kaxa kacitaZe, kaxa jamburia

qarTuli romantizmis istoriul-kulturuli konteqsti

romantizmis filosofia dasrulebuli saxiT Camoyalibda XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis mijnaze
germaniaSi. am filosofiis safuZvlebis Seqmna ukavSirdeba e. w. ienuri skolis moRvaweobas (Zmebi avgust da fridrix
Slegelebi, ludvik tiki, novalisi). am skolasTan axlos idga agreTve germanuli klasi-kuri filosofiis erT-erTi udidesi
warmomadgeneli fridrix vilhelm iozef Selingi. swored Selingis SromebSi yalibdeba filosofiurad romantizmis ZiriTadi
principebi, romlebic Semdeg TandaTanobiT vrceldeba evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi.
romantizmis filosofia ar unda iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc ramdenime paralelurad moqmedi skolis saqmianobis Sedegi (rogorc es
moxda ganmanaTleblobis SemTxvevaSi), aramed rogorc erTi centris farglebSi SemuSavebuli Teoria, romelmac Semdgom
mTel msoflioSi moipova aRiareba. magaliTad, inglisSi romantizmis filo-sofiis popularizatori iyo uiliam kolriji, safrangeTSi
_ Jermina de stali, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi _ edgar po, ruseTSi _ sxvadasxva Selingianuri skolebi, saqarTveloSi ki _
solomon dodaSvili.
romantizmis filosofiuri wyaroebi mravalricxovani da uaRresad mravalferovani iyo. romantikosebze gavlena moaxdines
platonma, aristotelem, agreTve heraklitem da empedoklem, gansakuTrebiT ki _ neoplatonikosebma. romantizmis
CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa Sua saukuneebisa da reformaciis xanis germanulma mistikam, pirvel rigSi
maister ekhartma da iakob boemem, agreTve jordano brunos panTeizmma.Aaxali drois filosofosebidan romantikosebze didi
gavlena moaxdina gotfrid vilhelm laibnicma. maTi filosofiuri warmodgenebis Camoyalibebaze (istoriis Sesaxeb)
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina vikosa da herderis naazrevma. romantikosebis mTavari filosofiuri winamorbedi iyo iohan
gotlib fixte. maTTan axlos idga fridrix Slaiermaxeris hermenevtikac.
romantizmi, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvixiloT, rogorc zogadevropuli (ufro farTod, saerTo-dasavluri) moZraoba, romelic
radikalurad daupirispirda aseve zogadevropul moZraobas _ ganmanaTleblobas. dapirispireba globaluri iyo da moicavda
inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis yvela sferos: filosofias, literaturas, xelovnebas, mecnierebas, politikur da sazogadoebriv
azrovnebas. romantizmma uaryo gonebis gafetiSebis tendencia, rac ganmanaTleblebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amave
dros gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom romantizmi axali drois evropuli ganviTarebis iseTive produqti gaxldaT, rogoric
ganmanaTlebloba da subieqtis imgvar gagebas emyareboda, axali drois evropuli filosofiis farglebSi rom Camoyalibda.
romantizmi ilaSqrebda ganmanaTleblobis im rwmenis winaaRmdeg, romlis Tanaxmadac goneba absoluturi Zlierebis
matarebelia da mxolod racionalur principebze dayrdnobiTaa SesaZlebeli kacobriobis winaSe mdgomi arsebiTi problemebis
gadawyveta. romantizmis warmoSobas biZgi misca safrangeTis didi revoluciis saboloo Sedegma, romelic daiwyo gonebis
primatze aSenebuli saxelmwifos deklarirebiT da gadaizarda terorsa da Zalis kultSi (sxvaTaASoris, romantizmi Tavis
Tanadroul) politikur konservatizmTan daakavSira iman, rom romantikosebmac dagmes safrangeTis revoluciis procesSi
aRzevebuli Zaladoba. Amis gamo romantizms zogjer swamebdnen da dResac swameben reaqciulobas. Tavis mxriv,
romantizmis msoflmxedvelobam zegavlena moaxdina XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mimdinare im procesebze, romlebic
erovnuli TviTmyofadobis aRorZinebisa da erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnisaken iyo mimarTuli (rac SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes, rogorc politikuri romantizmi).
