EE352- Digital Communication

Exercise [Chapter (9)]

Name:
ID: Date:

1- Consider 16 possible message signals transmitted using PAM. The signal interval is 0.1
msec.
Find:
a. Symbol rate (baud rate)

b. Bit rate

2- Consider 4 message signals as shown below:

a. Find energy of each signal.

b. If the probability of messages 𝑠1 (𝑡), 𝑠1 (𝑡), 𝑠1 (𝑡) and 𝑠1 (𝑡) are 𝑝 =

[0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1]. Find the average signal energy per symbol.

c. Find average energy per bit.

d. If equiprobable signals. Find the average signal energy per symbol.

3- For M message signals we use PAM modulator 𝑠𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑝(𝑡), For each case find
average signal energy (assume equiprobable signals).
𝑝(𝑡)

a. 𝑀 = 2 , 𝐴 = {±1}

𝑝(𝑡)

b. 𝑀 = 2 , 𝐴 = {±1}

c. 𝑀 = 4 , 𝐴 = {±1, ±3} 𝑝(𝑡)

𝑝(𝑡)
d. 𝑀 = 4 , 𝐴 = {±1, ±3}

𝟒 𝟐
4- Suppose 𝐯⃑ = ( 𝟎 ) and 𝐮
⃑ =( 𝟏 )
−𝟑 −𝟐

a. Find 〈v
⃑ ,u
⃑〉

b. Find 〈u
⃑ ,u
⃑〉

c. Find 〈v ⃑〉
⃑ ,v

⃑ ||
d. Find ||v

⃑ ||
e. Find ||u
 5- Consider the four vectors below:

−𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝐯⃑ (𝟏) = (−𝟔) , 𝐯⃑ (𝟐) = (−𝟑) , 𝐯⃑ (𝟑) = ( 𝟑 ) , 𝐯⃑ (𝟒) = ( 𝟔 )
𝟐 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟐

Represent these vectors in one-dimensional representation.

−1 2 5
5 0 −1
⃑ (1) = ( ) , ⃑v (2) = ( ) , ⃑v (3) = ( ). Let :
6- Consider three vectors: v
−5 0 1
1 −2 −5
1 −1
1 1 1 1
e⃑(1) = 2 ( ) , e⃑(2) = 2 ( )
−1 −1
−1 1

a. Show that e⃑(1) and e⃑(2) are orthonormal.

b. Calculate the following inner products:

⃑ (1) , e⃑(1) 〉 =
〈v ⃑ (1) , e⃑(2) 〉 =
〈v

⃑ (2) , e⃑(1) 〉 =
〈v ⃑ (2) , e⃑(2) 〉 =
〈v

⃑ (3) , e⃑(1) 〉 =
〈v ⃑ (3) , e⃑(2) 〉 =
〈v
 c. Suppose we use e⃑(1) and e⃑(2) as the new axes. Find the corresponding
vectors c (1) , c (2) and c (3) that represent v
⃑ (1) , v
⃑ (2) and v
⃑ (3) in the new coordinate
system defined by e⃑(1) and e⃑(2) .

7- Consider the two signals 𝑠1 (𝑡) and 𝑠2 (𝑡) shown below.

a. Find the energy of each signal.

b. Find their inner product 〈𝑠1 (𝑡), 𝑠2 (𝑡)〉.

 8- Consider the four waveforms as shown below:

Consider the following orthonormal functions:

𝑠1 (𝑡)
a) ∅1 (𝑡) = =
√𝐸𝑠1

𝑠2 (𝑡)
b) ∅2 (𝑡) = =
√𝐸𝑠2

c) ∅3 (𝑡) = 𝑠3 (𝑡) − 𝑠1 (𝑡) =

Write the four previous signals waveforms in vector form.

 EE352- Digital Communication
Exercise [Chapter (9) – Part B]
Name:
ID: Date:

Notes:
M-PAM M-PSK
𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑝(𝑡) 𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃𝑚 )
2𝜋
𝐴𝑚 = 2𝑚 − 1 − 𝑀 , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . , 𝑀 𝜃𝑚 = 𝑀
(𝑚 − 1) , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . , 𝑀

𝑝(𝑡) 2 2
Basis: ∅(𝑡) =  𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 √𝐸𝑝 ∅(𝑡) Basis: ∅1 (𝑡) = √ 𝑔(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ∅2 (𝑡) = −√ 𝑔(𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
√𝐸𝑝 𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔

M-QAM 𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = √
𝐸𝑔
cos(𝜃𝑚 ) ∅1 (𝑡) + √
𝐸𝑔
sin(𝜃𝑚 ) ∅2 (𝑡)
2 2
(𝐼) (𝑄)
𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑔(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝐴𝑚 𝑔(𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝐴𝑚 (𝐼) = 𝐴𝑚 (𝑄) = 2𝑚 − 1 − √𝑀 , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . , √𝑀

