A’STUDY OF ‘BHUBANESHWAR CITY’ PRESENTED BY — RAJAT NAINWAL B.ARCH (VIII SEM) 11SAPBOAO08 , 110695027INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY Bhubaneshwar is the capital of the Indian state of Orissa. Bhubaneshwar, derive from Tribhubaneshwar, which means the “Lord of the three world (Tribhuban)”, which refers to Shiva. With many Hindu temples, which span the entire spectrum of Kalinga architecture, it is often referred to as a ‘Temple city of India’. It replaced Cuttack as the capital in 1948. The modern city was planned by German architect and town planner Otto H. Konigsberger.SALIENT FEATURES OF BHUBANESHWAR Coins DISTRICT AREA POPULATION GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CONNECTIVITY CLIMATE CITY ADMINISTRATOR EU EUS cole Khorda 148.10 sq. km. (Municipal Area) 393.57 sq. km. (Development Area) 837,737 Longitude 85° 44’ TO 85° 55’ E Latitude 20° 12’ TO 20° 25’ N Benchmark 45 M. above the mean sea level AIR: City has modern airport with regular flights to New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Vishakapatnam, Hyderabad and Raipur. ROAD: City is well connected by a road network with the urban centres of the state and neighboring state. RAIL: City is well connected by a rail network and the Bhubaneshwar rail head lies on the Chennai — Kolkata Railway line. Tropical climate with maximum temperature of 43 °C and minimum temperature of 12 °C Average annual rainfall of 1498 mm. Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation (source: census, 2011)LOCATIONA. THE CITY STRUCTURE Bhubaneswar was confined to the temple town. It was developed to south-east of the railway line, before any planning and development initiative took place for the capital city. Railway link to the town was through the Bhubaneswar Station Road, the station being connected to the temple town through minor road which was upgraded to the status of National Highway. The road link from Cuttack was through Old Jagannath Road which led to the temple area through the present Tankapani Road. Subsequently, the National Highway No 5 crossing Rasulgarh area passed through the Old Station area and following the alignment of Rajpath passed through Jagamara to meet its existing alignment at the Khandagiri junction.STAGES AFFECTED THE STRUCTURE OF THE CITY a) The Temple Town (Upto 1948) b) The “New Capital” (1948 — 56) c) Growth of Institutions (1956 — 76) d) Developments in Organised Sector (1976 Onwards) e) The Present Bhubaneswar1. THE TEMPLE TOWN (UPTO 1948) The old temple town had been the seat of a continuous culture of about 2,500 years. It covers an area of 510 ha and comprises of 4 villages namely Kapil prasad, Bhubaneswar, Goutam Nagar and Rajarani. The old city is featured by conglomeration of temples, monuments, mandaps, heritage ponds etc. Initially, the old city had 1000 temples and at present, the total temples are limited to 320. Majority of the existing temples are deteriorating rapidly and the precious stone carvings are also in damaged condition.2. THE NEW CAPITAL (1948-56) On 13th April 1948, Bhubaneswar got back its status when the foundation stone of the present capital township was laid by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru. Bhubaneswar was born as the new capital of Orissa in close proximity of the old temple town, the Master Plan for the new township was prepared by the famous architect Dr. Otto. H. Koenigsberger in 1954 on the basis of the concept of neighbourhood unit planning. The capital town was planned in 1948 and was built between 1948 and 1961 at a respectful distance from the temple town with no conscious steps taken to preserve the individual identities of each. The city grew fast and the intervening areas were filled up quickly.URBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANESWAR CITY 1930-56 BUILTUP 1920 BUILTUP 190.56 (NON BUILT UP ‘SISUPAL GARH RIVER Ard RAILWAY NHS FAY MAJOR ROA DSOBSERVATIONS : There is a total absence of provision of areas for a number of urban activities such as industrial, institutional etc. which were not envisaged then. With an absence of economy in allotting land for different uses, the development spread over large areas, with even residential quarters allotted in much larger areas then was necessary. Such a sparse development pattern resulted in much lower density of population, then was desirable and involved higher unit cost of infrastructure development.3. GROWTH OF INSTITUTIONS (1956-76) During 1956-76, major adi istrative a ies like secretariat, heads of departments and similar government offices came up in Bhubaneswar. The salubrious climate, availability of suitable land attracted a number of state level and regional institution such as Vani vihar, Sainik School, the Regional Research Laboratory, the Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, the Government Press, the Institute of Physics and several industrial units like C.R. Factory, OMFED Chilling Plant, the Industrial Estate at Bomikhal and subsequently at Pandara were also established. Also with the growth of population the need for developing residential areas both in private and organized sectors led to developments of Shahid Nagar, Satya Nagar, Surya Nagar, Acharya Vihar and Lewis Road Housing Colony (Jayadev Nagar). But in location of these institutions, the perspective growth of some of the major functions of the city, and the inter-relationship among the different city functions do not seem to have been considered. Much larger areas have been allotted to some of the institutions than was necessary.URBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANESWAR CITY 1956-68 / Legend BUILT UP 1956 BUILT UP 1956-68 NONBUILTUP SISUPALGARH Corver AS RALWAY NHS #2 MAJOR