samyaros ganxilvis statistikur da meqanistur models, romelic ganmanaTleblobaSi iyo gabatonebuli da safuZvlad edo galilei-
niutonis bunebismetyveleba, romantizmma daupirispira dinamikuri modeli. romantizmi uars ambobs ganixilos samyaro,
rogorc erTgvarovani da uwyveti ram. romantizmis mixedviT, arsebuls gansazRvravs ara garegani, upiratesad meqanikuri
zemoqmedeba, aramed Sinagani aqtivoba, mis SigniT dapirispirebul tendeciaTa da ZalTa brZola; ara garegani mizezobrioba,
aramed Sinagani mizanSewoniloba da miznobrioba.
romantizmis Tanaxmad, am tendenciis yvelaze adekvaturi gamovlineba subieqtis Sinagan aqtivobaze damyarebuli
moqmedebaa. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom amgvari aqtivobis analogs vpovebT agreTve mTel samyaroSi, dawyebuli yvelaze
dabali sferoTi da damTavrebuli absolutiT. romantizmis Tanaxmad, yofierebis principia transcendireba, Tavisi Tavis gareT
gasvla. samyaroSi yoveli siaxlis wyaro yoveli amgvari Tavisi-Tavis-gareT-gasvlaa. magram transcendireba sxvadasxva
arsebulSi sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba da swored am formebis Seswavlaa romantikuli filosofiis ZiriTadi amocana.
romantikuli filosofiis Tanaxmad, samyaro safexurovani, wyvetadi da diskretuli xasiaTisaa.Miq sxvadasxva safexurs Soris
ierarqiuli damokidebuleba arsebobs. amis miuxedavad, romantizmi miiCnevs, rom SesaZlebelia samyaros ganxilva
erTianobaSic, vinaidan mis sxvadasxva safexurze erTi da igive tendencia, erTi da igive absoluti vlindeba, Tumca
sxvadasxvagvari saxiT. amasTanave, arsebobs Sesabamisoba samyaroSi arsebul movlenaTa rigebs Soris. magaliTad,
Selingis Tanaxmad, samyaroSi arsebul realur da idealur (obieqtur da subieqtur) rigebs Soris arsebobs garkveuli identoba,
ganpirobebuli erTiani absolutidan maTi saerTo warmomavlobiT.
romantizmis moZRvreba absolutis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTulia ganmanaTleblebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli deizmis
winaaRmdeg. am filosofiur-Teologiuri doqtrinis Tanaxmad, RmerTi, marTalia, qmnis samyaros, magram Semdeg aRar
ereva masSi mimdinare procesebSi. deistebis sayvareli analogia iyo RmerTis Sedareba mesaaTesTan, romelic amzadebs
saaTs, magram Semdeg es saaTi ostatisagan damoukideblad agrZelebs muSaobas, rac, Tavis mxriv, mxolod meqanikuri
kanonebiT aixsneba. swored aseve samyaro, marTalia, RvTis qmnilebaa, magram igi SeiZleba mTlianad meqanikuri
kanonebiT aixsnas. amrigad, ganmanaTleblebi, garkveuli azriT, erTmaneTisagan wyvetdnen RmerTsa da samyaros. amis
sapirispirod romantizmis filosofia Teizmis poziciaze dgas. Tumca es ar aris tradiciuli, Suasaukuneebrivi Teizmi. masze
mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina rogorc aratradiciulma Teisturma Tvalsazrisebma, ise panTeizmmac. absoluti, absoluturi
`me~, romantizmis mixedviT, msWvalavs mTel samyaros, amitom am ukanasknelze saubari absolutis gauTvaliswineblad
SeuZlebelia.