M-FSK
2 2
Basis: ∅1 (𝑡) = √ 𝑔(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) ∅2 (𝑡) = −√ 𝑔(𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) 𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)
𝐸𝑔 𝐸𝑔

𝑓𝑚 = 𝑚∆𝑓 , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . , 𝑀
𝐴𝑚 (𝐼) ∅1(𝑡) + √ 2𝑔 𝐴𝑚 (𝑄) ∅2 (𝑡)
𝐸𝑔 𝐸
𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = √
2

M-ASK
𝑆𝑚 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑚 𝑔(𝑡)cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝐴𝑚 = 2𝑚 − 1 − 𝑀 , 𝑚 = 1,2, . . , 𝑀

1- Find the Gray code for the following binary block length (b):
a. 𝑏 = 1

b. 𝑏 = 2

c. 𝑏 = 3

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 2- Draw the constellation diagrams for:

2-PAM 4-PAM
∅2 (𝑡)

∅(𝑡)
∅1 (𝑡)

Index Binary Amplitude Vector

(m) Block (b) (𝐴𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚)
Index Binary Amplitude Vector
(m) Block (b) (𝐴𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚)

BPSK QPSK
∅2 (𝑡) ∅2 (𝑡)

∅1 (𝑡) ∅1 (𝑡)

Index Binary Phase Vector Index Binary Phase Vector

(m) Block (b) (𝜃𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚) (m) Block (b) (𝜃𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚)

8-PSK
∅2 (𝑡)

∅1 (𝑡)

Index Binary Phase Vector Index Binary Phase Vector

(m) Block (b) (𝜃𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚) (m) Block (b) (𝜃𝑚 ) 𝑆 (𝑚)

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 4-QAM
∅2 (𝑡)

Index Binary Amplitude

(m) Block (b)
(𝐴𝑚 (𝐼) ) (𝐴𝑚 (𝑄) )

∅1 (𝑡)

Index Binary Block Amplitude Vector

(m) (b) (𝐼) (𝑄) 𝑆 (𝑚)
(𝐴 𝑚 ) (𝐴 𝑚 )

16-QAM
∅2 (𝑡)
Index Binary Amplitude
(m) Block (b)
(𝐴𝑚 (𝐼) ) (𝐴𝑚 (𝑄) )

∅1 (𝑡)

Index Binary Amplitude Vector Index Binary Amplitude Vector

(m) Block (b) (𝐼)
(𝐴 𝑚 ) (𝐴 𝑚
(𝑄)
) 𝑆 (𝑚) (m) Block (b) (𝐼)
(𝐴 𝑚 ) (𝐴 𝑚
(𝑄)
) 𝑆 (𝑚)

3|Page
 3- Draw the transmitted signal for an input binary sequence (10001001) assuming:
a. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
b. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
c. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

a. ASK

b. FSK

c. BPSK

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4- You want to transmit the binary sequence (10010011) using a rectangular pulse 𝒑(𝒕)
with amplitude 𝑨 and duration 𝑻.
a. Draw the transmitted signal 𝒔(𝒕), assume PAM (M=2) with 𝑻𝒃 = 𝑻.

𝑻𝒃
b. Draw the transmitted signal 𝒔(𝒕), assume PAM (M=2) with = 𝑻.
𝟐

c. Draw the transmitted signal 𝒔(𝒕), assume 4-PAM (M=4) with 𝑻𝒔 = 𝑻.

+3
+1

-1

-3

5- You want to transmit the binary sequence (10010011) using ASK signaling with:
a. M=2, Carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

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 b. M=4, Carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

+3
+1

-1

-3

6- You want to transmit the binary sequence (10010011) using M-PSK signaling with:
a. 𝑴 = 𝟐 , Carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

b. 𝑴 = 𝟐 , Carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟐⁄𝑻 .

𝒔

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 c. 𝑴 = 𝟒 , Carrier frequency 𝒇𝒄 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

7- You want to transmit the binary sequence (10010011) using M-FSK signaling with:
a. 𝑴 = 𝟐 , ∆𝒇 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

b. 𝑴 = 𝟒 , ∆𝒇 = 𝟏⁄𝑻 .
𝒔

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 EE352- Digital Communication
Exercise [Chapter (10)]
Name:
ID: Date:

Problem 1. Determine the autocorrelation function 𝑅𝑥 (𝜏) and the power 𝑃𝑥 of a low-pass
random process with a white noise PSD 𝑆𝑥 (𝑓) = 𝑁⁄2 as shown in figure below.

