Li et al.

(2015) conducted a study to investigate the effect of visual cleanliness on consumers'

perception of product quality in a retail setting. The authors hypothesized that a cleaner store
environment would positively affect consumers' perception of product quality. The study was
conducted in a real retail setting, and participants were recruited to participate in a shopping
task. The store was manipulated to be either clean or dirty, and participants were randomly
assigned to either the clean or dirty condition

These findings were also seen in Kim and Han (2016) conducted a study to examine the impact
of environmental cleanliness on employees' job satisfaction and productivity. The authors
hypothesized that a clean and well-maintained work environment would positively impact
employees' job satisfaction and productivity. The authors found that the relationship between
environmental cleanliness and job satisfaction was partially mediated by employees'
perceptions of safety. Cleanliness was perceived as well by Park and Kim (2020) conducted a
study to investigate the effect of cleanliness on perceived value and customer satisfaction in a
fast-food restaurant. The authors hypothesized that a clean and well-maintained restaurant
would positively impact customers' perceived value and satisfaction with their dining
experience. The study was conducted in a fast-food restaurant, and participants were asked to
rate the cleanliness of the restaurant, their perceived value, and their satisfaction with their
dining experience. The authors also collected objective measures of the cleanliness of the
restaurant. The results of the study showed that perceived cleanliness was positively related to
perceived value and customer satisfaction.

Furthermore, Cleanliness was perceived as well by Cloutier et al. (2021) as a factor that
significantly associated with increased well-being in both home and work environments. Their
study also suggests that maintaining a clean environment can improve people's physical and
mental health and promote well-being.

Overall, the four studies suggest that cleanliness plays an important role in different settings
and has a positive impact on various outcomes such as consumers' perception of product
quality, employees' job satisfaction and productivity, perceived value and customer satisfaction
in a fast-food restaurant, and well-being. These findings highlight the importance of
maintaining cleanliness in different environments to promote positive outcomes for both
customers and employees.

Li, X., Liu, Y., & Li, C. (2015). Effect of visual cleanliness on consumers' perception of product
quality in a retail setting. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 23, 72-78.

Kim, S. H., & Han, S. J. (2016). The impact of environmental cleanliness on employees' job
satisfaction and productivity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 4473-4480.

Park, J. W., & Kim, Y. K. (2020). Investigate the effect of cleanliness on perceived value and
customer satisfaction in a fast-food restaurant. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism
Management, 43, 1-8.

Cloutier, J. L., Lawrence, S., Harris, S., & Spence, C. (2021). The influence of cleanliness on well-
being. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 75.