romantikosebis absoluti ar aris TviTkmari, Tavis TavSi Caketili da samyarosagan izolirebuli arseba. mis yofierebas igive
principi gansazRvravs, rac mTel samyaros: Tavisi-Tavis-gareT-gasvla, transcendireba (ufro zustad, es principi imdenad
gansazRvravs samyaros, ramdenadac igia absolutis arsebobis principi). imisaTvis, raTa absolutma, rogorc absolutma,
iarsebos, igi unda gavides Tavisi-Tavis-gareT, gaiSalos samyaroSi da gamovlindes misi sxvadasxva safexuris saxiT.
amasTan, absoluti ar emTxveva arc erT kerZo gamovlinebas. Selingis mixedviT, absoluti aris obieqtisa da subieqtis sruli
identoba, TanmTxveva. es igiveoba, rogorc Selingi ambobs, ar atarebs `gulgril~ xasiaTs (magaliTad, rogorc maTematikuri
toloba, gamoxatuli niSniT =, romlisTvisac `sulerTia~ Tu ras aigivebs da atolebs erTmaneTTan). Selingi absolutis
gulgrilobas iazrebs magnitis centris analogiiT, romelic neitraluria misi orive polusis mimarT, oRond ise, rom Tavad polusebi
mxolod am neitraluri centris wyalobiT arseboben. absoluti SelingTan xasiaTdeba rogorc indiferenti, garkveuli azriT, arara,
romelic Tavis TavSi Seicavs yvela SesaZlo potencias. samyaros yvela movlena, yovelive obieqturi da subieqturi, gaiazreba
rogorc am potenciebis gaSla. absoluti aris `SekumSuli~ samyaro, xolo samyaro _ gaSlili absoluti. Tavisi Sinagani
aucileblobidan gamomdinare absoluti unda gaiSalos, gadavides samyaroSi da misi yvela safexuris gavliT daubrundes
sakuTar Tavs. esaa absolutis gagebis umniSvnelovanesi principi, romelic saerToa hegelTan da romantikosebTan, maT Soris
arsebuli mTeli gansxvavebis miuxedavad.
romantizmis filosofiis mixedviT, samyaro da absoluti erTi da imave kanonzomierebiTaa ganmsWvaluli. is, rasac vpovebT
samyaroSi, SeiZleba vpovoT absolutSi da piruku, is, rasac vpovebT samyaros yovel mniSvnelovan movlenaSi, SeiZleba
vpovoT absolutSi. am mtkicebiT romantizmi aRorZinebs princips `yvelaferi yvelaferSia~, romelic ukve antikur filosofiaSi
iyo SemuSavebuli da sxvadasxvagvarad interpretirebuli. amave mtkicebis ZaliT romantizmSi xdeba mikro da makro
kosmosis, Sinaganis da gareganis identobis Suasaukuneobrivi principis aRorZineba. mikro da makro kosmosebis identobis
es principi gamoTqmulia novalisis cnobil aforizmSi: `Cemi satrfo miniaturaSi mocemuli (ase vTqvaT `SekumSuli~)
samyaroa, xolo samyaro ganvrcobili (gaSlili) Cemi satrfo~. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli arsebuli SegviZlia ganvixiloT,
rogorc sxva arsebulis aRmniSvneli. alegoriuloba Tavad samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel principad iqceva. novalisis
mixedviT, samyaros ori dapirispirebuli rigidan (Sinagani-garegani, obieqturi-subieqturi, mikrokosmosi-makrokosmosi) erTi
SegviZlia ganvixiloT, rogorc meoris aRmniSvneli. amitom samyaro SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc Taviseburi kosmiuri
ena, romlis meSveobiTac SeiZleba vwvdeT imas, rac Cveulebrivi enisaTvis dafarulia (Sdr. baraTaSvilis: `mwams, rom ars
ena ram saidumlo...~).