𝑆𝑥 (𝑓)

𝑁⁄
2

𝑓
−𝐵 𝐵

Page 1 of 4
Problem 2. Consider a random process
𝑥 (𝑡) = 𝐴 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝜃)
Where 𝐴 and 𝑓𝑐 are constants and 𝜃 is an RV uniformly distributed over (0 , 2𝜋). Determine:
a) Sketch the ensemble of this random process.
b) The mean value.
c) The autocorrelation function.
d) The mean square value.
e) The power spectral density.
f) Is the process wide sense stationary?

Page 2 of 4
Problem 3. Consider a linear-time invariant (LTI) system shown below. If the PSD of the input signal
1
given by 𝑆𝑥 (𝑓) = 4 𝛿(𝑓 − 10) and the transfer function of the system is 𝐻(𝑓) = . Find the PSD of
1+𝑗 3𝑓
the output signal 𝑆𝑦 (𝑓).

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝐻(𝑓)

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Problem 4. FIND THE 90% BANDWIDTH for the signal whose power spectral density is as given
below:
𝑆𝑥 (𝑓)

𝑓
−20 20

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Name_____________________ ID __________

EE 352: Digital Communications

Exercise [Chapter 11]

Problem 1.
Assume M=4. Draw a block-diagram of a maximum-a-posteriori probability (MAP) receiver that
uses the following decision rule.

̂ (𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑚ℓ ∶
𝑚 ℓ = argmax Pr{𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖 |𝑟(𝑡)}
𝑖

Problem 2.
Assume M=4. Draw a block-diagram of a maximum likelihood (ML) receiver that uses the
following decision rule.

̂ (𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑚ℓ ∶
𝑚 ℓ = argmax Pr{𝑟 (𝑡) | 𝑚𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡}
𝑖

Page 1 of 5
Problem 3.
Assume M=4. Draw a block-diagram of a minimum Euclidean distance (MED) receiver that uses
the following decision rule.
𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑖⁄
̂ (𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑚ℓ ∶
𝑚 ℓ = argmax ∫ 𝑟(𝑡) 𝑧𝑖 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 2
𝑖
0

Problem 4.
Assume M=4. Draw a block-diagram of a matched filter (MF) receiver and correlator receiver that
use the following decision rule.

̂ (𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑚ℓ ∶
𝑚 ℓ = argmax 𝑟(𝑡) ∗ 𝑧𝑖 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑡)|𝑡=(𝑛+1)𝑇 𝐸𝑖⁄
𝑖 𝑠− 2

(𝑛+1)𝑇𝑠
𝐸𝑖⁄
̂ (𝑟(𝑡)) = 𝑚ℓ ∶
𝑚 ℓ = argmax ∫ 𝑟(𝑡) 𝑧𝑖 (𝑡 − 𝑛𝑇𝑠 )𝑑𝑡 − 2
𝑖
𝑛𝑇𝑠

Page 2 of 5
Problem 5.
Assume a Minimum Euclidean Distance reciver using correlator as shown below,

For 𝑀 = 2. The received signal alternatives are such

that 𝑧0 (𝑡) = − 𝑧1 (𝑡) and,
𝑧1 (𝑡)

𝑡
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
2

Furthermore, assume a noisefree situation and that 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑧1 (𝑡). Calculate the two decision
variables 𝜉0 , 𝜉1 , and also the decision 𝑚
̂ . Is the decision correct?

Page 3 of 5
Problem 6.
Assume a Minimum Euclidean Distance reciver using correlator as shown below,

For 𝑀 = 2. The received signal alternatives are such

that 𝑧0 (𝑡) = − 𝑧1 (𝑡) and,
𝑧1 (𝑡)

𝑡
𝑇𝑏 𝑇𝑏
2

Furthermore, assume 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑧1 (𝑡) + 𝑁(𝑡), where 𝑁(𝑡) is AWGN eith power spectral density
𝑁0⁄ V 2⁄
2 [ Hz]. Due to the noise 𝑁(𝑡), the decision variables 𝜉0 , 𝜉1 also contain a noise component
𝑁
(𝑤 and −𝑤 respectively). The noise 𝑤 has zero mean and variance 𝜎𝑤2 = 20 𝐸0 (where 𝐸0 is the
energy of signal 𝑧0 (𝑡)). Determine the probability of a “miss” in terms of the 𝐐()-function.
𝐸
Calculate 𝑃𝑀 , if 0⁄𝑁 is 12.55 [dB].
0

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Problem 7.
a) Assume 𝑃0 = 𝑃1 and a Minimum Euclidean Distance reciver using correlator. How large
𝐸𝑏
⁄𝑁 in dB, is needed to obtain 𝑃𝑏 = 10−5 if the received signal alternatives 𝑧0 (𝑡) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧1 (𝑡)
0
are antipodal signals.
b) Repeat the calculation in (a) but assume orthogonal signals.

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