ROADS4. DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANIZED SECTOR (1976 ONWARDS) Constitution of the Bhubaneswar Regional Improvement Trust (BRIT) in 1976 and subsequently the Bhubaneswar Development Authority (BDA) in 1983 and the role of institutional finance for mass housing in the organized sector appears to be landmark in this phase of city’s growth. The following major schemes and multistoried buildings were executed during the period: i. Housing Board Colony, VSS Nagar ii. BRIT Colony, Laxmisagar iii. BRIT Colony, Nayapalli iv. BRIT Colony, Baragarh v. Chandrasekharpur Improvement Scheme _ vi. GGP Housing Colony vii. Housing Board Colony at Kapilprasad viii. Palaspalli Duplex Complex ix. Housing Board Colony at Baramunda x. Housing Board Building xi. IDCO Tower xii. CRP MarketIn all such cases economy of space and cost had influenced the structure as well as their immediate environment. Shortage of Government land and economy of scale contributed to construction of multistoried flats at Chandrasekharpur and buildings like IDCO tower, Housing Board Building, IPICOL Building etc. This phase also witnessed construction of number of market complexes like BRIT market at Laxmisagar, BDA’s Suryakiran Market, Municipal market and Housing Board markets at Saheed Nagar, Ashoka Market at Station Square, Ruchika Market Complex at Baramunda, Municipal Market at Old Town. In all such constructions the availability of institutional finance and demand for office/commercial space have played a key role towards a balance of space, economy and design. Although articulate and organized, these developments in the organized sector have followed the availability of government land. While inducing the pace of growth in the nearby areas in private holdings, the execution of housing schemes have not succeeded in articulating the development in such areas in desired manner. Many of the housing schemes in the organized sector are subsidized in terms of cost of roads, open space and infrastructure but in the nearby private areas cost of infrastructure is charged to the individual development leading to inadequacy of roads, open spaces and other infrastructure. A disparity in quality of environment prevails in many of the private areas adjoining the housing scheme areas executed in the organized sector.URBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANES WAR CITY 1974-81 ; s Legend C Built up 1974 BUILT UP 1974-81 NONBUILT UP SISUPALGARH Corive ANS RAILWAY N.H5 #44 MASORROADSURBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANESWAR CITY CO euitup 181 BUILTUP 98185 NONBUILTUP ‘SISHJPAL GARH Cirveer RAILWAY VF AOR ROADSURBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANESWAR CITY s 1985-90URBAN SPRAQVi. OF BHUBANE SWAR CITY CS suit uris0 fg BULT UP 1990-2000 fd RURAL SETTLEMENTS NON BUILT UP SISUPALGARH RIVER RN. LWAY NHS PAE MAJOR ROADS 6000 MetersURBAN SPRAWL OF BHUBANESWAR CITY 1930 - 2000 Legend5. THE CITY TODAY The city which was planned originally for 40, 000 people with an area of 16.84 sq. km. of land is now accommodating about 8 lakhs 50 thousands people with an area of about 148 sq km. The city has extended in seven different directions during the last few decades. This extension has got varied length and dimensions from the core of the original town, which has been supposed to lie at the Lingaraj temple area. From the centre of growth of the original temple town, the present town has extended maximum towards north i.e, about 22.5 km. towards village Patia. Its extension towards north -west is about 14.5 km., west 11 km., south-west 8 km., south 6.5 km and east 9.5 km. Virtually, it has no growth towards south-east due to the location of the flood plains of Kuakhai and Daya River. Presently, the city has been extended upto the Chandershekharpur in the north and beyond Daya West Canal in the south. In the east, the development is confined to the Daya West Canal. In the west, the city has expended well beyond the khandagiri Junction. The land between Daya west Canal and the Kuakhai is put to the agricultural use, which is rapidly being put to Brick kiln.Current Growth Directions of the City & Extent of City GrowthTHE NEW CAPITAL The establishment of a new capital at Bhubaneswar, the temple town situated in 25°15’ latitude and 85°50’ longitude in the present district of Khurda after Independence is an important landmark in the history of modern Odisha. Though Cuttack, the headquarters of Orissa Division was the centre of all cultural and political activities, it was found to be insufficient and congested for a provincial capital because of its location between the Mahanadi and Kathjodi rivers. Some wanted the capital to be located at Puri, others opposed it on the ground that it was a religious town and therefore misfit to be the seat of a secular government. The post-war reconstruction committee proposed Bhubaneswar as the ideal site for capital because of its history, availability of space and geographical propinquity to Cuttack. The Public Works Department also reported in favour of Bhubaneswar on 14 April 1945.Ultimately the choice had to be made between the greater Cuttack and Bhubaneswar, and Harekrushna Mahtab who became Prime Minister as the head of the Congress Ministry after the Second World War was able to win the Legislative Assembly's approval in favour of Bhubaneswar. Initially H.K. Mahtab thought of retaining capital at Cuttack by modernizing the town. For that purpose he consulted the town planners of the Tata Company. The planners held that the topography of Cuttack town practically made its modernization difficult and expensive. Expansion towards Chaudwar was impossible without construction of bridge on the Mahanadi. Mahtab chose Bhubaneswar as the capital site on the