romantizmis moZRvrebidan absolutis Sesaxeb, agreTve moZRvrebidan mikro da makrokosmosebis identurobaze, logikurad
gamomdinareobs bunebis romantikuli gageba. sapirispirod ganmanaTleblobisa, romelic bunebas ganixilavda rogorc erT did
meqanizms, romantizmi samyaros ganixilavs, rogorc erT grandiozul organizms. romantikosTa mixedviT, buneba ar
SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc mkvdari ram. igi sxva araferia, Tu ara mTvlemare mdgomareobaSi myofi suli. amasTan, bunebis
maRal safexurebze suli TandaTanobiT Tavisufldeba Tvlemisagan, izrdeba misi aqtivoba. rac ufro maRalia bunebrivi
ganviTarebis safexuri, miT ufro `fxizldeba~ am safexurze moqmedi suli da Sesabamisad, rac ufro metad aRwevs suli Tavs
mTvlemare mdgomareobas, miT ufro aqtiur bunebriv movlenebTan gvaqvs saqme.
bunebrivi procesi, romantizmis Tanaxmad, imarTeba mizanSewonilobis principiT. bunebis ganviTarebis amocanaa
sxvadasxva safexuri, romelic romantizmis mixedviT, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc absoluturi `me~-s gamovlinebis
sxvadasxva etapi. buneba _ `ara-me~ _ aris aucilebeli etapi `me~-s warmoqmnisa (es aris punqti, sadac romantikosebi
kategoriulad ar eTanxmebian fixtes, romlis mixedviTac bunebas, `ara-me~-s, ar gaaCnia TavisTavadi Rirebuleba da
arseboba). ramdenadac bunebis yoveli safexuri aris `me~-sa da `ara-me~-s, cnobieri da aracnobieri sawyisebis, garkveuli
balansi da erToblioba, amdenad bunebis aRsawerad, garda im meTodebisa, romlebsac mecniereba iyenebs, SeiZleba
gamodges is meTodebic, romelTac xelovneba iyenebs. romantikosTa Tanaxmad, iseTi kategoriebi, rogorebicaa amaRlebuli
anda mSvenieri, bunebaze adamianuri warmodgenis gadatanis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed Tavad bunebisaTvis (rac is aris da
rogorc is aris) damaxasiaTebeli realobaa. amitom mecnieruli da xelovnebiseuli midgoma bunebis mimarT ki ar
ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed avsebs erTmaneTs. amasTan, bunebis romantikuli gageba garkveulwilad emyareboda da iyenebda
XVIII saukunisa da XIX saukunis dasawyisis mecnierul aRmoCenebs. romantikosebi Tavisebur interpretacias ukeTebdnen
galvanis, voltas, lavuazies Sromebs fizikasa da qimiaSi, galerisa da braunis Sromebs biologiaSi. Tavis mxriv, bunebis im
gagebam, romelic Camoyalibda Selingis naturfilosofiis farglebSi, mniSvnelovani ukugavlena moaxdina zogierT cnobil
bunebismetyvelze, saxeldobr, okenze, stefenssa da karusze. Tanamedrove medicinis iseT dargs, rogoricaa homeopaTia, bevri
ram ergo romantikuli filosofiis farglebSi SemuSavebuli naturfilosofiisagan.
romantizmis Tanaxmad, bunebis ganviTareba gvirgvindeba adamianuri `me~-s gaCeniT. adamianur `me~-Si xdeba im
procesebis gacnobiereba, romlebic bunebaSi aracnobieri saxiT mimdinareobs. `me~-s gaCena ar aris bunebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli brma movlena, SemTxveviTobis nayofi, rogorc es ganmanaTleblebs miaCniaT, aramed igi samyaroSi
arsebuli mizanSewonilobis ganviTarebis logi-kuri Sedegia.
romantizmi upirispirdeba ganmanaTleblobas, romelic adamians iazrebs, rogorc upiratesad racionalurad moqmed arsebas.
