3.4066x10^-8 W

Qr x 3600 (time) = 1.226x10^-4 W

These 5 points made us realize the importance of conductivity for being safe while doing this
project.