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Full Download Book Climate Change Science Causes Effects and Solutions For Global Warming PDF
Full Download Book Climate Change Science Causes Effects and Solutions For Global Warming PDF
Edited by
Jacqueline A. Stagner
Engineering Undergraduate Programs Coordinator
at the University of Windsor, ON, Canada
Elsevier
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Notices
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ISBN: 978-0-12-823767-0
vii
viii Contents
4 Conclusions 102
References 104
Yomna K. Abdallah
Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, iBAG—UIC Barcelona (Institute for Biodigital Architecture
and Genetics), Barcelona, Spain
Natalia A. Alonso
Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, iBAG—UIC Barcelona (Institute for Biodigital Architecture
and Genetics), Barcelona, Spain
Isabel Amez
Etsi Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Figen Balo
Department of Industrial Engineering, Firat University, Elazığ, Turkey
Sanchita Baral
Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark
Danilo Bonga
Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon,
Philippines
Loke-Ming Chou
National University of Singapore, Singapore
Thia-Eng Chua
Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA), Quezon,
Philippines
Alberto T. Estévez
Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, iBAG—UIC Barcelona (Institute for Biodigital Architecture
and Genetics), Barcelona, Spain
Fazıl Gökgöz
Faculty of Political Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Sergio Gonzalez
Etsi Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Paul Henshaw
Turbulence & Energy Laboratory, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Md. Faruque Hossain
College of Architecture and Construction Management, Kennesaw State University, Marietta,
GA, United States
Umer Khayyam
Department of Development Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S3H), National
University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
xv
xvi Contributors
Carla Leitão
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
Bernardo Llamas
Etsi Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi
Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Sylvester Mpandeli
Water Research Commission Pretoria, South Africa; School of Environmental Sciences, University
of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
Luxon Nhamo
Centre for Transformative Agricultural and Food Systems, School of Agricultural, Earth and
Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Water Research Commission Pretoria, South Africa; Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South
Africa
Maria João de Oliveira
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), DINÂMIA’CET, Lisboa, Portugal; Iscte-Instituto
Universitário De Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), DINÂMIA’CET, Lisboa, Portugal
Marcelo F. Ortega
Etsi Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Vasco Rato
Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), ISTAR_iscte, Lisboa, Portugal
Arezou Sadoughi
Department of Sustainable Technology and the Built Environment, Appalachian State University,
Boone, NC, United States
Laura Sanchez-Martin
Etsi Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Lutfu S. Sua
School of Entrepreneurship and Business Administration, Auca, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
Mohammadsoroush Tafazzoli
School of Design and Construction, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
David S-K. Ting
Department of Mechanical, Automotive and Materials Engineering at the University of Windsor,
Windsor, ON, Canada
Xi Wang
Turbulence & Energy Laboratory, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Sarah Waseem
Department of Development Studies, School of Social Sciences and Humanities (S3H), National
University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
George Xydis
Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Herning, Denmark
Engin Yalçın
Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Preface
The push for large-scale interventions of the entire atmosphere that drives the Earth’s cli-
mate system is gaining ground. The educated can sit on the sideline and assume that this
is but far-fetched science fiction that will never take place. After all, who in their right
mind would take a risky action such as setting up an atomic explosion in the outer atmo-
spheric layer in an effort to reduce the solar radiation reaching the surface of the earth?
Then again, human beings have been proven to do crazy things when overcame by fear.
Let us be reminded of the “2020 toilet paper crisis” for many years to come, hopefully
to better prepare us in preventing, mitigating, and/or dealing with the next impasse. As
Andersen (2017) put it, “Many fear that, when global leaders finally realize the peril of
climate change, they will jump at engineering projects without any evidence base, risk-
ing side effects of unknown magnitude.” The idea of controlling and engineering the vast
population of the human race is more real than just entertaining movies. What about en-
gineering human beings to become meat intolerance in order to eliminate greenhouse
emissions from the livestock industry? Not to mention shrinking future generations into
smaller beings so that they consume less. These and other forms of human engineering
are entering mainstream scientific discussion; see (Liao, 2017), for example.