adamianis arss romantizmis mixedviT igive gansazRvravs, rac mTeli samyaros arss _ wrafva, ltolva, Sinagani aqtivoba,
neba. amasTan, romantizmi am swrafvas Taviseburad iazrebs da mas adamianis sasrulobas ukavSirebs. romantizmis
mixedviT, adamianis arsi isaa, rom igi unda eswrafvodes, upirveles yovlisa, miRmurs, absoluturs. amave dros mas Tavisi
sasrulobis gamo arasdros ZaluZs am absoluturis miRweva; aqedan gamomdinareobs adamianis ganuwyveteli meryeoba,
misi xasiaTis gamudmebuli cvalebadoba. miznisaken aucilebeli swrafvisa da misi miRwevis SeuZleblobis cnobiereba
saSualebas gvaZlevs romantizmi davaxasiaToT, rogorc `ubeduri cnobierebis~ nairsaxeoba. amave dros zemoT Tqmuli ar
niSnavs imas, TiTqos romantizmi fatalizmisa da bedsSeguebis ubralo mqadagebeli iyos, piriqiT, igi swored aqtiuri
sazogadoebrivi poziciis damkvidrebisakenaa mimarTuli.
romantikuli filosofia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs warmosaxvas. misi gansakuTrebuli rolis Cveneba jer kidev
imanuel kantma SeZlo `wminda gonebis kritikaSi~. romantikosebma bevri ram Secvales kantiseul gagebaSi da warmosaxva
gaiazres, rogorc adamianuri swrafvis sasrulobis daZlevis saSualeba. marTalia, adamiani eswrafvis imas, risi miRwevac
Tavisi sasrulobis gamo ar ZaluZs, magram mas SeuZlia warmosaxvis meSveobiT miswvdes Tavis sagans. amave dros
romantikosebs Tavadve esmodaT amgvari azris iluzoruloba, ramac warmoSva maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTironizeba.
romantizmis erT-erT udides damsaxurebas warmoadgens agreTve istorizmis principis damkvidreba. antikurobis statikur
kults, romelic ganmanaTleblobasa da klasicizmSi batonobda, romantizmma daupirispira cocxali warsulis wvdomis idea.
maTTvis warsuli araa gayinuli ideali, is realobaa Tavisi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebiT. romantikosebma daamsxvries
ganmanaTlebluri miTi antikurobis, rogorc bednieri bavSvobis xanis, Sesaxeb. maT SeimuSaves zogierTi is principi,
romelmac mogvianebiT xorci Seisxa apoloniseuli da dionisuri sawyisebis dapirispirebis nicSeseul TeoriaSi. amave dros,
romantikosebi daupirispirdnen meore ganmanaTleblur miTs Sua saukuneebis, rogorc `bneleTis xanis~, Sesaxeb da
moiyvanes uamravi argumenti am Tvalsazrisis gasabaTileblad. romantikosTa kidev erTi damsaxureba isicaa, rom maT
xelovnebas miznad dausaxes ara mxolod antikuri istoriis gamosaxva, aramed sakuTari erovnuli istoriis mxatvruli
warmoCenac. romantikosebma pir-velebma Seqmnes miTosis srulyofili Teoria, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi
aqtualoba. maT pirvelebma moaqcies humanitaruli kvlevis centrSi erovnuli folklori, Tqmulebebi, xalxuri poezia. yovelive
amis gamo romantizmis gavrcelebis arealSi erovnuli kulturac viTardeboda.