following grounds-all highway bridges from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar were likely to be completed before the construction of the bridge on the Mahanadi linking Cuttack and Chaudwar.In 1948 the Government of Odisha hired Otto Koenigsberger, a German Jew who had fled from Nazi Germany to work as the town planner for the capital construction. On 13 April 1949, the foundation stone of the new capital was laid by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India. On 10 October, 1949 the Odisha Legislative Assembly met at Bhubaneswar for the first time. There were some hindrances to the construction of Capital at Bhubaneswar, such as want of funds, the reluctance of Cuttack-based employees to move to offices at Bhubaneswar, and opposition from some prominent Congressmen to the shifting of Capital from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar. While the Government of Odisha requested the Government of India to provide Rs.2 crores for the capital construction, Liaquat Ali Khan, the Finance Minister in interim Government gave a grant of Rs.1.32 crores.By the end of 1951 nine offices - the PWD, the Secretariat, the Directorate of Health, the Inspector General of Prisons, the Registrar of Cooperative Societies, the Public Relations, the Agriculture, the Forestry and the Tribal and Rural Welfare had moved from Cuttack into temporary buildings at Bhubaneswar. Completion of construction of bridges on Kathjodi (January 1951) and Kuakhai (August 1951) solved the problem of transport between Cuttack and Bhubaneswar. Well-connected with the out-side world by rail, road and air Bhubaneswar is every year visited by lakhs of Indians and thousands of foreign tourists. Initially the population of Bhubaneswar was growing at a slow rate. In order to encourage private housing the Government of Odisha started leasing the plots for ninety nine years. Koenigsberger did not feel the necessity of vertical planning and recommended a horizontal plan. During the last three decades the population of Bhubaneswar has increased at a faster rate.B. LAND USE . MASTER PLAN (1968-1988) Bhubaneswar was having a Master Plan since 1968. Seven functional land-use zones for Bhubaneswar were identified. These functional zones have some specific land uses. These zones are residential zone, commercial zone, industrial zone, public and semi-public zone, open space zone, green belt zone and transportation zone. Koenigsberger viewed the city as an autonomous body, having its own law and jurisdiction, political jurisdiction, right of self- determination, and an organised sense of communal relationship along secular lines. In spite of secular intentions and attitude towards Bhubaneswar, the temple town and the capital city exerted an influence on each other to establish their dominance.Koenigsberger hoped to reconcile this conflict between rationalism and symbolism; between the new town and the temple, by using neighbourhood units as the basic building blocks. This is because, if the neighbourhood units were healthy, harmonious and autonomous, the life of the city as a whole would be healthier. Such a neighbourhood had to be self contained and close to nature. The city was divided into small manageable neighbourhood units to preserve the sense of community that existed in the old town. To avoid class and caste distinctions in segregated neighbourhood, a cross-section of population from various social and professional groups in good proportion formed the neighbourhood units. As an egalitarian approach, mixed neighbourhoods of private citizens and government employees were suggested in the Master Plan. But the housing pattern in the city was graded in eight types of three social groups, that is, upper, middle and lower. The type distinction was made in terms of the amount of land, the grouping of units in two or four family structures, and so on.CITY PLAN AND NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN -BY OTTO H. KOENIGSBERGER ( IN MASTER PLAN)LAND USE ALLOTMENT IN BHUBANESHWAR MASTER PLAN 1968 Cranes AREA OF Rooted prea rae ad SUB-ZONE |BROAD- | THESUB- | BROAD- (INHEC.) |ZONE(IN | ZONETO | ZONETO HEC.) pro a cece RESIDENTIAL High Density 850 2206 8.84 22.93 ZONE Low Density 1356 14.09 COMMERCIAL C.8.0 36 262 0.37 2.72 ZONE Neighbourhoodshopping —-226 2.35 centre INDUSTRIAL — Medium Scale 255 481 2.62 5.00 ZONE small Scale 226 2.35 PUBLICAND — Administrative 222 2.31 SEMI-PUBLIC | Institutional 191 1273 1.99 13.24 ZONE Educational 814 8.46 Medical 46 0.48, OPENSPACE Organised parks, recreational 609 1329 6.33 ZONE & playgrounds Agricultural Farms 390 4.06 14.47 Livestock &PoultryFarms 393 4.08 GREENBELT = Agriculturalland 566 1880 5.89 ZONE Green buffer 1207 12.54 19.54 Cremation &disposalground 107 211 TRANSPORT Aerodrome 299 341 ZONE Roads 918 1481 9.54 15.40 Railways 243 2.53 Canals 2. 0.22 Others 645, 645 67 67 TOTAL 9621 9621 100.00 100.002. COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT PLAN (1988-2001) * Due to the increasing population and the changing socio- economic status of the city, the Master Plan of 1968 was re-examined, evaluated and modified and in 1993 an improved Comprehensive Development Plan prepared by Bhubaneswar Development Authority came into force. The C.D.P. for Bhubaneswar proposed to be perspective plan with a time horizon of 1988 2001 specifying the various land use zones with a set up zoning regulations for regulating all the development in zones.The specific objective for the preparation of the Comprehensive Development Plan are given below: To develop an urban environment capable of sustaining a population of 10 lakhs with facilities and services by 2001. To promote a more dynamic growth of the economy with increased production