According to Reader (2021), “The emphasis, perhaps overemphasis, of carbon dioxide’s
role in actual climate change may well moderate as more data becomes available, but only
in so far as the role of other contributing factors to actual changing climates need to be
clarified, measured, and embedded in better predictive models.” What other contribut-
ing factors are there? Let us be enlightened by astrophysicist Khabibullo Abdusamatov
who supervised the Astrometria project of the Russian section of the International Space
Station and headed Space research laboratory at the Saint Petersburg-based Pulkovo
Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Abdusamatov concluded that, “Glob-
al warming results not from the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, but
from an unusually high level of solar radiation and a lengthy - almost throughout the last
century - growth in its intensity. It is no secret that when they go up, temperatures in the
world’s oceans trigger the emission of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmo-
sphere. So the common view that man’s industrial activity is a deciding factor in global
warming has emerged from a misinterpretation of cause and effect relations.” This, by no
means, excuses us from good stewardship of the beautiful planet that we reside in, and
share with abundant and fascinating species. Case in point, Swithinbank et al. (2019) de-
lineated how Christian theology promotes sustaining the environment and fosters grass-
roots social movements for sustainable development.
xvii
xviii Preface
Even so, how can we make a positive impact without resorting to large-scale interven-
tions? The impending challenge seems overwhelming for a layperson, at least it appears
that individual efforts are not going to make a dent. Is there then nothing we can do? The
answer to this vital question is in the “Starfish Story” by Loren Eiseley. Here is our edited
version that conveys the salient message.
One day a man was walking along the beach when he noticed a boy picking
up stranded starfish and throwing them into the sea. Approaching the boy he
asked, “Young man, what are you doing?” The boy replied, “If I don’t throw the
starfish back, they’ll surely die.” The man exclaimed, “But there are thousands
of them. What difference does it make?” The boy smiled as he threw another
starfish into the sea, “It makes a difference to this one.”
This one-starfish volume aims at disseminating the open-minded state-of-the-art sci-
entific knowledge on climate change and the engineering solutions for mitigating it. It
promotes the discussion of big ideas, such as erecting a net along the beach to prevent
the up-washing of the starfish to the shore, or analogously, a global-scale solar shield. The
uncertain after effects of these methods should not be whitewashed; for example, the title
of the article by Langin (2018), “A solar shield could save us from climate change. But its
sudden collapse would doom the planet,” alone says it all. On the same topic, Sillmann
et al. (2015) sound the alarm, “The danger of declaring a climate emergency is further
exacerbated when one considers the political stakes of doing so. Emergencies are by no
means simple geophysical occurrences, but rather the outcome of highly complex interac-
tions between the natural environment, political interests and social norms. In the context
of considerable scientific uncertainty - and hence the multiple possible interpretations of
scientific results and arguments - climate emergencies will be declared on largely politi-
cal grounds. This interlinking of scientific uncertainty and political opportunism should
caution against implementing SRM (solar radiation management) as a climate emergency
measure, a conclusion we reach on the basis of sound scientific arguments, good gover-
nance and ethical principles.”
More so, this volume or forum calls for small, more certain and low-risk actions. Every
earth inhabitant can execute these seemingly inconsequential actions, that is, all beach
and starfish lovers can have the pleasure to save some starfish. Let the collective effort
speak for itself.
Case in point, we need food, food is intimately interrelated with precious water, and
both food and water are directly influence by climate change. Mabhaudhia, Nhamo, and
Mpandeli disclose rainwater harvesting and soil water conservation as options to enhance
crop water productivity in Chapter 1.
How do we know if a solution to alleviate climate change is working in real life? Gökgöz
and Yalçin recommend the multi criteria decision-making approach to assess climate
change mitigation performance, where such an appraiser is conducted for the European
Union countries in Chapter 2.
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gun and called it the Winchester Repeating Rifle. It is the outcrop of the old
Jennings rifle.”[221]
[221] From the Hartford Evening Post, Tuesday, Feb. 25, 1890.
A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON TOOL BUILDING