XIX saukunis industriuli gadatrialebis Semdeg, romelmac adamianis moRvaweobis TiTqmis yvela sferos racionalizacia
gamoiwvia, romantizmi TandaTanobiT kargavs gabatonebul pozicias. amave dros, romantizmi SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc
erT-erTi udidesi kulturuli movlena kacobriobis istoriaSi. romantizmis filosofiam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina
Semdgomi xanis filosofiaze. romantikosTa naazrevidan bevri ram aiRes artur Sopenhauerma, fridrix nicSem, vilhelm
dilTaim, osvald Spenglerma.
termin `romantizmis~ warmoSoba dakavSirebulia sityvasTan romance. igi aRniSnavs xalxur enebs, romlebic Zvel germanul
dialeqtebTan laTinuris Serevisagan warmoiSva. magram es mxolod am terminis warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs. sxvadasxva
dros masSi warmtacis, ucnaurisa da zRaprulis Sinaarssac debdnen. sabolood am terminiT gaerTianda is literaturuli
moZraoba, romelic farTod gavrcelda XVIII saukunis damlevidan. navaraudevi iyo, rom es saxelwodeba, ase Tu ise, kargad
gamoxa-tavs aRniSnuli axali mimarTulebis Sinaarss, ramdenadac gulisxmobdnen, rom sxvadasxva Zveli kultura erT
mTlianobas warmoadgenda, romantizmi ki Seicavs da aerTianebs adre erTimeorisaTvis ucxod miCneul kulturaTa nairnair
elementebs. `romantikuli poeziis~ saxelwodebiT germaniaSi, sadac es termini pirvelad iqna SemoRebuli, aRniSnavdnen
literaturas, romelic sawyiss trubadurTa poeziaSi poulobda da raindobisa da qristianobis niadagze warmoiSva.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi romantikuli skola Tavidanve daupirispirda adrindel mimarTulebebsa da ganmtkicebul literaturul
tradiciebs. amitom dahkravs yoveli romantikosis mier wamoyenebul programas polemikuri ieri; amiTac aris ganpirobebuli
rogorc gadaWarbeba sxva mweralTa Sefasebis dros, ise sakuTari poziciis Sinagani SeuTanxmeblobaca da erTgvari
bundovanebac.
romantizmis Teoretikosebi sagangebod SeCerdnen xelovanis bunebis raobaze da misi sruliad gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi da
mniSvneloba iqadages. jer kidev fridrix Slegeli ambobda, swored xelovanTa damsaxurebaa kacobriobis Camoyalibeba erT
mTlian individualobado. misi azriT, namdvili romantikosi poetis miswrafebas ar SeeZlo moeTmina raime kanonisa Tu wesis
iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba: romantikosi poetis swrafva SeuzRudavi da dauqvemdebarebeli unda yofiliyo, radgan TviT aseTi
poeti qmnida kanonebs sakuTari SemoqmedebisaTvis. poetis nawerSi uSualod da srulad unda gamovleniliyo pirovnuli
gancdebi da misi amocanac swored am `sisrulis~, poetis `sulieri maqsimalizmis~ SemCnevaSi mdgomareobda. romantikul
nawarmoebSi xelovanis fsiqologia mJRavndeboda _ romantikosi swored amiT iyo RirsSesaniSnavi da sagulisxmo. amiTve
gansxvavdeboda is `klasikosTagan~, romelTa mizans Seadgenda TviT sagnis Cveneba da ara xelovanis gancdaTa
gamomzeureba. romantikosi sainteresod mxolod individums miiCnevda da mTel poezias uaRresad pirovnul movlenad
Tvlida. misTvis poeti qurumi iyo, romelic momavals wina-swarmetyvelebda da msoflios kanonebs uwesebda; igi ukeT
wvdeboda bunebas, vidre mecnieris goneba, radgan mas xelmZRvanelobda gangeba, romlis sayrdensac adamianis
grZnobebi warmoadgenda.
amrigad, romantikosebma eWvi Seitanes mecnierebisa da filosofiis SesaZleblobebSi: zogierTma filosofia mTlianad poeziiT
Secvala anda maTi gaerTianeba moiTxova, zogma ki filosofias amocanad dausaxa imis Cveneba, rom yvelaferi poeziaSia da
mxolod isaa absoluturi realoba.
aseTi iyo romantizmis mTavari amosavali da saxelmZRvanelo principebi.