goods and services, with increased employment opportunities and to enable to capital city to play its role of the effectively as the centre of administration, institutions and tourism for the reason with the state of Orissa while retaining its horay traditions as the temple city. To enable the development authority for a sustained development planning and effective plan implementation. To ensure effective coordination amongst various agencies that has Bhubaneswar Development Authority, Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation, Semi-Government/Private Agencies and Citizens in the process of development of the capital city through effective mobilization of resources and leadership.PROPOSED LAND USES IN CDP Ta % TO TOTAL AREA (IN SQ. KM.) 1. RESIDENTIAL 75.40 2, COMMERCIAL 4.94 2.14 3, INDUSTRIAL 5.86 2.54 4. INSTITUTIONAL & UTILITIES Wie 3.09 5. ADMINISTRATIVE 2.9 1.26 6. OPEN SPACE 13.77 5.98 7. TRANSPORTATION & COMMUNICATION 18.91 8.21 8. WATER BODIES 33.82 147 a DRAINAGE CHANNEL a 1.10 10. GREEN BELT INCLUDING PROTECTED FOREST 68.15 28.3 AND RESERVE FOREST TOTAL 233.3 100Seale :3 Inches to 1 Mike REFERENCE RR DMI3. PRESENT LANDUSE * The residential areas are confined in Unit No. |, Il, Ill, IV, V, VI, VII, VIIl, IX, X and XI. The residential areas have been planned in the form of self-contained neighbourhood with each unit having its own high schools, shopping centers, dispensaries, play areas etc. * The market complex in Unit — 2 and Unit — 1 comprises of weekly and daily markets are considered to be the main shopping center of the city. * The land under the industrial use includes the Coach Repairing Factory, the Industrial Estates at Mancheswar and Bomikhal and also a number of service industries now functioning at the Cuttack Road and Rasulgarh area.Also, a large number of industrial units have been established in Mancheswar Industrial Estate located in the area lying between Daya West Canal and the Railway line. Large Industrial Estates are also being developed at Patia, Chandrasekharpur and Pathargadia. Most of the state -level important administrative offices, like the Secretariat, heads of Departments, the Accountant General Office are located in Unit-V. The are only three parks for public use namely, the Indira Gandhi park, Unit-Il -Bijupatnaik Park, and Unit-VI - Gandhi Park. Apart from these parks there are also some small parks inside the City namely the park at Nalco Square, NICCO Park, Saheed Nagar Park, J.K.park, Dr. Mukherjee Park, V.S.S Nagar.Bas DEVELOPED | RESIDENTIAL | % OF % OF OPEN OPEN ray DEVELOPED | DEVELOPED SPACE PER SPACES (IN SQ. KM.) | OPEN SPACE | OPEN SPACE OF | 1000 vt Me OF CITY RESIDENTIAL PERSONS SQ. KM.) AREA Non 1993 124.70 0.78 19.05 EXISTING 148.10 1.54 38.23 2 ate 0.39 Source : CDP — 1993, ORSAC (2008), Draft CDP for BDPA - 2030 ¢ Agricultural practice in the city is mostly observed on the banks of the River Daya and River Kuakhai especially in the southern and eastern stretch. ¢ The agricultural lands are used for the production of vegetables and food grainsPRESENT LANDUSE PLAN REFERENCE COMMERCIAL (SE 20SE TVSHTUTION AL UTILITIES USEZONE ‘3 RUHAROLOGICALL ANDSCAPED GARDEN NGWCULTURALHORTCULATORAL FARM i BODIES. i = TRASFORTATIN € CoMMIUNICATION USEZONE WAREHOUSE. PROPOSED ROADS EXISTING ROADS RNa etna FOREST BouNDany Rez DONA Source: Draft CDP for BDPA-2030C. AREA AND POPULATION oan UM eae elo DECADAL Evra DENSITY ocean) (sa. KM.) PER SQ. KM. 1951 16512 a 25.90 1961 38211 131.41 50.25 760 1971 105491 176.07 65.03 1622 1981 219211 107.80 92.91 2359 1991 411542 87.74 124.74 w298 2001 648032 57.46 135.00 4800 Source: Various Census Reports of Government of India ; 1951 - 2001 The city had a population of 648,032 in 2001, with a growth rate of 57.46 % during the period 1991 — 2001. The growth rate of the city is higher than that of the state (urban), which stood at 30.28 % for the period 1991 — 2001.The city registered the highest increase about 131 % during the decade 1951 — 1961 owing to the shifting of the Capital City of the state from Cuttack to Bhubaneshwar during the year 1954. The city continued to grow and registered a growth of 176.07 % during the decade 1961 — 1971. this was one of the highest growth rates experienced by any other capital in the country and was also higher than any of the cities in Orissa during that decade. The city continued to grow both due to natural increase as well as migration. According to the Census of India 1991, about 26 % of the growth was due to natural increase while the rest 74 % was the result of migration during the decade 1981 — 1991. Population Growth Trends in Bhubaneswar City 700000 600000 A 500000 400000 a 300000 200000 “00000 0 est 961-871 B1._—B9T 2001 Census Year Population Growth Rate Trends in Bhubaneswar City 200 76.07 0 re 78 00 i wo | 6 of 61 7t 81 9T 2001 Census YearSuch remarkable growth during the last 5 decades was due to various reasons which includes Increases due to natural growth, Concentration of administrative activities in the city, Corresponding growth in tertiary economic activities like trade and commerce, services, and commercial activities, Large in-migration to the city from surrounding areas because of better avenues of employment opportunities, better urban amenities together with low per capita income in the agricultural sector. The population density of the city was about 4,800 persons per sq. km. inside the municipal area of 135 sq. km. as per the Census of India 2001 while it was 6,250 persons per sq. km. inside the municipal area of 148 sq. km. as per the Census of India, 2011.D. SOCIO- ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Workers Participation Rate — Urban (in % ) 30.62 33.30 Proportion of Main Workers to Total Workers (in%) 89.80 94.76 Urban Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 males) 895 796 Literacy Rate (in % ) 81.00 78.02 Source: Census of India, 2001 The table presents the key social-economic feature of the city and their comparison with that of the urban Orissa. lt may be observed that the city had better workers participation rate (33.3%) than that of the urban Orissa . Proportion of the main workers to the total workers is better in the city than the urban Orissa. Literacy rate and the sex-ratio in the urban Orissa is better than that of the city. ©The Bhubaneshwar city has been functioning as an administrative city with sustained growth in tertiary economic activities. *Major economic activities of the city are trade and commerce, tourism related activities and to some extent, industrial activities.SECTOR NO. OF WORKERS | % TO TOTAL | % TO TOTAL ‘WORKERS, POPULATION Primary — Cultivators and Agricultural Labors 4,651 as 0.72 Secondary — Household Industries, 4,715 2.18 0.73 Manufacturing, Services and Repair Tertiary — Trade and commerce, Transport 206,667 95.67 31.89 and Service Sector Total 216,033 100.00 33.34 Source: Census of India, 2001 * The worker participation rate of the city was about 33.34% of the total population as per the 2001 Census, comprising 204,702 main workers and 11,331 marginal workers, totaling 216,033 workers. * It was observed that the tertiary sector including commercial activities, trade and commerce and related activities were predominant in nature with about 95.67 % of the workers engaged in the sector. * The primary sector including agriculture and its related activities constituted only 2.15% * The secondary sector including industrial activities was the next major constituent sector of the city’s economy.E. INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES Bhubaneshwar enjoys the status of being an important place in India in the production of various handicraft items like zari work, stone inlay, marble craft and carpet craft. The stone inlay and applique work of the city are famous for their uniqueness not only in India but also at abroad. Apart from cottage industries, there are 4 Industrial Estates in Bhubaneshwar, namely Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka Nuclear Industrial Complex(CNIC) and Bhagabanpur. Since the CDP area of BDA has been declared as an ‘Air Pollution Control Area’ , there is strict restriction on the use of fossil fuel. These industries are now facing threat of facing closure owing to critical problems such as old technology and high production cost. These industrial areas do not have proper infrastructure including green belts, drainage/sewerage system, waste disposal facilities, proper roads for transportation of materials etc. The location of industries and especially the tourism activity of the city and the likely impacts on the monuments are also to be critically viewed.Types of Industries Operating in Bhubaneswar City Name of Total No. of Industries under Operation Industrieuestate Medium Small Total Rasulgarh 4 6 Mancheswar 23 45 Chandaka 3 10 Bhagabanpur > 9 Others (other than Pe] | 18 Industrial Estates) Source: Department of Industries, Government of Orissa; 2006 * Some of the large corporate houses that have setup their business in the city includes Tata Consultancy Services, Satyam Computers and Infosys. * On the whole , about 88 industries are operating in Bhubaneshwar area comprising 3 large-scale industrial units, 34 medium-scale industrial units, and 51 small-scale industrial units.F. 1. WATER SUPPLY SOURCE The total potable water supply quantum to Bhubaneshwar city is met from a combination of surface and ground water sources in the region. A view of the barrage at Naraj on the Mahanadi River Mahanadi, Daya and Kuakhai Rivers supply over 75 % of the total daily per capita requirement of potable water, while the balance is obtained from groundwater sources such as open wells and tube wells. ToeOpen Response PHEO Connection 32.77% Water Tankers 1.97% Public Fountain— 13.89% Own Hand Hand-Pump Outside Bore Well Pump 9.17% w/ Pump 5.90% 8.52% Main Source of Existing Water Supply2. SERVICE RESERVOIRS The storage network of the existing water supply system comprises of ground level service reservoirs (87 nos.) with a total storage capacity of 32.00 ML and elevated service reservoirs (46 nos.) with a total storage capacity of 8.40 ML. 3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM * The Public Health Engineering Organization (Urban) operates and maintains the existing system of water supply and distribution in Bhubaneshwar. ¢ The present distribution network comprising distribution mains and lateral supply lines extends for a total length of 911 km. and it covers about 55 % of the total road length of 1600 km. * Cast iron and PVC pipes are utilized extensively in the pipelines.4. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR An index of performance of the existing water supply system parameters benchmarked against the standard requirements or service levels. It is imperative to mention that the nominal standard/benchmark is the requisite level of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar. PNT a wee) ey SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK | COMMENT / TN 1. Water Supply / Source 280 Iped 150lped Very high (+15% loses) 2. Treatment Capacity 100% surface 100 % Adequate water utilized 3. Storage (based on ultimate stage 20% of daily water 33% Low, Requires water demand) demand augmentation 4. Distribution System Coverage 57% 100 % Low > Non — Revenue Water 33% 15% High , Economical Source: PHEO (Urban) Report, Bhubaneshwar : 2006DEMAND GAP ASSESSMENT si. Component Normative Short-Term Demand-Gap sm Demand-Gap No. Standard Assessment (2009-2024) nt (2009-2039) Unit | Quantity | Demand | Existing | Gap | Demand | Existing | Gap 1. | Source - Surface and Lpcd 181 242 217 25 315 217 98 Ground Water (MLD) 2. | Water Treatment Piant- | % 100 242 217 25 315 217 98 Installed/Capacity wr ‘Supply (MLD) 3. | Storage Capacity w.rt % 33 | Designed for long term demand 104 40 64 ‘Supply (ML) ‘as per CPHEEO guidelines 4. | Distribution System % 100 | Designed for long term demand Coverage w.rt. Road as per CPHEEO guidelines Length (% of PTAs) 100 57 43 ‘Souree: Analysis /PHEO (Urban), Bhubaneswar, 2008 An assessment of the existing gap in service levels sector in relation to the estimated future demand based on projected growth in population. It is imperative that the present coverage of 57% be improved to the minimum prescribed coverage of 85% of the population to ensure equitable distribution. The balance 15% are usually provided access to water supply through a system of public stand posts, hand pumps and localized sources. in the water supply5. WATER QUALITY OF SURFACE SOURCES * The water quality of both Kuakhai and Daya Rivers for ‘designated-best- use’ only satisfies the requirements partially and is classified as class “C”, which refers to “Drinking Water Source with Conventional Treatment and Disinfection”. * It is imperative to maintain a high degree of treatment and disinfection of raw water extracted from these sources and ensure compliance with quality requirements as class “A”, which refers to “Drinking Water Source without Conventional Treatment and Disinfection”. PARAMETER ASS WATER tao Sich LP QUALITY AT | QUALITY AT CIR a WG PyNGS ree dar Leis a pH ear) Oat) 6.0-9.0 C/ Nominal x Biochemical Oxygen 2.3-3.8 3.9-5.0 <3.0mg/lit C/Exceeds Demand (mg/lit) 3. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 69-11 5.8-10.3 >4.0me/lit C/ Nominal 4. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 288-6,669 451-11,000 <5,000 C/High Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa6. WATER QUALITY OF LAKES / PONDS * Surface water from the following major lakes / ponds is used to serve the city — - Vani Vihar Lake - Baramunda Lake - Brameshwar Temple Pond ~ Unit-IV Lake - Mausima Temple Pond - Bindu Sagar - Kedar Gouri Tank * It can be seen that the overall water quality of these lakes does not meet the benchmark for designated-best-use under ‘Class B’. Therefore, these sources are not suitable for bathing purposes. * Since, these water bodies are being used for religious rituals, it is highly imperative that adequate measures be taken to ensure that incidental water quality at least meets the minimum criteria for ‘Class B’. La as WATER Cao Nacht P ly QUALITY USE / COMPLIANCE 6.5-7.5 6.0-8.5 B / Nominal 2. Biochemical Oxygen Demand 20-248 <3.0mg/lit B/High (mg/lit) 3. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 42-71 >5.0mg/lit B/ Moderate 4. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 290-9,000 <500 B/High Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa7. WATER QUALITY OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM aug AWN BENCHMARK | DESIGNATED-BEST- roley Ning eee Tels 65-75 6.0-85 A/ Nominal 2. Dissolved Oxygen (mg/lit) 2.0-24.0 >6.0mg/lit A/Nominal 3. Total Colifom (per 100 ml) 42-74 | <50 A/ Nominal Source: Environmental Management Plan, State Pollution Control Board, Orissa It can be seen that the overall quality in the distribution system meets the water quality criteria for ‘designated-best-use’ under ‘Class A’ which refers to ‘Drinking Water Source without Conventional Treatment and Disinfection’ with only minimum variation in some location which is not indicative of a threat to drinking water quality in the existing piped water supply system of Bhubaneshwar.G. UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE SYSTEM 1. EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM Bhubaneshwar is partially covered with underground sewage collection and conveyance system comprising trunk sewers, branch sewer lines and manholes. © The material of construction of the sewer lines salt-glazed stoneware and RCC pipes. * Sewage collected at the Intermediate Pumping Stations ( IPS) is pumped with the help of primary sewage pumps to the influent distribution chamber of the sewage treatment facility. 2. EXISTING SYSTEM OF SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL © Sewage collected from individual house sewer connections is conveyed through the collection system to the Sewage Treatment Plants at different locations. * Treated waste water is discharges through outfalls to the Gangua Nallah and finally to the Daya River.3. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR * An index of performance of the existing underground sewerage scheme parameters benchmarked against the standard requirements. * Itis imperative to mention that the nominal standard / benchmark is the requisite level of delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar. LLU SERVICE LEVEL ENCHMARK | COMMENT / REMARKS Sewage Collection System Very low Coverage ae Sewage Treatment Plants & Oxidation Pond-3nos. Activated Inadequate Function characteristic of Aerated Lagoon-3nos. Sludge and State Capitals Process Conventional 3. Revenue 33% >95% Low, Uneconomical Source: Orissa Water Supply and Sewerage Board , Bhubaneshwar, 2006DEMAND GAP ASSESSMENT An assessment of the existing gap in service levels in the city’s sewerage sector in relation to the estimated future generation of sewage based on projected growth in population. From the table below, it is evident that the present coverage and functional sewage treatment capacity is seriously inadequate and poses a potential threat to overall health and hygiene. Therefore, it is evident that the ewerage system needs to be rehabilitated and augmented to a significant extent to ensure full coverage and sustainability. It is also apparent from the demand gap assessment that a significant quantity of land will be required for installation of sewage treatment facilities.Underground Sewerage System - Demand-Gap Assessment si. Component Normative Short-Term Demand-Gap Long-Term Demand-Gap No. Standard Assessment (2009-2024) Assessment (2009-2039) Unit | Quantity | Generation | Existing | Gap | Generatio | Existing | Gap Demand nv Demand 1. | Sewage Generation Lped 126 169 82 87 219 82 137 (MLD) 2. | Treatment Capacity! % 100 169 Nil 169 219 Nil 219 Potential w.rt Generation (MLD) 3. | Sewage Collection % 85 85 35 50 85 35 50 ‘System Coverage w.r-t. PTAs (Percent) 4. | Sewage Collection % 85-100 1360 345 1015 1600 345 | 1255 System Coverage w.rt Road Length (km) Estimate of Requirement of Land for Sewage Treatment Alternatives 1. | Waste Stabilization Acres! 4.00 674 = 674 876 = 876 Pond (Acres) MLD 2. | Activated Sludge Acres! 0.25 42 = 42 55 - 55 Process (Acres) MLD ‘Source: Analysis / PHEO (Urban). Bhubaneswar 2006H. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT * The BMC presently handles the solid waste collection, transportation and disposal system within city (municipal) limits, which is headed by the Health Officer & supported by sanitary supervisors, sweepers/loaders. * Bhubaneshwar City generates about 300 MT of municipal solid waste every day comprising both the biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. BIODEGRADABLE | NON- TOTAL | PERCENTAGE BIODEGRADABLE Sus 1. Domestic 181.23 36.25 217.47 72.96 2 Hotels and Restaurants 16.80 2.23 19.03 6.38 a Commercial 12.04 14.58 26.62 8.93 4. Institutions 9.94 ails) 21.09 7.07 De Temples 5.07 0.25 5.32 1.79 6. Marriage halls 7.29 1.26 8.55 2.87 Total 232.36 65.72 298.07 100.00 Source: Report on Scheme for Integrated Sewerage and Solid Waste Management, Bhubaneshwar1. DISPOSAL OF WASTE Presently, BMC has adopted only dumping as a method of waste disposal. BMC has 8 temporary designated open dumping sites for disposal of municipal solid waste, covering an area of about 18.5 acres of land within city limits. Means of Solid Waste Disposal2. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR * An index of performance of the solid waste management sector parameters benchmarked against the standard requirements. * It is imperative to mention that the nominal standard / benchmark is the requisite level of delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar. PARAMETER SERVICE BENCHMARK | COMMENT / peti 8 a = Per-Capita Generation 400 grams 250 grams Very high 2 Collection Performance 70% 100 % Needs improvement 7s Spacing of Collecting Bins 4,200 m. 500 m. Inadequate 4. No. of Sanitary Workers per 1,000 1.93 1.80 Almost adequate Population = Sanitary Workers per Supervisor 120 25 Grossly inadequate Source: Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar, 2006I. STORM WATER DRAINS 1. MAJOR DRAINS Bhubaneshwar has a network of 10 major drains that are aligned from west to east and are situated in an arrayed layout (north to south) perpendicular to the Gangua Nallah. These drains are maintained by Water Resource Department (WRD). Major Drains in Bhubaneswar Drain | Length | Drainage Origin Outfall| Design No. (km) | Area(sq. Discharge km) m3isec 1 4316 1693 | Forest Lake, Chandrasekharpur | Daya West Canal crossing near 4707 Kalrahaya 2 1.127 1.44 Sainik School Road Culvert Railway bridge near VSS Nagar 4 (confluence with Drain No. 3) 3 2.422 331 Field near Sainik School Railway bridge near VSS Nagar 92 (Confluence with Drain No. 2) 4 4283, 1367 | Culvert near reserve forest at DWBC crossing near Mancheswar 38 Bharatpur 5 3.133, 3.66 | Culvertnear Janpath Road Gangua Nallah 10.17 6 2615 2.89 _| Railway bridge of Ashok Nagar__| Gangua Nallah 8.03 4.336 9.46 | Culvertin Aiport Road at Forest | Gangua Nallah 263 Park area 8 433 12.55 | Jokalandi Road culvert near Confluence with Drain No. 9 349 Jagnnath Prasad 9 424 288 | Culvert on NH-5 near Aiginia Pokhhariput Railway bridge 80.08 10 5.482 10.28 _| Lake near GRP Colony Gangua Nallah 28.58 ‘Source:Waler Resources Department (WRD), Bhubaneswar. 2006.2. MINOR DRAINS + It comprises of secondary and tertiary drains (surface and catchment) are maintained by BMC. © The total length of storm water drains is approximately 1,450 km. * The secondary and tertiary drains with BMC limits basically convey storm water run off from the road surface, household roof drains and from the catchment area in undeveloped or partially developed portions of the city to the major drains. * These secondary drains are constructed with laterite masonry or with cast-in-site concrete lining. 3. PROBLEMS IN EXISTING SYSTEM Lack of periodic maintenance of masonry and other drains. *Encroachment of drains and absence of a periodic inspection and encroachment removal mechanism to determine further encroachment of drains. Delays during the construction stage in the case of major drains resulting in stability problems. *Paucity of funds for encroachment removal, drain reconstruction and maintenance activities.4, PERFORMANCE INDICATORS * An index of performance of the existing storm water drainage system parameters benchmarked against the standard requirement. * It is imperative to mention that the standard / benchmark is the requisite level of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar. PARAMETER / COMPONENT | SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK (aoe SNL Major Drains — Catchment 100 % Inadequate Area 2. Minor Surface / Area Drains— 90% 130% Adequate Coverage (Drain Length / Road Length Ratio) 3. Hydraulic Conveying Capacity Analysis not 100 years return flood, Inundation of Major Drains made available 2 hours precipitation, 4 prone hours flow areas. Source:Water Resource Department, Bhubaneshwar, 2006J. ROADS, TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION 1. ROADS * Bhubaneshwar city has an extensive road network for a length of about 1,600 km. within municipal limits. + This figure includes national highways, state highways, corporation roads and other roads. * The road network within the BMC limits is maintained by both the BMC and the Public Works Department. * The PWD maintains about 700 km. of main and arterial roads while the BMC maintains about 900 km. of interior and minor roads. Details of Roads Maintained by BMC Type of Roads Road Length (km) Percentage Black Topped 548.88 60.99 Metalled 181.21 20.14 Cement Concrete 50.31 5.59 Un-metalled 67.66 7.52 Earthen 51.86 5.76 Total 899.92 100.00 Source: Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation. 20062. TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION * Traffic in Bhubaneshwar can be termed as heterogenous with two-wheelers forming a substantial portion (77 %) of the traffic. * The Bhubaneshwar — Cuttack National Highway (NH - 5) has been identified as one of the most accident prone area with the region contributing to nearly 22 % of the total accidents and 20 % of the total fatalities in the state. * The primary reasons for this, are the following : - Significant mix of fast moving and slow traffic. - Lack of efficient traffic management measures. = ES as Two — wheelers 77 2. LMV ( cars, taxi, jeeps, etc. ) Ww a Heavy Vehicles 10 4. Public Transport carriers ( buses ) 2 TOTAL 100 Source: Draft Report , Urban Transport Department, Bhubaneshwar, 2006Shared Auto-Rickshaw 48% Auto Rickshaw 27% Source: Draft Report, Urban Transport Department, Bhubaneshwar, 2006 Primary Mode of Public Transport * The public transport system is inadequate in Bhubaneshwar since the common bus service does not serve all areas. * Asubsequent volume of about 8,400 three-wheeler autos runs along parallel bus routes and traffic generating routes.3. PERFORMANCE INDICATOR * An index of performance of the roads sector parameters benchmarked against the standard requirement. * It is imperative to mention that the standard / benchmark is the requisite level of provision/delivery that is to be achieved over the existing and proposed urban agglomeration area in Bhubaneshwar. ‘| PULuiavAc iach Ln ccc TL GCa nso ia INA Lan evan 1. Fully Paved (Flexible & Rigid) 84% Satisfactory. Can upgrade Road Length — BMC roads based on development requirement. 2. Average Road Density 11.82 10-15 Adequate km./sq.km. km./sq. km. 3. Per Capita Road Length 2.13 m. 1.5-2.0m. Adequate 4, Vehicular increase per year 7.50% 5% Moderate Source: Public Work Department and Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar, 2006K. STREET LIGHTING * BMC is responsible for provision and maintenance of street lights within corporation limits. * BMC handles material procurement, installation and maintenance through qualified and approved contractors. * Provision of street lights in Bhubaneshwar comprised sodium vapor lamps (approx. 6,000 nos.) and tube lights (approx. 12,000 nos.). * Other general lighting service filaments includes high-mast and semi high-mast cluster lights at major intersections and roundabouts. * Private sector participation in maintenance of street lighting is being introduced in a phased manner where initially 12 out of 47 wards have been divided into 4 zones and privatized through contracts.PERFORMANCE INDICATOR An index of performance of the street light sector parameters benchmarked against the standard requirement. PARAMETER / COMPONENT | SERVICE LEVEL BENCHMARK (re AN Ta il, Spacing between Lamp Posts 88m. <30m. Very high spacing x Proportion of Fluorescent 66.67 % 70-80% Almost Adequate Tube Lights 3. Proportion of Sodium Vapor 33.33 % 20-30% Adequate Lamps Source: Bhubaneshwar Municipal Corporation, Bhubaneshwar ; 2006L. OBSERVATIONS * The development in Bhubaneshwar even today is based on the Master Plan prepared in 1968. The approach of the master plan lacks inputs on the environmental considerations. The environmental requirements of the city to suit to its functions, as a tourist city and a centre of trade and commerce were not well reflected in the plan. * The city although has a number of craftsmen with skills in stone-inlay, applique work, wood carving, brassware, horn work, bamboo articles, silver filigree works, textile painting etc. hardly these activities are organised and emphasized. These activities have tremendous tourism potential and provide employment opportunity to the local people, if are properly organised. * The city was planned built on a grid iron pattern. With the process of time it started developing in a rectangular shape. But due to the low lying flood plain of the Daya River, the distributary of Kuakhai in the south and the east and the location of the Bharatpur Reserve Forest in the north and the north west.Commercial areas in the city are characterized by problems relating to limitation of space, storage, on-street loading/unloading, heterogeneous traffic predominant by slow mode vehicles and idle parking etc. The traffic and transportation system is also inadequate. There is 1 bus terminus near Baramunda bus stand, which bring in not only the tourists but also the local passengers. Non-availability of required parking facilities pose problems, which ultimately leads to traffic congestion. Lack of drainage and sewerage system due to which the water of the religious tanks are being polluted with inflow of drainage and sewerage system. Solid waste generated in the area is being dumped along the drains and the boundaries of the ponds posing environmental problem.THANK YOU